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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Coipomtion 


33  WIST  MAIN  tTRIIT 

WIMTH.N  Y    14SI0 

(7t*)  •714403 


4^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductlons  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
\A/hich  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicul^e 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


D 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  {\.t.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


rri    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intAriaure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  The  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  dune  restauratlon  apparaissant  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  *tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  «t*  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentairas; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  it^  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


T 
ti 


n 
n 
0 


v/ 


0 

D 
D 
D 

n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolories,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  iti  tWmias  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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T 
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T 
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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Cs  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  IndiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


18X 


20X 


24X 


2IX 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

University  of  IVIanitoba 
Winnipeg 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  k  la 
g6nArosit6  de: 

University  of  IVIanitoba 
Winnipeg 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  In  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  Impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  Images  suivantes  ont  At6  reprodultes  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  filmi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplalres  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  Imprimte  sont  filmAs  en  commen9ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  solt  par  ia 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'Impresslon  ou  d'illustratlon,  solt  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplalres 
origlnaux  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'Impresslon  ou  d'illustratlon  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — •»>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAductlon  dIffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cllchA,  II  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  ia  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

e 

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ai 

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« 


I'- 


THE 

HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD ; 

COMPRISING 

A  GENERAL  HISTORY,  BOTH  ANCIENT  AND  MODERN, 

OF 

ALL  THE  PRINCIPAL  NATIONS  OF  THE  GLOBE, 

THEIE  EI8E.  PEOGEE88,  AND   PEE8ENT   CONDITION. 

BY   SAMUEL   MAUNDER, 

BUBRACINO  A  BRIEF  ACCOUNT  OF 

THE  LATE  EXJSSIANAND  ITALIAN  WARS, 

AND 

A  COMPLETE  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TO  THE 

PRESENT  TIME. 

INOLUDDTO 

EDITED  BY  JOHN  INMAN,  ESQ. 

IN  TWO  VOLUMEa 

VOL.  I. 

(•ou.  oniT  BT  ran  puBLiiniR'g  i)«TniD»Two  aorkw.) 


NEW  YORK: 
PUBLISHED    BY  HENRY  BIlJ^ 


1861. 


altered  according  to  Act  of  Oongresa,  in  the  j«ar  1860. 

By  HiNUT  Bill, 

Jn  the  Clerk's  Office  of  tl.e  Dlstrirt  Cotirt  for  the  district  of  Comiecticut. 


C.  A.  ALVonO,  P«mTM. 


CONTENTS    OF    VOL.    I. 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS, 

B..T3«.0AL,  Ch  MlCAL,A»oG.OO«A,H,CAt.  .  .  .  .„ 

Tim  DiTiBiuNi  or  t»i     ,«t    .        . 

G.NIR4I.  Hhtort  or  MoDiRN  EOROPR  ** 

*         *         *        •         •  91 

CKRONOLOOr      .  .  ' 

...  98 

r«00RAPHIC4I,   SkktOH  Or  TBI   WoRLD  .  . 

DiviaioNi  or  thb  Eartb 

30 


.NTRODUCTORV  OUTLINE  «CETCH  OP  GENERAL 

******  3M 

CHAPTER  IX.-fran,  the  first  Cnuado,  to  the  D«,th  of  8.1«li«  '    „ 

CHAPTER  X.-Fro™  th.  Death  of  Saladin.  to  the  .^  of  the  Cn,.«,o. '  "    « 

CHAPTER  Xr.-From  the  time  of  Genghi.  «.„,  to  that  of  T.m.rl.«,  54 

CHAPTER  Xn.~Fron.  .he  time  of  Tamerlane,  to  the  Sixteenth  Centurr  .5 

^""::^1'^::-^^^- ----- P'"- Of  event.  .^^^^^^^^^^ 


ri 

CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  XIV— F 

tl^e  Peace  ^oi-^ZZ^""''"'''''-'  "^  '^^  «  -t««th  Cen.^.  , 
CHAPTER  XV._F«,m  the  Civil  War  in'r„  ,'    /        '  '        '        ■    53 

CHAPTER  XVI.-Co..e.ee.e2  :   .^  h       "  '"'  "''''  ''  "^"^'^^  '    «' 
ofi;.™.ht     .        .        "~**"*''='e''^'>*Centur,.  to  the  Peace 

CHAPTER  XVin.-The  AfT  {        r  -    '        "        *        *        *        *        •        •    6« 
CHAPTER  XX  —p^.^      r  '■•'•.  7<j 

CHAPTER  XXn— F.Y.m  A  '*'••••.    79 

CIUPTER  XXni— p  """"■W  State,  . 

«» .l~l.  of  Hol,:^,:^  •»»»"-mom  of  a,,  p^j  .^^  ^ 

CHAPTER  XXVn.-F™m  the  1^^-   '   /       '  "  *' '   "' '     '        '        •    »« 

toration  of  the  Bourboii       r"""  "'  «""'»  ''^  *«  French,  to  the  re. 
CHAPTER  XXVm  -Fm«.  .i.  '**••••.    90 

.-  r«=.  ";•  'r"  *•  T" :'  ':•"-"' "»» ■=»-.  -  ^. «». 


61 


95 


«UR0PE-A8IA-AFR,CA-AMERI~ 

•  •  , 

A  SERIES  OP  SEPARATE  HISTORIES. 

THE  HISTOKy  OF  ENGIAND. 

CHAPTER  ir._The  H-nt.  I" '    " * " * " ""'• 

.    10 


l« 


59 
CI 

e-j 

6» 


I       V 


CONTENia. 
CHAPTER  III.-The  Heptarchy  (continoed) 
CHAI'TER  IV.-The  Heptarchy  (concluded) 


rn 
US 


z^xImt' 


AKOLO-IAXON     XIJIOS. 

CHAPTER  V.-Tho  Anglo^axonn  after  the  Diwolutioa  of  the  Heptanjhy-^ 
Reigns  of  Egbert,  Eihelwolf,  and  Elhelbald         .       /    '  i'"^?-" 

CHAPTER  VI._The  reigns  of  Ethelbert  and  Elhelred 

CHAPTER  VII._The  reign  of  Alft-ed  the  Great  . 

CHAPTER  Virr.-„is.ory  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  from  the  Death  of  Alfrei 
the  Great  to  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Martyr       .        .  ^ 

'^''''''IZ!^"'"""  "^^  """""  "'  '''^•^  "^^  M*-^^  ^  »he  de'athof 
-       ,       ,        .        . 

CHAPTER  X -The  reigns  of  Harold  and  Hardicanute 

CHAPTER  XI.-The  reign  of  Edward  the  Confes.w 

CHAPTER  XIL-The  reign  of  Harold  the  Second        . 

CHAPTER  XIV._The  reign  of  William  I.  (continned)'  '  '  *  * 
CHAPTER  Xr._The  reign  of  VVUliam  II.  .  .  .  .  *  *  ' 
CHAPTER  XVI.-The  reign  ot  Henry  r.  .  .'  '  '  '  '  ' 
CHAPTER  XVn.-The  reign  of  Stephen      .....,' 

CHAPTER  XIX-The  reign  of  Henry  II.  (continued) 
CHAPTER  XX.-The  reign  of  Henry  II.  (concluded) 
CHAPTER  XXI.-The  reign  of  Richard  L  .        .        . 
CHAPTER  XXII.-The  reign  of  John.        . 
CHAPTER  XXni.-The  reign  of  Henry  III.        .' 
CHAPTER  XXlV.-The  reign  of  Edward  I. 
CHAPTER  XXV._Ti.e  reign  of  Edward  II.        .'       .' 
CHAPTER  XXVI.-The  reign  of  Edwanl  III.      . 
CHAPTER  XXVII.-The  reign  of  Ridmrd  II.      . 


m 

134 

146 
ISS 
157 
163 


167 

185 
193 
803 


HOUSB     or     lAHCAiTim. 

CHAPTER  XXVIII._The  r«ign  of  Henry  IV.     . 
CHAPTER  XXIX.-The  reign  of  Henry  V. 
CHAPTER  XXX.-The  reign  of  Henry  VL 


.  209 
.  219 
22S 
231 
248 
S6S 
278 
VJ9 
30T 
3*.*h 

a4il 
349 


v\ 


\^ 


<Rkl 

CONTENTS 

^..  BOVSk     or     roar 

'IHAPTER  XXXm.-Th.  „i^  of  Edwa./rv 

CHAPTER  XXXIV.-The  reign  of  fidwardV.     "        "        ' 
<:HAPTEB  XXXV.-The  reign  of  Richard- ill 


CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 


BovBK   or   Taoom. 
XXXVI.— The  reign  of  Henry  VII. 
XXXVII.-The  reign  of  Henr,  VH  (contiuaedi 

AAAix.— The  reign  of  Henry  VHI.  . 
XL-Tho  reign  of  Hen^r  VIII.  (continued) 
XLI.-The  reign  of  Hen^  VIII.  (concluded)    . 
XLIL— The  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
XLni.-Tho  reign  of  Edward  VI.  (concluded) 
XLIV—The  reign  of  Mary 

XLV.-Thert,ign  of  Mary  (concluded)       .' 
XLVI._The  reign  of  Elizabeth  . 
XLVII.-The  reign  of  Elizabeth  (concluded) 


cHAmBx.v.„._„.:;":;c;.""- 

CHAPTER  l._Th,„ij„„,Ch„l„,. 

CHAPTEH  U.-Tk,  „,^  „,  cb„,„  ,  („:^„:,   ' 

CHAPTER  L.i.-n.„,^„rch.„„,.,.„^„4 

CHAPTER  m_T^.  en::;;"""."": 

CHAPTER  UV_™. ^^"7;^,°-"'- 

CHAPTER  LV-Tb.„,„  or  J.„«„,  '       " 

CHAPTER  ,.V,-T,„™^  ,„„„„.„,„ 

"'*"«»  ""-Tl"™!..,,  A-..  , 


t"APTER,ra.-n.L7", „""""••*  '•■ 

" — lOe  Retga  of  Oeorao  I 
C'>APTEHU,..TI»^^^^^„  •        ; 


870 
381 


870 
381 


CONTBNTa 
CHAPTER  LX  — Th- 

^A.-The  reign  of  George  IIL 

CHAPTER  LXIV  -Th«  ^-       ,  ^       ^'^"""-^^ 

CHAPTER  Ly  V  _ti.       ■  «*"••.. 

nu  . «  ^^V— The  roign  of  VVillinn,  IV. 

OHAPTEB  LXVI —Ti,       .  '"•..« 

i'AU.-ThoroiHn  of  Victoria     . 

2  •        •       . 


6^8 


CM 
7l» 
710 
730 

7ns 


List    of    Illustrations. 


VOLUME  1. 


1.  Title  Paqk,  Illustrated. 

2.  Landing  of  Julius  C^ar, 

3.  BoADicKA  Harranouino  the  Britibh  Tmms 

4.  Death  ok  Prince  William  ...d  his  Sister, 
6.     Hubert  and  Prince  Arthur, 

6.  Death  oe  Wat  Tyler, 

7.  Murder  of  the  Princes, 

8.  Trial  of  Queen  Catharine, 

9.  Trial  of  Lambert, 

10.  Queen  Elizabeth. 

11.  Surrender  ov  Marv  Queen  of  Scots, 

12.  Charles  L  and  Armor  Bearer,  . 
18.     CRoMWEi.r,  Dissolving  Parliament, 
14.     Death  of  General  Wolfe,  . 
Ifi.     Napoleon  and  his  Generals, 

16.  Napoleon  at  Lodi, 

'  •  •  . 

17.  Vii:w  of  Sebastopol  at  the  Final  Assault", 


To  Faoo  Page 
1 

105 

201 

251 

829 

411 

453 

466 

509 

524 

567 

598 

661 

674 

676 

769 


PRELIMINARY   OBSERVATIONS. 

HISTORICAL.  CHRONOLOGICAL.    AND   GEOGItAPHiC.  t. 


evidence  of  truth/thrsX-e  ,  f  S^^^^^^  f'e  failhiS 

of  conduct  and  manner^   Co  fiSS  wiLu  ^^"^^^^^^  '''«  '">« 

and  country  wherein  we  live   and  «hn     ,n     '  i     ^^®  *'"""'^«  "^  '''c  »ge 
•uch  branches  "f  knowLdge  as  ire  Jeiu  iL^o'u';  t^"f  T  ^*^'^'«  ''^ 
own  private  reflections,  we  continue  m  «  £!?r"  i^  ""'^  the  limits  of  our 
strangers  to  the  rest  of  the  Sr^nd  nrnfm  „^f '"'^'"*'*''  ^''*^''  '««^««  "« 
preceded,  or  even  now  surrounds  us      tt  i   L''^"''7I'''  '*^""  ''^'"  ''«" 
♦hat  make  up  the  lonirest  life  or  wh^.  .h«L  .      ''V'"''"  "»mber  of  years 
able  to  progress  or  tCe  over  b"limnf^"\''K'^. ''"'''''">' ^'"^'^  'v«  are 
to  the  vast  regions  of  the  umve^e  Ind  '^f^^^P^b  «  Po  nt  in  comp«rison 
succeeded  on^e  another  sinc^thecVea?io,>«/Z'''"?.?'^^»«''  ''^^^^'  have 
are  capable  of  knowing  mus^riiSr.^JiJ'f'''^'"''^^     A'kI  yet  all  we 
*ve  call  in  the  sludyofmslorv  t    oirl-i  .   "  ""P^.^^P'-l'le  point,  unless 
age  and  everv  coLtrvkepL   ."»••"''*'!''"'"'''' '^ 
great  men  of  anti       y,^;eL  „?!  ,  L  „^  ^'"''''^^^^  ^'^''"'''  "«  «'»•  tl  e 

tues  and  faults  beff 'our  eyes    and  b^^^^^^  achievements,  v.r- 

presents,  or  gives  us  fin  oSMnntv  of^n!LP"'''^"' '""^^'''"^  *'  ^i'hcr 
wise  before  our  time,  and  is  in  a  >  nn/r  T^"'^'  "*""  •*"»'''^«  "«  «o  bo 
Ihe  greatest  mailers  •  •  "  uTwJn'  'T'lV"  ""  ""-'  '""""«  o( 
mortality  npo„  actions  truly  ^reat  and  ««//  ''^"'V'T  H"*  "'*"'  "^ "" 
which  no  aVier  age  can  ei^er  SLll  i.  !"'"»  "'^  '"^"'"y  •"'  vioeg 
merit  and  oppressed  viru^  apnea  ofhp  /"  ''^  "iV"''^  "'"'  "''"^^ken 
tfhty,  whicLVendersthenuheCLu.itnv! "''"''.'''''''''  "■"'"""'  "^  P"»- 
t  .e.n,  and  without  respec '  f  pCm  „  w  '"3  r'"  """"•'""""  """•'''d 
•ists  no  more,  conden  ns  tin-  mSt  I  L  r  ^''^  "  P"'^*''"  "'*''»•»'  sob- 
rigour.     •     ••  .     •    ThusHsmrvS*^ 

«el,ool  of  morality  for  ^  m  nk  id'  t  nl ,'"  ''""  '""'f'"'  '"-''"""•-  " 
mask  from  false  virturn    L-  I.  .   •'ondemns  vice,  throws  „fr  the 

imaginali,,,..  h„,|  shew,  by  «  tl.    1  '  ''"t."P  ''''''''  ''"^zl'-"  the 

than  all  rt.,s.»ning  w  uulLvn  '  i^  '  ,  .llln  ^  '*'"'  ""1  """■"  "^"""'8 
but  honour  and  probity."  The  fl,  ioi  ^iv^  ?.  *"""'  ""l'  <'""""«'"<l»ble 
qiient-tts  appoLtn  as  ii  i.  eomple,/     ^  "oni.um  is  as  Just  u,  „  i,  ^lo. 

every  nation  to  leave  boh.nd  ll.m  "  1^  1^  r  "if o'r.  "'''y  "«"  "'"' 
■•••ions  and  discoveries.     In  tlm  ,  .Hil-i     '"""'J""'''  "'  "'eir  exisi.Mico, 

V'>.«rt«in:  .1,.!  .nosl  iLi  uf  '.^  't  'sV'^  S  ^"'".^r  '*"-r  ^"«""  «'•' 
Joshua  h.d  the  twelve  tribes  o  .ra  -f  Z,  !  «  ^Tur?'  '''""'•  *''-" 
"Inns  manner,  he  set  up  twelve  si„, , «  f»r  „  '     "*"  .•'"^'•n'».  '»  ti  mirac 

««rv  for  trad.tion  to  exlirthe  "!::':;„/:i!LT':!.'!.""«'i '»'' "  «■»••-'.-•. 

„^^  TTiutii  gave  nsr,  lo  it ,  H„g 


90 


PaKLIMlMAEY  OBBEaVATIONB 


!     I 


^  ^Sf^SgS  ^r ^^-i^-'-a"  asjc  their  nether,.  „, 

warriirs  at  the  tables  of  frnr'!5  '°  *"«  ^arp  the  piSeB  ot  JecetS 
navians,  Gauls,  and  Germans  1Sd,L™l"''5""^  ^Y  "«•"":  the  Sclnd? 
•c.  preserved  similar  merSK  S'  ^^'.^^'^  ^nd  the  savages  of  Amet 

se  MS  ^vS^^^— "^^^   »3 

«meTnd"ob'il'i:.rS  ^Sll  VZ""'-  '!^'  ^^^  ^--  ^'-  ravages  ol 
made  soon  after  the  inveSfonet ter«  tZ  n"!  ^'  ^""""«  ^inTwai 
m"Jts  n7"pl"'"'"  observations  upon  "rlk     and  fST"""  '''^"'•^'"^  »he" 

vej  «""ous  monument,  of  whcrareil7'«v.  'T'lr'"  '^'P^^'^  tw! 
ine  early  history  of  Greece  •  in/j  thl  „  •="?"»' 'e'ters,  some  records  ol 
"PontheCapitohTiemSesatSil  ^^^^  "'^  '''*  "«"«»'»  feSred 
of  anna,,  and  historical  re^o^iis^'^But  S  Z.;'''".'«'"'"'^«"-^«n» 
became  more  civilized,  and  the  varioLh!'  i'"''*',^®*^'"* '"'"es,  nations 
tivatfid,  persona  employed  themsfllv«j  ^""'""^^f.  "f  literature  were  cu  ' 
contemDorarie«.  or  th7r  anceSTnJ^' ?*''''^'"^  ^^^  a^^ons  of  t£ 
proper  fi,rm  and  character  ArSth".^"""''^'  by  degrees  assumed  its 
and  after  repeated  essays  prodSL  h„' ^'""' ™"'''«"  "^  »he  arUrose' 

phy.red«cedT,;toex^amX»"'He\?"'^K*'''  P™««P'»  oC \noral  philoso. 
je.,eral  are  truth  of  mX     .nethoVS^d  r;'"'  "'^«  '"*^''  "HiiSto  yt 
first  property  is  necessary,  to  kefln  n.?.    '''?a"'«s«  of  expression.     The 
nons  of  falsehood,  for  h  Jtory  is  « »  «r    ""^^''s'anding  from  the  imposi 
ular  examples  or  induction?. ^f?h      argument  framed  from  manv  nartr« 
.     measures  l(  life  ihich  w!    ake  frm.'  T^^^^Z  «™  "°t  true?  t  Wose' 
«n  their  consequences      ThJ  .1   T '''^"''  '^'"  ^e  false,  and  dec-eive  n! 
method  becoShZTic  the  wonil  or'^r""'?"'^ ''"  »''«  f^rmSr?  o  l?the 
then  the  ideas  which  we  re^e%«    °' f '^'''"^."'«''''  of  thought  be  obscure 
not  taught  by  them  w»S  In  «I^/""'"  ^  ""perfect,  and  if  such  wn  «« 
require!  as  tL  foundation  of  tstorv  To 'nf'"  '"""•    '''"''•^'  K'efoJe'u 

'^tR:^,;  ^;rs-;£^u:vs;.iy?  ""'  <^'«p-^'io-ndp;^ 

taut  consideration      To  diTlTr  '"r  ^'  •'"^'«''  *«  the  next  imoor 
ciou,  writer  on  this  .ubje"  i,"  f, '"i"  ."'^  P^P^r  distinction,    „y, 'a  Sd* 

iioi  «  of  those  affairs  in  the  Paifnn  world    whi^i       P'^'I^VP""  ^'e  rela- 
horiMn  of  tnt  (luiiv  miiy  mmi-j  J'       ,  ".'  '"'"llniii  "rTOiiil.  of  ili... 


11 


and 


HISTORICAL.  OHRONOLOGIOAL  AND  GEOGRAPHICAL.  2, 

imou8,  as  well  as  all  th^Zytie'^?AT«?^^^''",^^^^  ""'' '«  '"^ff"-*"- 
has  ennobled  mankind.  '^"«'-of  all  that  has  debased,  and  all  tba( 


THE  DIVISIONS  OP  HISTORY. 

dia?nr^:::i/r^^^^  -'>J-ts.  Hi.tonrn,ay  b. 

and  Modern.  ''arttcular;  and  with  respect  to  time,  into  AncieZ 

MoDBBK  HisToRv  commenceVfrom  the  ^110?^;'"  ^™P""'  '"  ^''^  ^est 
the  present  time.  Ancient  Hiitlrvi.lL^I  5*  ^'"P"*'  ""'^  extends  to 
theybW««,and  the  his^J^L     TS^V.BvZt^^^^^  P"'!.' "^  "»««i 

ompires,  about  2000  years  before  the  bir?t„f  A'L^.^^T  ^'^  'ho  first 

years  before  cTrista,.derm„SSw!t"h^„';!  •'''«  J^""^'"'''"  «f  Rome,  753 
of  Rome  is  chosen  for  ZcZmen,rmtVt  o^^^'''^         '''^«  foundation 
cause  at  that  time  the  clouds  whichTere  ^11/  ™Portant  division,  be-   - 
hefifan  to  dissipate  daily ;  and  rcau8rfhi.T-^°^"u'^«  '"'"«"«  Pag« 
as  an  era  for  all  the  West  nmi  au,f         Tr^''' '"  ^^^  e"''.  has  servid 
-ents  us  with  the  grandesr/eVo Intinn.^!^  T^°^  '^«/«'"'     This  age  p,!^ 
the  entire  destrucLn  of  theTssSn  l^Z^'^^^'H  ^''^'    '"  '''«''»"", 
celebrated  monarchies  upon  its  ru  J!     iK  pw'^  the  foundation  of  three 
the  principal  republics  of  Greece   the  astoniS^^'  ^^^  establishment  of 
and  .he  success'ful  cultivation  J^  he  fineirts  ^'E'h"  ^'^  '^^f'-'o^O". 
IWO  years.  ""®  •*"■•     '  his  division  embraces 

GENERAL  HISTORY  OF  MODERN  EUROPE. 

ma^e'mJStt^wJSt-ran'dSinrsrth?  ^"'^  '^«  ^"" 

the V  nl;:S":""  "^  "^""-^  '^•' '"'»»•« '™P«"««  c'rown,a„d 
^^5.  The  elevation  of  Rudolph  oV  Hapsbur,',o-the  imp;rial 

fl.  The  fall  of  the  Empire  of  If,;  Kasi    .'    .' 

7.  lhepfw;oofW.,Htphulia      . 

8.  1  u-  peace  of  Utrecht .     .  

9   1  he  French  RovoluUon  to  the  pre'sent  time    !    !    ; 
.  ""ST  Picnion. — (47(5 f^oo  \ 

this  ;i:;^:^cS;;?  sn4,;;r;rer"  ---'.ics  of  Eu^pe  h«d 

period,  brought  to  the  very  vS  „f  £,  'hi  ',""•  '""""«  ''"""•  "^-mt  that 
barians  from  the  norll,,  whi.X.?r.d  in  L  '"  1"""'!'""'''''  ''-.sts  of  bar- 
It  in  the  year  47fl.  Thn  V  n  ,£  n  HTl '/;.'""';.'"  '''"^^'h,  subdued 
•drentumrs.     These  wcm  1,         r  V'  ""''  "'"  Aliins,  wor«i  tho  firNi 


of  the  Ro- 
it  embraces 

A'D.  AD. 

476  to    800 
•  800  "    9C« 

068  "  1074 

1074  '•  1973 

1873  '•  1453 
1453  '•  1648 
1648  "  1713 
1713  "  1789 
1789  ••  


«  fRELIMINAav  OBSERVATIONS, 

The  Angels  and  the  Saxon2  mS^  *  "*''''  '""erdoin  in  Spain. 
mans  and  'f.atives,  and  formed  Te  HentarZ"''  "''  ^'•".^'»  ''■«'"  ''^^  R'>- 
/rhe  Huns  established  themsHves^n  p  *' "^  ?'*'''^" ''"'§^^"'n«- 
the  banks  of  the  Danube.     T hi  Herul    af^er'!!^!,''''  T^  "^"  ^'«''"«"«  on 
ern  empire,  founded  a  state  in  Itah"Ui.^.        '"^ '^^i''''"y«'^  ^''^  West- 
being  driven  out  bv  the  OstroJnth!   V    r'^  contmued  but  a  short  time 

goths  The  greater  pan  o?1?;;s,;;ra'fS  JdT ni'H'""^^"'"  '^  "o«"- 
Lombards,  who  formed  it  into  a  kiSom  S  "'"^e'' 'he  power  of  the 
raised,  by  them,  to  the  empire  of  S SS"  eiWovP^'ft"'"  ""^  "^^''"""t 
The  exarchate  bein?  conouerpH  iw  pi.  .  '  ®"J"y«'l  "  but  a  short  time 
the  Pope,  which  may  be  ?ropeHv^stvirdfhr^'''V"'";  ''''^"^'  ^V  him  on 
rffurof  the  Roman  pontiffH^Vf  fl  e  rearrml '''^ '''" '•'''"f^«'''l  gra"" 
bmation  of  church  and  state  commencement  of  the  com. 

umed  by  the  Franks,  under  th^Se  7iS;''''S '  "'"^'  "'  '«ngth, 
first  monarch;  and  under  Cloves  uTriJvpS:^.  i^baramond  was  its 
Pepm  le  Bref  (tlie  Short)  exnelled   in  .hi?        considerable  eminence. 

Turned '/'""'"""^  (cauid'?he 'm^oI  ,  g'ia ;  Tlnr'the'';!'^"''  "^^  '"« 
sumed  the  government.     His  son,  CharEiinP  ""■''"^'  ""^  as- 

h  8  tm.e,  retrieved  the  honour  of  France  dTs?r«ll        f '"'."''  ''""'^e  «^ 

co^.derabie  empire,  the  Kast,    'ut  of  the  ru.r'of' w/''?  '^"""''^'i""  of  a 
greater  part  of  the  present  existing  mol'.Lchrs  in'w'sI'en/'A^i^'"^^  '''' 

rop?;'a^^urtt1rjrfi;j;^;-  ^^^^^  powerful  kingdom  of  Fu. 

ants  of  the  destroyers  of    LTcZir   7      "T/' ''^  ""«"'' ^'''^ '^^^^^^^^ 
formed,  were  eclipsld  by  l he    ,str3'  his    Lw"  T.  "'»"»'<^''ic.8,  hardly    , 
fepam  was  subchied  bv  thn  Sr.;.,,.!    ""^  »ew  kingdom.  ' 

Mcli<,ll„,r,l„i,|  w.„B,|,i,  bo»,.urnl™m,?v     Ll„„„«i,8  anui.ig  ,g„,„« 

pire  was  transferred  to  the  k  n«  of  t,"  "  ' '»  fix-c^'ssors.  The  em- 
fy  civil  and  foreign  warsin  Zn  •/  u' rn  Inl'  "''';"  r"  '"""^'^^d 
HuriRanans,  from  Tartary,  aimn  Up.  .1..  ?  y-  '"  ""'>'=  ^^''ile  the 
«..bd„od  Italy,  ^vhichhe,m,en^G  rl  V  Ji^h'l"^^  ^^"'"  »''«  G""^"* 
ami  shewed  u,  a  barbarous  agj  le  t  tS"  of  iL  .'"  '^'I^H'^^  "^  '"'P'^^r, 
great  legislator.  **  '"'ems  ol  a  hero  and  the  wisdom  of  a 

''""»»  PKRioD— (9(52—1074.) 

-^.onrHU  u.  jonied  the  kingdom  of  i)ui 


HISTORICAL.  CHRONOLOGICAL  AND  GEOGRAPHICAL  aj 

gundy  to  his  possessions ;  and  his  son    Hpnr«  in     „-i  i   i 
gary.    This  empire  arrived  at  a  hLr  lo-rpJ^        *  '^^'l^'^  ^  P**"  "^  "«» 
brought  into  a  state  of  decav  bv  iL  i.?Sf    "'^P°5?'?'";  but  was  soon  altei 
feudal  government  ^  ^  '*'^  miiuence  of  its  nobles,  and  by  the 

J t  sL^Sltata'J^^  between  the  Visigoth, 

those  two  rival  nations.  ^  I  France  the  '«r?  '■''"'*'^  "'^  ^'^''''''P  °» 
posed^y  the  usurpation  of  Hug^Vcte^S^^^^^^^^^ 

nuS'fhf  S^earw^'tta^^  --^-^  "^  it  under  Ca- 

the  Confessor  succeeded  the  Danish  nrl.??''  V"  '"''J"^^«'  ^'^wara 
Harold  II.,  a  virtuous  p.uce  slain  hi C«'h  w-.r'"'  succeeded  by 
mandy.who  madeaconquest  of  SlnnH      if  ,^^  ^''^^  "<"  ^or- 

e.tablished  themselves  ?n  slJ^I^S^  tt^Z^Z^^^^S^ 

of  ISl^^rw^exteX^^^  '«  ^"''^^'^^'  °"--«^  -•hi"? 

nierce.    The  other  statL  of  Eurone  d^,l  nn,  f""^  J^^^  extet.ding  its  com- 
Heing  at  this  per.od  plugged  hrrs^urliy'SdrbtuJ^  "'"P"""*'  ^^«"^- 

FOURTH    PERIOD. — (1074—1173  ) 

deJ'r';?rp'^!:r'trthVerpr;e'!Te«r  '''^  P'i-.^r«"-'-d  the  gran- 
emperor,  fienry  IV.,  agiL;7(4rm,,w  r^'"^  ^"^•"'  ""der  the 
the  nictions  of^he  SlXa  7  ho  nh^h  i ''''^/''/'"''^«''^«"'««"'''ries; 
popes,  and  the  other  of  the  emptor^  t^^^^^^^^  «<"  tho 
other.  Frederic  I.  and  FiodeTif.  It  inT  ""'"""toly  destroying  each 
of  the  empire;  bu  the  lo.'se  ^r  liiZf^'T"^  lo  uphold  the  majesty 
were  despoiled'of  their  pZeLrons  a  uH?"'^'"r"'  '""?'"  y'"''"''''  =  they 
empire  was  much  weaknipd  ht^h«  i          ''!'^''"  '^'■"'"  ^''^  ''"•one.      The 

of  Its  members  tie  Sorftv  of  the''n,H!J«^  ""  ''"'^'■^'  '^"^  '^'''"'"»» 
iher  aggrandizement.  The  CruJ^ies  cmn^  f.^  f'*""  "'"""?  "^  '^eir  fur- 
Syria  and  Palestine,  wer^SnUv  wrS  a  Part  of  Asia  Minor, 

banner  of  the  cross  was  phued  on  Momu^  "'"  'f^  i"''''^''*'  '"'^  the 
crusaders  established  a  kifSfin  Je^Z  L  °'V-  '"  the  meantime  the 
tion.  It  was  during  the  ti.K  he  cru  "£^1.^  (T,"'  '^''''  ''"'•"- 
pod  o  Its  f..,nulation,  passed  to  the  Lat  ^s  M  '  h  . '  P  *i''  *■'"''"■"'  '"P* 
of  Nice,  retook  Consiantinonle  'r  1  p;.„=„  V  «  '>'«»'"&""'  emperor 
said,  that  10  them  wmoS  ti.,,  1  •"/'''''  ""^'b*^^'  '»  '''J-'Jl.  It  is 
orders,  and  tournamems         ^  "'"  '"■'^'"  "'^  "™»""'  hearings,  military 

andCZS'^'fre  'k^ngnTSi'?!  ?"  ''"'--;  ^'^^  «"-tian  king, 
tlu.n,.elves  by  their':onX;;'ov:r  tt  srSl's'  ""'  ''''''"'  ''^'"''^' 

ti.cc.!;s>;!';rt;h&SiS:ex^^ 

The  power  of  Knglnnd  incre'  S,l  p  mL;  .  '"V^  "'  '"'""  *'"'  '""""y 
•ant,  and.  in  com^umi^'^tuwvv^l^l^r^r,  "'"  '"'1'^  '"'^"•"«  P"*«- 
pnople,  the  royal  author  ty  became  nu  e  we,k  1  T''"/''''  ''*"8^  "'"'  '^^ 
was  given  to  de.nocra.ical  imSnZ      ''""''""*"'•  «"^  "^  Preponderance 

H<.^^^ff::;^No:n^;K^-^,«'t.s.-?r^'  'rv  ^'"«"-'- 

Iho  crown  till  11<)4      It  tli,..,,  ,^,»  ^i      .  king;  and  his  family  poKscsscd 
Which  house  was  IpiLoSli  '.'^''^lilJt  ':;tlZ,  '"""'  "'  ""'--tauiren; 

Of  S;£sSr;o  1^'.^;;;;;;  .;;:;|;;^  ^:];;'',?-  "•.  "-.t  t,.  i„nucnnc 

R"-«ia  groancl  under  tl  n  y  ko    .^  «  "-/i"   ;"''"»T"''  T'"""'; 
«ons  uro  Poland.     Huhen.ia'  andlho  islLSTr'^:!!  •ll!"..:!:«l'«J:-?/: 


»l 


PttELlMINARY  OBSERVATIONS, 


!     1 1 


hi 


SX"" '°'""°'  •"  "''-^"•"^  •  p"  o"f  r,  ssn- Ji?: 

„,  FIFTH    PERIOD. — (1273—1463  ) 

drive  the  C^hibelines  out  of  Italy  and  tfrJunuJfh.''r^  .'"'""'"'  ^ff^'^' »« 
1  he  empire  of  Germany,  confined  ,„'t»  '^e  Greeks  to  the  church, 
changes.  Its  chaotic  gov-ernmenrwa?  rl.  h""'!!  '""''"•  underwent  some 
and  emperors  of  different  hn,«!-  ^  rendered  somewhat  more  clp«r  • 
the  deatS  of  Sigismund? Alberrn   ZT.t'^^  °7T'^  '"*'  2ZeZl 

ffiT'  ''"^^  P«««e88ed  the  imperia?  crovvn     ^'     "  ^""''y*  "^^'^  ««»^ 

£^^r  ^^^rS»^:y  H^^  ^-t  became  mo. 

begmning  to  be  understood,  which  sfrl^"  t„    ^rl"^"?"  «"^  P^^^e  «ero 

the  same  time  thrt  kln^strfsont^*"'"'''!!"  2-^  «'«  "^^^^^  he  hela  at 

prowess,  to  the  conditKfrhumhL"-  ^'^"'"  ^^^^  reduced,  by  h?, 
redmd  white  rose,,  (the  fi ret  as  1^.  f.  '"PP>'«^">  The  faction^  of  the 
of  Lancaster,  and  the  latter  fLtJ^P'^'T.^'^  ^'^  ^^e  title  of  the  ho.  se 
land  with  the  blood  o?  iacfo  h^\\'t'tiye"HoLr/fh'''"^?"?  ^^^'^  "^ 

Spam  continued  to  enrich  itsHf^i.htif     *"/'''"'  P""""- 
notwithstanding  the  eS  of  the  ^oan  5'/^"'"'  "<■ '^e  Saracens ;  who, 
southern  parts     In  Portuo-al    Ha^  Spaniards,  were  yet  masters  of  all  thp 
extinct,   a'nd  an   iUeSS  prlncf  iT^t'''"'"^*^^  ^'"  "^"^y  bec.^ 
throne      Sicily  was  taken  by  fwo?*"!  """""^ ''P''''^  ««^^^^^^      f^^e 
who  also  held  the  kingdom  of  N«n?lM^°"'  ""^  ^^^  house  of  Anjou 

Russia,  (hitherto  under  the  vokenf»}.«  t    .      v 
slavery  and  obscurity.     !„  PolaJd    .if/        ^"}^rB)  was  delivered  from 
manency.     I„   Hungary, "he  house  nf  a*?'  '''^"''y  hegan  to  have  per 
crown  of  which,  as  well  as  th^f  nf  u  .'^"'""  """'"ted  the  throne-  the 
house  of  Austria.  "'  '^"^  °^  ^ohemui,  soon  al^er  passed  to  thf 

Othman,  sultan  of  the  Tnrira 
great  power  under  Mohammed  1 1'  ^Th  f  n  •  '""""':hy.  which  arrived  .o 
Ptlt  an  end  to  the  empireTf  the  EastCn  *""''  <^«n«'«ntinople.  anS 
the  capture  of  this  fine  city,  was  a  rPflnJ^nr  iT'"''',"^"''*'  resulting  from 
West,  which  contributed  to^J^^^l'Sj^^'J  "^'n'rH  '^''""  ^^^  «««'  to  U^ 
pavng  of  prints,  papermakinir   pahiHnn^Tn  ?  .   "^ "'®  "'■'^''     Printing,  en 

iMr-"  -- — ^™- =SJ -srfr  ui;^;£i 

apXSTik;  H^i,Ti?p^,i^he taUn!£"''r""'^'  poH«ossions.     Rurop. 
«imo  on  a  bettor  footing  ^hJllil^iL^^A^iem'ST/J.Jl"'-''^"  ''^'"'f  «'  ^'i^' 


*i>  •' 


11 


HJSTOEICAL.  CHEONOLOOICAL  AND  GIOGRAPHICAL  35 

the  Imperial  Chamber  andZlS  Po.  „Jf^  '""°"  T*^^.'  Maximilian  I.j 
giou«  disputes  brough    oS  a  sSeSrif  Z?^^^^'?'"*^-     ^^e  reli- 

1566,  and  that  of  Westphalia  ^       I'assau,  the  peace  of 

VII?  r„7£S'li^ttenjl^^^^^^  ^•";T««'  "y  Charles 

and  those  were  followed  by  I'ntes^ZtS^J''"'^  l"?^^*.'!^''  *'»°»*  ^^  "^ly  5 
testants,  which  v<rerBSiSblthrr^^'''^-^^^}^^«^^^^^^^ 
expulsion  of  the  ProteSs  fn  S^pat,  ^"tiZ  "n^?"?"*"?'.  «"f  »»»« 
were  un  ted.  This  monarchv  fnnS'  1!  i-  5?®  Chi,at,an  kmgdoms 
Catholic,  arrived  atltszenUho^'iiZli^v^''^'"'!?^  ^"  «"'"*'"«d  the 
lost  a  part  of  its  splendour  uXSj  IH  and  pSSv"'  ^^^'^"'  ^u  " 
genius,  valour  or.  resources  ^  "'^'P  ^^'  P""«««  without 

It  shook  off  in  1640,  whenTe  house  of  B.^i--^^'"'*^"^^    ''^'''^ 
revolution,  ascended  the  throne  B^ganza,  by  an  unexpected 

England  gained  strength  under  Henrv  Vli  .n^  k«— 
ime,  more  powerful  under  his  succSr-  .hi  S."^.''®"*"'®?  f""*""  ^'me  to 
its  commerce,  and  particularly  So  durinr'tii  3"**°";  ^^  ""  P*"'*=y  »»«! 
After  the  death  of  felizabeth  James  Vl^tfn  ""V^S  ^^  <»"««»  Elizabeth. 
English  throne,  and  toS  the  title  of  jri«.^^i/?  Scotland,  ascended  the 
neither  himself  nor  his  suocesLs  n^^^^^^  of  Great  Britain ;  but 

of  that  celebrated  prin^ss  *  Possessed  the  genius  or  the  activity 

Italy  was  divided  into  many  small  stntpa      t.,«„»       « 
centia,  heretofore  cities  of  tiie  kiSL  if  iZ-i^  ^^'  •  "'i'"*  *"''  *"'*• 

nity  of  dukedoms.  The  orinces  Tfi^.^L  '^*  ^"^  "^J^^"^  *°  'he  dig 
the  arts  and  sciences  by  hTours  and  ewa"rds  '"venfof^  the  progress  I 
erable  for  its  commerce  than  formlriJ  .k^-  ®""'®  ^^'  '«*»  cons  d. 
abling  other  nations  to  partake  St^A  v*  discovery  of  the  compass  en. 
from  navigation.  Grnoa  also  7^tlLT^^'''"^.'P  ^^^  P™""*  «"8*ng 
.    commerce  from  the  same  ciSse    '^     '"""^  *  considerable  diminution  ol 

yoL^Xbeca":' tee?:i'&h''e"sK'^    ^'  '"^^^  '^  '^^  ^P""-" 

ed  the  hiatre  of  the  nation  Gulv  „  aT\  ?''  ^^^'^  ''J"^^'  "'^'o  "•^'^eem. 
its  power  by  lis  valour  and  S  i  ?^.  ^'^»'{i''"8  added  considerably  to 
face  Iwan  Basilowhz  dntn^/K^^^^^  R"ssia  also  assumed  a  Sew 
IwanBasilovWtz  re.Ll,1odThe  emoirT^'^h'^'";!'  '''^ '«>••'"' an  yokj! 
ccnded  the  throne,  and  roie„,.pri  '^hn..  ^^^  i"""?  "'^  Romanof  a«. 
genius  and  per^eve  anco  of  Kte"  tht  Gre  .t  X'"^    h^"""""   ^^''''^  »»«' 

tent  .nd  effeminate  prrcerb.mm.^.^LiH'K''  ""","■"  '"""I"  »'  '"* 

wdied  P.W.,  Of  theTSrtrrr:JrATS™pi.cr ""  "■* 

-TK-        .u:      ,  SKVKNTH    PERIOD.-(lfl48--1714.) 


48 


PftELIMlNARY  OBSBttVATlONS. 


very  powerful  under  Louis  XIV  •  h.,»  th^ 

against  Spain,  Holland,  and  the  mSire   ^r-":'  fTl^  °"  ''^  *'»«  P^nct. 

Kingdom.  '"®  empire,  exhausted  the  resources  of  the 

Mcended  .he  throne  of  JwaiBritarn'  £?„?"«*'  "'"°'  »f  ""lover, 

tee*,' '-'"'-  '"•  'i"-^  eEoTor  Bisri!  :-So'^ti"r.fe 

hshed  again  on  the  throne.  James  II  abX.,S""wf?i:^''y  *^«'-«  estah. 
;of  the  United  Provinces,  was  elec^rd  La  tlT  ^'  ^''l'""''  s'adtholder 
the  house  of  Hanover  at  the  death  of  Anne  '"'^  ^^^  succession  of 

thet^usro'f-SiJValTuSintetS^^^^^         P--  ^^  Utrecht. 
At  the  same  time  the  house  of  Savov  nroStino  h  Tl^  \"''«  countries 
pe^e.^.^reased  its  possessions  S^Z^^  ^i^^^^^X^S 

4tr -S^Thet^^^^^^^^  f?r'-  •'^eir  indepen- 

which  drained  them  of  theiVtreasures  wfthn  .?  l.^"'  ^''"^  ""^^^^^  *"  ^vars 

The  republics  of  Switzerland  and  o/  VenirP  ^nl^'"'"^'"^.'''^*'"  Po^^*-' 
sequence  among  the  European  sLteshJnhlrL'*^/*'''"*^  "»  ^«  "fless  con- 
tinued  to  be  happy  in  its  mo'untai'  s    tt  laSr  tran'nV^'"  '^'  ^'"^''  ««»' 

Sweden,  whose  power  was  prodiVious  u  S^r  ^h*^      ^T"^  *'«  l'»'^««- 
XII.,  lost  much  of  its  grandeur  afiPP.hl  "'"'^'  ^^Ij^rles  X.  and  Charles 

Putowa.    Russia  becanfe  a£t  on  a  su^^  ^''''''  P''''^^  «' 

ow„°a,ar""""  '"-"»«  «t  a„it,„^et' ;t  .he"i;KVi' 
weak  and  incapable  as  thomSehe".  °  "'^  nianslor.  allogelhe?  a« 

_,  .  EIGHTH  PEBIOn (1714—1789) 

^^p^t:!i^&r:^!iS:^^^  mwa..  The 
SeV;?tSr;&L;i^S^^ 

reconcile  the  emperor  and  tL  kr^oftahf  ^m^  V  ''"'"'''  '"^^'^  '' 
llie  htigiish  niul  Dutch  procured  thP  trcn  v  nf  Vi„  ^  :  TOmmenced  war. 
nn  end  to  that  calamity;  but Tnewu-rr.^  '''""?•  '"  >731,  which  put 
king  of  Polnnd.  France  dcchred  Ir  .  '  '""T^"'"'''  ""  ^''^  ^'«'-lion  of" 
nated  b,  the  peace  of  vlm,     %  Si^;;?'  ^?  ^ ^v^ ''  ^^''"'•^  '"'"' 

J '"  ?°  l"?i.'  !''P"'*.  "f  t»'«  elector  of  BaTr  L  „»-  ^H  -?'^'"  '''"•«''""-• 


--ra.irs,andti.=,---noftl.^^ 


HISTORICAL.  CHKONOLOGICAL  AND  GEOGIIAPHICAL. 


;•/ 


text  for  new  disaffreemen  ,  uT^        ^^''^^  *"^  *^'"ench  soon  found  pre. 

Pmssia  took  part ?v7rt2?LSh  andTh.r'"  ?i'^'^'^-     ^Le  Co/ 

This  war  terrSinated  mth  i" ^tuJ  of  the  En.l^^^^  '^'  ^'•^"'''•' 

eluded  n  1763.    In  Ftalv  thluL.W^   oi  me  l!.ngli8h,  and  peace  was  con- 

cipal  sway      Savoy   a^ss?sLdbvP-f"^'"«  ^"^  ^""rbon  had  the  prin 

island  of  SardintrwU  aS„  iS^„.^'^'^"''^'/"^'"«"'«'^  ''^  power:   th» 

came  a  despot.  In  Russia  thP  fm,r  nrin„  '""^"^"^s  of  his  people,  and  be. 
«ince  the  de'ath  of  PeJe  '  the  G  "eat  Sere?  t^^  ^""^  '^^'^  '^'  '"'P'^' 
pat  genius  who  may  be  sty^jdft's  foumW     P  ^"^  '""^'^^y  "^  '^'^^ 

Brandenburg  received  he  ti^e  of  krn-^^-^^-'''^'.-^  "'"^^  ''^^  ^'«'''«'-  "^ 
and  power  tLer  thfwt  govenme^u  of  tS'l?  h*'^^^'!•^'  ""^  ^'•^"'^''"' 
soplier,  Frederic  11.  B^'^ernnient  ot  that  celebrated  hero  and  philo 

ae!,Lw"&.i^iV"MSapS'fn^ll^"'-^"S«^  '^'^  -«-"  to  hi, 
against  the  Russians,  and  susSi  fed  g  eit'  oTes''  His'':'''  '''  ''''  ^^«« 
IV.  put  an  end  to  this  unfortunate  w-ir  hv  «Z  .  successor,  Achmet 
great  sacrifices.  "'"""»ate  war  by  a  peace,  to  gain  which  he  made 

threw^Ky'oJe't'd'dedaiTJr  'T''''  ''^"^  ''^<^  -""'her  country 

and  Holland,  5a:3l„'Srtvt""':  re""  t:?Tf"'-  /'T'^  ^^ 
was  terminated  by  in  1783  bv  a  np^l'     u      ?    .f  ^  ^^'^^  °^  «'&h'  years,  it 

as  an  independent^nation!     ^     ^  ''"''  ""^^'^^y  "'«J^  ^^«r«  acknowledged 

Thi-        •  J  '"'''^"  i'ERiOD.-(  1789— 1815.) 

hapVerd'[;rXe:S;?o7d"  ?AW^'f «'  -volutions  that  eve. 
despotism,  threw  off,  i^it  were  in  a'momplif  t?''''\'^.'*^"^  habituated  to 
and  their  forefathers'  for  many  ages     ThS  ^Uf"  "X%f  "P''"  ^^«'^ 
loined  in  the  effort,  but  at  le  luMi  VJon.       a    "'^'  ^""'^  -^ VI.,  apparently 
sion,  prevaricated,  and  a?  emS'tn  flu  "^  '^'"'""""'^  '^"'"  «"  "-y"'/^"'  occa- 
condemned  and  exec  , ted      lis  m.^,'  "l^  7««  ««'==«^!.' ""ied,  iniquitously 
also  under  the  guillotine   '  The  p^we'r  "of  FurnJ't,  "^.  ^ f '".'».  «"ffere5 
and  the  kin?  of  Pni««:.i    /,/Ji     ^  Vf        .  "^-"^Pe.  headed  by  the  emneror 
spirit  of  F  fnce.    S  ia  'urSbf 's ''  '"^',1^''-  '"  ''^'^  '''«  '-ovoIutTom  ry 
the  Pope,  and  a  varieJi  nf   n/  '    P'""'  ""'"^'  """'»•«''  Sardinia,  Nap  es 
this  waS  'added  a  pow  Jfui'  C^l  ffi^f"'  >'"^^»'>e  cc.nfede'racjrto 
war  spread  far  and  wide      M^17,       ^    nterior,  and  the  flames  of  civil 
thelaifd;  notiiS^;.  wl SYh';  cSXnr'^  horror   stalked  throu  h 
ev.ed  numerous  armies,  a,,  rcSmtd  ZSd'"! h^''^"  m  «  «°r''*"''^'"' 
the  country  west  of  the  Rhino     i!„i.      ."?!'''""»  the  Netherlands,  and  all 

Te^e'f  ;^^'""">'  -«  P-^^^^  to  the  Gallic  repubi/^ 

Several  changes  took  p  ace  i„  the  ffovornmpn.      n 
Kgypt:  and.  in  his  abse/.ce,  F  mcelSst  Zat  V.,.?"?.'^'"'  conquered 
He  returned,  and  as;u„i„'l'fheaov*lnfltr  ..!''.?.  .^?."r««t8  in 


28 


PBELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS, 


Buonaoartn  was 


eSd'rpt'o?o^ttS    ^  —  co^^enced.    _.. ,  „„ 

Pu^heTit'J^or^e^cTand '^^^^^^^^^  P^""  '*  '''^  '"  ^^e  confederate  war, 
it  made  sevSrconquesTrnl^^^^^^^^^  t\«.n  extent  heretofore  unknown 
obliged  their  army  to  rvac;:trFJL»'""p''''''^  ***«  ^™"«h  "avy,  and 
Bhort  duration.  War  aS  cLmJ.fn  ^  '^'^°«,"'a8  restored,  but  was  of 
throughout  the  nltKnd  treSou^  Lffnn?'"^  '^^}  ^''^^^^  "««'f 
petuoflity  and  British  vXirweJpfnr^f"' '^♦^'■®  ""f^^'  F^nch  im- 
peninsula.  Russia  was  iSedbv  an  Jf^?',  IT'^'J*'"^'^  '»  ^^^  «P^"*«h 
naparte  but  the  invaders  were  u"er?ySSted''  S'  ^^^^''''  «"°- 

...anticeiro^tsandsacriSSroJall^i?^^^^^^^^^ 

CHRONOLOGY. 

o^rrrn^;^^^^^^^^^^^^  but  Of  recent 

of  giving  dates  to  important  even^rw««Ttn.,''°'"5"!.'"°  '''"«' «' ^''en 
vaiue  of  histoncal  wnWs  wfs  f^^^^^  regarded:  nay,  after  the 

remained  imperfect  ;the^  most  ancient  htl!,"  •''"''^f^'  Chronology  long 
periods  they  record  unde^erSedmpnHn"*"'  ^T^'"^  ^^^  P^^"^^ 
and  for  centuries  afterward?  thL  !l^/""«'"^'- ^nf  Herodotus  wrote, 
into  such  parts  as  monthf  \Sa      1,"k  '■^^"'"  distribution  of  time 

clocks,d5a'r,oro?her"^\Vumems  b'vrhth?hp^  "T  f^  '^^''^^'^  »' 
was  subdivided.    The  divisions  of  t LT  ,  i, ■  u^  P«'"Pe'»al  current  of  time 

logy,  relate  either  t^ the  dirrentm^fhLJ'^"'^  *"  Chrono- 

and  years,  or  the  remaSable  e JL  or  /nn..i  r  '^  computing  days,  months, 
its  name,  and  by  m^ns  of  whrch  the  d.i/n7"  ""'''''  ^"7  year  receives 
choice  of  these  epochs  is  for  7lwmc  «t  Li     k"*^  ^"^  ®''^"*  '«  "xcd,     '/'he 
its  most  remarkaEfe  reSon  as  Se^/,;^H^"HT''^\'^I!^''^^  preferring 
measurement  of  time     Thug  th/Gr.<fiS*''^  by  which  to  regulate  its 
tion,  their  siege  of  Troy,  t£ir  'rdval  of  P  '  '^'''  ^rgonautic  cxpedi- 
Olympic  Games.   The  Sans  LkmS  r     ^T'T  '"  Attica,  and  theii 
but  in  their  annals  tLvX  fre'S  IT.  ?f  ^T^^''''''"  «^  '''e'r  city . 
pointments  and  external  conqSts     Thp  mnH  '"  t^'""  ^^""'^^^  «'^i'  »p' 
Creation;  and  the  Christian"  ?rom  the  mrt^n/n"  \r.'''^^^"  f''om  tile 
we  count  our  years  backward  ErrU,  .f   k     -^  "■"'  Saviour.     From  this 
to  the  present  day.    But  U  was  nS  till  t  ^^^Tl^Sof  time,  and  forward 
troduced;  and  even  then  the  abl^^  r^L."' ^^^  °2^ '^'^^  *^'«  P'^"  ^^^  in- 
his  calculations:  nor WM  his prror1ti,n„r^''r;  '"^^  '"''«"t«d  i^'  erred  in 
afterwards,  when  it  wrjound  o  Je  deTilf /"'  "P^""'"'^''  "^  ^''^  ^^"'""cs 
But  as  an  alteration  S  a  sjstl^n  which  h^i^'"'^'"*? 
Europe,  would  have  occasfS  in^a  cuiablP  1,1"  "''"P^"''  ^V  "^"^'>'  «» 
ecclesiastical  affairs,  the.  error  was  hv-«i    "conveniences  in  civu  a:!'! 
main,  and  we  continue  To  /p,  LI  f'  ^  Scno-nl  consent,  suffered  to  /.j. 
which  wants  foirT^^^^  <«  called  the  "vulgv.,i> 

It  cannot  be  deniedThaUherP  ,rrn./'''^,'i"'  p'"-isti«n  epoch, 
a  correct  Chronoirv-  but  s  ilf  thpr«  ^^V'''*"^!"'''^  *"  'he  way  of  fixing 
tory  eo,,clusion8"XiVe'\'o?ltl' events  Zv'h?  f'"""  '"'''4  ««*'«f«^ 
taming  whether  others  occurred  ."fore  or  ^aZ  .if  ™'^"'  ^"^'  ^^^  ««««'" 
arrange  the  .nost  remote  transactions  «?'  1 1  '^'"'  7®  ""^^  *"  general 
the  first  view  might  have  nppeareXnr  '  fc  °^  T'l'*"'-^  "'«'  «" 
observations,  i^v  ^.l,rlyof  the  ocliMes  f.J  *^  *  '"■^'  ^-  Astronomical 
"rith  the  calcu\tt,-r,j8  of  thr  years  aT^"  "'  -  .""  '  ""'*'"'  «"'"''•"«<' 
"  ui  ui.  years  and  eras  of  particular  nations.    2   The 


BI8T01UCAI,,  OHao>.OI,08.0Al  AND  OEuOHAPHlOAL.  j, 

Anclem  medal,,  coi„,,  moramei,  "a"rilS.'""w'°h";rT^^    ■* 


OEOORAPHIOAL  SKETCH  OP^THE  WORLD  AND  ITS 

c  rcles.    AlUirele,  .re  Jn.idereTKSib'  ',„'  aCaudlm'cS 
-Tf.  V  '    ?^  "*  ?w<irfr«n<  (or  quarter  of  a  circle)  90o.  '  ° 

The  £j,;,/.c  ••  30  railed,  because.  dlLLsJrVfh:^..!:'^.  ^ , 

.     ^  -   . .,,  ,,.,„j.,,  vail 


fi 


*  PHKLIMINAttY  OBSERVATIONS. 

dtcA%%etrTe«;Ii^.XV:^^^^^^^^^  ^^'^     Thi,  circle  .s 

greater  number  of  problems  ^''''  ^^^  Purpose  of  performing  a 

tquator;  which  is  about  23-  3o'from  fh^  1.  f'^'''^"' ^'f^""''"«  '"'«'"  »he 
the  sun  is  opposite  to  one  of  the  t  op  ca  JhZ'i^n'  ?"  T''  '"'*•  ^hen 
the  corresponding  pole  as  he  trodnT^'/mT.?  "P'"  '"^^  "'^  ^«  '"'»'•  f^otn 
more  than  twenty-four  hours  Si Vu  t  ^^  ^''"'i^'"' """ ''^'^  «"»  <"«' 
to  the  poles,  but  never  S  anv  nJf.  f  .''.^  *^?'^  ^'''^  ^^^'y  P""  nearei 
this  peculiaWly,  a  c.rc  e  js  dSfi  on'it'JT  L'iT?-.  '^'"  P^'"^  «"' 
One  of  these  Polar  CtrclelisS^fl^  ?  ?  "he,  231°  from  each  pole 
.ufyi.|^,the..M,andtht;vV^^^^^^^^^ 

no/e''t^hot";atVb1  ;'e  rhe^  st^rfe  '^^f^^^^^^^  ^'  girdles)  de- 
Thus  between  the  poerandDXrrH«''P"' ,''''■'""  ''^'""'^  d^«"ibed. 
tween  the  two  frijrid  zones  ■mSihJ  .rl  "  ^''^  ''^  *^"  ''"J'^*''  z«''es.  be- 
and  between  the^two  t  oLs  he  US -•"'  '  "  '''"  '''''"P'^''"«  ^""es, 
from  the  temperature  of  the  al.tS2e"^       '^'"''"^'  '^'^'^^  appellation; 

by  tS  Sbt  of  detre:;:  i;^c  'ts  i;nf'ir  ^^"•-•'"r-  ^^  •«  ■— -> 

place  and  the  equatoT;  and*    cilo     A'    yf  »''« '"""'^'^n-  between  the 
place  is  north  or\,uth'of  the  equalor  *""  •^""'^' «'-''^«'ding  as  the 

,  ^mrf,an,,  or  circles  of  irAe^eo.-^ 

Jay;  because,  as  the  earth  nZs  one.  oml.  '''''^  ?""'  '""•"^"'*'  '"■ '"i'^- 
ax.s  in  twenty.fourhourreJLrDmo  i  «  LT*''"''""  •""""''  ''''  »^^" 
of  that  time  be  directly  opnJsUe  tS  t  L  «,>  'vf ''''*'  '""f*  "'  ^^^  '^o''^^" 
point,  will  appear  at  its  creSst  al  h.r  A  -'"^  ^1""'  "'«'-'^''"«'-o,  at  that 
mid-day  or  nl>in.  greatest  altitude,  or,  m  other  words,  it  will  bf 

Divisions  or  the  Earth. 

and  America.  But  a  morsdnuL  Ll  hnr'  "^  ''"'"P"'  ^«'"'  ^'"'-ica, 
adopted :  and  the  chief  cmS;i'hviT.ni  ft!! '""  r.'!'"  ^""  *f""^''-""y 
thus  enumerated:  i;«r<7L  lT!iV  J'  ^''^y'^  H  "  ear  h's  surface  are  novi 
and  Polynesxa.  Of  ih est:  Fnm.^  a'«^  T'^  ?""'''  f '"■'■"^'''  ^"•"'•«/'«. 
Hemisp(;ere,(«rtho      d  Wor,      '•   aT^^^  ^/''VIV  '^^"•'"  "'•-'  l^'sten 

^vhich.  fn.n/ilH  „.,t  be  n  J  ,  w  Vt^    ,m  ^^^^       .? "-'^'r"  "•;"'i«Pl'"n., 
•>entury.  ks  called  the  Ncfw  World      A  1 1  I;   i,      .  ''"  .'i'"'*''  "'^  ''"-•  '^H, 
gioM  called  New-HollHu,!.  t, Ji    .'  will  nJw/      "''';'  "'f'  «"'f"'«ivo  re 
and  ''oiyiieHiaconu)reluM.,]8  111    nm«..  .„  ''''r'  ",'"'  "djn''t''il  isles, 

islands  {n  the  Pa-nHc  ().„,;     ',  /Z^ 

and  fron.  New-C^umea  to  S  c^'asTo/Vnu'lS'''  '"  '""  '''""''^'""  '«'"""- 

i-odiuK  from  il  n  L  To  ,h  '  *^. '  ""'  ""'  "'"'  '"  ''"'"«  P'"^'^'".  ""d  n  - 
of  m,X.y  islnnd;!;;;;;;,;  ;„t'  .  f.  7  J,^7/-  y'';"""«d  the  formation 
ocean  which  ha«  been  amu^rhi  ed  is  hm  m  r  .  tf"'"^,''«l '"'Ptliof  the 
i"  oslnnaled  ..i  about  aoo  at  "is  N  ^  I.  '^"'.''''"""  "«  '"^•'">  <l«'ptl. 
but  the  saltness  ecms-Jenibly'SSui  .  ^  l^C'';!;;-;.^-  -•«. 

I'bo  Pa.^.  (,.„„.  whic/cov^s^..:;!^  :;:."Li!j  :^'r'StS';S: 


msTOEiOAi,  CBaoKotoaiOAi;,  asd  oeoobaphioai        a, 

between  Europe  and  Africa  on  the  ms    n,»i  a„     .  ^"«  ^'[""''c  Ocean  lies 

progress  at  the  present  Sent  we  kno  J  th„f  H  ?^  ocmned,  or  are  in 

who  presumes  to  narraWern    XmI    T  ^""l"^^"  ^"'^  "'^«^ery  one 
''^Th  'S  -^'-t'Ce  -\a  "e^sucSed"  "'^  ^^"  '^^''^  «"'^— «^ 

wasa;itetrtin?d'':.7d"Tnm^^^^ 

under  an  impression  tFai  such  was    ev'i?^^^  fh^'^r"  "'^•"  )""«  P'""""^^ 

ly.  come  w.^hin  oirprotlnee  to  «o"ce    ' """"'''''  ""'^  ^'"'^''  consequent 

we  have  writte  /Z,5i,r/rrJ  fi^hT"''^  1"  "''"i''  ^•"•'^«-  '''»'•  i>'«"i  'c« 
Imve  found  it  e  s3r«  w^St";,  zl^^^^^  "'^^^'^  orthography  ;  but  wa 
AAan.  The  name  of  AfXml/  nr  m€  "";  ^'"^'\'  ^^""''  «"J  •'"•^Am 
each  has  its  »<ro"a"LXS\;Lfn^':;:;T"'''  "  ^"l'"'i ''""'  ^vays/and 
thelattermethod/  S.yXr    S  ^^o  th.nk,  is  in  favour  of 

none  are  so  many  var  •  on.  ?  h„  r  *^  ''■  ^  "^"T"'  ''*'  '"eiUioned  j  but  in 
also  happn.  ilmuhlM  •«  ""  '"  '^°  ^'""«''"  """•"''•     H  mav 

mor,.  ful  y  th  u  n  'ce  hZ  in  U  0  llu!!.r7'""'^  "'"^  "''i'""  '"  ''«  8* voh 
necessity  of  avoii,,L  ILLrJl    '^  an<!  r.c.  t-cMa.     'I'he 


I 


THE 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


INTROODCTORY  OUTIINE  SKETCH 

or 

GENERAL  HISTORY 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE   ANTKDILUVIAII  WORLD, 

prejudices,  it  tends  to\rnXn  our  abhoi«n?/nf  v?  "^  T'^  '"''"*  ''"'^ 
ournblo  ambition  for  the  Snment  of  tnT^  .  ^*°V"*^,.r"*«'«  «"  ''«"- 
If  considered  as  a  mere  8ou.^«  nf  ,„h  ?  e'^<"'*"«««  ""^  "olid  glory.  Nny, 
found  infinitery  BupS  to X  exf mvnZfTr™''^'  "'''^'^^y  ^"' ««11  £ 
torted  picturoH  of  fivinJmLnl  £  K  flT  ,°^  ''"•"l"*'^'  "'  ^^e  dis- 
ever  polished  their  stK  m.nint  thi  t  "*'"/."' ?':T'  "*'*''«'«''  '•»«^- 
debilitated  and  the  hea^t  to!  TCltZi!:r"''''  ""'  '"*"""'^*  '"  '^'''l"^"*'^ 

no^slt  w^rAf  huS^^^^^^  2  -•"*-  of  poetical  fable: 

superstition  that  prevdl Jin  romo'^^--  *  '"""'"'"•  *"'  *"  "'"  »'"•"■"' 
leeUon  for  .narvelLs  and  wl"d  nrration  '  'f  """  T  ^'  "'«^'"'"  <'''«  l'^"<^'- 
that  the  first  transactionrormen  worl  bold  In  1^''"'  ^'*"'^  "•"*''  ^»"«"  ""^^ 
being  moro  ,o  astonish  their  froVj^reaturoMr  H  ''''?*^""h;"'''''"  ""'''»*'«" 
and  the  difficulties  they  could  overeom.  l.nnl  ^  ""*'"?'"'  "*^^''«^^  ''««'»"•. 
plnn  of  public  utility.  overcome,  than  by  any  raUonol  and  extenrivH 

deSt"tKrjiirrn5  ttrw^r.r"'"''"'"  '^^'^"'-  ^"  ^'••'»  ^ 

the  tin,es  in  which  we  lim  and  which  hav«rHl  "  Tt'T'^  """"^'^Hon  with 
ernment  and  constitutior;f  our  countrv  if  r  f  "r"®  "P""  «'«  pv. 
political  intrigue,  tlie  artifices  of  .uT.  ^"  *  .""  '/''l"  "'<'  ««"«*  wheef.  of 
Interest  whiciT  «  i  V(  nnfioll  S  "'"•,''"  ^""r  "omplloatlon.  of 
l)oforo  us  fho  oaus^SccSSmrrf'  .iV^^  f*  the  s««,e  time  It  lays 

nmplos  whicli  come  lioine  t    ?»,?»    i      .    'i?^^  ""^•"'Z"'  "^'''^  "'''fi"''  "«  by  ex. 

expatiating  on  tTio  rein  vrna-S.  S  „.  nf  „?  T"  "f  "'"  r"«''<'r'»  time  In 
that  sufHofent  hns  been  «dd  tTbducI  h  n  »  /'"^  '""•'""'  '''"'"^y  '•  ^"""^"ff 


r 


J4 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTORY 


mfah?fc  il  "T^^'T  '^'8^"^'  '^*'^«  "  "°*  P™^»*'1«  'f'at  its  entire  oirission 
^«*.Hn«®''""'"'^K*^''"  unnecessary  deviation  from  an  almost  universal 
Sn?'  '""""""h  as  ,1  has  been  sanctioned  by  the  example  of  the  m"J 
Ss  «  ikp",  n"  ^^""7«"»  «"d  modern  limes.  On  these  and  other  q"eb 
tions,  ahke  uncertam,  the  most  opposite  opinions  have  been  promulffateA- 
and  the  most  irreconcilable  hypotheses  advanced  in  their  8^5?  we 
Hhall,  however,  not  stop  to  inquire  into  the  relative  merits  of  the  varioTia 

lttil^r.fri-!'^''T  "^^''^  ^^''  '^  '""ff  «''^  ««  uselessly  occupiejr 
attention  of  philosophers,  naturalists,  and  theologians. 
aJv!^         ^^-     u     "•?^e'"go«ie  many  violent  revolutions,  no  possible 
doubt  can  exist  m  the  mind  of  any  one  who  has  paid  even    he  most  sii 
perficial  attention  to  the  discoveries  in  geological  science  duriLfSe  lasi 
and  present  centuries,  but  the  mighty  Jrocels  by  wh"ch  ou"  flobe  was 

dXsf^pS'^'r  ""^'"''y  'l"'^"  as  Snfathoma^ble  now  as  i'  ^as  inZ 

darkest  periods  of  human  existence.    Let  us,  then,  be  content  with  tv.., 

sublime  exordium  of  the  great  Jewish  lawgi;erT  and^we  shal   3  tha 

he  account  he  gives  of  the  creation,  though  eloquently  brief,  is  nei  heral 

legorical  nor  mystical,  but  corresponds,  in  its  b3ld  outline  with  0 1  phe 

thilT,''- '"^'  .«  exh  bited  to  us  fn  the  great  book  of  nature      I    is  ^rue 

hat  there  is  nothing  in  the  writings  of  Moses  either  calculated  or  intended 

o  satisfy  curiosity ;  his  object  was  simply  to  declare  that  the  whoie  was 

he  work  of  an  Almighty  architect,  who  as  the  Creator  and  So™L  of 

the  Universe,  was  alone  to  be  worshipped.  o"vt,rcign  oi 

With  regard  to  the  primitive  condition  of  mankind,  two  very  ooDosite 

nS  nnK  •  l?  °  •  '^'•'^  ^^'^  '"^''■^^''  barbarism.  The  former  of  these  is  found 
not  only  m  the  inspired  writings  of  the  Jews,  but  in  the  books  esteemed 
sacred  ly  various  oriental  nations,  as  the  Chinese,  Indians.  Persons  Ba- 
ovlon.ans,  and  Egyptians.    The  latter  began  their  history  'with  dynasties 

hlv^.? d?.H^  ^'''""''  ^^°  ^r  ''^^  '«  »'«^«  """""^d  iSn  ormVand  to 
have  dwelt  amons  men.     The  golden  age  of  the  Hindoos,  and  their  nu 

Zr  tfvr'"'?/''*"  -^^^I-  «'•«  fi<=tio»«  »f  a  similar  chara^te"  as  well  il 

v«  fi.  H     '■"^'''  dynasties  descended  from  the  sun  and  moon,  with  which 

thP  S.r  TT^""^?  couu-Klence  in  the  traditioi.H  of  Peru.    According  to 

i.^.nl„       ?•"",'' Hf ''u '""'I  """^^  ^"« '''■'^'"^"y  »n  ">e  lowest  state  of  ' 
culture ;  and  gradually,  but  slowly,  attained  perfection.     It  is  in  vain,  how- 

r^nHnn  «r  h'°  m"""  •"  u*"  t™^'"«»»T  ^nles  of  antiquity ;  for  with  the  ex- 
ception  of  the  Mosaic  history,  as  contained  in  the  first  six  chapters  o( 
Wenesis,  wo  can  find  none  which  does  not  either  abound  with  thegrossest 
absurdities,  or  lead  us  into  absolute  darkness.  * 

-.,!!^;*""T"*'^'"'"**r  "ii^  Anqnetil,  "have  amplified  by  their  reveries  the 
Himple,  natural,  and  affecting  narrative  of  Moses.  That  historian  has  in- 
IhI  „ir;J"  «  *^,*^,w"f''"'  ^''''L'  was  the  origin  of  various  customs  and 
ll«L  i\  " '  ?'"'''"^  "\«  "»,"'«?  «f  'heir  inventors.  Lamech,  the  son  of  Cain, 
pave  the  first  example  of  polygamy.  Cain  himself,  built  the  first  city,  an. 
mtrodm-ed  weights  and  measures.  One  of  his  grandsons  '  was  the  father 
S.,.«'T„hMP  ."!/""".'  »?^  «f.«"9''  ««  ''»v«  cattle.'  Jubal  invented 
n-  mil  V  k''^/''*'"^''"'^^  forging  iron,  and  casting  brass;,  niid  a  female 
named  Niiamah,  those  of  spinning  and  weaving." 

rhat  the  antediluvians  led  a  pastoral  and  agricultural  life,  forming  one 

Llli?'.'.'""'""'*^'  .""i'''''''^  ""y  "•■  "'«"«  '"^'«'"'"'  "'»"  different  natitms 
which  have  since  taken  ,)lace,  seems  fully  evident.  Hut  the  most  male- 
rial  part  of  their  history  is,  Hint  having  once  began  to  transgress  the  divine 
roinmands,  they  followed  the  allurement,  of  passion  and  sensuality,  and 

Er'!"^*":";**'"'r.'"^  *"■''•"'»««''' *'"'*t  '*'"8'''  th«  universal  cor- 
niption  and  impiety  of  the  world  had  reached  its  zenith,  and  the  Alinightv 
Creator  revealed  to  Noah  his  purpose  of  destroying  ihn  whole  human  racf 
t'xcppt  himself  and  Ins  family,  by  a  general  deluge  j  commanding  him  to 


OUTLINE  SKETOU   OP  GKNKKAL   HI8TOKT.  ,      35 

fmfCingYu^mlS^wd^^^^^^^^  «f  the  ju.t  fro™' the 

^uio  their  ieveral  "peder  '*'*''*""'  °*^  •'"™*'«  ''««'*'«'l  to  repro- 


CHAPTER  n. 

FROM  THK  BKLUGE  TO  THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  JEWS  IN  CANAAK. 

Siad^'SiVKn'^lffS:^^^^^^^  "  ''"'"''^•J  -d  fifty  day,.  .„d 

dove  with  an  olive  bmn^r;.  ^Uie  l^d  SarfT  9«"vinced  by  the  returJ  of  « 
this  great  event  took  place  wa  ,  acVoTdint  Jo  £'"  '"'''^'^'  '^^^  ""^^  ^'hen 
1666ih  year  of  .he  world  ;  tZXoO^e  lteVhL«7'"°"  •^TP^'""'  '"  ">« 
chronoiogists.  Many  oth^r  nations  nthS  mi  "I  "'"^T^  ''^  *««■«'«"» 
nnrrate  circumstances  attendinff  a  JasJinunZLn^'*'  P"""'  ?^  '*'«''"  ''''^'"ry. 
in  thoir  essential  particulars  c.frrespoJdwith/h"'  °'."!"^r"'  ''^'»««'  ^hich 
supposed  to  owe  their  origin  to  i "  'f  S"  cffielS,  I^'^'k  ™'  *"*=°""t'  ""^^  "a 
in  which  ail  mankind  was  destroyed  excen  S.J  '"''*°J'  l""'^"'*"'  «J«J"g«. 
cording  to  the  traditionary  historv  of  th«  K„  t  u"""^  .*"*'  '"«  ''""'"y-  Ac 
all  perished  by  a  flood  exceTDLcaSn  and  hV''%'"^^^  of  the  earth 

doos  it  is  believed  U.at  a  similar  catesrr'nnha        ^'^^'y^ha.     By  the  Hin- 
Satynvrata,  with  seven  palr'Ss  walTrSrv  !f ?"'"'"'1:-''"''  ""*'  *«''  king, 
destruction.     Even  the  AmVr  can'ln2n^»  h    ^''  '"."  ?'''P  ^"""^  ^^^  ""'venl 
and  a  renewal  of  theJiumaTrTcrfrom  rirn'r'r''''''?".?^  "^  "'•»""  'l«J»ge 
accounts  being  uns« ported  by  h  S^  evfrn  r.^°"'  ''l^^V^'"'^'    «"'  'hew 
occunationof  the  re&s  fim^e  to  comment  .^'  L"'""'''^'' ""  unprofitable 
merely  observe,  that  many  inMnim..  .hi    •     ?"  "'""'•     ^»  «*">"  therefore 
distinguished  men  i..Tho"?Xrurs  toTcoi^rr  "^'^-^'"^  "'«  ""«""°"  " 
phe.     The  Mosiac  account  simjly  "ells  us  th-^.h*''"  ■^\'  ""'versal  catastro- 
opened  and  the  fountains  of  the  Jenn  LI'  k    1  ^"^  "'"«'ow»  of  heaven  were 
decreased  the  waters  returned  from  Sfffu"  ^/""^Z  'JP'  '""^  ""at  a,  the  flood 
nothing  unnatural  in  thi"  geoloSueience'furn   h''  '"'h     '^^''^  '^'''i» 
short,  aistinct  proofs  of  the  del3  „rp  ?i  ?    r      ^  ?^''\'""P'°  evidence;    in 
regular  strata,  and  in  the  phenomer  I         ^T"^*^  I"  the  dislocations  of  the 
which  can  only  bo  attriblSt  Z  rjenci'^ ll.l'''  """''"'  *J«P-'ti""«- 
ing  over  and  disorganizing  the  surLTJ  fhe  e«".  «^«'y^''«'-e  flow 

Japhet,  with  t1,eir  wives ;  i„  a  ,0  gh' persons  '  W?  ''°"'''.  ^J'*""'  ""'"•  ""^ 
arii  rested  on  mount  Aramt  (in  aS  iaV  h.?»  ;„l.Th  "v  'u"'^"'''"^^  that  the 
mamod  loner  i„  ,h,u  neighbaurhnoiW  be  /if  .  ^'""  ^'^^  "'"'  ''^^  ««"«  re- 
learn  Ihut  the  greatest  portion    ?  .L  h  '  '"  conjecture.     We  morolv 

"sHombled  on  tf.o  pl"in/o    8^  1  ''^^"LTeV"^''"'"!  •'■"«  "'^-^•«« 


tive  «,Ir.aki;;i;  siif™!';;  C  sr  i^^p^Sv  'J" "'°'"'  '^■^''-^- 

miracle,  for  the  -nk.Ton  in:;.:;  ^  ."£  f,'"'  "1  ""  i'-  ''«■-'  "^  " 
«huckford  cornea  U>  the  rollowi?rS::,' ^SLt "'l"// Si"'"' P'- 


i 


36 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTOftY. 


gradually,  and  in  time  greTto  suchlhS^t  T  /  ^^^'""*ng«'  increasinjj 

ihe  face  of  the  earth.    When  thP«P  mJn  ^    '  ^"i**  ^<'*"«''  mankind  ovei 

,      hut  few;  and  very  DrobaWv  i?Jh  .1   T"  •*'^'?*'  ^"*  *»  Babel,  thev  were 

oadingmen  in  each  family  fnventinff  net  wnl^^^  from  some 

each  them  to  those  under  tLTdkecLr  VsTn  a  l1?ft  t" ^^^^^^  »« 

three  famihes  from  one  another  Fw  the  «onJ^  ^fr^V^^i^ 
novel  mventions  of  a  sonof  Janhet-  th«  «««.«?  u"*^  ^^S}^^^  affecting  the 
son  of  Ham ;  and  the  sons  of  Shem  sneaS  th^n™  '*'*^^i"»  ^h«««  ^^  ^ 
Shem;  a  confusion  would  necessarilvSe  inS  th«7».''°'',^'  °^  »  ««"  of 
part;  the  instructors  leadinff  offlllBlch^!'J^^  the  three  families  would 
arities  of  speech.  This  mifht  be  he  SJs?  ste^f.L"'*' -'^^ '"  '^eir  oeculi- 
mankind:  they  might  at  firft  hr^air  inf«  !l  ^  ^^^^^  "*  '^e  dispersion  of 
this  was  donefnew^Sifflncls^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
•contmued  to  divide  and  subdivide  amonfhpmi*^' ®**''?  °^ '^«  '"^'nilies 

a- their  numbers  increaseKndLranddfc'  '  ™'  *""  *'"'«• 
opportunities  offered;  until  at  lenJh?h«ri*"'  occasions  arose,  and 

fi^m  each  family,  severa^atls  Sled  S^r  Z  P''*"''.^!"  'he  world, 
whom  Moses  has  given  us  aSSfaloine  Thil  T  h'^^-^'^u'^'"  ?«••««"«  «' 
^«  «""  form  of  the%onfu8ion  and  dfvSon  of  ma.  k  n'j  "  ?V"'y  ""''«" 
probable  account  of  their  being  so  dTpersed  in^ifi  '^'  Tif'''''  *'""  8'^«  « 
erally  settled  accordinjr  to  their  fa m^!P„.        i  .u  ^^^  '*°'"*^'  ««  to  be  gen- 

the7aShts3.^?hrS^^^^^  '^'-.-e  «"  the  nations  o, 

axad,  Lud,  and  Aram.     Elam  seu"ed  in  Pe^r'"'i5""l^l«'^"'-'  ^rph- 
father  of  that  mishtv  nation  .f},„H»!    ^    . ""?'  ^^^  he  became  the 
and  Arphaxad  seffl  .n  Chaldea     To  thl"'f?  ^f^sshar  peopled  A^syr  a 
aigned  Lydia;  and  Aram  is  belfevp  J^n  k  ^^•"''y  «f  LuJ  is  generally  as: 
Syria,    ihe  children  of  Ham  were  Cush   wS^'f  ^  in  Mesopotamia  and 
The  descendants  of  Cush  are  sunnosed  to  'h^vT'™*  '^'l"i'  »"^  Canaan, 
east  of  Babylonia,  afterwards  caldKhusestan  to  "tr*^  ^'T  *^«  «""'»" 
Arabia;  from  whence  they  by  degrees  Si»»:i^ /''^5"''^'■"  Pa^s  ot 
peopled  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  Lybm,  a'fd  the  resfof  th«  "i"*  .f  ""''•    '^'^r^'"' 
same  continent.    No  Mni-ul(irVnn„t;,f .      i      *"®  northern  parts  of  the 
is  believed  to  have  setffe^somewK  ;»  Arnta '  n''''«"'^  ''^  P'»'»'  ^^' 
"««",  i"  generally  allowed  to  h^ve  seSed  t  Ph'rTn' •  ^""'•.   ""'  <-'«■ 
founded  tliose  nations  who  inhXt aH  i,.^  Phosnicia ;   and  to  have 

subsequently  exterZare7b;  tt  iei        "'  '"'^  *'™  ''•^''  '»>«  "O"*  P«r« 

soX^iSili'rtrLttefnJe^^^^ 

but  that  his^evcn  sons  werrafterrrdsTB  I  if  n?"  T'^'^'T  "''  »»»'«'. 
reason  to  believe.  Their  mmeH  ZZ  n  ^x"m^  '"*"""'"  "'ere  is  good 
bal,  Mesliech,  and  Tlra^  ffmer  a^cordSTA  t^^^^i'  '^"'^"''  •'«^»"^J" 
of  Ihe  Gomerites  or  Celtes  viz  of  aii  *  *^  fo'ephus,  was  tlie  fathoi 
northern  parts  of  I-hirope  iindef'tlm  nn  "'«  "'^•"'"s  who  inhabited  the 
*c.,  and  ko  also  m  2m  '  Ju  SpaS"  wZr''/  i?'"'"'  C'"'^"i«n«.  Goths, 
nans.  Fmm  ^^lgog,^fo8hec  aiKi.nT  nL  '''7,"'f'' «  called  Celiibo' 
matians,  and  TarlarS;  from  Madii  Java^,'  LTr'*"^ ! '"  ffy'bians,  Sar. 
Greeks,  and  Thracians.  '    ^''"'  """^  ^'""''  "'e  Medes,  lonian« 

NiL^tliTof't'ionnrrfsh  t/"!:'"\"'  government  began  early 
while  the  rest  are  su'MK,'ed  Air2ntZT^\^"'«  otBnltylJn, 
The  .acred  historian  Vays   ''SmrrbWa,    nlf?"''  Pk".""  "^  ^'"«^'« 
^""'-a  mighty  hunter  before  tJ  ™d  "'^  He  .  ,Ji"'J*''^""?  '"   ""> 
caie..  but  wU  he  be,un  hi.  reign.'lL-  loIVKi^nir^^r^ 


i' 


0LTLINJ5  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTORY  37 

BeTus  and  he  ftfunrt^nf  .h^Tl^,^'^  i!"^^'"«^  »'™  ^-^  ^e  the  san.e  wi.h 
jueius, ann  tne  lounrter  of  Ihe  Babylonish  emp  re:  others  with  Nimis  tho 

eZt""  "Jis%m'bvA..S!'''T'  f^T"^'  '^«  ?S  Of' the'^ZsyV  an 
Reser'aJd  rSL?^  «f  ♦k''''w''*'^°  ^°,""''««'  t"'"  o'her  cities,  called 
Ahmu  .ho    Rehoboth.  of  the  situation  of  which  we  are  now  ionorant 

oVrar.rol'm  a?d"So',Sh:  tc'rinlhl'tiro^^^^ 

reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  natS„rovLrwhLrt4''^LUed  S^^^^  fo 

some  time  existed :  for,  as  the  learned  and  pious  Bossuet  remarks  ^'  we 

r;de7;L"'tt;'5o?T.s^^^^^ 

iLn^tJA.:'-^  J      Ignorance:  experience  instructs  it -and  arts  aw 

themselves.    Thus  oriffinated  the  int^nlL»/e  1       '^^^ u*"?®*  signalized 
afterwards  against  thei?Sw  creatureJ^V*"  "^  ^""•'  *»»"''»  •"«»  »"'"«d 

the^/radit^nSSEXT^^^^^^^^  ^  'T''  I'  '»>^  ™'^™'-»  <>' 

This  event  was  attend  J^'J^^k     !    establishment  in  the  land  of  Canaan. 

The  seTtLeS  of"the  JewT  S  t'he'ffl'o?  r^-f '"^'^  ''  "^^  ^^^P"''™'- 
happened  about  1491  B.O    For  neariv55ovL?/Lf"/^^^  '*»  '"»'^« 

authentic  accountof  any otiSsThJirtLt^^^^^^^^ 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  TABVLOV,  A«D   HEROIC   AOKH,   TO    THE   INSTITUTION   Or   TH. 
OLYMPIC  GAMES. 

rapidly  emCes  Lm  obscuZ  „^H  I'er  army  had  been  engulfed.  Gr^cJ 
of  that%nterpKn7^nd  mart  iuSSt  Z^H^'i^r  '"'''^""  "«"'  *»•«  ''«"««'^« 


38 


OVTtXKE  SKETCH  OiT  GENERAL  HI8T0EV. 


countrymen  into  Italy  •  anrf  fm™  ,^.       . 

mmmmmm 

temple  of  God  »w?/°"°^^'^'  »''»»  «t"Pendous  anH  p-m       -^"'^  P^^'^^" 

conquest  of  the  Pelnnnnn  ^^^"^  "''""^  ^00  b.c.  name  v  \t  -"P^-  *  ^^'^ 
cules     Of  .t^.„   '^'^'"PO'inesup  by  the  Hpran  .vi™        J^  "'^  invasion  and 

■Iiorofore,  mSoK  rem„W'  P'?,"' '"  H'e  body  "nhe'^oV"  'P""!!  "' 

llyoen..      "=^°"'  *«■»■  "--J.™,  o,  Sp.rirM'^L,Kradr.''.S 

CHAPTER  IV. 

'"ROM   IKE   maTITUTION    or  THK   ottm„. 

♦arm  tails  Tubulous  o'lds, and  tl«« 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HfSTOaY.  39 

ftytjir^ame^th^^^^^^^^  /«  \?e  continuance  of 

history,  but  that  of  othe^naS  •  f^  I'^'i"^^^^^^^  ""^^  i^e  writing  of  their 
vears;  the  chronology  of  eve?vimnnrf«ntf''  ?'?'"?•»''  poasisted  of  four 
by  referring  it  to  i?8^1?mn^a7  ?K?i  ''^"'.^'''*'"«!"''"^'^«Wy  fixed 
ligation  of  the  GrecLu  Ses  andTo  tL  IT'f  ^^ '^''"'^  »"  'he  civi- 

arts.  At  this  perioi  RomeTwhiSh^^^^^^  ?ne  dfv'tJh"  h '"'"^  ""^  '^'  P^"'^ 
world,  arose  :  its  foundation  bS  Sd  hv  Rn^^  ^  V'^  "if ''"^"^  o*"  «'« 
fore  the  commencement  of  ?he  Christian  er^a  Portv%^^^  ^^^  ^T''  ^'^ 
Spartan  state  was  remodelled  and  rpppiv^f^   -forty-three  years  after,  the 

which  alike  contributed  rthrrenor.  of  Im^h'^y*'"/^  "»°««  1««^« 
observed  them.  renown  of  him  who  made  and  they  who 

cel^:  llXfi'S  ttf'tL'Slrrr tlV'^r^'''^  '"  ^''^  ^«"--« 
pled,  or  inhabited  by  unknown  and  harh^rn      ^  !^"™P®  ^^""^  *h*"Jy  Peo- 
or  Celtic  tribes,  had  posSon  of  Fratr«nH"«''°"^      The  Gomerians, 
into  a  number  of  pettrstates  amonJ»hf„^"l^??'"-     ^**'y  "^«s  divided 
come  formidable,  hSVenlar'ffeZhlir  Ho^^-  •''^  \°""'"«  ^'"^  ^''^^dy  be- 
oral  cities  taken  from  fherSbSs     FnrZ'  ^7  '^^  ^^'^'^^'^  "^  ««v- 
Greece  were  t^^se  of  Athens  and  Sn«rf;    ^"•^^'"ost  among  the  states  of 
stitutious  of  Lycurgus  had  reiSred^^he  i?^'*'"'  '■*'*''^'''«'  °f 'he  in- 
former  were  enriching  themse  ves  bv  ^vtlt^L^'T  '"  ^*'" '  ""^'^^  'he 
Thebes,  Argos,  and  Arcadia  wJrn  tL^^l^^*""^  and  commerce.   Corinth, 
The  sceptreorOabyTon  wLs  at  th?/.im»"  «'«'^?/>f  «"»«'  consideration 
whom  the  kingdom  0    Judea  was  toSlv  n  ^^  m  ^^  Nebuchadnezzar,  by 
toniple  burned  to  the  ground  ?n  The  fillowTnrj''"*'"''^'  ^^'^  "•^•' ""^^  its 
inoirshed  the  city  of  Tyre   desnoried  Pavn?  ^^""a     "f  *''°  '""'^  and  da- 
conquests  both  fn  the  ea^  and  Test  thK^  5^'^  ™ade  such  prodigious 
the  worid  wiih  awe-  till  at  ipn^h  i  •  •   ''*™®  °^  '"s  victories  filled 

Palestine,  Syria,  BabyloLliedSirP'''^  comprehended  PhcBnicfa. 

object  of  his^ride  an^d  ambitTo„  Ja^ 'o  J^'der  hi?  "'^  •  "f  ^    ^^  ^'•«^' 
ample  gorgeous  ;  nor  can  wp  ^An^^!  to  render  hi*  capital  bsyond  all  ex- 

by  LrSdolus,  at  "l?  nc  "edTble.  w  e^we^r^^^^       of  that  cit^,  as  related 
resources  of  his  mighty  emDire  xviTZJ  T""^^'  '^^^  '^^  strength  and 

The  next  important  eveTthar^rr-nr-i?"^'?:'^"^'*"  ^^^  Pn'-pose. 
by  the  misconduct  of  Evitme^'«?^"SrH  ^^^  "-^rJ^'ion  occasioned 
provocation,  wantonly  attaXd  and  be^«n  to  r^^*"'  '  '^"' '''''"'  ^''^''o"' 
country  of  the  Medes.  ThisnroSpST-  PJ""*^^'  «"d 'ay  waste  the 
extended  over  all  Media  a^^d7ersL'n'«"'M''j'**^  revolt,  wtiich  quickly 
and  his  son  Cyaxeres  cirove  back  he  intruder  and  hli  Sn^"''  '^^  ^l'W» 
slaughter;  nor  docs  it  appear  that  the  n«hv?nni? '^""'''^T  "'"h  great 
warJs  able  to  reduce  them  to  8ubieptl,„  %  "'"^  tnonarch  was  after- 
when  the  brilliant  career  of  Cvrus  E-nH  ^^^  """^^  ''"'"^  '0  the  period 
ized  himself  in  various  wL.mTr  a «T^^  ","•''  "°''*''*'-  "«  had  signal- 
ing been  appointed  genSs  mo  o^'Ay'^M^"'  grandfather,  when,  hav- 
attacked  the  BabyloS  empirrd  th^c^^^  k'1  P"."''""'  '""'•ces,  he 

as  victorious  arms.  Cyrus'  ow  "ssuS  a  £rp^  f "''^  ""^  '''*^"'  '"''"  before 
Jews,  and  the  rebuilding  of  tiS  Temole  '  -  ^'*  '■"«'°'-«'ion  of  the 
he  had  become  master  of  all  tl  e  Fa«  mid  fo^  ''"'=«e«8'on  of  victories 
fa.rs  continued  in  a  state  of  tm  m,il  kv  ?i  .  "°"'^  '""«  ^''e  Asiatic  af- 
place,  that  the  Medes,  before  u"em7of  rZT\T^'l '°  ^^serve  in  this 
trful  people,  were  eel  paj  bv  tL  ».?n„  •  ^  "''  ^^offfh  a  groat  and  pow- 
Uuf  (5yrus  having  concucrod  their  k^^?' ^'r^^'  ""^  '''e  B,,bylon  ans. 
Medes  and  Persians,  it  i  Ss  ha  thl  fr!°T'  ^^  ^^^  D"*'"'^  '""^^'^  of  ti.e 
founder  n.ust  have  tukenS's  name  from C  uT^  "'^  ^^''h  ^e  was  the 
>>f  the  Medes  and  that  of  tl.n  IWanTxv?«.  ""''""» «"°  ^''at  the  empire 
fonsequenco  of  the  glory  of  t,  wui T  .  "^  """  *".''  '^e  same,  though  in 
retained  only  the  l^te^l.^I^ XS.r;7Sln^7  ^' '"'^•'^"''''>' 


■■V  i..a.tcija    U3CII 


I 


I 


«0 


OUILINB  SKETCH  OF  GBNEEAL  HISTOEY. 


CHAPTER  V. 

"    '"^SS^LpLrr.Jir^H'L^KTw^  "*=   "'VISION  o,   THB 

about  tn'h'r'"^^'-    B"tThe  g'^rmnV^^^^^^^ 

country,  and  surrounded  on  aH  bX^  J"  ^'■^'='""  «'"««•  'hough  in  a  strani« 
under  Xenophon.  whose  co.ifoAfsT"''''"^''''^'^  thfir  safe  retrel? 
hy  anciem  and  modern  writers  ««  «vVt-f-  "'^'^^sion  has  been  extolled  both 
'7n7hV"ra  '^"'^"^  «k»l  exhibiting  a  matchless  union  of  prndem 

which  t'oorptf  bitwe'IS  ti^fcT  '''"P  *°  "«"««  the  various  contests 

however,  by  assassination  left  H'"'"^  "'".'^""'J^es'  of  Asia  :  his  dea^h' 
his  ambitious  and  wari  ke  son  A  "l^''^'''  achievement  to  be  attempted  Lv 
No  man  who  ever  Kved,'pe;ha„s    "If''  '""'."T^^  '^e  Great       '''''^  ^^ 
^IZT'T  ""^  'his  mighty  prZctTfmn  '^^  "««e«''«ry  qualities  fo, 
youthful  Alexander.     Brav>    Si  \    ,  ™'""®  eminent  degree  than  f  h^ 

an  the  nations  to  the  river  HvfZ«i«       '    c  eutered  Ind  a  and  subdupd 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTORY.  4 

'^^''^^rodllTl^^^^  a  .o«t  unsettled 

other  with  une^xampled  rapMhy.^Ks    obE'lhf,  «""''1'"^  ^'^'^^ 
attention  is  the  establishment  and  rani/^t«   fi!    !■  ^^*^  ''®'"®  ^^'aims  our 
In509B.c.  Tarquin,thrSkiSSnf  R^nJ™"'*''  °^  ^^^  ^^o^an  republic, 
ment  entrustedrtwo  mStratf  s  annu^S^^^^^^  expelled  and  the  g^vert 
the  republic  proceeded,  thS  Sd  JeSaH^^^^^  ''"^*^  '^P''^^'^-  I'h"^' 
till  It  reached  its  highest  pitfh  ofLwI^TfjT'^i'^^i  contentions, 
conquest  of  Italy  and  her  isles  SoS^Mrl^'^"^^"'"'  ^^  ^^^  successive 
Syria,  Palestinef  Gaul,  Bri  a^^  ;„TEgvS^     itw  ^'  ^^''^'''Se,  Asia  Minor, 
to  the  greatest  danger  fror^TmS  of  nS  "f^'^^^'ess,  exposed 
Marius  and  Sylla,  and  the  conspiracy  of  CatSi^e  '^"h'^'  I  '^.^  '='^''  ^""«  "^ 
and  by  the  contention  arising  oSt  of  the  rivSrv  of  f^^n^  ""^'^  *=«""•« ' 
pey,  It  was  ultimately  overthrown.  ^  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Pom- 

On  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Grpat  iw.,,  „ 
as  it  were,  sprung  up.  He  had  left  hp'hfn^i,- ^"^  ^T'P""^^  immediately, 
army,  commanded  b?  generals  who? breS  in  th?,''  ^''^V^"^  victorious 
ess  ambitious  of  sovereign  ruirthan  th^ir  m«!f  ^""^r,  ''=^°"''  "^^^e  not 
of  Antipater,  seized  Macedonia  and  Seece  ZTJ.'.  ^^««?»der.  the  son 
leucus  marked  out  for  his  share Xhvu^  '^u'^''""^'  ^^la  Minor;  So- 
Ptolemy,  Egypt  and  the  western  onS^at^s^^^  P™^'»°««    «nd 

division  of  Alexander's  wide-suread  emoire    anH^"'  '?°"  «»cc«eded  this 
advantage  of  the  general  confSn  sZik  ^Itif m '■^^/'■^.^'"''««'  ^^^'"S 
gether.    Thus  were  formed  the  kingdoms  of1^iiH5n'i°"'^V«'^«  ^"« 
Armenia,  and  CaoDadncia      An7:„  '  rontus,  Bithyn  a,  Pereamus 

leucus  at^he  bauKlpTus,  mTc^'lZVf'^''.''  ^"^  killed  tyT: 
nions  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  conqueror  '  The  two^'^"'?  P^'*  °^  ^''  <^o">*- 
raanent  empires  were,  in  fact/sS  founrlpH  h?,  T,^^  P°«^«'''^"l  and  Per- 
Ptolemy  Soter.  But  there  waf  ffi  Hr!^u  ^^  ?e'e"cu3,  and  Egypt  by 
Which  demands  our  notke  ¥he  PartWans  oH  ™P',T  ^' '''?'  "•"«  "^^ting 
who  had  wandered  from  their  owrconntrt'  /.  f '"^l'?'  ^  '"^^  "f  Scythian! 
bourhood  of  Hyrcania,  and  were  ?nprp.i»n.  *  u^^''  '^"^'^^  '"  the  neigh- 
Babylonians,  Medes  and  pSLs     ThT^  V''"^'''^ '«  ^^^  Assyrians, 

obtainedfromthemthename TparSfa   r.^^^^^       Y!''^^  theyLtlled 
Asia,  they  submitted,  with  the  other  dpn^nntn-^^^?  Alexander  invaded 
After  the  death  of  th^  Macedonian  conKorpL^fK"'^  '^«  ^^''^'^'^  ^n^P're- 
Eumenes,  then  to  Antigonus?and  Sna^?v  ^oZ'  l^^^^'V^^^  subject,  first  to 
In  the  reign  of  AntiocLs  K  the  r^nn.H.l^'"?  "^  ^Xriaand  Babylon 
the  Syrian  governor,  roused  the  snirit  5f   E  P*^  h"™"'  °^  Agathocle,, 
saces,  a  man  of  great  military  talenf«,thl.        Parjluans;  and,  under  Arl 
laid  the  foundation  of  an  emSri  whiVh  ni7  '"^Pf"^'^  their  oppressors,  and 
850.    The  Syrians  attemptT,'^  iaJi^to    ecS^Shlf '"''' ""'''  ^^'«  »  «' 
able  and  vigilant  princes,  who  a88umpHth«.,y.?     ''  Pjovinco.    A  race  of 
founder  of  their  kingdom,  no  onirhaffl«H  ^'■^"'l ""^ ^'•'^««f «,, from  the 
•n  power,  that  while  they  held  e"ffhteortihm7  f""'.'  ^ut  so  increased 
Caspian  and  Arabian  seas,  tS  even  ?or  LthlT  ^'""Sdoms,  between  the 
the  empire  of  the  world.       ^  '  *  *""^  disputed  with  the  Romaiw 


CHAPTER  VI. 

«.ma„  fore™,  „ho.e  e„„i™l'«"SS  'T^fH^:' .H'J^J"., 


42 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  OENEEAL  HISTOttV. 


1 


Haiiguinary  contests^  TuUn  the  Pnrf^^^^     LoMg  and  doubtful  -..en;  these 
into  Africa,  wch  the  Roma  s  had  nvS'/a  '"^'".'f  ""T"'  "^^'^  ''^  '^""^'i 

over  tfie  desperate  valour  of  the  be8ieH"^»n/n  **  '^"«'''  triumphed 
the  sea  and  llie  mos^fTmidable  rival  of  Hn™-  ^*'^''"!f '  °"/«  '"'«tt«8s  of 
for --  blotted  from  lh:TisToTinXpende''nrnatiS  '''''''^  '"^  ''""''^  *"'' 

their  affairrthef  we^reventuSl?;^^^^^^^^^  of  intermedding  "n 

the  name  of  AcLia!    TWrrffinff^  f  "^  '**  *  Roman' province,  under 
«84  B.C.,  and  cont'LdformMe  f?r  mS^  '''^'J'Sun  about  the  year 
called  Prffitors,  of  whomSnfiL  Ph^«  '®  *^^"  ^^"^  y^"«'  ""'^e''  officers 
About  this  per  od  w^read  of  th2  ?Sfi.r"''"  ""^'^  ^^^  ">««'  renowned, 
tiochus  EpiphSnes     Tfter  their  mJnfliTlT^  °^  V^"  *'«"'«  ''y  An- 
continued  in  subjectSn  to  thP  p!.r«;2n.  ♦^/f'.f  ^^^'y^onish  captivity,  they 
subsequently,  as  the  for"une  of  efther  eJv;!'  ^JlV'"''^^  Alexander    and 
they  were  under  its  dominimi     Ontf.  ^^k^'  or  Syria  happened  to  prevail, 
Cpfphanes,  the  Jews  bSnXat^dwL'Sp^f''''"  ^!^Pl'  ^^  ^"^"''hus 
rally,  but  imprudently,  expressed  tZ^r  ^nl  n'^\^"'^  ^^  ^'"''  ^^^V  "^tu- 
death;  and  it  was  nof  ongTefore  the  Pni^Lr  ''^"'"u^  "  report  of  his 
vengeance  on  them      He  marchpV«.  t h»  k^^3  monarch  took  the  fiercest 
Jerusalem  bv  storm  in  I7n  »  .      ^f  ^^^  ^^^'',°'^  ^  powerful  army,  took 
on  the  in^ab^tams     The'r  Sion  wTfS'f '^.*^'  Tf  ^'''"^  ''^»^^«« 
defiled,  and  every  indiffniv  offered  to  th«^f.*^''^,?'''''"^^^^•  "'^ir  altars 
could  suggest.    An  iSe  of  Innifir  Ah   P*°P'^  '''"'  *y*»"7  and  hate 
place  anf  unclean  bi^tf  were  sTcScS^™^^^^^^^^  '"  ^''^  holy 

But  the  Jews  soon  rallied    and  .mH*^rM„?»i-    ^ll"  °^  b"*""*  offerings, 
restored  in  most  of  the  cUierofji-^h??^^  """«  '"""-^hip  was 

Maccabaeus,  165  b  c  •  anrf  »  w.„  t  '-^  V®™P^^  ^^«  P""fied  by  Judas 

Syrians  and  the  j:w;,'i„  which  ?he^Iat7er'L^^  T''  '"'■""'  between  the 

Spain  was  resolved  on ;  for  alf  ?he  nosSn„^'  u\^T^  subjugation  o 
held  in  that  country  had  aKdv  falffi  ST/i'''^  '''?  t-arthaginians 
Romans.  They  accordSfLSn  bv  llJi^  ''^".'^'  ?'^  '>«  victorious 
this  brave  peopll  under    he  roSt^rv-*?''.'"^  "'f  I^"8''anians ;    but 


OUTLINB  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HWTOav 
_  48 

enemy.    The  Romans  now,  in  the  wantonn«>8<«  nf  th„:.  „ 
not  to  jse  the  basest  and  most  corruot  mp?„«  rL      5  ^''^'\  ^cnapled 
country;  and  though  many  Ss  b3l  S.    °^ '■fu''"''"?^  ""^  ^hole 

fo^i  Spain  ulLa?e7becamer^^^^ 

as  Rome  had  now  become,  her  civil  •inHnnii.i^.oi        i'-.-    "^  a»-Powerfui 

^    onviable.    Her  conques™  in  Seece  aS  A^sl  hrnlX^ 

general  corruption  in  their  train-  anHthnfi  5    "^^^"^"'■^'  cruelly, and 

tl.e  early  days^f  the  rSiiTe' was  renowne^^^^^  -'  ""^''^ ''' 

^=:,ir;;sss:a^'.5s^ 
■trhStir^'^^^^'-^^^^^ 

tortm^J^n^p^^op^eru^nX^^^^^^  -<^  »-asures.  by  .il, 

into  a  Roman  province,  under  the  naie  W«T  p^'  '^^^^  '^  converted 
the  conquest  of  the  Balearic  Isles  ^nnT^an  /iS'^-  ^'°P^^'  Next  followed 
Numidi2  was  ioon  KwTrdsSuced  bLt  t& h'"'  **'"°''^^  ^''^  '^'5^)- 
and  Getulia  was  for  a  time  delayed       '  «"bjugation  of  Mauritania 

em^!^';fsTp;r„r^f!;rc?^^^^^^^^  -^-'T  of  the  Synan 

Antiochus  Gryphus  and  AnSus  Cv^  p^„.  ''^^''"  ^^^  *^o  brothers, 
the  cities  of  -//re,  Sidon.  pSremaTs  SlSa'\fTclarfr'^"i'y  '""' 
dence ;  while  the  Jews  not  onlv  rernLr^Ail^  declare  their  indepen- 
(heir  dominions  as  far  as  in  the  davs Tf  s^i'^m^^''*^  l'^^''^'  '^"^  extended 
Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia,  l^carae  mLl^i  T^"*  •  ^''^"V»''e  year  83  b.c., 

^^»^:^^^l^^^^\^P^r  station,  feu  after  the 
vince  about  the  year  30  b.c  Romf  m1?,?'n^?^  ^^^""t^^  *«  »  Roman  pro- 
public;  audits  change  from  thrform  of  ^n '°"^''" ''^ ''"^^^^d  ^s  a^e- 
be  looked  upon  as  adlant^ous  to  th?8«  nfH^''""'^"^  '°  ^"  ^'"Pire  may 
the  inordinate  desire  T^naaLtVh^nh  hfu^i'^^^  "'"^  still  free,  for 
character,  for  a  time  seemed  to  bil^nff''^?  ^'^^'''o  marked  the  Roman 
the  tempj'e  of  Ja^s  was"hriJe  clo  ed  ;?1'^"""""  '^'  ''^*°"  "f  Augustus 
of  the  state,  to  denote  tha^  rwas  at^Le'S°'ir°\''  ^'"'  ''^^  origin 
pacific  prince  died  in  the  76  h  year  oV^hfs  LTli'T  T^^l'^r''^'^-  ^Bis 
reign,  a.d.  14;  his  empire  ex  end=n°  i„  Pn!!'  ^^  V^^  ^^'^  J'^ar  of  his 
and  the  Danube;  in  As  a?tf 'he  SLfer^^^^^  Rhine 

and  the  sandy  deserts.  It  was  in  E  ril;  "u, '"  ^^"""^^  '°  Ethiopia 
Rome  762  that  Jesus  Christ^vas  born  «^Hr"^.'''f  '^'8"' '«  'he  year  of 
was  the  founder,  persecuted  and  desn  U^J'l'i'^  .^'O'y  religion  of  which  he 
spread  over  the  Roman  world         ^        "'°"^'' ''  "^"^  ^t  first,  gradually 


CHAPTER  VII. 

OF   MOHAMMED.  APPEARANCB 

;vh'ch%^„'gj  iJ^asie'i  bJt'thTe^earl'  e^d';7•"^»!''«  ^''''  commenced, 
their  city  and  nation,  after  enduring  all  tb«  J?n  "  '^^  i°'^'  destruction  o 
each  party  with  sanguinarrfu^v  A^ou  ,iv°'''°^"'"  carried  on  by 
real  conquest  of  Britain  wTs  S^tPHh?!  •"  ^i®*"  «""  ^^I's  event  the 
reached  Tts  utmost  li.nits,  and  u„de?  fh^e  iE  .H  T'^\«"LP''-«  ^^^  »ow 
had  reason  to  rejoice,  not  raerelv  in  her^  Pv,rn?  T.'^^^  ^™J«»'  ^^ome 
0.  tablo  administration  of  her  ll^l'/InThnrSte'^iJaS^^^  S  £? 


14 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HI8T0EY. 


H^Hino  ;«  ^  "^"  succeeded  Traian,  and  followed  in  his  footsteps.    The 
decline  of  imperial  Rome  was,  however,  fast  approaching,  for  althoueh 

thTZT.1  n"fT™'^  '^^  f*°"''  "^'^^^'^  »»»«  ^^S^'^  °f  his  subjects  Snd 
the  respect  of  foreigners,  living  in  peace  during  the  whole  of  his  reiff  i 

?or«  Z  «'^  had  Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  succeeded  to  the  thiJneTbe.' 
hI?/^o  il'"™?"'^"^*'*  ""i'*^'  »»  '"  *he  time  of  Marius,  and  poured  in 
form.H^hi5f^  hordes  upon    taly;  and,  while  they  grew  more  and  more 
1?D  18o!^         °'"^        pestilence  ravaged  many  of  the  Roman  province. 

nf  p'",?i«  ^^^^  ''^®  repeated  incursions  of  hardy  adventurers  from  the  north 
Of  Europe,  under  various  names,  took  place,  but  though  often  beaten  thev 
renewed  their  attempts  with  a  degree  of  courage  and  perse vera„cVtha^ 
required  all  the  energy  and  superior  discipline  of  the  fcman   Sns  to 
overcome.    From  the  death  of  Aurelius  to  the  reign  of  Dioclesian.  many 
.L?^""!^"  ^""P^'?'^  w^re  mere  sensualists;  there  were,  howeven 
8>ons  «fth«'?  «''*'«.P""»«'  ""'l  by  the  wariike  genius  of  such  ihe  Ixcu!: 
I^aJ    ^f"  '^"hanans  were  from  time  to  time  arrested.    The  Romans 
had  also  for  a  long  period  met  with  a  most  powerful  adversary  in  the 
Dri  onT'btt rJi'ti;  *"  ''^•'  "^'  «'«P?'^«r  Valerian  was  defeated  aiJduken 
K    1  7  ^^■^■"*'  the  empire  seemed  to  be  hastening  to  utter  and  irremc 
h  niwtTr''°"'n>^'"'',^*"'"""^'  *''«  ««"  «f  Valerian,  and  his  assJc"  e 
Zfu,rAi  ^f'  '^''^"'"  ^  '{?  ^TU7  "^  ««">^'  ""onerous  claimants  of  the  im- 
Ph     l.u*^  "'y  ^^^^  '"  '!*«  different  provinces.    These  were  desiirnated 
he  "thirty  tyrants,"  (though  their  numbers  did  not  exclTlwenty  and 
It  hn'"'  "°  ^""""^  'T"""  ?'  designating  them  tyrants).    Their  dom.S 
S.lrf  \f '"r??,"' ""/  ^""8  u^"*"?"""'  '""^  «^»  "'«  ^eath  of  Gallienus  he  was 
fS«lf?^  ^J''"'^'"'' "''?'*  '?^  '''«  ""''"*  «!■  delivering  Italy  fromihe 
,PM    rln  if'^'  'I'.'"  '^«'»«  Aurehan.  who  introduced  order  into  the  state! 
TJJ   iZT'v  ''«»^"''1»'Y'  *"«!  defeated  his  enemies  both  in  Europe  and 
ta\      il"*^?  I'acitus,  Probus  and  Carus,  the  empire  was  in  a  measure 
restored  to  its  former  lustre ;  but  the  barbarians  sti  1  pressed  onwa^dtanJ 
when  he  government  fell  into  the  hands  of  DiocleSian,  he  changed  Us 

mSd  r;;^  * "  TrT^  '^«;i"'^  f^'^  Maximiman,  to  whom  hrcom 
muted  the  West,  while  ho  ruled  in  the  East.     In  this  manner  was  the  irov 

ZZTL^'^'"'''''T'^  ''"  '^'  "^y«  "f  Constantine.  wZTn  A  ;.  33(f;i. 
bZ?i^Vo^*?J  "??i,^  to  Byzantium,  which  he  named  Constantinopir 
t  n««      r""""* '"  Christianity,  and  put  an  end  to  one  of  the  most  v  ru 
Si  P^""'«"''«"»  against  Its  professors  that  ever  disgracecj  the  worid 
Iho  unmediato  successors  of  honstantiiie  did  little  to  ilphold  the  Roman 
power,  and  Julian,  who  ascended  the  throne  in  301,  renounced  ClrisSu' 

iooSll  T^'"''^  '^'r  T'";^  ':«"*'°"'  •'"'  ^'  ^^»  both  ^o  poi  c    J 

oo  humane  to  persecute  his  Christian  subjects.  Wo  find,  however,  that 
ho  decline  of  the  empire  was  everywhere  visible.  After  is  doaUi  i  s  ,i- 
Sl'ul?r"  T^  ^'^f "«?»  coiUinued  to  increase ;  that  strict  d  soipli,^ 
which  liad  formeriy  rendered  the  Homan  legions  uivincible  relaxed  ml 
while  corruption  and  injustice  rendered  the  government  odious  at  home  its  , 
fnuitior  towiib  were  attacked  and  its  distant  provinces  ovom m  KeVcJ 
and  uncivilized  hordes  issuing  from  the  north,  east  and  west.        is  at  IdS 

foT'of  r\^"  •■'"''l/""^"*"^k;'l«  Vi»ig«th.'who  plundemd  1  one??^ 
40!);  of  (.ongoric,  the  powerftil  king  of  the  VhiuIbIs  ;  and  of  Atli la.  the 
Hun,  omphatieally  termed  "  the  .courge  of  ()od."    In  fact,  the  Scvthia   f 

Sfo'l.eatrf'  ":'""•  'l"'."'  ^'""'""''  "'»'  ""'"^  hari,arou.  nallo^s^  ^1(  a 
il   ocean  ons  o  break  into  it,  and  tliough  some  of  the  emperori  bravely 

which  kept  pouring  in  on  all  sid.'s.  At  length  the  Horuli,  a  pnople  who 
nnf.'iw  i1  ,"■'""  .V"  "".'"■"'  "'■ ""'  ""'"''•  »"''^'»''  grown  formidkblJ  as  they 
v«lmnt  Odottce-.  and  being  Joined  by  othei  tribe.,  quickly  became  Tiastw 


(I 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  QBNBaAL  HI8T0EY  ^ 

ontaljj  and  the  city  of  Rome  itself  surrendered  to  their  victorious  anns. 

stiJ''^:if„:5^^~^^^  jut  the  ro.h„s 

fact,  at  this  time  comorehendPfl  nil  a«  ^ T       *ne  eastern  empire,  in 

Greece,  but  neitheTrfomtt tat'gei^\r'nor"?ts'S}u'  ''''''  ''"^ 
gave  hopes  of  a  lengthened  dominion  I  Tivnr««ff  •  '"'''"^7  prowess 
tion  sapped  its  vitals;  contuiuS  ^1  wifh  ♦h^'n^^™'"*'^^'  ^"^  supersti. 
other  barbarous  nations,  exSed  is  sl^  en^th  ■  ^n";??"'  T'^<?"»"«'  «"d 
of  the  western  empire  appeared  to  a^ak  ft  '^nj?  "^  '""'?•■  ^^^^  '«  'h«» 
Still,  as  «;e  follow  the  stream  of  histow  we  shalf  fin7,^/"?^  P""""^" 
survived  the  wreck  for  several  centuriesT'nrnt  S^.  v^  ,^^^K'*'  ""^  ^n'y 
and  power  worthy  of  the  Roman  nam"    '  '"*"'  ^''P''*>^"'^  ""  ^"^'•gj 

wttssZrSi;^^^^ 

by  the  Goths  under /heo(lorir  The  o  ..h,  1  «'Joacer  were  driven  out 
under  their  able  general  BeS^irius  bu^whiir*™  ^''P''"^^  ^^  ^^^  ^"fn^n" 
insurrection  in  Africa  they  reSdSeh^Stit  and  t''"\  ^^^"'"^  ^" 
sion  of  Rome.  The  Franks  next  iiiShW'  "^  ''^fani  took  posses- 
masters  of  the  prcvince  of  Ver"ua  bm  at  last  &«'"''  '""1-^  themselves 
emperor  Justinian  prevailed   and  thfifin.i!  8"penor  fortune  of  the 

pro-consul  Narses,  a  d  S  From  thS  t?mT  Hn^l'^"^  '"^''"^^  ^'y  ^i, 
governed  Italy  with  great  prude™™  S.d  i^^.!L"  ^^^  ^^^  *''^'  ^arseo 
eastern  empire,  but  hiving  incuirJd  fl.P  l^r  ^''  .^''  ?  Pi-ovinco  of  tho 
was  appointed  to  su3  .m  "nH  If  "^""!" ".  <^'?Pj«a«"re,  Longinus 
He  assumed  the  title  of  oxar'andrcstlnlfp'^  "^"^  "^'«^"*«  P«^ver. 
ernnient  was  called  theexarchate  of  R„l  *'  Ravenna,  whence  his  gov- 
city  of  Italy  a  jrovernor  whn™ T>  r  ?.'^^''»"«'  ""d  having  pla.iod  in  each 
abolished  i:  Sor^e^ara'ndSnsT'arRn"''*  th/tille  of  duke.^hS 
establishing  this  new  sovereiffntv  »  arl  ?  I-  .^,-  ^"'  while  he  was 
the  Lombanis.  ln7h7irZ^SXl!tZ^T^y^  ^''\  «:»«  overrun  by 
nonia,  accompanied  by  a^rmyof  sionUf"''''^H'""^  '"''»'"  P»»-  s 

they  became  masters  of  all  iKwIrZ^^^^^^^  w^,re  not  long  before 
and  some  of  the  eastern  seacoS  exception  of  Rome,  Ravenna, 

Lower  Hhine,  thoyLd  Zlo  theZSS^^^^^  'l']!'"'".*  '^«  ''«"''«  "f  'ho 
of  Gaul.  A  warlike  and  aLitfm.-  ,  hf„r^  ^'^'■''  f  ""  •»«'"9i<>orablo  part 
dortook  the  conquestof  thJ  wMe  co^^^^  "T"^  Clovis.Vi- 

his  powerful  rival,  Alaric,  kh  i  S"  the  S/hl  1 '"'""«"  '^''''^««t«d  and  killed 
the  countries  lying  between  thflRhn  ?n  m'  ''i"  •?»"«"ed  himself  of  all 
founder  of  tho  knch  monarchy  in  Vs"  ^"^'  "'"^  "*""  ^•'°'"»«  "" 

ere^otoTa'krgS  •:.  Sp«in'7.nrast..'f "'"'',  ''^^  "'1  "«••""•  '''^  Visigoth- 
•ame  time  that  Clov  s  wr»  eitcndin^  i.^  "''''""""'^  eastward,  about  the 
Loire  was  the  natural  K  larv  of  *.  «  r"T"",  *"  "'^  ^V"«'.  the  river 
^Tokeoutl.etwcenthom?wS7nnW^  ^"'  »  ""»'  "oon 


CHAPTER  vriT 
r«OM  T„.  .,„  or  Mo„A«M.„.  „.  ,„,  ;„„„,,,,„,„  „,  ^^^ 

CHUIADK*. 

«"rM.Vl^.Ja:"■Lr.2i,';:L^r-2.•.'•? « »."™.  .ic  „f  .h, 

.v...u.;r  ui  w,B  unnsiift,,  era.    The  Hoinuii 


wT"^ 


r     I  r Ill 


46 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  HKNEllAL  HISTORY. 


new  conquests;  the  easfer »  pmnir»  ^  with  each  other,  or  n.editaiinj 
with  the  Persians  on  X  sL  7'har7.?«.T"h 'T"^  "*  V'^  contending 
«nd  other  tribes  on  L  norther/,  L;^^^^^^^^^  ''""*:^«  «/*''«  «""» 

ened  by  religious  and  politkS  Sn«u\^  Vl  ^"«  ^^'tate-^  ""d  weak- 
ental  nations  unaccuLK^owSrTJ^^^^    7^^  Indians  and  other  ori 

success  shoud  crown  his  efforts  assnm?Hi^'?'.r'''l.'  a^^'t^d  him  i( 
professed  to  have  received  a  dS  comn,?i'''„*  r  "^*  ?!  *'  prophet."  and 
founder  of  a  new  religion,  ad  622  Th  ^.fnr^"  ^'°"'  T'^'f  '"  '"'<'«'"«  the 
nology.and  is  designa^ted  he  Hegfra  or  FliS  t  of  If'^^f''"^  T^V"  «^»'~ 
endeavoured  by  the  force  of  his  DeJsnnsi  Jl^i  «  Mohammed.  He  at  first 
Belytes,  but  fin^ding  himself  ere  Cratth.l.'^H'"?^  ''°"^*°  ""^^^  P™' 
like  followers  who  ackTowled^ed^Lt  "  .h«ii^'^ ""{  '"""^  thousand  war- 
Mohammed  was  his  pr3  "  ho  tnS  J!  ^  '^"'r'^l!'  °"«  ^«^'  «»d  that 
proceeded  in  the  woK  conquest     With  "'^f ''•  '^eir  enthusiasm,  and 

course  of  time  this  great  emo  re  Efhi  „.»,  believers,"  and  in  the 

declined  in  importance  The ^r^H*., inn  l  ^^^'^  ""IV^  ^«  have  notic  .ul, 
poral  powerTtho^who  pfofef  Tt  is'bvTl''  «»'"  ^'^i"'".  «"'!  the  tern' 
.  While  this  extraordiimrJ ?evo  „    'n  1"°  T„'l"!i'-'«'"ff- 


""'''  "^  "^T^iisE^^^^  East,  and  the 


pope.  From  tiie  days  of  Cons  an  iC  L  i^  '^"''trines  promulgated  by  the 
ally  extendinptheir^wer  temnoS  as  L^^^^  f'T'f"  *"!''  b.eng?adn 
of  which  we  are  now  speaffTot  nnlv  1.  ?/"•"""'• '^"i'  ''^  '^e  period 
flrmly  established,  b,u  Er  nolit  S  TntoJ^^  snt-erdotal  dominion 
against  those  princes  of  sufround.j  ,  "f  "''"'^''.  "''"'  «.'^en  ''xerted  for  or 
the  church.  When,  In  TaSTlhn  „,ll  L  "  'VT  "."''"'^  '^e  interests  of 
R..venna,  and  oxpled  thfexVKo  m^/„?.  i'^^  Lombards,  had  taken 
his  restoration  was  aerrdinjlf ^peX^     «  ^  "'"V"'"  *"'"•  ""^ 

Hyzanline  emperor,  in  RoZ  wKdli  .^^^^^  ""'.  ""thoriiy  of  the 
the  interf..renro  of  the  ponof'  ^11,0.!™;^"^  "'"■■"  "'""  """""»''  «"•' 
European  monarchle   waTCihe  m  st  ohZ^  n  .."""V'-'?."'"  "'"  ''"^«  "^''t 

We  have  seer  (hat  the  re  1  ction  if  fil  ?  '^""  ""i  '"tolerable  kind. 
Prank,  who  is  styl  !d    1^^3^0/11^  rl         '^""'1  hy  C^Iovis,  the 
dom.  it  may  be  olLrved  v^rsub^emieX^iv  S  ,  ''''*"'  '''"»• 

reignties,  and  while  tha  nrinoe.  wnlt  »  ^  ,  '"'"""Voral  potty  sove. 
n...  noble's  increased  In  pm!^„r|r,?Jr  «ther  by  their  contests. 

Khndow  of  royalty.  At  CthV  ,  v  ^fv„  '  ^'T  '"""  ""'™  than  the 
lonce  »..<1  OMSo,  and  nbanlo  ,e,  .rrnTAr  "''''''"''''  "•'  "»  «  '"'•'  "'  ''"J"- 
nmvors  of  the  p«|,,r"  o    w        '  'l^^^^^^^  to  offlcers  called 

anrfhis  son  P,pin  t J  iS iT wL  ^n  "^  '^1^^^^^^^^^^ 
founder  of  the  C  rlovina  an  or  i^?,.  ?  "'^^''''•'*'^      ""'^  b"'^"'""  the 
prinrep  of  th  »  racrw,  «hn  I  h"*"^"  "'  ™y?'  '«''"  "^  franco.    Of  the 

tnr,..  called  Ch7rrnm";tntco;:^ofKVx(e^^  ^"«""-'  """^  ^ 

re-toration  of  the  Westell  empire/ri  l'';;,;X1ft^^^^^^ 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTORY  „ 

soon  after  his  accession  to  the  throne  thp  Snvnn«  ,-;,„  u  a  , 
tributaries  to  France,  revolted,  and S-avellanHT^f'    ??  ^^^  ^""K  ^"''^" 
their  freedom  but  th^y  werett  kst  ob£X  sS^'t  JJ^nf  "^ 
reduction  of  Pav  a,  and  the  oanfnro  ^r  n;^-      !i.    ,      ,  "  '^~^'  '*"^'"  the 

affamst  the  Moors  in  Spain  the  SaYmi«  «nr»  h..  ^  V-""*'*'"'''"^  warfare 
of  the  eastern  emperor  in  Llv  «nHT  m  '"Germany,  the  party 

time  provinces  HaSnl^«..S:J^,"i  Normans,  who  infested  his  niari. 
the  year'SrfbrrheTurtf  a^^^^^  'X^'''^  ^«  K^'"^.  *» 

assisting  at  the  eelebraSn  of 'mass  he  po'p?' I  To  lU^^-^  ^'^''« 
expectediy  crowned  him  eiiiDprni-nf  .h«  nV: '^  '     r^  '"••  suddenly  and  un- 

hoJioured  Vith  !he  te  o  cKlemaSn^  ^5/^^^^^^^  h'"'?  '''""'  "f  ^''« 
time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  nsf'  hi  u  il  "'!  ^'^'''^^-  '^'  the 
Spain  which  lies  beTwe"e7the  Py^^  [^^^''^  hU  that  part  of 

tlie  Alps  to  the  borders  of  CalaE  a.ul'^so  addnd  ,  '.'"^?'^  ''"'^  '■™'" 
Germany  south  of  the  Eyder,  3  S  onia  Thf  '" 'm  '^"'"'"'""s  all 
once  more  shared  nmongCoXatpoweS'  ?hn  T""'^  was  therefore 
or  Saracens  extended  from  the  Gamrp^  fn  s.^  •  *'"'",'"''  "'  *'»«  Arabs 

all  of  Asia  and  AfSa  Xch  has Tvfrbeen  Tnl'^'^l^p''^'^"'''"^  «•"'««' 
and  Japan  excepted.    The  eastern  Hom^n-L"  Kuropeans,  China 

Asia  M^inor,  anS  the  provi„'c1^^,'a  jo^Zg  ,  aZ  ^A^d  thl""''^  '■''  '"'f''^'' 
west,  under  Charlemagne,  co5S  id  Y>-,.,1  o  ^'"P""^  ""^  ^''« 
greater  part  of  Italy.  The  8oi3d  I?.,^!.  ?o,?'  ""'"a'^y.  ""d  the 
r.,  at  whose  death  the  resfoS  ^"f  ?"/"'P«»'- «f  ^Charlemagne  was  Louis 

an,ong  his  four  sons :  Lotl  ariiTa^eninornr"  ""p"  ''f  '^''"^■''^^  '"  ^^^' 
Louis  II.  king  of  Gern.any    3  S?i^^^^^^^^^^  Pepm  ku.g  „|  Aqnitain; 

France:  a  division  that  orolpd  L  1;.         ^l'  ^'"'■""""-'d  the  Bald,  king  of 

French  retained  ZhSpeTa?  to  u.d-'''^'*^^'''''''''""'  .'-•«'"''■"''<>■'«•  Tl^e 
Louis  III.  the  last  ki^'f  Qe  1^  Jff  ,h^^^  '^^^f^F''^.  '"l  »12.  when 
without  male  issue,  ifis  son  in  iJw  ,^  '  f"'"*'  "^  Charloinagne,  dyina 
«lec.ed  emperor  orGemnrTSS  .;»'"■«'''.  ««'">t  of  Fn.ngonin,  ^va5 
and  became  elective,  itH  e  sWr.i  «  .f  .1  ''"'*'  P'""!"''.'"  ''"^  "'"-'""ns, 
of  cities,  who  assume/the  title  of'^eleeiori     """'''•  '•"'''•'•  "'"^  •^"'""**" 

and  other  king  lfm8(7,;,n„Z^f^  ""  the  shores  of  Fran.V^ 

called  Danc^.'^ther  NoXr '  r nS'b.e'cS'r'''''  """?  '"^^ "'^'•« 
and,  though  frenuenlly  repulsed  irtnn.I^  '"  '.'  "'""''"•  '»'>nnor, 

faction  ofsocing  mo.WrX  S  ihL  1.?  l  f-  "^  '""''  1'"'^  ''ad  the  satis- 
Kngland.  Tholaxo  rmn  wL  f.  "  """""  "•'«'"''  ""  the  throne  of 
of  l^dwanl  i  rlmo     I    ('  .  SI  rwTr^'"^  '"'''  "'  ^'^  l«"«'" 

William  duke  of  Normilnd^l^rhi^tvJji'iL"''  l':;"  '*""'«•  ""T'"'"«" 
mark,  that  the  predatory  trilU  of  No?i  m rn  nf  J  "'  '"'  "'"yJ""*  ''"- 
•poken,  at  different  times  (.iori-ai  u.wl Tv  I  !'"""  '""  '"'^"  '"''"'"■o 
nnd  a  party  having  ent.Te.1  FWo  d?r  ^  •''  T"  "«"""•'•'''  "f  Huropr, 
'^i.nple  coded  to  tLm  in%5  ?|^^nL  "  'nl^f' v  ''""'^''  ^"""'  ^'»'"rt<"«  lit' 
Rollo  embraced  CI  rSinn  ty  ,  IE  hu../  ^".""n"!'  ""  »''*"  ""-''^""i"'' 
duchy  to  Normandvl  fS; h  n  r  Wil  iam't hn  r''''"'"''  "'"'  !'""  "^  '"' 
At  no  period  of  iL  hislorv  of  th«  !..ri  «  V'""''"''"'"  desoun.led. 

and  distr'acted  state  ih  r„7lhe  J  17.  ' w  i;;;;"  ""'  "  '""  '""""•""f-'^-l 
npjMJars,  indeed,  like  one  vast  S    n  flli,i  ""  '"'ve  now  arrived      It 

pr/ncipally  attracted  t.y  L  ^rep  i     "n.u  !  j„ ,  "^  .'.''^  ''"^^f*"^'  *• 

their  su^^gation  ^oUrj^^S  "a^Xf  ^^L^  ^S^ J!!!: 

5r   — n^^«c 


48 


OUTLmn  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  H15T0RY. 


of  the  world,  the  conauests  nnH  =nr!  ■  ,•  ?"'^  of  barbarism  n  one  oart 
Goths  and  Huns  befoJe'n'oUced,  ^1^  obhter'  J"''.t'  "f « '^-^^otTe 
human  science  and  learning  that  rema  n^H^n  h  "'  l'^  '^^  ^^'"'  traces  ol 
sades  (though  they  must  evir  be  dSored  ".i  U«''  ''^^f  "[•  /*  '^'^^  '''e  Cru 
thusiasm  and  misguided  Z6al)X  diWHrJ!..''®  wretched  offspring  of  en 
one  particular  object,  madrtheSf  irsome^nil'.f  "'"*^^  ""^^  Europeans  to 
of  one  another,  and  were  the  rm.an«^?^  measure  suspend  the  slaughter 
«tate  of  political  bondage.    ^     ^°'  °^  extricating  Christendom  (torn  I 


CHAPTER  IX 

rnoM  THE  riRST  crusade,  to  the  death  or  sai,ad.n. 

-Curpa?tie"Jam'e7y^  -divided  into  two  grand 

Holy  Land,  as  an  invaluable  acquisition     S  nlh,^' r'^K^^'^y  ''''"«''  "»« 
therefore  be  attributed  to  a  SHDerstition-  v„n     ?r'8"lof  the  crusades  may 
our  Saviour  had  lived  and  perforS  h  '  ZZT""   V^^  P^^'^"  ^herj 
vast  numbers  of  nilgrims  from  alUarfs  of  c£^^^^^ 
of  Jerusalem,  anS  those  particular  8Do5s  in  J.c®'^"'"  '"  ^'''•'  "'e  city 
rendered  especially  menrorable  by  hTs  peadiinr'illJr^  ^^''^  ^^^  beej 
Although  the  Saracens,  under  Omar  f hoi.  .§'  ^V'^^nngs,  and  death, 
sa  em,  and  conquered  Palestine  in  Jhl  7  h     '"♦      ''"  'P'''  '''•^  ^^^^»  Jeru 
gnms  to  continue  to  visit  therfavointehannl"'^'  ''"^  ""'^^'''''^  »''«  P" 
Bute.    In  1005,  however,  the  riJ^  wrester  ?i„  h"  .P''^'"^''*  «fa  small  tri 
from  the  Saracens ;  and.  beinir  mnrh  m.     «  ''^  ^"'^  ^'^y- «« 't  was  styled 
grims  could  no  longer  with  iTtvn.lr'^  ferce  and  barbarous,  thTnU 
resounded  with  coifp  a^^  t  ^£M&^^^  ^^^""«";'-   «"^  SrZ 

profaned  the  holy  places   anTi  «rf  i^.f  '  f  assessors  of  Palestine,  who 

WHS  at  the  time  Aurof  enth,^ LsL  w„  '^  ""'"'r'  '^'  '^^^o'^*"-    KurZ 
l"s  to  lead  them  to  thi  fled  oTg£y  "aTd  ^f' ^^^o  wanted  but  little  sS 
meditated  and  urged  the  union  ofChJlJ^^  Gregory  VII.  had  alr.;.uh 
hammed      Besides  the  reT^s  moM^n'offein^'y'"'  "'f  "'^•«'"»«f  ^  o. 
mmion  of  the  Turks,  some  views  of  «mhS/     '•"?/.""''*'''"'  <"'-«m  the  do- 
of  Rome  to  engage  in  tlUs  Set     Zr  wT  T*''''*  ''"^^  '"^''"'^  "'e  court 
chief  motives,  an  opportinify  ioo n  n^  ISt'ir  "i'^'l*  ^"'^  ^een  the 
avidity     A  bold  entUsiast,  named  Kfer    1    r'"^-  ";'''^h  was  seized  with 
called  the  Hermit,  having  beeiMiT „  pSi?^'"  '"«  r^«»*«  iif«  was 
the  oppression  of  the  holy  citv  a  id  t^?rlS  t"  Jerusalem,  represented 
I  an-  suffered,  in  terms  so  aZ'lS  o  uZn  "J^f  """Lr'V"^  '''•'  ^'^••'■''■ 
at  th„  tnne),  that  the  pontirf  iste  Jd  ,0  hu  .  •him!'"/''''''  *''"  P"P"' "eo 
Christian  states  against  the  Turks  n„^  1    a-  "-"""le  for  uniting  all  fho 

-;  number  and  pr<?woss  !o  cli^Se^X  e"  w«5,rn"'r  ^'"'""'"''^^ 
Holy  F,aiid  was  held  in  subiection  l,f!^^.  ''''  P'^'P'^  ^V  whom  the 
H»mmo.u,d,  and  a  mecti3c'o"y  a  dZt'vTrj'r'^  •'•''»«'•""'««*' ""- 
mMghlKnirlu)odofPlacont7,sRt3ch7oooSiil  .P'''''*'i"''  "«'''  «»  'he 
were  proseiit.  Both  Peter  tholirmi  and  nlp'"'''  '*"'^  ^^'^'^^  »«""'"" 
tnost  vivid  colours  the  din,fnl8i,, 2.  TV' ^PT'  '•«P«""'»ted  in  tht- 
ho  indignity  <,ff,.rcd  to  the  Si  ^  So  Ch  is?'' 'A  ?"  S  '^'  *''"''•  «"*' 
to  (he  passu,,,,  „f  t|,oir  hearers,  ami  ^o  w  .11 -„  f  P«echc8  wore  suited 

spirit  of  the  times,  that  a  viSont  and  tm«      ""'«",'>"'.'  ''y  the  adventurous 
forth  from  all  sides,  and  thrassimW.  1 .  "  '  '"V"".  •'"''''irHtion  of  war  burs? 
nmy  to  a  service  thaf  Sey  SSSe  m  2^^ 
tho  .oalous  Peter  next  Jl.itod  i^'^^'SS^^Z;'^;^^:^'^^ 


OnruHE  SKETCH  Of  OEHEBAL  BI8T0BY.  „ 

dition  professedlv  undertaken  nn  r«]^i^.r=  j  express  this  newexpe- 

tl.e  project,  the  prevaili^ftaste  anfoSdi?^^^  Tiowever  imprudem 

beh.g  aiopled  without  e?a2to"^  '  iTdeSdenVo?  Z  fh.?"°"*"^  *'" 
were  absorbed  in  their  love  of  war  ■  th^v  S.  ^Pi  i!.  ^  '••  V''^."^  Passion* 
of  adventures,  and  the  braJe  w^re  at  S.TkII?'*?'*'^  *",''  '^°  '*'«"8ht8 
as  with  the  love  of  Jfo^   WhaT^a/l^^^^^  ^T'.  ?^  8^'"  «"  ^«" 

af  an  infinite  numbefKarrbrsfiSruilr  .h'^Pk"'^'^  ^'""^  '^«  ''"'""^ 
No  means  were  left  unempio;  d  Kwefl  £  riSk,  '"K  rf  i*"'  f  °"  ^ 
the  saintly  and  the  criminal  were  aliki.  Pn»f!  .«  •  u  *  "'^^  ""'^  PO*""* 
the  cause:  SovereiffM  8h»redT»nH  f.t?*  5 'J*-*''°?'  **>«''"  devotion  (n 
vassals  engagedln  t ,  and  the  de?^  n^?  nn?*1  "  '„"'"  "°^'"»y  "'"»'  their 
pulpit,  but  taught  the  pSe  to  c3dert««L'?t'''^  '*'"","*^  "  ''"""  '"c 
No  wonder  then  that  thfl  nnmL,  «f  ^  *'  ""  atonement  for  their  sins, 
ous.  that  iheiTle^isgre^^^^  ^'''  ^'^^'""^  »«  >»'nre;: 

ment  should  disappoint^tsZrS  E«  ^  ^^  f ''eatness  of  the  arma- 
of  worldly  advanKwhicronr„!A»«?K™®  ^-'^  ^'"'^'^  "'  ^^e  prospect, 
spective  the  rich  cSwuest i  in^f -f«  »l  V^"  ?"  '^ey  beheld  in  per- 
their  offences  rthetLSt  of  w^rL'!,'^"?'''?^^^  ^^  »h«  expiation  o| 
their  incIinationVlhKformhX^^^^  ' '?'/''«y  <'°"'''  f^tify 

fortune  seemed  to  holSZT^lZnr?/V;u  '^*"?  »"«ceedecT.  theil 
tyrdom  was  promised'^  next  Vo  m^Av  ^^  d'ecT.  a  crown  of  mar- 
an  insurmountable  power- aid  rheirrnn^ ''*"'''"  ""'""«  ^ad  almost 
ous  phenomena  to  fe  m"  wUh  in  history  """"''  "  *""'  ""^  "'«  "^"'  «""' 

led^rty!&^^i'S;.sxrL^        '^--"'^  -". 

tune,  called  Walter  the  Z™  v less  S„  'jf  "'!i"!l*'  "'"^ «  ""'*^*»''-  °f  ^o,' 
Bulgaria,  towards  Constant  nnS  „  i  .  -^  P^"'*''  *^'""&''  """ffary  and 
•upflv  of  their  wants,  tlerZe  m"  nr  S:!!"?  T  ""Pr""*'"-'-^'  a'd  At  the 
marrh.    Thev  were  ii.  ra\>»   „!^  Pfovisi on  for  subsistence  on  their 

wretches  be7orphir*  andTe -^^^  ^"^^  ""^  '""1'"^'"'  ""^  P""^  ^^ 
ed.  tt.jt  the  enragS"nhabi"Jntl  nf  r  ''"!'"'  "".^  >i.''»ve  been  expect- 
upon  and  nearly  SmihEed  thim  h  f  *=»""'""8  wbich  they  pillagecf  fell 
tl'e  place  appoh^tSd  for  thcfrti^rul  r/'''^"'"'*^r''''h  Constantinople, 
armies  UoZd  «-oo7after^SL™.T'"^?"»;  ^^«  '"o™  <li«HpliEcd 
Godfrey  of  BouillonrwS  hi.  t3r«  «!:.'*"''"■  Tif  ^^°  ^ohlmed 
duke  of  Normandy  Hugh  brothe  of  pSfir''t '"^  ^T'*''''  ""''«'». 
earl  of  Flanders,  HaynSd  count  of  ?.'^  '  ^"%°^  ?™'^"'  "«»'erl^ 
commnnders.     ThusTd    thi«  ?»«    „f  ^  ""'""•«•  «nd  other  exp-rienced 

Hungary,  passed  olJrS  St  Iiro/jfi.rr'""  ""'"""■•""'  ""'•"' ""y  and 
•ioch  and  kdessa  in  10  8  and  .U„  ?  P"''.''^"'"'"'''"*'''  ^ie^  in  109t,  An. 
Godfrey  of  Bouillo"vrchlV,k^^^^  '"""»  "^  which  city 

the  Hofy  L„„d,  and S  i  ?ISo  f.  ..'Ilo''"  ™^"'"'^  V  ^""^  '»'»t  ''He  in 
Kurone  on  the  same  d !,  ,  atio  "f  thev  ZtZ  T^  "^  '''**'*»*»<^  •"«»  '«" 
"•ar..},,  and  partly  by  the  sword  of  ilm  Kn  r  i''"*"^"'  P"*'^  «"  »he 
iMue  of  the  first  crusade     fi... ho  "'."""",«»"(  I'^nnum.    Nuch  was  the 

uot  to  be  so  readiy;"o;,tgid    J'se'c  ,2'?.  '"'1  '""'i'  """  "=*••'»«''  *" 
«de.  were  undertaken  dZ'g«i„cce.«   J"  nf'.'''^'  »"d  several  other  cru- 
*nd  .nded  .n  very  similar  ai^'T'tZ"  ^L'^TJl  'r,»  ."""d'"*!  T--' 
I.— «  '  -"'  »^"T«  ui  Acre,  or  i"ioii< 


so 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTORy. 


:f  I  p/rSbV'^t^^^^^^^^^^^  the  regal  tiu, 

of  Syria.  '  '^sypii  and  the  Christians  were  driven  out 

'r^;^.:^^  wltSter :rC^^^^^^^  »^«  ^^-P^a".  and 

from  the  attacks  of  the  Turks  In  thiirl^"'  '°  C^'^'^'  t*'^  P^grims 
.  with  the  profane,  that  it  was  Ihonaht  1h/*  • 'l^  ''"='"*^  "'^^  ««  confounded 
monk  might  be  united  wirh  ?he  wafhL"iLl![L"'"  h"*^  «"«terities  of  the 
dier.  The  new  orders,  loadS  w^th  wea^h  InH  n^""*  P?'"'"""  °^  '^e  sol- 
short  time  became  gre;dy,  lice^t  ous  aid  ins2nt ''"'"  •  P"^"«&''«.  i"  « 
one  another,  and  by  their  mutual  hSedw.nTl^H.iT'"''"""'  «"«'"'««  »' 
ity.  What  happened  before  i^iuroJ^w^H^fif"^^  '^^  ^''»"«''  o*"  ^^hristian- 
ord  wanted  to  erect  a  sovereiVrporer^  nr  nSt'*^"  '"  ^«'«=  ^'^^'T 
into  feifs  ;  discord  prevailed,  and  fhe  TnVk«  »«  ^m  "'*'  *."«  subdivided 
them,  if  they  had  not  likew>JhJn%A  a    *""'''  ^°o"  '"ive  destroyed 

The  Christian  empire  inTho  fe  f 'y"'*^'^  ."""""J^  themselves.  ^ 

ders  of  Egypt  to  ArmeniL ;  bStKa?^n»'^'^  *'  this  period  from  the  bor- 
and  its  population,  though  br^U  was  bv  „11''.n''''  ^^  P"^*'''""'  «"«>"'«•. 
Turks  had  already  taken  Edes^'  Za  iJ  °  '"^"^"^  considerable.  The 
hensive  for  the  fafe  of  JeruslS;  w^en'Seru?nr  ^f^""  '°  ^«PP^«- 
begmnmg  of  the  crusades,  was  solicited  hv^H»l?.!"^'  ^^^Vy^^ra  after  the 
new  them.  This  time  th^  monk  St  BernLn T  i^*"  ^'^V^^  ^^^^  »«  '«- 
of  its  chief  advocate.     He  is  reSrp?p„S  »        ^°^^  ^P'*"  ^'™««""  the  office 

}hou,rh  ignorant  of  the  langurroft^^^^^^^^^ 

low  him,  and  performing  numberless  mSS'  y«' '"«'*"'&'•:-  People  fol, 

where  gained  an  influence,  of  wh  ch  thTrlhiH  h    "^  accordingly  every. 

success  could  scarcely  ke^p  p*ce  wi  h  hl,^"!^'^"  "^  ?«■•«»«' «  y«t  his 
humble  habit  of  a  monk  Bprnar^  „»  i  a  ^^^^°»»  wishes.  Under  the 
to  the  most  powSprince  he  wi7«.  "l  ^'"^''''  ''fP'"'  'h«"  ^«»  P«id 
and  obtained  an  unbouKd  .iflSence  over  tK^'r  'V'  ;^««  enthusiastic, 
emperor  Conrad,  who  first  lisS  »«  l^  the  minds  of  the  people.  The 
those  dangero,,»;migrSnsS,lpH'^  a  resolution  to  oppose 

could  Louis  VII.,  kuf^o  TmcTl^l^  T^  *"'"'"'"«  '"""'«"'•  NeSher 
people  abandoned  their  habita^Ssfn^L^^  ''^P.""'  ""^  ""«  "■•»""••  The 
and  laid  the  price  a^his  feet "  Z  ,^.Hv  "'^'''n'''^  "^'''^^  ««'J  »•'«'•■  lands 
enrolled  among  the  champSns  o  cSS^^  ''^  '"«"  ««'icited  to  be 

arn,ies  had  70.000  "men  a    anns  S  .Zi".^'J^-  •  !' '»  8?id  that  each  of  the 

were  heavy  armed,  and  fol  ow?d  by  i  m  .chTnr'"^  ""^  "'^  "'^''"''y'  "'»'« 
cavalry.  The  number  of  nf«n.,..  ^  ^"^"  *"^^^  numerous  body  of  liahl 
was  tlJe  first  tharefou?  he  was^he  Srorr'^'i  '^|?«  «'"P«'-o^Confad 
at  that  time  reigning  in  ConstSii  onlo    bu,^^  Manuel-Comenus, 

hensive  that  similar  excesserwnniK '.       'w  "reeks,  it  is  said,  appre- 

the  former  expedition.  ?urrsLdttmwir/"'''';''  ^^  ^''^  ""«"''«"  »•  *" 
to  their  destruction  5  lis  amiv  was  ^r^  If  trenclicrous  guides,  which  led 
fled  to  Antioch.  made  a  mlSnT«  f»  t  '  """'"'"'"'' «  "P""  which  he 
with  a  mere  hanSof  fin  I?,uis  m«["''''^f'"^  '*'r^  '"'""""J  '«  Kurope 
lowod  the  example  o    Conrad     sTtha    it.'T^'"  '''""'«"•  ""'l  f"'" 

uXZi  S''^ '-'  ">«  "«'^  L«n^  h/!;^j:ir;;e£  Si:;;xKJ? 

thett'lHiJrd^itSS^'l^^t '!!hS»^     ""'^  -  ""i-^" 

them  the  little  difficulty  there  mmhlT^^^^^^ 

whom  thoy  chose  for  thL  Se^n  Ln  ., '  r ''Pf '''"«  "'♦""•  Noradin, 
•u..r«ssor.  completed  .ho  wS  'ffiT'  "  \'/,V'?"'«"'  ""^  ^"'»^*"'  ^iil 
trininphed  over  Uie  I'ersiaiis  conai  ni-«,  p  '  f'cr  having  usurped  Nyriu, 
of  dominions  that  extended  to Te  Oxfl^^'P';  """"^rf'  ''*""'«lf  '"aatcr' 
"trip  the  Europeans  of  the  places  hevsim'J,  ""'1"''  K^  """•  '"  «'-''«r  to 
«ul  .ere.  opened  their  gatei'^o^ttiX'^r^tS;  a&rg  i'tT^T; 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTORY  g^ 

iHsear.  The  Christian  princes  s^uspended  their  qJa^^^^^^^ 
of  recovering  Jerusalem  produced  a  third  crusSe  ^  a  n  1 1  So  ml*^®'"* 
infinitely  better  planned  than  the  former  onesn^aJLl^^'  ^'*"'  ."'** 
did  hopes.  Thre'e  princes  of  d?st,ng™u!shed  Lr?t^f^would  tv?'""' 
cited  the  admiration  of  any  aee.  were  the  Ip/hIV-  «f  J^^  '^  have  ex- 
Frederic  I.,  surnamed  Barbaro?,k.  one'  of  ti^^'^^st  di  tiLS?;''°°' 
perors  that  ever  governed  Germany,  advanced  bvI«nHl/f^  'l^^  f™: 
150,000  men.  Philip-Aueustus  SnfvJl^l  ?  land,  at  the  head  of 
large  and  well-appointed  armv^^^^^^^^^  conducted  thither  a 

England,  the  hero'^of  thiS  Sde,  "e't'out'';^S,''n?bre»"iiTh^         *" 

p  V— -^^  ^s;^.  s:^  =;^i.ES^  r^ 

his  rnaS.  he  obS;;  many  fignal  S^^r^Ts  '  L"  th/f  «^«'-y^t"«  ^n 
ness^of  Which  hL  «fteen  httS^^eiVS^ro^rrS^^^^^^^^ 

K^^SiSHHoT^^ 

made  himself  master  oMhe  oL?,?n?,' 'T-^'"''"^  P'"''^^^  a"*!  having 
meantime.  RicharrJas VdtnTng   o^tc^nd'Jhe'e'fforls  ot[S;  F^"  'i 

leaders.    Ph  lip.  Sous  of  th«  h./ni^  T"^"^^"":  "^T'  ""'"»  «'"""&  'he 
the  fruitless  expedSrem^^^^^^^^  "*""•  «"d  tired  of 

by  prodigies  of  valour  and  miUtnZ  .liUfLlJ^A  "P'P^™'/  encounters,  and 
of  the  brave  Sala din  who  U     hZ  h,^  '  {"/"^'^^'^'o'-y  from  the  standards 

his  hopes  of  future  coiinnn«t     Ho  ;);„..     '      i  f"""''"  "o  hnfl  won,  and 

w«.  m,..r.,ed  b,  ....in.".,:;  Si^z^ti  K^sj.'  '"g.f.r 'S 


OUTLINK  SKETCH  OF  GBNBEAL  HISTORY 


CHAPTER  X. 

»«0M   TBI  DEATH  01   9ALADW  TO  THE   IND   Of  THE  CmUBADBII. 

njn'nH  'if  ^^'""'  "•';".«  "'"■"'"'^  i™7fr'«.«^d  his ".?« s 

his  father's  empire.     Thev  accordinfflu  in  loni       '""  '"■  *^®  recovery  oi 

.equenlly  Und  th.1  a  genenU  hl"oi/?r  S  E„™  ~»S  Iri^  S^  '""• 
more  and  mare  connected  with  the  court  of  Kom.'n.S  k  !       hecome. 

rMt^^ShrSE£!S= 

.hout  to  h.  directed  .fainat  their  reUow-chTManr    1^7  '".H": 
France  and  elaewhere,  L  o>tentaliona%mp  and  SitioJ  of  th^S  °' 

Aftwthii  iahumw  persecution,  carried  on  under  the  banners  of  thf 


X. 


OOTLINK  8KKTCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTOttV.  53 

?^A  *  V".'!^"^'  '""o°ent  resumed  his  project  of  conquering  the  Holv 
Land ;  but  he  could  not  persuade  the  emperor  to  join  m  the  design,  be- 
jause  his  throne  was  too  much  disturbed ;  nor  the  kings  of  France  and 
England,  as  they  were  too  deeply  engaged  in  their  mutual  quarrels.     An- 
drew, kmgof  Hungary,  and  John  de  Brienne,  titular  sovereign  of  Jeru- 
salem, commanded  this  crusade,  and  Cardinal  Julien,  legate  of  the  pope, 
accompanied  them.     As  the  Christian  leaders  perceived  that  Egypt  w« 
the  support  of  the  Turks  of  Palestine,  they  formed  a  new  plan  of  attack 
and  directed  their  first  operations  against  that  kingdom.    In  this  thei 
were  successful     The  enemy,  after  having  sustained  several  severe  d^ 
feats,  abandoned  th*.  flat  country  to  the  Christians,  and  took  refuge  in  the 
mountains.    The  generals,  sensible  of  the  great  danger  of  marching  in  a 
country  to  which  they  were  strangers,  thought  it  necessary  to  secure  the 
heights,  and  reconnoitre  the  places  through  which  they  were  to  pass,  be- 
fore they  proceeded  any  farther.    The  cardinal,  consulting  only  the  die 
tales  of  impetuous  ardour,  treated  their  prudence  as  timidity,  an/declared 
for  pursuing  the  barbarians  immediately.     Finding  the  two  kin«  onnosed 
hrn  opinion,  he  assumed  the  style  of  a  superior,  showed  theXeK^ 
nwfJJ".!'  ^y  -upported  by  the  knights  of  St.  John  and  the  Templws 
obliged  them  to  pay  a  blind  obedience  to  his  will.    The  army,  thus  gov. 
erned  by  this  ecclesiastic,  daily  committed  new  blunders,  and  at  lenitth 

o7e'„e5Telr  Tl.S^i*''".''"**  ^''''''^''.  °'"  '^'  N"«-    ^he  Saracens  t"h'e„ 

ffoTht  .h«m.ii '*'*"V*"'^  '^^^  P™Pa"»?  to  drown  the  Christians,  whc 

S„  „f  f.  '"'^'*'*''  *'*P.P?  *•»  preserve  their  lives,  by  supplicating  the 

ir^d^'ii"!;  dlSgrr*  ""'  ^'"^  '•"•^"^'^  '"^  "'"■•"  '^  ««<>?«'' hough'covt 

whTdi\"endtfth«rH- ."T*"'^'^*  ■".""'*'  ^°'  *»•«  ^'"^  misfortunes 
yrhH.tf.nL  •"'^"'f"[**,P^'^'''°"«  *•»<*  quite  extinguished  the  zeal 
Sot  aC  sSvSr*  h"''  '^^  f«"'e»t  which  pervaded  all  Europe  would 
"Ject  ve  cZS     H5?r''"  '"'"^'^*  °''  T^'^'^om,  to  leave  their  re- 

rios'^s^nr,  r«         .  ""'y  ^'''"'^'  '*>«  '«'»''on  ^^  which,  although  it  car- 
ieneral^ttrl  ^'*'"'  u  ""^  ""t^'"P* »» chronological  order  in  this  outline  of 
by  the  na,„7&'St    l''o..f''K"  •""'     ^""''^  F/  "^  "''»»««•  he"er  known 
made  a  vow  to  t«!„\hr"' ''*'""?  '^9?'"''!.^^  f'"™  a  dangerous  illness 
^r«.?„^      •    '».*»''e  the  cross,  and,  with  all  the  zeal  of  one  who  was  de- 

SC  o?J!rRlr  "'"""f  *•"  '^''i"f «"  '^^'  »"'*•  heen  8prinkTed^^"  the 
S»h.5  1    ^''^"'^'>i''  '"''■'^^  his  people  to  follow  his  example,  and 

Jort  Marit^nT P  °^  ^'''''"'"''  ^'J'"*  *''«  P"^'"  «f  'he  infidels.     Bis  con- 
■ort,  Margaret  of  Provence,  marched  at  his  side,  in  order  to  share  hii 

ir/bt  t!m'''""!J'"  ""^  the  principal  nobility  of  theEgdl,  ac^o™ 

pa  led  by  him.    Nor  was  the  French  monarch  left  to  contend  with  the 

enemy  sing  c-handed.    Prince  Edward,  the  valiant  son  of  The  k  no  of 

r^vS'S  S""*"'^  ""''K'  '"ff«  *™'"  «f  K"Sli«h  rhiemen      Havira?! 

Z!ir^"r^V""*  °'  ^Srypt,  the  army  made  good  their  landing  and 

marched  for  Damietta,  a.  d.  1346.    Margaret  led  the  troops  in  perlon  and 

he  city  was  carried  by  storm.    The  intrepid  conduct  of^heCr!' Ind 

he  success  which  had  hitherto  crowned  their  arms,  seemed  to  show 'thai 

S  Jn^tr^h  """"'"'  rVl""'  *'  '•»'"'  *hen  the  subjection  of  Eg^pt  wi 

wnicn  raged  in  the  Christian  camp,  a  dearth  of  provisions    and  thn  im 

prudent  ardour  of  the  count  of  Artoi^,  who  was  .u!rmind«d  by  the  enemT 

and  penshed  with  the  flower  of  the  nobility,  gave  a  most  unhUpy  iS 

ItKEKrhr™?';    ^""'*  r'  «"««''«'^  near  MasSSLl  and" 
noiwiinstandiiig  his  heroic  behaviour,  h  a  army  sustained  n  «iirnn    Hi« 

feZlVthl.rV"'  '•"".'«'/  ^'"  •»«•'«  prisoner:  A^  d    aT   SucKi  uS 
fete  of  the  last  crusade  for  (he  recovery  of  Palestine. 


u 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  QENKHAL  HISTOEV. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Alexander;  but  thVcrue  L  h«  nn^"'' T^."  ''"'"«^  '»  ^""''^te  'hoJe  o 
The  Moguls,  or  Mon«S  'over  ^hoTlL^^^^^^^^^^^  aHogcther  unparalleled 
ty,  were  a  people  of  lastem  Taru^  H  v  L?'*"'  """""ed  »he  sovereign 

jarfous  petty  governments?but  S?iS.ri"/-^!h•''^P^^^^^    *»">''  •"'«> 
«i?n,  whom  they  called  Vamr-Khan  n^.h/n*  »  subjection  to  one  sover 
wards  Genghis  khan,  one  of  t^he  mISor  n rinpp^T^^^""'    T^-^uJ*".  after 

-ventronht'Jh^efs  to  "b ^hfoS^ln^ri"'^^''  '!!f  -'>«4  '"d  «-% 
ter.  In  ,202  he  defeated  LdSedVa"!  'S  'if."''^™"«  of  foiling  wa- 
ropeans  by  the  name  of  Prester  John  of  T.'i^  o  ^""'^''^  (known  no  Eu- 
tys  vast  dominions  berainp  . »,<.«„  r  of  Asia);  and  possessing  himself  of 
Aclared  kin^  of  the  MoXald  TarS!;^''^'';'"'^''^^'  '"  ^^OeZZ^l 
Genghis  Kha%  or  the  great  Kha^^^^^  "P'*" '?•'"  »''«  '»Ie  ol 

duction  of  the  kinffdoms  of  Hava  ,°n  nK-  "^".n  ^'"''  *'"*«  followed  by  the  re- 
razim,  or  the  kingdom  of  &  Greu  ^.'.^^'"^"''n'^''?^'  Turkesfan  Ka^ 
d«a;  all  of  which  vaS  reirS  hp  ™..  ^h"^'  ^•'"''''  ^"'J  P^*''  of  In- 
computed  that  upwa^lsSirtern  riffns'of  h^^^  twenty-six  ye'ars.  It  is 
ed  by  him  durinj  the  last  tvTntv^i^   '""^"^''^''"•'''''"Ss  were  butcher- 

quests  extended  eighteen  hSr/'i'^"''-^  "'*"'  ''"'^  '^^*  ^''  ^°»- 

and  from  south  toS"  He  dfed  i?.*?!^,'^"' o  '^'VV^-  *«"''  ""^^  «  'hous 
dia ;  another, after  crossina  »h„  w!i  /^^'-  ^"®  of  •"»  sons  subdued  In- 
and  Bohemi^f^hSe'r uJrd  ad^:^:'/"i^^^  ^""''f  """S^^-  P«'' »d. 
martime  provinces  of  the  Turkish  emJiJL  rlT^  r"?  f  ""S4?'«^  *»  "^e 
the  power  of  the  Turks  in  that  mVar^^  ^j*®  caliphate  of  Bagdad,  and 

den  revolution  In  he  meant  n^fth«'M'r'''i\"'"y  l"''"-«y««J  by  this'sud- 
ed  by  the  sultan  of  CaLTexpE  the  TnS''"''  *  ^^y  ^^  "•'"*'«  f«r™- 
throne  of  Egypt.  '  ^^P^"^'^  '"^  Turkish  conquerors,  and  seized  tht 

spilt  nto  a  multitude  nfsmfii  til  2  ^  ^^^i  °,"®  °f  ordinary  capacity  il 
legiance  to  t^e  hi  .t  ofSghi  'ffaTtiH  tulT '  b"' ^I^^X  «"  oSlne?  a  ' 
mer  ane.    The  Turk.  utihili\r^  i  ,  '"®  '""«  of  Timur  Bek,  or  Ta. 

tars  who  poured  in  from  th^^^^^^^  '^°/*"f  by  the  inundation  of  Tar 

^.Ss^/K? /;!S^  Aft. 

main.  The  trifcutar;  nations  fenl  't«  ^7»"'«tion  of  the  impe/ial  do- 
shook  off  the  yokT;  ^ea"  h  of  them  ^k  i"  Lt^^  ■  ^"^  .""."Sary,  ibsolutely 
venient  for  them ;  freeing  the  nsTlv^rl*  PO'^'^.^'on  of  wliat  lay  most  con. 
by  which  they  thotigJrtZitTvt  m  de7'.!:S;i„T"l^^  -erj;  obligation 
he  emperors  but  their  paternal  inheritanc^pSm,«rli  '*'""*  "'*"''"8  ^" 
the  emperor  by  the  imnorial  citi  «  f,.«^  V-  ^o^^'C'ly  taxes  were  paid  to 
thems«Wes.bvtnkinrad^'^ntaffeof\hr„™n  '''/''' .'^"y  endeavoured  to  fre° 
and  assumed  the  t,tl/of/rSl,  to  d?.fi„  "''}^  \^'''  P,"'''*"^'^  «'  this  time, 
Of  imperial  cities  wiricK;V;rt?e^^^ 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OP  GENERAL  HISTORY.  ft* 

watic  league  was  formed.  At  length  they  grew  tired  of  anarchy;  and 
Giegory  X.  having  threatened  to  name  an  emperor  if  they  did  not  thev 
elected  Rodolnh,  count  of  Hapsburg,  the  descendant  of  an  old  count  if  Al- 
flaco;  from  which  election,  humble  as  it  w.-i8,  the  lustre  of  the  House  of 
Austria  is  derived.  The  new  emperor  was  seated  on  the  throne  with  noth- 
ing but  an  empty  title  to  support  the  dignity;  he  h.id  neither  troops  nor 
money ;  he  was  in  subjection  to  the  clergy ;  surrounded  by  vassals  more 
powerful  than  himself,  and  m  the  midst  of  an  enthusiastic  people  who  were 
ripe  for  sedition  and  anarchy.  His  first  care  therefore  was  to  conciliate 
the  affections  of  the  people,  and  by  that  means  he  happily  appeased  the 
spirit  of  faction.  He  also  studied  how  to  increase  his  dominions,  so  as  to 
make  them  respectable  ;  with  this  view,  he  artfully  blended  the  idea  of 
glory  and  the  right  of  the  empire  with  his  own  interest;  and  having  united 
the  forces  of  the  Germanic  body  against  Oitocar,  king  of  Bohemia,  that 
prince  was  compelled  to  yield  Austria  to  the  conquerorf  who  also  obtained 
Suabia;  so  that  he  was  enabled  to  leave  his  son  Albert  in  possession  of  a 
rich  and  powerful  state.  t^o-x-ooiuu  ui  a 

From  the  time  of  Kodolph  of  Hapsburg  the  amazing  power  of  the  dodps 
began  to  decline.  The  form  of  government  remained  the  same  inX! 
many;  bu  it  was  materially  altered  in  England  and  France,  where  tho 
middhng  dasses  of  society  had  obtained  a  voice  in  the  assemblies  of  each 
nation.  The  manners  of  the  lower  classes  of  society  were  still  rude  and 
barbarous  m  the  extreme ;  but  those  of  the  nobility  exhibited  a  sinsular  mir 
Zl  "/f^^r • 'SH'  ^f''''7'  and  valour,  in  whiclforiginS  the  sIverTiJ: 
ders  of  knighthood,  such  as  the  order  of  the  garter  in  England  and  tha 
golden  fleece  in  Spain,  of  St.  Michael  in  France! of  Christ  nPortugar.  &c. 
To  this  strange  combination  of  religion  with  war  and  with  love,  may  £ 
S  J  h°T"  "judicial  combats,  jousts  and  tournaments,  and  thS 
spirit  of  chivalry  which  pervaded  all  the  upper  classes  of  society.  Paint- 
ing, sculpture,  and  architecture,  arose  in  Italy  through  the  exertions  of  the 

thS  wori?!"\1.1-  J^'  ""'  °^  P?"''"?  •'^"'^  ^"^'^''•"g  ^«r«  also  enlightenin! 
the  world  ;  and  the  science  of  navigation,  and  consequently  eeo-rranhv 
were  much  advanced  by  the  discovery  of  the  mariner'2  corapafs        ^^ 


CHAPTER  XH. 

r»0M  THB  TIMB  OV  TAMEBLANB,  TO  THB   8IXTBBNTH  CENTURr. 

gated  all  the  countries  to  the  Euphrates,  next  poured  hirhordesJveth; 

brought  an  army  of  700.000  men  against  the  Turks,  under  the  sulf.n  Ba 

KoflrTu'rkiIh'So^?'■  ''?r  '"^^^^"^  "^l^  =  b^  hendecrinlrto^t;! 
rouioi  tne   lurkish  host,  and  the  capt  v  tvof  tsleadnr      At  innnH,  ,.,v,:i 

on  his  way  to  China,  in  1405,  the  cLqu^es  of  whS  empreC'medi' 
h«  h^r  f"""^;'".'  '"*'  ''"''''"'^  bv  asudLndeath.  ai  .ImcXfthenaTiot 
fo  .'ubtirtr Lrm^nTe^s''^  "^  ^°"^ '«  '««^'"  ''^"  '"^epondencero'S 
honl!f  Xhf  n""'^'''"''  ">"'  """«  «'"""?  th«  sons  of  Bajazet  revived  tl.o 
tended  AnmrarTlTft'^""""*  Paleolo.us;  but  they  were  ipeedi^ 
wiiiniiated.    Amurath  H.  after  overcoming  his  competitors,  took  'VhJ 


«•  OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GBNEHaL  HWTOHT 

Sr,Sn?Jnteri„^^^^^^^^^^^^^  i^-'ration  to  U.e 

medially  resigned  the  crown  in  hi.  o^   ii  u'*  ''^^'"g  "Stained  a  truce,  iin. 
ed  attack' froniUladSausTiLJH^"  Mohammed  II.,  bat  an  unex^ct 
field.    After  ihe  bauL  of  Var5M„"rh!c7tC^^^^^  "«"'" '°  '«''^"'« 

c^S^Ae^-J^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

XtS^rM^ot^'r^t?^^^^^^^^^ 

of  Constantinopr'K^efince  r^^^^^^^  »he  -ege 

session  of  the  harbour,  by  having!  ^?h  the  motlL  r  .^^'u?*  obtained  pos- 
drawn  his  fleet  overland  the  dSfaiTce  of  twn?fl»^*''^*.\^«^''''^  perseverance, 
Md  thus  an  end  was  put  to  tS^astern  empile"^""''  '^^  ""^  •""^nderedj' 

P^^i>£:^l^]^h^^  of 

force,  his  troops  were  routed  and  S  In  '.  ,'^'li'""''^ .?'"'' «»  •'"♦nense 
His  death  wa8%oweve7  shoVt1vVfLy/^"''"*>u'*''l'"  '^^"  '"  »*•«  """A'ct. 
metriwitz,  who  Sjedl^bP  frrnS!>  '^*'''«"S«d  ^y  his  son.  Basilius  Del 

*.o.  1450.  MuchToSio^n't^^raShirSth^'buTR^"^"'  «"'«"'»' 
from  anarchy  by  John  Basilowiir,^h«L  «  1  ',•  "'  '^""'^  "'»»  »aved 
gular  boldness  ?ende?ed  h' m  It  onc^  th«  .n.?""*^  ^^'"'■^^  ^"""«««'  ^n^  «"* 
country.     Freed  from  eve.^  vntP     "^®  co»g"eror  and  the  deliverer  of  his 

erful  pSnces  in  thosTreS^he^SdaiSSS^ 

that  of  cza,  which  has^sin'S  remST:ith^^^^^^^^^^^^  '^^  --™««» 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

n«  a.roRM*T.o.,  .«„  pkoob.ss  or  .v.«t,  n„„„o  th.«xt„„„  cc^toht. 

qumiyAhe^Stl^s'S^^^^^^^^ 

pressed ;  and.  accordh"^^^!  IXln^^  ^'"  ^^^'up- 

opposition  to  their  authority     Y^  in  a  -A^rfy     '^  ?**  ^^*^on  to  fear  an 
,  .    seen  event  produced  a  sSlar  chaC  i^^.hi  ^T ''^^^''  ^.•"'»"y  ""fo"- 
*,^>'>    of  Europe ;  this  was  UinEtSTSff  n^ir  L'S'^"'  ?"*'  P'^''''^"'  ««e 
-         of  Rome,  of  the  liyS^f  what^, '^i      *°   he  doctrines  of  the  church 
The  publicity  with  Sch  the  s^e  of  fnri'"'"""'^  '"*"«''    ""  R^formatum. 
sanction  of  Leo  X.  excUed  thP  .nH.„n  r '^^"^t!  ^'"''•'""ied  on  under th. 
tine  monk  and  professor  o?Veo,ogvW!t"..°^£^'"'^  £""'«''  «"  Augus! 
ened  by  the  attention  which  he  S,.?  ^      "?^/*' '"  ?**0"y-     ^nil^ld. 
some  of  their  rulers  he  nSShAd  ?^il   ;?'    °  •  **"'^  f"*™  '^'^  P«opl«  but  from 
trine  to  another,  tU?  he  afleS^^^^^^^  attacks  Vm  one  doS 

the  wealth  and  power  of  the  rhiirlrJ,^  firmest  foundations  on  which 
finding  there  waS  no  Joperof  reclaimin7«o  1?**""^E?-  ''«°'  »''«'«''« '«^ 
8  sentence  of  excommuKLn;  AD  ilaS  iJf'I'^''''*  "  heretic,  issuet^ 
effects  by  the  friendship  of  the  electof of  srinnv*"^"'""^"'"'  ''^""'  •'» 
Charles  V.  to  the  imoerial  ihrnn^  nf  rl        ^^^9^y-    On  the  election  of 

Wing  a  diet  at  WoZ!  toUerre'p^reroftnJh"'  *•=•*  ^^^  \^«  ^"^'^ 
gress  of  his  arduous  work.  Luther  hWhf^l^?'*'"'*"','''"-  '"  '''«  P™ 
men,  among  wl.om  were  '^  ?,  Suus  Me lancthon  ^'f  ''^!.'^^™i  '««•'"«'' 
there  was  the  greatest  probab  fi  y  that  Z^n^^^^^^  and 

beenovertumel,  at  least  in  the  north  „fK.'^P'u'*'f'^''*-'''y  ^°^^^  have 


OUTLINE  SKEICH  OP  GENERAL  hISTORY.  ^7 

date  them,  Melancthoii  drew  up  the  celebrated  "  CoPfPSKinn  nf  a»1  k       « 
which,  being  subscribed  by  the  princes  who  protested  wis  dpfiv.rfH,"'^: 
emperor  in  the  diet  assembled  in  that  cUv  in  iMo     F^nr^  delivered  o  the 
death  of  Luther,  in  1546.  various  n2|otiSiiUefeempToyed'i^^^^^^^ 
proposed  under  pretence  of  settlini  religious  disputS.    ^      ^'^  '"''""'' 
wnile  these  transactions  occupied  the  nublic  attentinn  in  ««-«,»„,   iu 

Invaded  the  8ouThm  pm™S.'  „hi  .  .»'^  T,h'' "' ""'""''  °'°<''"<"' """. 
«i«ed  hi.  towns,  ao  IhaT af  f  Iha S^^  Jr     r  "'""  '^°  ™.?""'y'  """I  f"'" 

duced  him  to  makVcSeL  ons  to  thV        «f  P«.^"'«n  ^S^inst  Algiers,  in- 

Charles  V.,  To  iheCai  a8tolZe,Unf"!i   p  P'^^'^^^  «f  this  treaty  that 

aud  Spanish  crown^andre^rd^Tr"„!,^'Lfr3^^ 

...  .,jjj  ^jjjj  ^j  jjjp 


Sd 


OUTLINE  8KET0H  OP  GENERAL  H18T0HY. 


monastery  of  St.  Just,  in  Spain,  where  he  died,  three  yeara  after,  aped 

OO.    A.  D.  lobb.  ^' 

Charles  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Philip,  and  no  monarch  ever  ascended 
a  throne  under  greater  advHntajres.  The  Spanish  arms  were  every  whc^re 
successful,  and  tJ»e  rival  nations  appearing  unanimous  in  their  desire  for 
[^S!'*®^  •■  *  ^^'.'^cf  "f  «levastating  wars,  peace  was  re-established  bo- 
tween  Prance  and  Spam,  which  included  in  it,  as  allies  on  the  one  side  ut 
the  other,  nearly  all  the  other  states  of  Europe. 

hA\l  '""^  J^l'ZHbeth  filled  the  throne  of  England,  and  Protestantism 
StSf.'"^f".f  '"? '■f'y  ^i""^'^  "'•'  ascendency,  but  it  was  established  as  the 
religion  of  tl>e  state.  In  France  also  the  reformed  religion  was  makina 
considerable  progress;  but  its  members,  who  in  that  country  were  called 
Huguenors,  met  with  the  fiercest  opposition,  from  the  courts  of  France  and 
Spain,  who  joined  in  a  "holy  league,"  and  a  rancorous  civil  war  rajred  for 
m„'',?r\^r''^'","'r"y  of 'he  French  province..  The  duke  of  AnjoS  com- 
rSi  A  f  1  """/f '  '^l^'oteslmiB  were  hd  by  Coligni  and  the  prince 
of  Cond6.  At  length  a  hollow  truce  was  made  the  prelude  to  one  of  the 
most  atrocious  acts  that  stain  the  page  of  history-the  savage  and  indis 
criminate  massacre  of  the  Huguenots  throughout  France,  on  the  eve  o, 

bv  whStnlJnn''  ^^"^^  ^*'  '^''^k  '^^^  ^•^'-'"""'  "^  '^is  diabolical  dej. 
by  which  60,000  persons  met  with  a  treacherous  death,  was  received  in 
Rome  and  Spain  with  ecstacy;  and  public  thanksgivings  were  offered  up 
m  their  churches  for  an  event,  which,  it  was  erroneously  supposed,  would 
go  far  towards  the  extirpation  of  a  most  extensive  and  formidable  heresy. 
About  this  period  a  serious  insurrection  of  the  Moors  in  Spain  broke  oiit 
and  a  most  sanguinary  war  ensued,  which  raged  with  great  vioionce  in  tlie 
southern  provinces;  but  the  insurgents  were  nt  length  quelled,  and  public 
S"  "'?  restored  It  was  not  long,  however,  befor2  the  r^vdlt  orihl: 
l^h  JokSjnte'  '"  ^'"''^  '^""^  emancipation  from  the  Span- 

But  of  all  the  preparations  that  were  made  for  war  and  conouest.  none 
equalled  that  of  Philip's  "  invinciblo  armada."  which  he  fondlylS  would 
Zt*::;  ^^'"'''""•''  ""'^  ""'"  *^"''"y  "^«  «"»'  -'"y  ^f  ProtesLulmn.     Bui 

nearl?10norT'"r/'''K""'''^'"^."'".^"«^"^^  ♦^""y  "^'M".  »""' 

nearly  30,000  ..en,  after  being  partly  dispersed,  and  losinjt  several  vessels 

during  a  violent  storm,  was  most  signally  defeated  by  the  English:  and 
Phihp  had  the  mortification  to  hear  that  fiis  naval  force  was  nearly  annihi- 
lated. 1  he  particulars  of  this  event,  so  glorious  to  lOngland  aiul  so  dis- 
astrous to  Spain,  will  be  found  in  another  part  of  this  work;  and  wa  shall 
here  merely  observe,  that  it  greatly  tended  to  advance  the  Protestant  cause 
throughout  Eur..pn,  and  effe.tually  destroyed  the  decisive  influence  tS 
Spain  had  acouired  over  her  neighbours :  indeed,  from  the  fatal  day  which 
Srfnl   'onTr"  I   '■™1''"  "'"P7'^';f«'i»  (»->8«).  tho  energies  of  that  onJe,K>w. 

h«vi  3  iV"'''*.H''*'"r'^'""l^"""y '■''?"'""»' "'"l''"  '"habitants  seem  to 
nave  sunk  into  a  state  of  lethargic  indolence. 

t«r  ImlT^f '"ll'y  °^  'y'^  'l'**'  f" ,""  'ho  states  of  Kumpe,  towards  the  lat- 
ter  end  of  this  centuiy,  a  decided  tendency  t.iwa'rds  the  concentration  o| 
power  m  tho  hands  ol^few  individuals  was  fully  percepiible.  The  reSub 
il'nn^fn""'  '"""'  "'""""'•'■"ti'-al.  thc  monarchies  more  unlimited,  and  the 
despotic  giivernments  less  cautious.  The  system  pursued  bv  the  domi 
neering  court  of  Philip  served  more  or  less  a^.  aTexTn^  to  In.  co  en^ 
porary  sovereigns  ;  w^iije  the  recent  and  rapid  increase  in  the  qnantiiy  H 
the  precious  metals,  and  the  progress  of  the'  i«dM.tri<ms  arts,  by  priduH.  g 


OUTLINB  8KBT0H  OF  OBNKEAL  UISTOAV 


Bfi 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

FHOM  THE  COMMEKOtMEllTOF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTCBT,  TO   THE    PEAPE   Or 

WESTPHALIA. 

The  seventeenth  century,  at  its  commencement,  found  Spain  drained 

ica '  heTarb  Jhe  tZT  ""!  ?'"'"*";  '?«'?•  '^^'  colonizatfon  of  Amer- 
II  h«H  nln  A  ^^"^  9«"nt"fi».  and  the  incessant  enterprizes  of  Philip 
KlitlD  ir  hTnf-h^f,™'"!?"'/"!"'^  the  Dopulation;  and  his  successor^ 
mV^^."^-  V".  ""''*'"^''^°'*U"'^'"«'^  thousand  Moors,  who  constituted  the 
most  ndustnous  portion  of  the  remaining  inhabitants.  ''""'""'"***  *"" 
Portuga  was  now  under  tlie  power  of  Spain ;  and  saw  as  ihn  rnn.A 
quence  of  her  subjection,  the  greater  part  of  the  dfs"  overfes  and  conZIfs" 
of  her  better  days  fall  into  the  hands  of  strangers.  The  Du?ch,  who  were 
forbidden,  as  re&els  against  the  authority  of  pfhilip,  to  purchase  U.Lirbon 

tf mTr"*'"',?''  °i^  "'^^""'  ^"'^*«»'  ^«"' '«  «he  lat  er  cfountrTin  seadi  o^ 
them,  where  ihey  found  an  administration  which  had  been  rendpre.rfp«l.  « 
by  the  influence  of  the  climate,  by  luxurious  and  offemfrtr habit  and 
by  spintual  and  temporal  tyranny,  and  while  Philip  III"  after  a  sS^/e  of 
three  years,  xvlnch  cost  him  from  eighty  to  a  hundVed  housand  n?e  ^..0; 
possession  of  Ostend.  the  Dutch  too^  tile  isles  of  Molucca  frSfn     fsP^r 

lr„ems ;"'!  fe^rtlritV Urn*;  F;a"""^?f'-  '"'i!''!  «""""'''•  "'«^' 
reign  of  Honry  Tv  socmed  L  I  L  n«     '  "''''''''  ""*'°  '"'''"•  P"'^  «f  ^''« 

th/;^.dition  Jf 'nu^in^j'S^ff  s;  ^itir  ^s^r:!"^^"  *" 

fiivonr«hi„  . ;    f     I.    .   '""'•"•'''"  *'»"»  f<»r .  oniinion.    Thodirli  oriirinsllv 

_ ,....„j„y  -:;iiriv  jrars'  war "^ 


«  OUTLINE  SKETCH  OP  GENKRAL  HISTORY 

hemUn  P miLtaius  dSri'^r'*  '°  tJu,  imperial  throne,    t"    i2 

now  turned  th«]?mr«?*i,'^  victory,  and  by  the  acquisition  of  treasure. 

Kola  ^ah«t  Z  Prn^L^"^"^^^^  Wluenstein,  Tilly/aS 

SriV^jSJg  oV  DenS  i  L^e^n'^'r^  t'"""^  »  '''»»"«  with  &hrii: 
inate  a  o  1695)    but  ih«  i™\i     .•  .■"*' '"''  ****  fe'U'ration  of  the  palat. 

.nt.  we.;  coTfilled'to^ueT  't?ce*'Tht**''^'r^  and  the  PrSteat- 
•ecret  alliance  with  Gu^alSt  AdoK  kin^  J^""'?'"*"*"*'^  '^"''"''^  • 

■uccesg  of  the  Proteatant  !!.?«  k'  "•  *?»  »«alou8ly  anxioua  for  the 
deaigna  of  the  en,nero!f -hh"  r '  '"'  ""''^"^  «'''°  '»  «*"'c'*  "j«  Bmbilioui 
try  in  wl  oh  ho  nS  .Lt  f  ^""^"'""y  aPP«»red,  in  fact,  to  ^the  coun- 
cesa  Hia  tafen  /  L?h  "^  v!  P"**';*'"'  the  greatest  prospect  of  sue. 
Together  wit'ft^oX  Chi' S:^^^^^  or.he^igVst  order 

in  the  greatness  of  h?  SlanT  h!  his  genius,  which  manifested  itself 
minute  itailTin  the  oSaSt:?w,l?.fhT'''"'''*  *'':?  P"^"  of  attention  to 
Insight  into  circumstaEof  h«  '?  "'?>'•?"''  »  «»•"»  «nd  penetrniing 
the  most  ahnpleS  aj;  ihouah'^ih  k  V,"'"''*7-u-  "''  '>"'»"•  '^^^  «' 
i«hed  the  world,  he  whs  dSS»,  J"^,",'''!!""  n"*^  ''1"  «'"«'•?""«•  «"o"- 
warmest  friflml.hin  «i!«.;   P®"""»  'X  «n>W,  beneficent,  susccpt  ble  of  the 

RiciTeu.  tSil  SterT  F  H.^"^""'-  ""'*  ^"'i  "*■  ''•'"'*'"'«  ""Providence 
house  of  ArtrirsubliSLdS^^^^^^  P«wer  of  the 

«,000  troops,  headed  bvth«  ""■'»''.'"':  »»d  Kngland  furnished  him  with 
kingofSweden  bvhisL  d«..  J"r"'  "^  "»"»"«"•  The  maynanimoua 
by  Ls  irresisUble  projri   a"  H  te  '"  »he  empire 

.  hi  was  oppi'sed  to  ufe  ImnSrili   ?""y  ^^  ^^J*  '"^""'y  «f  !-«*?»*«.  ^'here 
dence  of  ffe  Protestant  S^,    n  ,1"^^  ""''"  ''''">•  "viveTthe  confl- 

himaelf  ...ateVrt?e"iKToum rXr^he^Te  t<whr'R"^^^ 
having  been  reoulsed  with  ««n-iX-ki     i         •      '-    *"  the  Rhine;  but 

intronchments  Sf  Ihe  7.^^^11.1...'^.  '"'"l  '"  *  ^"V?"'  «"■«•'  «"  »h0 
general.  Wall«n«t*in  K.S'f         i   **  N"""nl»'rg,  and  hearing  that  their 

Ke^i^i  \hlt'r;^;e'*hirb"t'lb '  m  Ili''??'"^'^  '"'r-  "•  p^ 

berod  the  Swedes  Jnd  their  aU  «..«!?  ''»P«"»'  ■•'•ny  Kr««tly  outnum- 
flict  was  sn»tHine,rwith  un.h  t«^^^^  f«>md„ybreak  till  night  the  con- 
nobly  gaiN«,ibTrh«^!iH«.h,^  vigour;  but  though  the  victory  was 
of  the  &     covered  w?thm"'*'  "^"r"'  """«  »"»''  f»"""  *"  'ho  iiddle 

and  faithn;i'aord?er;t  ad  Zr\:S^ilV''V:''T'  "^  »•*•  ''^^^ 
of  Prance  hud  been  alarmld  I't  .?!    .  ^    ^"l^?^  ^V'^""  «"<'  'he  court 

many,  in  the  haiTof  a  ^ler  ih?ar.m:!dl'''r  *''"';  P*'*'"  «^  "«^ 
*reigni  and  the  efficscv  of  L  «.«.!  „  ■  "  "^  '^*  ^'""*  ''^  "  «'»iversal  .ov. 
getic  genius  "fVZZeldl'^t  '^'J^'^  "^""""r  '*'"""'«*  ''V  »he  «„«^ 
Sn  thiS  occasion       "  "'  '*'"'  "*"^'' '»""'  aminently  displayed  than 

It  MUXZZ  Th'e'rrltt''"'""!:""^"'""  ""'  '»••  "''^hl  o. 
of  Nordli„g«„,T,,  rB34  deseS  thr""!"  n  *"";'!;  "?"••  ""•  '>'»'«'  «>»ttle 


ODTLINB  SKETCH  OF  QliNKaAL  HISTORY. 


Oil 


oand  died,  and  was  aucceedad  by  hia  aon.  PerdinnnH  iii    «.i.^  „  j.    j 

amonf  the  confederatea,  the  great  eventa  of  the  war  were^flnSS^  •? 

helrfavour.    It  would  be  in?oneiatent,  ho  JevS.  wKr«{S"L 

l.ne  we  are  penning,  to  enter  into  further  detnila  o(  thia  memorabli  iit* 

fuae  '^wXlH  "!!fel?V"'  '^'''1  "'  ^^  ""'^  "**«  beenTeady  too  di  - 
!ji  r    »i."  V  '  *»«r«'"™.  pa"  at  once  to  the  celebrated  Peace  or  wTj,t 


CHAPTER  XV. 

»KOM   THE  civil.  WAa   IN   .NfltAIfD,   TO   THE   PEACE  OP   ariWlCK 

At  thifi  period  England  waa  convulsed  bv  civil  war     niirin»  .1.- 

the  situatio^in  whfch    r-tn"i     Iff ''•'?" "^  «"lvigour  necessary  to 

customs  and  InTodai  arbitrary   i^ons^n'J'' '"""''  f"'  t'P^  "*"••""'  «'"' 
ancient  abuses  wore  exSed  w  th  1"^^^^^^^^^^^^  pr  vii„,fes  and 

monanl.v      A    ll^h     *      "'  f^^i^hy  would  trample  upon  the  ruins  ht 
followed  by  the  usurpation  of T«mw!:'l.*'  "^  ]^^^'  ■  'II"  •'""''•  ^"^  «'»«'" 

« ..urn.  aij,  faa^rraVL^xa  zizi^^^  :^t:£^^i 


CB  OUTLINE  SKETCH  OP  CENERAL  PTSTORY 

IfnlSf  ♦I*™*''"*' "/  ^*'"*"'®  ^''^  """on,  weary  of  tyranny  and  hvpocrisv  r« 

Pmm  ir"  ""^  the  r  murdered  sovereign  to  iL  throne;  a'I^S' 
ifJS^a^®  P^*''®  of  Westphalia  until  the  death  of  Ferdinand  III     in 

JSedfnZS^et'Z'rr  "",t'"^^'  ^^^"  considerable  ferment  p«" 
nf  tho  i?»  .  u^'  '«»P«c  »"»  ^^^  election  of  his  successor.  The  choice 
Iv  c5^^trl?tS  ''T''""'  *"^TS  '■'*"«"  °"  his  son  Leopold,  he  mmediate- 
ly  contracted  an  alliance  with  Poland  and  Denmark,  against  Sweden  aiH 
a  nunierous  army  of  Austrians  entered  PomeZia.bufailirin  their 

i»  !kj  '  V  .•      '"y*^d  Transylvania,  and  gave  thema  sien*l  overthrow 
In  this  situation  of  affairs  the  youthful  and  ambitious  Ss  XI V    KJi 

15!v^.l  P  ";  *"®r  ^""^  <'^""'«'  "f  Charles  II.,  the  reigning  monarch 
Having  prepared  ample  means,  the  king  and  Turenne  enfprml  Fi.nE' 
and  immediately  reduced  Charleroi,  T?.urnay  DouS^and  Lilir  sSch 
rapid  success  alarmed  the  other  European  powers"  who  fearei^ihafan^ 
Sin?«  TP**'*" '^•'!;!'**  """"^^  ^'"*  ™'»«t«r  of  the  Low  Counts  and  a 
iTiew  or;euil"ho"''';?1 »'«'«'««»  England.  Holland,  and  SwTdcn,  with 
LaTL  !  •  "^  bounds  to  his  ambition,  and  of  compelling  Spain  to  ac- 
t^^tJjT'"'^  prescribed  conditions.     A  treaty  was,  accordingly  nego 

?he  celebrated  V«„i«n  „„H  k*""'"^''-  ^>y.«"f»'"i"8:  'heir  fortifications  to 
AD.  1668  Vo^ban-and  by  garrisoning  them  with  his  best  troops; 

Sntn''»ff„".°"'fK'^!'"\*  h'"  *'*"''?"«  °"  the  Netherlands  could  not  be  carried 
DrofliJ^e  rm!rt°nf  Ph"  r??"™''""  °'"  ^"K'"*"'''  »'"»  believing  that  Se 
ITflf:  ul^  "'^  ph"^' ;  "•  ^•''"  "P«n  to  corruption,  he  easil?  succeed- 
ed,  through  the  medium  of  Charles's-sister,  Henr  etta,  the  dSess  of  Or 

aTfleUlnS'.;;!^^'-'*  "  ,*''•  ."^^^^.^^  t''«'  Charles  should  receive  f 
large  pension  from  Louis,  and  aid  him  in  subduing  the  United  Provinces 

rom  the  triple  alliance,  both  monarchs,  under  the  most  frivolous  ore 
tences,  declared  war  against  the  States,  a.  n.  Ifi72.  Williout  the  shaK 
SL«!![1"!"'  Louis  seized  the  duchy  of  Lorraine,  and  Char  es  nS  b 
base  and  uns-^cessful  attempt  to  capture  the  Dutch  Smyrna  floe"  evel 

V  lie  the  treaty  between  the  two  countries  existed.  Thrpmver  ttmtTaS 
lnLhf„°"f"«'"'f' "''rT'""*  """'ind,  it  was  impos.,ible  to  w  thirnii  1  ThS 
nn^^l  i  ""*"'  ""^  FraiK^e  and  Kngland  amo'mtod  to  more  than  20  sail 
r«tlr  tnV.""?  .^f'y  ""  'h«  frontiers  consisted  of  120,000  men  The 
of  the  n.  Th""'  '"i'""'"'  •?'"■«  ^"^"  ""  opposition,  but  on  the  mmand 
of  the  Dutch  army  being  given  to  the  young  prince  of  Orange,  WiHiam 

ment  -n.?"?!.-^"  ""?  """'"'^y  "'  ^^  "''"»"  '«'"^'"''  «"'•  ^oth  the  govern 
ment  and  the  people  were  united  in  th«ir  determination,  rather  than  sub- 

t^   I  «i?'T'''*''"  '"■J"'V,*"  ''h'*"''""  their  country,  ami  emigrate  ,,  i  body 
to  their  CO  on.e»  in  the  Kast  Indies.     Meanwhile  their  fleets  under  Van 

^mZ^'v^llV'^^'r-'T^''}'^"  '•""''""od  French  and  Kngisl.  fleet, 
nnder  Prince  Rupert,  in  ifireo  hiini-fought  but  indecisive  actions  the  eii. 
poror  and  the  elertor  of  nr«ndei.b,i"g  Joined  the  I  uS  cause  m  d 
Uuirlos  II.,  dis  re«ed  for  want  of  money,  and  alarmed  by  the  .hJrontenI 
tl  i'n^'^'Vf '"'*"'..''^'  concluded  a  se^parate  peace  wiVl  oEd,  md 
lrc!S;;;1idin7pHi^^^^^^  '"""''•  '""^'"^  "'"•'  -  rec.iu,iUatio„1V  t 

tht^'llWll  'i'""''  "l?"*!.r'  '"«  nr'nic.-  conquered  Franche-Oompt*  in 
the  next  campaign;  while  Turenne  was  successful  on  the  aide  orQleil. 


OUrilKB  SKETCH  OF  OKNEKAL  BISTOav  « 

another  campaign  was  opened,  which  proved  stiU  moTe  favrr'able  tJ  J  « 
French.  VaUcennes,  fcambray,  and  St.  Omer  were  taken  ma^halD^ 
Luxembourg  defeated  the  prince  of  Oranrre,  and  svverariii  „^* 
vantages  were  gained  by  the'  French.    At  lengfh  the  S  Erie  Jx 

brated  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  came  to  its  reUef  ^t  thp  ^pL  .^i*' 
nmneroua  army.  This  revived  the  confidence  of  the  bes.eled  and  thlir 
assailants  were  repulsed ;  while  the  main  body  XhTad  ie„  ,pH  hJ 
the  grand  vizier  to  meet  the  Poles,  were  thrmvn  i„»  "S'  5"  '®°  P^ 
first    charge  of  the  Polish  cuv^lrv    «Z  aJ  ■     .u  '"'''  disorder  at  the 

»f  »«jrrandize7nem      He  L?«  r,?  hl^^^^  »"''  ^var 

Afri<t  trampled  on  the  indepef^S^ L^'e  of' Genof  1^  "i"'.  'H''^'  r""'   «^ 

ous  peace  with  Spain,  a.id  reCri  hilSf  ol';„S«1o'^thTn"^'r 

by  insulting  the  dignity  of  the  none     nTtLhilfi^u?-       P'"*'*'  *'0"'^ 

ing  the  fears  and  rousin  J  the  K;„«Hnl     r''^^ '"" '""^•"""  "^"  «•»«•"». 

errorwhi^KinaSicToiint  of  K^h  °^  tiurope,  he  committed  an 

Bcnrcely  be'  blinn,  .'ugh'^o  exol  e  '  S<wv"lV 'f 'i""''"^^''^  «^"^ 

reigiou,  freedom  to  the  French  SroesSnts^  a  .d' .t-*^  T'?'^r  ^,'"''"^ 

whicli  scoured  it  to  them  was  r  flHi<r.,TH  »«  h    '      ^  '^.®  ^'^""  "^   Nantes 

endeavouring  to  con trTth^  r  o  Z wi^  .    f""'P«'"?'-     ""'  «fter  vainly 

formally  revoked  Zeii?t,fK'^^^^  "P'"'*''"^'  J^""'« 

with  an  the  injustice  a   i  ,•  ,eUv  thu  I  ?..  i  r      r'""  P""""""""*  ""Ejects 

brutality  execute.     By  t    s     SI  ao^h^^^^  ♦^''='«'«'  "' 

«  million  of  inhHhitanfs  wl  trrsferred  to  n^h"^^^^  """""'y  "'^  •>«»' 

indiMiry  and  tJieir  commercial  relCLle."''"'  ''"^''  "'*"••  -«»"". '^oir 

A.il\n,ri;'t\teon"^;rn,?„ct'';;/«"""'**'''''  *  '""Jf""  «""'  '•"'•med  at 
rro*achmrn,s  of  the  FroS'^.^/  ^"^"'''.r'  '"  '*"*«'  the  further  en. 
«wc,den,  and  DentZrk  acSml.,d  £',i  i  •  '""  >"»'"'  ^P"'"-  Holland, 
J'imes  f  I.  whi  h  ?!  itl-ly  Sulci'  ,^;rhv''w'^  "mlortaken  ,o  rostoro 
Kngland  Joined  the  alhanc.-       ''*'V'"""»'  »'y  Wilham,  prince  of  Oraiigo, 

acetious  but  ,mnrin,.i !  In.    Clmrles  lltZK  f "?""  "'  ''"?'""■  "^  "'^ 


ing  had  no  Just  or  nonaytntimi.i  »»..,. 


«M.  .J:^*.4 


ttr  ttzviaic  IV  ;r.t 


94 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OP  GBNKRAL  HISTORY. 


■I 


II^H''.'!.;'!l'?''".^'"'','^r"-ion     jHmes  had  offended  many  of  the  nobles, 

inemseives  to  the  stadtholder,  who  was  h  s  neohew  and  succensnr  nnH 
fLZT'IIT'''  '"^•'•'**  ^f'^  throne.  At  this^uncS  X  qjeen  Cf 
K:  of  ^S^«*,h?'  *\*^'"*  '^^'*"'  produced  different  effects  on  the 
In'^pnmin  *^*'h«'"=»  »"''^  Protestants.  The  stadtholder,  Jnimovable  in 
oil  contingences,  was  confirmed  in   his  resolution  of  rescuing   Enirland 

i'.Zl^''  -1^'''*""^  ^y.  ^'■^'''''^  ''  ^"«  ""'^  oppressed;  bu   he  kept  hU  own 
secret,  and  preserved  his  usual  character  of  tranqui  liiv.  reserve    and  im 
penetrability.      Many  of  the  English  noWlity  reSd  to  the  H«oi^' 
where  William  lamented  their  situation  ;aXw5f  Treat  secrecy    fiUed 
out  an  armament  that  was  to  effect  the  dei.ve^nce  of  ?he  pSh^'nat  on 
from  popery  and  despotism.    Though  the  king  of  France  had  sent  Jame! 
information  of  the  proceedings  of  the  princ?  of  Orange,  the   infatuated 
king  could  not  be  persuaded  of  his  danger  until  thre^xVdiLrwaa  on 
he  point  of  sailing.    At  length  the  stadtholder  lander^n  Torbav*  aSd 
the  unfortunate  monarch,  finding  the  situation  of  his  affih-1  H«.n'««.o 
hastily  quitted  the  English  shorfs,  and  sougLt  an  asy  um  "^^8      A 
convention  was  then   summoned,  the  throne  declared  vacant    aSd  the 
prince  and  princess  of  Orange,  as  "  King  Willianr  II  and  Queen  Mary- 
were  proclaimed  king  and  queen  of  England.     This  was  followed  bv7h« 
Phl"f'7  "'M^" ."  B"'«f  Rights  "  and  the  "  Act  of  ScSe  i."  by  wh  Sh 
the  future  liberties  of  the  people  were  secured.       ''*'"'^'"^'"'     "y  *"»«" 
At  the  head  of  the  league  of  Augsburg  was  the  Emneror  LeonoM  •  h..i 
Louis,  not  daunted  by  tlie  number  of  the  confedeZes   assSed' two 

Tw^xv  nSt"'  ""1  '"T' ""  «pp""e  thrsp"ni"3st  c'atr 

nia ,  While  a  fourth  was  employed  as  a  barrier  on  the  German  frontier 
and  ravaged  the  palatinate  xvith  fire  and  sword;  driving  tl^^wretcS 
victims  or  his  barWous  policy  from  their  burning  houses  by  thoE^anda 
to  perish  with  cold  and  hunger  on  the  frozen  ground  iTthe  S  ca nt 
paign  his  troops  archieved  several  important'Vi.ioriVs,  and  the  FrS 

heSi  /n  rrQ-n'^rr^  r^  ^''''  "'■  '^"«'"'«»  «"d  Holland  off  Beachy. 
head,  A.D.  1690.  Thus  the  war  continued  for  the  three  following  veara. 
exhausting  the  resources  of  every  party  engajred  in  it   withm.t  L^v  ?^ 

eXTSut'"^'  ,'f  r  P'*''^"'-  «"y  '«c'^«ivenrant"age  be  n'g  gaS  'bv* 
m  her  iha   was  likely  to  produce  a  cessation  of  hostilities.     Witl  all  (ha 

S"i  7so^\7ai'v"antir  he^V"'^"'^^'' """  ^^""'l"^^'''  ^"^^  "n^rod^uit  yj 
oi  any  soi  d  advantage  ;  her  finances  were   n  a  sinkinir  state  •  her  «ari- 

culture  and  commerce  were  languishing ;  and  the  count?y  was'threatS 

with  the  horrors  of  famine,  arising  from  a  faUureTthoronranH  thf 

•carcity  of  hands  to  cultivate  the  soil.     Al    Ja Hies     ndeed  "^ere  „ow 

grown  weary  of  a  war  in  which  nothing  perminent  was  effertml    «nH  s!J 

and  a  treaty  concluded  at  By4wi^k  by  wSh  I^u^s  mkde  U^^^ 
.urns  rostorin,^  to  Spain  thelplicipal  Vaces  ho  l"  3  TresteWom   heri 
bin  the  rennnoiation  of  the  Spanish  succ  ossion,  which  it  had  been  th«  m!.n 
obiect  of  the  war  to  enforce.'  wa.  not  even  alluded  to  in  the  triaty 


CHAPTER  XVi. 

ooMMCNocMEirr  or  THi  ■lOHTic.iiTH  o.NTuaT,  TO  THi  P«Aci  or  OTiroirr. 

THi  dec/ining  health  of  Charles  H.,  king  of  Snain  wh*  h»l  no  nhit 
dren.  .-ngaged  tlio  attention  of  the  EuroZn  powew   Id  W 
alert  tlioso  priuce.  who  wer«  claimant.  ^Z^Zll    The''?«rd«le; 


OUTLINE  SKETCii  OF  GENERAL  HI8T0EY.  gg 

balance  of  powerVEuVopeSh^^^^^^^  to  preserve  the 

he  was  unable  to  contend  wUh  his  rivals     A  .ln£    ?"  ^^  ',""«"  *»'" 

if  ^was  therefore  signed  by  France  PnS  ««:? «  n'^^^*'",?**^  "^  partition 

%?reed  that  SpaiS,  AmeK  Tnd  \he  ttSnd"^^^^^^^  »'  \«» 

electoral  pr mce  of  Bavaria  •  iMonil-'  oi  V        ?  '.    °"'"  "^  8'^en  to  the 

dauphin,  and  the  duXTiiliWo  'thi'iL^^^^^  '^^  *'"".""  «»"'««' »«  ^h* 
duke  Charles.  This  treatv  iom5?,„  f  «"^Pe«>r's  second  son,  the  arch- 
Spain,  he  was  naturally  indLanT  hi  IV^^  knowledge  of  the  king  of 
poVed  of  during  WsSafflrimmi-'?  ?°»""«ons  should  thus  be  dis 
electoral  prinfe  S  well  sui^M  til*' -^  """"f^  *'»  '"  fa^o"^  of  the 
but  the  infentioiiwls  scrrcelylaA^^^  "^"^n'J' 

died  suddenly,  not  without  sipTcion  of  TaVin^  h««n  ^  ^''^''"^^  P""^' 
prince's  death  revived  the  apprehensions  nf  pL  J*  powoned.  The 
they  entered  into  a  new  treaW  pSion  Bnf  ?hf  i,*"*'  "r"!!*'''''  ""^ 
queathed  thfl. whole  of  his  dominions  to  hp■rfn?«nf^®  'f'"^  "'^  ®P»'n  be- 
flie  dauphin,  who  was  univSlv  acknowlil^°/  ^u-*°"'  ««''°"'^  sono' 
death  oF  Charles,  who  died  irK  an7th«^™ ''^  *£?  ^^  ""er  the 
under  the  title  of  Philip T  '         *''®  ^"""^  ''•»«^  «■«  crowned 

The  emperor  Leopold  being  determined  to  mmnnr*  tv,     i  • 
■on,  war  immediately  commenced    and   an  aS^     *''®  *''*""■  °^  h« 
where  he  met  with  great  success     PHn^-^i^  "«"t  into  Italy, 

French  from  the  MiCse,  ^grand  a  "ian.e  Trr  '""''"«:  «Pe»ed  th^e 
many,  England,  and  Holland  Travowed  obr/c /ofTf- ''?f^^^^  ««'" 
"to  procure  satisfaction  to  his  imnprial  ™if!  "•'*'? ''"'""''e  were 
Spanish  succession;  obtain  security  to  hi  PnTl^  '"^*^^  ^»««  ^^  the 
dominions  and  commerce;  Jrevem  he  un^o? n5  ^l?**  Dutch  for  their 
France  and  Spain;  and  hinder  the  Frlnnh/  °^  ''*®  monarchies  of 
dominions  in  America."  ^'^"^^  '^^^  possessing  the  Spanish 

on'S27thVs:p?eiltJ;?,of  ,t?^^^^^  t1c?efe'd^T«'"'-  '3'  ^--. 
bv  his  son,  James  III.,  better  knJwn  bJ  th«  »nn„1f1'"  •"?  ".^"""al  titles 
Wuh  more  magnanimity  thS^  pnXnce^  Lo„1f Yi v  "*"  ""^  '^^  Pretender. 
to  the  throne  his  father  had  awSn  '^"""•.^IV. j-ecognised  his  right 
In  any  other  light  than  that  of  J^'?„t'lt  to  Wm"'^  "°^^.«''"'•'^«'«•' 
nation  i  and  the  pariiament  strained  every  nerv^  n"""  ""^  l^^  '^"8''»h 
offered  to  the  monaroh  of  their  choice -hmh/r  '°  t""^""^^  "'^  indignity 
ment  of  hostilities,  William  met  Srhisdlfh''^  '*"?  "*='"'''  commence- 
his  horse,  a.d.  1709.  "'*  "^**^'  occasioned  by  a  fall  from 

^'r^^rk^^^^^^^^^^  Georpe.  prince  of 

resolution  to  adhere  to  the  «2n3  «ll.«n^f*"*  "'"""'J  and,  (fedanng  her 
powers  against  France  o7thei2v''"/t "?"' :^'"^".«^  ^X  '"«  three 
Vienna.  Her  reign  proved  a  Lh«T  «f  i  ^.'n^'  I^ondon,  the  Hague,  and 
resolved  to  pursue  thKmVofhorn?  ,""'*'" ''"^  of  triumphs.'^  Being 
mand  of  the  army  to  the  iarl  „f  mJ.  r"''.  "''*'  entrusted  the  com? 

successes  in  Fla^nJe.;;  ^h  ,e"u^  ^tSSl"  P^?l'»'^     considerable 
captured  the  galleons, 'lade    wi  J  Ztr',..    *'''?«"''  '*"'''•'•  """«» 
which  were  lyin?  in  Viso  I  Iv...  i     .w  '*'""'■*'■  of  Spanish  Amoricn 
Meanwhile,  the^  F?^nch  ^d  t fc "itL  tti'i'*'?'?"  ""V  ^^'""''hZe  .' 
Flanders   the  genius  of  M^Jlborough  ?  iTra Sei't^^  'U^^J'^'"  ''"' '" 
ued  to  be  an  overmatch  for  the  genSra  «  onnSl?^  dukedom    contin- 
•>  B  conquests  in  that  country,  hfre«olvo7.om„  '?  •"."'    "a''"'? -ocured 
•iid  of  the  emperor,  who  had  tT^^?i  f  "  ?"."''  »"*»  Germany,  to  the 
a.  well  a.  the  Lnch  and  I  avaSrs   'hs  r.nn"  'J""«^'"-"»"  "'•"•■?«"«» 
and  U|eetin|  prince  Eugene  at  Mondli.h.^mL'.?*'^/"'""*'  ^^^  «»''««'' 
und  efl^cteS  with  the  lU^riLT^li^Si  i£T^:^l  '^""'  ""^ 


09 


OUTLINE  BKBTOH  07  GENBBAL  HISTOBT. 


united,  they  advanced  to  the  Danube.  The  rival  armies  each  amounted 
to  about  60,000  men.  The  French  and  Bavarians  were  posted  on  a  hill 
near  the  village  of  Blenheim,  on  the  Danube ;  but  though  their  position 
was  well  chosen,  their  line  was  weakened  by  detachments,  which  Marl- 
borough perceiving,  he  charged  through,  and  a  signal  victory  was  the 
result.  The  French  commander,  Talljird,  was  made  prisoner,  and  30,000 
of  the  French  and  Bavarian  troops  were  killed,  wounded,  and  taken ; 
while  the  loss  of  the  allies  amounted  to  6,000  killed,  and  7,000  wounded : 
A.D.  1704.  By  this  brilliant  victory  the  emperor  was  liberated  from  all 
danger;  the  Hungarian  insurgents  were  dispersed;  and  the  discomfited 
army  of  France  hastily  sought  shelter  within  their  own  frontiers.  In 
Spain  and  Italy  the  advantage  was  on  the  side  of  the  French ;  but  the 
victory  of  Blenheim  not  only  compensated  for  other  failures,  but  it 
greatly  raised  the  English  character  for  military  prowess,  and  animated 
the  courage  of  the  allies. 

Among  other  great  exploits  of  the  war  was  the  capture  of  Gibraltar  by  Ad« 
niiral  Sir  George  Rooke  and  the  prince  of  Hesse.  This  fortress,  which  had 
hitherto  been  deemed  impregnable,  has  ever  since  continued  in  possession  of 
the  English,  who  have  defeated  every  attempt  made  by  the  Spaniards  for 
its  recovery. 

In  the  following  year  (1706),  the  emperor  Leopold  died,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Joseph-  In  Italy  the  French  obtained  some  consider- 
able advantage'  ;  while  in  Spain  nearly  all  Valencia  and  the  province  of 
Catalonia  submitted  to  Charles  III.  The  hopes  and  fears  of  the  belliger- 
ants  were  thus  kept  alive  by  the  various  successes  and  defeats  they 
experienced.  Louis  appeared  to  act  with  even  more  than  his  usual  ardour : 
he  sent  an  army  into  Germany,  who  drove  the  Imperialists  before  them ; 
while  his  Italian  army  besieged  Turin,  and  Marshal  Villeroy  was  ordered 
to  act  on  the  .offensive  in  Flanders.  This  general,  with  a  superior  force, 
gave  battle  to  Mariborough  at  Ramillies,  and  was  defeated,  with  a  loss  of 
7000  killed,  6000  prisoners,  and  a  vast  quantity  of  artillery  and  ammunition. 
All  Brabant,  and  nearly  nil  Spanish  Flanders,  submitted  to  the  conquerors. 
The  allies,  under  Prince  Eugene,  were  also  successful  in  Italy ;  while,  in 
Spain,  Philip  was  forced  for  a  time  to  abandon  his  capital  to  the  united 
forces  of  the  English  and  Portuguese.  Louis  was  so  disheartened  by 
these  reverses  that  he  proposed  peace  on  verv  advantageous  terms ;  but 
the  allies,  instigated  bv  the  duke  of  MariborougK  and  Prince  Eugene,  reject- 
ed  it,  although  the  objects  of  the  grand  alliance  might  at  that  time  have 
been  gained  without  the  further  effusion  of  blood.  Thus  refused,  Louis 
once  more  exerted  all  his  energies.  His  troops  having  been  compelled  to 
evacuate  Italy,  he  sent  an  additional  force  into  Spain,  where  the  duke  of  Cer- 
wick  (a  natural  son  of  James  1 1.)  gained  a  brilliant  arid  decisive  victory  at  Al- 
manza  over  the  confederates,  who  were  commanded  by  the  earl  of  Galway 
and  the  marquis  de  las  Minas ;  while  the  duke  i  i  Orieans  reduced  Valencia, 
and  the  cities  of  Lerida  and  Sarasrossa.  The  victory  of  Almanza  restored 
the  Bourbon  cause  in  Spain ;  and  Marshal  Villars,  at  the  head  of  the  French 
army  in  Germany,  laid  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg  under  contriliution 

The  general  result  of  the  war  hitherto  had  miserably  disappointed  the 
English ;  Mariborough  felt  that  a  more  brilliant  campaign  was  necessary 
to  render  him  and  his  party  popular.  He  therefore  crossed  the  Scheldt, 
and  came  up  with  the  French  army,  under  Vendome,  at  Oudonarde.  They 
were  strongly  posted ;  bnt  the  British  cavalry  broke  through  the  enemy'i 
lines  at  the  flrst  charge ;  and  though  the  approach  of  night  favoured  the  re- 
treat of  the  French,  they  were  put  to  a  total  rout,  and  9000  prisoners  fell 
mto  the  hands  of  the  English.  Shortly  after.  Lisle  was  forced  to  surren- 
der  i  and  Gliont  and  Bruges,  which  had  been  taken  by  Vendome,  were  re- 
taken. About  the  same  time  the  islands  of  Sardinia  and  Minorca  surren 
dered  to  the  English  fleet,  and  the  pope  was  compelled  to  a<'knowl«dae  tho 
rohduko  Charles  as  the  Uwfbl  king  of  Spain :  a.  d.  170H 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OP  GENERAL  HISTOEY.  g^ 

tr«TIlfH*hfo"'^  °^  ^°"'^  being  greatly  exhausted,  and  his  councils  dis. 
tracted,  he  again  expressed  his  willingness  to  make  every  reasonable  coni 

the  Spanish  monarchy  to  the  archduke;  but  his  proffers  beinjr  rejected 
except  on  terms  incompatible  with  national  safety  or  peraoniLjSur  the 
French  king,  trusting  lo  the  affection  and  patriotism  ofhis  iSople  cJl  ed 
fTL'"?""  'a  1??^  •"  1S^«"^«  °f  'h«  raonarcfiy,  and  in  supportWeir  hum- 
ble  and  aged  king  His  a 'peal  was  patriotically  responded  to  EvJSr 
nerve  was  strained  to  raise  a  large  army,  and  the  salvluon  of  France  S 
confided  to  Marshal  Villars.  tL  allied  army  was  fo3  on  the  JlS 
of  Lisle;  the  French  covered  Douay  and  Afras.  Euffene  and  MkrSS! 
rough  invested  Mons  Villars  encamped  within  a  lea|ue  of  ^2  at  MiJ 
plaquet  Elated  with  past  success,  the  confederates  attacked  him  in  hS 
ntrenchments:  the  contest  was  obstinate  and  bloody:  and  thouih  the  a 
hes  remained  masters  of  the  field,  their  loss  amounted  to  about  16  000 

Sent'  n'nSf  °f '?!  ^''''^^'  ^'!?  l''''^'^^'  ^^^  »«» le».?han  iX! 
l&ept.  11,  1709).     Louis  again  sued  for  peace;  and  conferences  «««. 

opened  at  Gertruydenburg  early  in  the  following  spring  :Su  the  allies  sS 
nsisting  upon  the  same  conditions,  the  FrencS  monarch  agafnrSed 
them  with  firmness.  The  war  continued,  and  with  it  the  succesies  of 
the  allies  in  Flanders  and  in  Spain,  wheri  the  archduke  airaiSoht^fn«i  ' 
possession  of  Madrid.  But  the  nobility  remaining  fSfulTphUb  3 
f  esh  succours  arriving  from  France,  the  duke  ofVendome  conipelSdthe 
S"J°  Tu™  ^'''''^'^^  Catalonia,  whither  they  marched  in  two  bodie. 
The  English  general.  Stanhope,  who  commanded   thrreard  vision  w,f.* 

mmmmm 


88 


OUTLIKB  SKBXOH  OF  GENBRAL  HISTQRY. 


■l!!:       I 


i;-      I 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

TH«  AeS  OF  CHAEUS  XII.  OF   SWKDEIf,   AWD  FBTER  THE  SBBAT  OF  RUMIA 

THO08H  we  have  confined  our  attention  to  the  ware  which  occupied  the 
eouth  and  west  of  Europe  at  the  latter  end  of  the  17th  century,  we  must 
not  overlook  the  events  that  took  place  in  the  north  and  east,  through  the 

•  ijy.  u  ambition  of  two  of  the  most  extraordinary  characters  that  ever 
wielded  the  weapons  of  war,  or  controUed  the  fate  of  empires:  these  men 
were  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden,  and  Peter  the  Great,  of  Russia. 

It  IS  here  necessary  to  retrace  our  steps  for  a  few  years.     In  1661  the 
people  of  Dsnjnark,  disgusted  with  the  tyranny  of  their  nobles,  solemnly 
surrendered  tftt-H.berties  to  the  king;  and  Frideric.  almost  without  any 
effort  of  his  own,  became  an  absolute  monarch.    His  successor,  Christian 
V  .made  war  on  Charles  XL,  of  Sweden,  who  defended  himself  with  jrreat 
priiing  ChilS'SSr        '       **"  ''"''^°  *°  ^^  ^°"'  *^®  valiant  and  enter. 
i„tn"»ll?  ^It'^i'i?^  ^^^*'''*  Russia  began  to  emerge  from  the  barbarism 
^1?/!  ''''*•'*  ^^^V  P'""8®*'  ^y}^^  Mongolian  invasion  and  the  civil 
warsoccasioned  by  a  long  course  of  tyranny  on  the  part  of  its  rulers.    His 
^^nT^h"  °!i®  P'"?"^^  *?  enlightened  policy,  reforming  the  laws  encour 
ffin.     ^llVi  '".W"u'"8f  the  manners  and  customs  of  more  civilized 
nations.    At  his  death  he  bequeathed  the  crown  to  his  younger  brother, 
Peter,  m  preference  to  his  imbecile  brother  Ivan,  who  was  several  years 
his  senior.    Through  the  mtrigues  of  their  ambitious  sister  Sophia,  a  re- 
J^  IS"  5'lu  ®  Iiy  '  and  owing  to  the  incapacity  of  one  brother  and  the 
youth  of  the  other,  she  continued  to  exercise  the  whole  sovereign  power. 
Being  accused,  however,  of  plotting  the  destruction  of  her  youngest  bro- 
ther, she  was  immediately  arrested  and  impriaoned ;  and  Ivan  havinir  re 
Ured  into  private  life,  Peter  became  sole  and  undisputed  master  of  the 
Kussian  empire,  which  was  destined  through  his  efforts,  to  acquire  event 
HaHy  an  eminent  rank  among  the  leading  powers  of  Europe. 

Endowed  with  an  ardent  thirst  for  knowledge,  gifted  with  the  most  per- 
severing  courage,  and  animated  by  the  hope  of  civilizing  his  nation,  Peter 
I.,  deservedly  surnamed  the  Great,  exhibited  to  the  world  the  unusual  spec- 
tacle of  a  sovereign  descending  awhile  from  the  throne  for  the  purpose  ol 
Xi™ '!l?  '""«'«'f  "l?™  worthy  of  the  crown.  Having  regfjia^ed  tti  internal 
^lunA-  '^""^'a'. Peter  left  Moscow,  and  visited  France,  Holland, and 
SoSff  .""'^^•'''i  '"^est'gJI^'ng  their  laws,  studying  their  arts,  sciences  and 
manufactures,and  everywhere  engaging  the  most  skilful  artists  and  me- 
ehamcs  to  follow  him  into  Russia.  But  his  desires  did  not  end  there,  he  wish 
ed  also  to  become  a  conqueror.    He  accordingly,  in  1700,  entered  into  an 

S '  rhf,i!'*trT'''?l'"^V"f  "™"H'  ^°'  *he  purpose  of  stripping  the  yoSth" 
fill  Charles  XII.  of  the  whole,  or  of  a  part  oFhis  dominions.  Nothing  dis. 
mayed,  the  heroic  Swede  entered  into  an  alliance  with  Holland  and  Enjr^ 
In-Vr  llT  ^% ^°P«nhapen  and  compelled  the  Danish  government  to 
Sft  n,.ft  peace.  The  Russians  had  m  the  meantime  besieged  Narva  with 
80.000  men.  But  Chariea  having  thus  crushed  one  of  his  enemies,  in  the 
short  space  of  three  weeks,  immediately  marched  to  the  relief  of  Narva 

Tanm;  ""frlyoH'nn^  •"?"  ''^  '■"'■^'"^  ^^^  ""««*'»"  entrenchments,  killed 
18,000  and  took  30.000  prisoners,  with  all  their  artillery,  baggage:  and 
ammnnition.      Peter  being  prepared  for  reverses,  coolfy  observed.  «•  I 

SInTuer'orVi'n  o'TtSm."  ""''  '"'  ""'  '"'  ""^  "*"  ''"''''  "«  »«  ^«^»"'« 

PoU?i?5  li^lT^  '^Sif^n'' '"  H  following  year  Charles  defeated  the 
Poles  and  Saxons  on  the  Dnna.  and  overran  Livonia,  Couriand.  and  Li- 
muania.    biated  with  hie  sucoeaaes,  he  formed  the  project  of  dethronmit 


OUTLINJS  SKETCH  OP  GBNKEAL  HISTOaY.  gg 

live.  Naira,  so  recemly  Ihe  scene  of  his  discomaiuw.  ho  look  bj  «o?™ 
and senl  an  army  of  60,000  men  into  Poland.    The  SwiiJhki^.  & 

of  the  Swede,  towafda  Moraw T  bSki^^iTn^hn^S.  'H*^'" 
WMte  Ihe  .urrounding  counlry.  Charles  aft2?l?£.in.  ™3  '  a  '"'"'.« 
.alioDj  and  beinj  ur|ed  by  ^Ize^hel^^'S;  'of  S.'^''^!"  T 

resolved  to  nroce^d      At  ipn.i  t'"?*-^"*^-  P«"shing  with  cold,  he  madly 
on  the  fronSSS  of  the  llkr!  L*"^  fc'l  "^^^  *<?  P""«^^*'  «  fortified  city 

r,i^^.e^o■iltJ»H!;S'F"^^ 
s^hftrSonSSr^ 

Swedish  lines.  Notwithstan,fm„  #?.!  T  '^  ""»''?  dreadful  havoc  in  the 
irretrievable  ^in  of  the  SpriL^'P"*'"*-''^'''."'"  ^^  '^»«  troops,  the 
«000  taken  prKe^,  and  12  000  fn^?iv.?»  '?''*'^'  ^^^  ""^'^  billed, 
banks  of  the  DneS  from  wfntoWaLf^^^  ^°!^^^^'*  surrender  on  the 
army  was  thus  Sholineltroved       Ch»rri^"V'i^  The  Swedish 

men,  escaped  with  much  diK.W ".«  p^''^''««'  ant^  about  three  hundred 
rabia,  where  hrias  ho  pSv  ic^^^^-?^-^^  »  Turkish  town  in  Bessl; 
during  several  years  b!SvPd..n»!h?i  *"i?  "^^T  ^^  re-nained  inactive 
woullespouse  h'^^  cause  and  d?nl«ri,^-  ^T  *''*'  "'«  ^"«""an  Porte 
fatal  day  Charles  hadTost  the  frnh.  nf  F  '""  ^^^  1"^^'  ""^  ""««'*•  I"  one 
tered  reiimant  of  that  HvmiVvZli^^^^^^  *'*«  ^''a*- 

of  other  countries  quailed  wp^a  »«n!n5  /  1  V'^i!"  '''«  ^"""^est  troopg 

Of tnS,""^^^^^^^^^  -"  yet  abandoned  all  hope 

declared  against  feussia  by  the  PortP  Zf\h  ■  ^^"^\ '"  ^^'*'  «'«'•  ^as 
iranced  towards  the  Danube  iuheh^ndof^i  °^^^T  ^^^^"*^^  ad- 

force  the  Russian  army  oSeLksoHheTA^fh  ""*'"•  ,  %'^"  '"""«"»« 
and  reduced  to  a  state  of  8tarv;,tfnn  aJ  .u-  '^""'.  *?*  «'o8ely  surrounded 
Catharine,  who  iSclpanS  lier  Lbanl  'Inff  "'^  ""'"« 

vizier  and  prooured  a  cessat^in  of  Km.?'  ^"*  "  P"''*'^  message  to  the 
Uations,  w^hich  were  Sil!  tnUn^tJAu''  preparatory  to  opening  nego- 


70 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GBNEEAL  HISTOEY. 


I\l 


censed  at  this  disappointment  of  his  most  ardent  hopes,  and  eventuallv 
procured  the  dismissal  of  the  vizier.  His  successor,  however,  slill  less 
favourable  to  the  views  of  the  royal  wamor,  persuaded  the  sultan,  Achmet 
III.,  to  signify  his  wish  that  Charles  should  leave  the  Ottoman  empii-e.  But 
he  resolved  to  remain,  and  the  Porte  had  recourse  to  compulsory  mea- 
sures.  His  house  was  invested  by  Turkish  troops,  and  after  a  fierce  de- 
fence on  the  part  of  himself  and  his  few  attendants,  he  was  taken  and  con 
ve^ed  as  a  prisoner  to  Adrianople. 

f  he  enemies  of  Sweden  were,  in  the  mean  time,  prosecuting  their  sue 
cessful  career.  Stanislaus,  whom  Charles  had  placed  on  the  throne  of 
Poland,  -had  been  compelled  to  yield  it  to  Augustus,  and  the  Swedish 
frontiers  were  threatened  on  every  side.  General  Steinbock,  after  having 
gamed  a  brilliant  victory  oyer  the  6anes  and  Saxons  at  Gadebusch.  and 
burnt  Altona,  was  besieged  inTonningen,  and  forced  to  surrender  with  the 
whole  of  his  army.  Roused  at  this  intelligence,  the  king  of  Sweden 
left  Turkey,  and  after  travorsing  Germany  without  any  attendant,  arrived 
safely  at  Stralsund,  the  capital  of  Swedish  Pomerania 

At  the  opening  of  the  next  campaign,  [a.d.  1715]  Stralsund  was  besieged 
by  the  Prussians,  Danes  aiid  Saxons,  and  though  obstinately  defended  by 
the  king,  was  forced  to  capitulate,  while  he  narrowly  escaped  in  a  small 
vessel  to  his  native  shores.  All  Europe  now  considered  that  his  last  effort 
had  been  made,  when  it  was  suddenly  announced  that  he  had  invaded 
Norway.  He  had  found  in  his  new  minister.  Baron  de  Goertz,  a  man  who 
encouraged  his  most  extravagant  projects,  and  who  was  as  bold  in  the 
cabinet  as  his  master  was  undaunted  in  the  field.  Taking  advantaee  of  a 
coolness  that  existed  between  Russia  and  the  other  enemies  of  Sweden 
Goertz  prpposed  that  Peter  and  Charles  should  unite  in  strict  amity,  and 
dictate  the  law  to  Europe.  A  part  of  this  daring  plan  was  the  restoration 
of  the  Stuarts  to  the  throne  of  England.  But  while  the  negotiations  were 
m  progress.  Charles  invaded  Norway  a  second  time,  and  laid  siege  to 
Frederickshall,  but  while  there  a  cannon-ball  terminated  his  eventful  life 
and  his  sister  Ulrica  ascended  the  throne,  a.d.  1718.  * 

By  the  peace  which  Peter  signed  with  Sweden,  he  obtained  the  valua- 
ble provinces  of  Carelia,  Ingrain,  Esthovia,  and  Livonia.  On  this  glorious 
occasion  he  exchanged  the  title  of  czar  for  that  of  emperor  and  autocrat 
of  all  the  Russias,  which  w  as  recognized  by  every  European  power.  One 
year  after  (a.d.  172'^)  this  truly  extraordinary  man  died,  in  the  53d  year 
of  his  age,  and  the  43d  of  a  glorious  and  useful  reign.  Peter  the  Great 
must  be  considered  as  the  real  founder  of  the  power  of  the  Russian  em 
pire,  but  while  history  records  of  him  many  noble,  humane,  and  generous 
actions,  he  is  not  exempt  from  the  charge  of  gross  barbarity,  particulariv 
in  his  early  jrears.  He  must  not,  however,  be  judged  according  to  the 
standard  of  civihzed  society,  but  as  an  absolute  monarch,  bent  on  the 
exaltation  of  a  people  whose  manners  were  rude  and  barbarous 

Catharine  I.  who  had  been  crowned  empress  the  preceding  vear  took 
quiet  possession  of  the  throne,  and  faithfully  pursued  the  plans  of  her'illus- 
trious  husband  for  the  unprovenient  of  Russia;  obtaining  the  love  of  her 
subjects  by  the  mildness  of  her  rule  and  the  truly  patriotic  zeal  she  evinced 
for  their  welfare.  She  died  in  the  second  year  of  her  reign,  and  left  the 
crown  to  Peter  H.,  son  of  the  unfortunate  Alexis,  and  the  regency  to 
prince  Menzicoff,  who  was  afterwards  disgraced  and  banished  to  Siberia. 
After  a  abort  and  peaceable  reign  Peter  if.  died,  and  with  him  ended  (he 
male  hne  of  the  family  of  Romanof  a  d.  1730. 


1: 

M:      J! 


OUTLISE  SKETCH  Ci/>  OKNBIUL  HI8T0EY. 


71 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

ma  AFFAIBJ   OF  KCaOPE,  FBOM  THE  ESTABU8H1IBNT  OF  THE  HANOVXEIAN 
SDCCE88ION  IK   ENai.AMD,   TO  THE  TEAR  1740. 

Abritid  at  a  period  of  comparative  repose,  we  may  now  take  a  retwi. 

SZ  ^^^^^  "'  '*••?  f^'l'  of  Great*  Brit'ain.    iJllOlVs^tlLTZ 
England  had  been  united  under  this  appellation,  and  the  act  of  union  in- 
troduced equal  rights,  liberties,  commercial  arrangements,  and  a  pariia- 
ment  common  to  Both  nations.    During  the  life  of  William  III.  the pKf 
tant  succession  had  been  decided  by  act  of  parliamenttS  favour  of  thn 
countess  palatine  Sophia,  duchess  df  Hanover,  wU?of   he  first  elector? 
sovereign  of  that  territory  and  mother  of  George  I.     Th  s  pSss  dTda 
short  time  before  oueen  Anne,  and  George  I.Tupon  that  evenMook  the 
°*J,*^f«"'=«e««;«"' by  which  he  engaged  to  observe  and  maintain  the  laws 
and  liberties  of  Britain,  not  to  engage  that  kingdom  even   n  defensive 
wars  on  account  of  his  electorate,  and  to  employ  no  other  than  Snlh 
ministers  and  privy  counsellors  in  the  administration  of  gove^Jmenf 
.hf'w?•°'^^'•'l!*^''®^!  measure  owed  his  succession  to  the  crown  to 
the  Whig  party,  he  openly  avowed  himself  their  friend  and  patron  and 
Uiey  were  no  sooner  fn  o&ce  than  they  used  their  power  to  Srush  thSj 
political  adversaries  the  Tories.    One  of  the  first  acts  of  Es  refgn  waJ 
t^t2'P'?f'!.'"^/'  of  the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  the  lords  Oxford  an  JSiZ 
broke.    Oxford  was  committed  to  the  Tower,  but  Bolinibroke  and  o? 
mond  made  their  escape  to  the  continent.     The  evident  ffiaSl  J  of  ?h« 
monarch  for  the  Whigs,  and  their  vindictive  p?ocSK?ve  Sat  nm 
toTe'strrrdv'n'al?;''  rLirrV'"'  ''"^"^^  allThl^'erffvouraZ 
Hi^^^^^^^^^^^^^  alSTplantfs  SZ^Zf^^S^^^r^^ 

uiT,u  the  Pretender,  whom  they  proclaimed  undir  the  i  le  of  SeS 

tSfai.'"  '''  ""^  '''''^  '''  '"''''•"^  P'"^'^™^"*^  septSnSf  iiiZ 
haJ^^seTtCfhpltr""?'';r''^P'*'"  andothercontinental  states.    We 

XIlTswedin  and  Peter/'oTR  ""^V"?'''  ^J  '^'  ''''^  "^  ^harlJa 


t9 


OUTLINB  SKETCH  OF  QKNERAL  HISTORY. 


SkLot'iZ„,f'^FJ''''^^^'^^^y^^^  aftema«l8  concluded  between 

"I  opHui,  A.D.  1739.     A  small  force  being  sent  to  the  West  fnrfi««  imHn, 

tnZ7sllZ?d  T  i'T'T'  '"'y^^  Arto-fleUo  was  c^VtuJffSh 
•cale  (i  .2  of  ?.,  ''^  *'..tfl>«h  to  send  out  other  annaments  upon  a  larger 
S«V.„1  "*?'*  ""*'*"'  f^o'i'ino'lore  Anson,  sailed  to  the  South  Seas 

£...f  h  ""''°""'7"'»  ""'"'■«  "'"'■'»«'  ''y  which  his  force  was  m  ch  d2 
tl«  r.vi.  "  1'f''''^'''^  *'"^'  coasts  of  Chili  and  Peru,  and  evouual iv  caDtuled 
iitJ,     n*""""!l  """'":"y ''"""'^  <■'"•"  Acapulco  to  Mani  /r    'rtther 
SS    n  tr«"'^""'''^'^  against  Carthagena.  but  it  proved  most  drstrius 
owing  to  the  mismanagement  and  disputes  of  the  romman.PrsB. Tt! 


I 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

rWM    THE    ACCMSION   OF     T,.r     .MPRKHg     TIIKnrSA,    OF   AUSTRIA,    TO   Tni 
I'KACK    or   AIX-LA-tllAPKLLE. 


OUTLINK  SKETCH  OF  GaNKRAL  HIBTOttY.  73 

Who  nad  just  ascended  his  throne,  looking  only  to  the  aggrandizempi.t  0^ 
hj8domm.o.|s  joined  her  enemies  in  the  hope  of  r'.tainiSf  a  share  o7  he 
flpoa.  At  the  iiead  of  a  well-appointed  army  he  enterld  Silesia  took 
rireslau,  its  capital,  and  soon  conquered  the  province,  and  in  ordTr  to  re- 
tain  his  acquisition  he  offered  to  support  Maria  TherUa  againsf  all  hr r 
enemies,  A.D.  1741.  This  proposal  was  steadily  and  indignantly  r^ec?^ 
hy  the  princess,  though  she  was  well  aware  that  the  French  and  Bav? 
nf*!lL^T  °V^®  r"i  pf  invading  her  territories,  for  the  e>  ress  purpose 
?TnHi7t1?^  ^.  Albert,  elector  of  Bavaria,  to  the  in  rial  dS! 
Under  the  command  of  the  prince,  assisted  by  the  marshal^  Uellcisle  and 
Jli"*'  the  "...ted  armies  entered  Upper  Austria,  took  Lintz  a7d  menaced 
Vienna.    Maria  Theresa  being  compelled  to  abandon  her  capital   fled  to 

^ll£  her  infan  son  in  her  arms,  and  made  such  an  eloquent  appeal 
hat  the  nobles  with  one  accord  swore  to  defend  her  cause  til  Jeath 
Moriamur  pro  beoe  nostro  Maria  Theresa."  Nor  were  these  nere  fdhl 
Jjords ;  her  patriotic  subjects  rushed  to  arms,  and,  to  the  a  toni  hment  S 
h.n-  enemies  a  large  Hungarian  army,  under  the  command  of  Prince 
Charles  of  Lorraine,  marched  to  the  relief  of  Vienna,  and  the  elector  was 
obliged  o  raise  the  siege.  A  subsidy  was  at  the  same  time  vSto  her 
by  the  Krilish  parliament,  and  the  war  assumed  a  n  0  favourable  aspect 
The  Austrians  took  Munich,  after  defeating  the  Rivarians  at  MeniCcS' 
and  the  prince  of  Lorraine  expelled  the  Prussianrind  Saxons  from  Mo' 
E;  The«J^«/o'-..however,'^had  the  gra.ificatiron  reS.ngS  Bo-" 
hernia,  to  take  the  city  of  Prague,  and  having  been  crowned  kL  of  Bo 

tt,!L'rofS:rv'l\rir^^^^^^^^  '^«  -«  ^"^-n  e'!n';;Vint 
a  separate  treaty  with  the  queen  of  HuiX,  Uo  cS  h  Er 
feiu^  to  the  court  of  France,  for,  thus  deprived  of  if,  most  Jowrrfu?«»V 

llaSri,l.''"amr7.]?n.ir  f  "  P""'''''"'/"  'h«  *»r.  ""'J  the  united  British. 
p!..    I  ^  of  hngland  had  arr  ved    n  the  allied  eaiiin    nnrl  il.« 

^  tot'™?  k/.:i;ir'i';™ii?i'i!;L"'ji'"  «p'«".  «i'".  «vo*,d  h., 

j-..._ .  _^^^  j.rca-.  uncncc  to  sevsrsi  of  iho  Oerinoii 


74 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  OBNEEAL  HI3T0Ky. 


rowrngjle7o?Ais^^r'T'h?F  '"^^  ^^^^'^r  paUiine,  united  to  check  tne 

grounds  for  the  continuance  of  hostilities  C  inn  h^  *"  reasonable 
claims  to  the  imperial  throne,  whi?eiS  Theresa  a3  irmTh-'  ^^ 
possession  of  his  hereditary  dominions.  ^  P"*  **"" '" 

inferior  in  numbers,  marched  to  ts  relief  ThH^n.  .fV**""*^  ^T^l^ 
dauphin  were  in.  the  French  camp,  and Ihmr  tmnni^  °^  *^!''*"*'^  ''"^  ^^^^ 
behmd  the  village  of  Fontenov  ThS  Hrilh™?^'."'^  «"•""? ly  Posted 
undaunted  valour,  carryhnj^rythin/bSp  t& '^.1"?^^^^  '"««* 

d.;arde  by  the  FreSch.  was  ^'Z^i^S^^  ^S\:^.^ 

ward,  the  young  I^^retender,  aSinuly  landed  in  £T^  ?''' 

manly  person  and  engaging  manners3nth«  hill  ^fn"'^;":'!''''®.  *"" 
who  were  everywhere  feadv  o  aivf  h^J^  u  .^^  °/  *''^  Highlanders, 
standard.    ThKunpo??7  J«in  his 

took  possession  of  ulkeli  Krt^  Du'Jdera^^^^^^  '^  ^"'''  »"« 

claimed  his  father,  he  mashed  igSst  Sir  jShn  Con?  U.e  mJi?^  ^''" 
mander.over  whom  he  obtained  a  victory  a  Preston  Pm,'-  A  f?^*^  """J"" 
.ng  some  reinforcements  he  crossed  the  English  boS"^"''  ^^«'''  '"'"''*'"'' 
Lancaster,  and  marched  boldly  on  to  Derb5  n„^  h„i'„^  ^ntlmlo  and 
hi"  hopes  of  ,)owerfm  assistaiS^e  from  the  Lah«  f«'"g..'^'«"PPf>""«^  in 
adv...  of  the'maiority  of  his  XlTs  and  reSS  his'suin?'   nu^  '^' 

ling,  and  defeatnl-g  the  troSps  se  t  agaS  him  a"^,  F^kTrk  t1..:°.:" '"  h"''; 
a  larger  army,  conunandcd  by  the  dukfi  .f  r„„..  7  "'"  "PP^ach  o/ 

the  prince  to'retreat  to  the  no^ti  On  ^JchSrSnlli  T "  "'""^'^H^'' 
vorness.  he  resolved  to  make  a  stand      As  3  Se  iShWH''  """/"" 

cisive.  Giving  up  all  for  losrriirr  1  Vi  V, "'"'"'.  V'"*  P'""''®''  ^c 
iis,H|rso.  and  ffocLo\.;ll?  'l.  w  e  "Ld  td  ^  P«rti,„n.  to 

hourly  .iread  of  falling  into  ti.e  hari.  of  h  .  ...L'^ .  "'  "*^  fugitive,  in  the 
their  victory,  with  fiend  kolarSv  UM  J"?*".*""'  P""""""*.  who,HAer 
•word.    aL  wanSor    g  fn^^^S^^^^^^^^  T  ?,v'^' f"'""^^  ^^'\^''  «"'' 

Ing  numerous  proofs  of  tl  n  fl^nl  „  «?  i  i  '  T^"^"'  "«"»»»".  '"»'l  recoiv- 
thS  reward  of  Sooo  ft  r  ff  Sl'l  "/'![r?'"^  «hom 

6-capod  to  France,  a.d.  1740.         '  ' '  ""'  *^'"f"  '"  ''«*"y  ''i™.  he 

In  the  mean  time  the  French  troons  unAor  M.»i..i  a 

pr.ll,  niuJlTb  "lJi°™l  ooiV™,?,^  "^  '"  "'";•'' "'"  "'""""  "'••'  "" 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  0^  GENBEAL  HlflTORY  7g 

roBUtution  of  all  places  taken  during:  the  war,  and  a  mutual  release  of  orw. 
oners.  Frederic  of  Prussia  was  guranteed  in  the  possession  of  Silesia  and 
Glatz;  the  Hanoverian  succession  to  the  English  throne  was  recognised 
and  the  cauee  of  the  Pretender  abandoned.  vu^moeu 

i,M^®  brought  our  notice  of  Russia  down  to  the  death  of  Peter  II..  in  1730. 
VVIien  that  occurred,  a  council  of  the  nobles  placed  on  the  throne  Anne 
Iwannowa,  daug:hter  of  Ivan.  Peter's  eldest   brother,  who  soon  broke 
hrough  the  restrictions  imposed  upon  her  at  her  accession.    She  restored 
to  Persia  the  provinces  that  had  beon  conquered  by  Peter  the  Great-  and 
terminated  a  glorious  war  againstTurkey,  in  conjuction  with  Austria,  bv  sur- 
rendering  every  place  taken  durhig  the  contest .  a.d.  1736,    She  is  accused 
of  being  attached  to  male  favourites,  the  principal  of  whom  was  a  m^nof 
obscure  birth,  named  John  Biren,  who  was  efected  duke  of  Courland 
and  who  governed  the  empire  with  aU  the  aespotism  of  an  autocrat.     Pre 
viously  to  her  death,  Anne  had  bequeathed  the  throne  to  the  infant  Ivan 
?wl'}PP^"'^'^""*"u*'^^"'•  but  the  latter  enjoyed  his  high  dignity  only 
twenty-two  days,  when  he  was  arrested  and  sent  into  exile  in  Siberia 
Russia  has  ever  been  noted  for  cabals,  intrigues,  and  revolutions.  The  soli 
diery  had  been  induced  to  espouse  the  cause  of  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Peter  the  great.    Anne  was  arrested  and  imprisoned ;  the  infant  emoeror 
Zll'^^lnT^  V^^  fortress  of  Schusselburgrand  Eliiabetll  was  fmSi 
ately  proclaimed  empress  of  all  the  Russias.     This  princess  concluded  an 

mZ  X°"'  P-^'if  "^"^  ^'^l^'^i}'  ^""^  l«»'her  powerful  assistance  tS 

SJiTLtrproXSt;."'  ^'^  •''"*  °^  '''""'^' ^-  -"-  ^'-^^h 


CHAPTER  XX. 
raooREss  or  .vents  ddriho  tub  sbvkn  tears'  war  in  .uropk,   amik- 

ICA,  AND  THE   EAST  INDIES. 

DuRiNo  the  period  wo  have  been  describing,  in  which  the  west  and  th« 
north  of  Europe  resounded  with  iho  cries  of  d  stress  or  the  shZJ  of  vli! 
tory,  the  throne  of  Hindostan  was  filled  by  Mahmoud  Shah   a  Joluntuous 

Sr^^'^-'M^'f^'^  "''"•'^  becoming  the  St  o  peVso.u?  S 
confided  all  pub  ic  business  to  the  nobles  and  his  ministers  :  tlim  officer, 
offended  or  n(|fflectod  the  subahdar  of  tlieDeccan.  who  invi  e.  Siirsifah 

oi'Z  a  the  he'ld";?"-  '"  •'•''"'?  ^♦"•''""'  warriorTnnlrLd  tolfi 
SS^^  u  "  ""  ?'^  :'"  ""^y  '""•■«''  '0  war  and  greedy  of  plunder  and 
defeated  with  ease  the  innuniorable  but  disorderly  troops  f  117^^1 
ThJcrown  and  sceptre  of  Mahmoud  lay  at  the  feet  of  lis  'om.ueror 
riolhi,  h.s  capital,  was  taken  j  every  individual  whoseappearaVe  SEed 
^t  probable  that  ho  was  acquainted  with  concealed  treasures  wis  gnblmlfid 
to  the  mo«t  horrid  tortures  J  and  it  is  asserted  thatTooSo  So  s  w^^^^ 

mil  ons  s  eriing,  and  oxtencfed  the  bounds  of  his  oinp  re  to  il  e  l,a„K 
i«lLl"''""-.  ^f*-- /""""i'ting  the  most  rov.,lti„g   , , u  of  c  uelty    ho 

A monffothnr  stipulations  in  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chanello  it  win  iiirr««,l 
that  hoT:„«,5|.8„uI„mont  of  Madras,  which  duriig^^o^^^^^ 

ou.    Uupleix,  the  French  governor  of  Pondjnhcrrv    had  l<»is  -,.>mi,t 


ho  remunerated  their  European  allies  by  frosi 


insH' 

ot 

il      rdlioiwuliiiia 


79 


OUTLINE  8KET0U  OF  QENBEAL  HI8T0EY. 


afterwards  lord  Clive)  aDDeara^  Sn  thi  ^1^   •/     ,  """^  H^**  ^'■' ^l'''® 

sequence ;  and  from  thn  iVrm  nf  It  7  .•  ^"/°P  '^""^  ^^«  inevitable  con- 
seven  vearsTar  "  En^rlS.^f-  ^  ^""TT  "  °^'^'"«<1  'he  name  of  <•  the 
the  emperor.  France  rSssS  Z^LT^  ^  « '''^ '  ^""^  •*"  «»''"'«« »'«'^^«ea 
eluded"  AD  1756     ThP  rnmlT^*'"'  "'"^  Sa'cony,  was  immediately  con" 

into  Bohemian  bu.  k  viclory  o"S.n    k  ,      ■     n''''J'  "'"  P»"""«od 

ly  expect  t..  acquiro'anv  furtt,r  f  .       ^!''*^•"V'^^'^'■"'^^ 

he  hastened  to  iWden  ^lh««  nM  ,  ?    '^ '  ^"''  """j  '"«  *«c«»K"ned  energy, 

his  Fren  hand  (Jtrnnn     nZ^^^  ""  '''V'  "'."'  ^'*''  ''">f  'h«  »u>"berof 

•n  kill.,,!,  w<nn.dcul.  S  p  ronori       n  fi!.r  »'"!:'"'^i.*"r'""  »I"»>«"'«'1. 
.ar  more  importuni  vict.^vV'nSa.     /r"e  Ztl  fcilf  """''-'^  '"« 

the  very  gates  of  iZvafirBrabm  i      C  ^'''  ^^'"^f '' «'«'  P""«tratodty 
dur.dthe'lici.aituaosofKu.Km:;ro?;rrroa^^^^^^^^^ 


OUTLINE  BKKTCH  OF  GKNEHAL  flISTOEY.  77 

enc  in  this  campaign ;  but  though  he  was  several  times  in  the  most  immi. 
nent  peril,  he  at  le-^gth  compelled  his  formidable  rival,  Marshal  Dain  to 
raise  the  sieges  of  Dresden  and  Leipsic.and  to  retire  into  Bohemia?  whiK 
Frederic  himself  entered  the  former  city  in  triumph  """«""«•  w»»ie 

It  ism  crises  like  these  that  the  destiny  of  slates  is  seen  to  depend  less 
upon  the  ex  ent  of  their  power,  than  upon  the  qualification  of  cS  em  ' 
nent  individuals,  who  possess  the  talent  of  employing  and  increas^e 
theirresources,  and  of  animating  national  energies.  This  was  "nan  es? 
pecial  degi-ee  the  case  of  Frederic  the  Great,  fie  was  engaged  wUh  the 
powerful  and  we  1-disciplined  armies  of  Austria;  with  the  Prfnchr  whose 
int'nf?hlp"P''"*''"y  were  undisputed:  with  'the  immovable  p^r^ever' 
ance  of  the  Russians ;  with  the  veterans  of  Sweden,  and  with  theadmira- 

£n[?Si'"'^'' °  ''^^  «■"?••:«•  Jn  numerfcal  strength  they  far  more 
han trebled  the  Prussians;  yet  he  not  only  kept  them  constantly  on  the 

great  ^oss  *^'''  '°™'''"'^  attacks;  and  often  defeated  them  wUh 

At  the  opening  of  the  next  campaign  (1759)  the  fortune  of  wnr  was  mwi,» 
Hide  of  the  Prussians. .  Thev  destroyed  the  feiSSgazinesTn  Poland 
levied  contribution,  in  Bohemia,  and  kept  the  Imperial    J  check 
Prince  Ferdinaiid,  m  order  to  protect  Hanover,  found  ,  necessary  to 

^Z\'^^J'T^  ^"^^  u**  ^^"^"'  ^''^'^  «"«=''•«««  crovned  his  eflJrts 
and  had  It  not  been  for  the  unaccountable  conduct  of  L 3rd  GeZe  Sack' 
ville,  who  commanded  the  cavalry,  afid  disobeyed  or SSfrSLrl  th»\ 
"w/  *^?r^7  S'  di«comfited  /rench,  a  victoVas  JloS  ai3 lo^ 
plele  as  that  of  Blenheim  would  in  all  probability,  bavl  been  the  resuU 
A  decided  reverse  soon  succeeded;  the  combined AustriaSindKnsS; 
army  of  80,000  men  attacked  the  Prussians  at  crer"dorf  and  Ti™ 

Breat  nouco.    Having  relnaialod  the  nabob  o" Arool,  h  a  „m t  ^TTt 

.b.c.ea,Cnfte'na&^^^^^^^^^^ 

w  K''""t."''*''^P°.'^«'  »»^  enthusiasm  of  their  emmZv' ZTnZ.^fi 
Wolfe,  who  was  to  have  been  assisted  in  his  atiark  m  n..L»! '  ""'' ^e"^™ 
flndin|that  tlio  latter  m^orJlZulu^^^^^^^^^ 

solve  J  to  atlompt  the  arduous  and  hazardous  ontSse  ati  .  W^^ 
tliis  view  ho  landed  his  troops  at  nioht  under  the  hni^hT-  nf  ak    )/ 


I  I 


78  OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GSNEOAL  HISTORY. 

SS'uUel^S  ^/i"^  1''"°'  ^l  '^''^^  ^\heM,  and  with  his  last  breat.n 
or  SofaieSrK  '  H«  K  5lPPy '  "'"■  V,"  "*«  '^♦"''*'  °f  Montcalm  less  noble 
ajDrised  of  h^  rf^L'""'.^^\"""''^"y  wounded;  and  he  was  no  sooner 
Smw  fnL-  ''^T'"  ''^'"  "J^  exclaimed,  "so  much  the  better:  I  shall 
of  th«  pln^/"*'"'^?  »""«»der  of  Quebec."  The  complete  subjugation 
JL  n««rn  "'  '^"'x^'''y  followed.  And,  amidst  the  exploits  of  his  army 
S^^'S^T^^  "•  ^'^P'r^  '"^'^^"'y  ^'  Kensington,  in  the  34th  year  of 

V^TJ  p"''  "*"  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  olorg^  III.,  a.  d.  1760. 
spiS  han  bE*"  S'"T*  ^^^  ^^^^  campaigns  were  carried  on  with  less 
JEd  thfl  n»rtv  »hiU    *^  "^^^^  were  exhausted  by  their  previous  efforts, 
SSrri„Pr,i^J  i".''  '^•''  ^l^""*l"'  °f  P«*<^«  endeavoured  to  avert  such  oc' 
currences  as  might  revive^he  hopes  of  the  «nemy.     A  family  comoact 

Tnl'nol^nofnr'^-^-'''''''  the  courts  of  Versailll;  and  MaSicf;  andEee- 
n«^«  i  /"•  «'^  ?*"""»  *ny  colonial  advantages  over  Britian  while  its 
K/th  fni'/rP'!?"'  "."  ^k  «''««"•  'hey  resolved  to  try  th  J  united 
St'Sr  ™  *'iTP*^'"f  *^'  8"b  "gation  of  its  ancient  ally,  Portugal.  Tha» 
foT.  ^fh^'n  J«'^«"'le'^,T'^''y  ''«  "^f''-^^*  advantages  tVan  by  Us  militaAr 
teof  the  rS'nn.'K'  .?P""''''?''^  ^'^i"^  '•«'"^'^«^  hy  the  Jserable "27 
An  FntiilK  f  'r  o^'J^y  *he  neclect  of  all  provision  for  their  sustenance. 
An  English  force  of  8000  men,  together  witfi  a  large  supply  of  arms  and 

ITS^U^nrntT  '^  "^^rJ  T  P«''"&"e««.  an5  thoS^gh^seteJdtow;; 
8LSlpHVl.iJL?*"^^*'^>^^^P*"'"^*' 'he  British  and  native  troops 
S7  ^^"^^^^^^  superiority  throughout  the  campaign,  and  comoelled 
?erdiiaX„To  '^'  ''"'S'^"'"  with  co.^idorable  loss.*^  A  GermanTSe 
covered  the  ?i;.'^»r?"f'H'^  ^''■'"''y  T  '^"^y  P'"'^^'''^  "«"»^«r  but  re- 
aSm^iippi^H  .irniP^V"*^  "I'r'^  ^'  'he  same  time  Frederic  experienced 
d"ed  aXpp^t  n  ^  'if  ^^''f  /*"'""^-  .  '^he  empress  Elizabeth  of  Russia 
nLvJ.T     ?!     lu'v  u^*^  had  long  admired  the  heroic  king,  and  who  had 

tolhe  SSn*!?  ?'^"''"'"''^°^  ^•■«^^"'=  h^'^  ""P^'^i^^y  coiTtSutSd 
thr?neShrm«H?^''''P^'r?-»'''''*"f"'  had  no  sooner  ascended  the 
hHussiaSs  Fmm?^"fr*"*lJ"?'  """^  """'•^^  «"  'he  conquests  oi 
ro«i  !??  u  .  ,  ""  'ha'  time  the  king  was  not  only  enabled  to  concen. 
whn  .nnH^r'S  force  against  the  Austrians,  but  was  supported  by  Pete" 
2?000  mi^^^'if "  «»""««  with  him,  and  despatched  to  iSs  aid  a  corps  oi 
Son?  .nH  n  .J^'-  '"l?"  ''f  ^^'«'  "^-  was,  however,  of  very  brief  Jura 

SiLrv  n?"''""r  "••  "."''S:"8^''  "he  confirmed  the  peace/ recdled  the 
auxiliary  Russians  from  the  Prussian  army  "''■oucu  ins 

Meamvhile  the  English  wore  extending  their  conquests  in  the  West  In- 
n  m,;  J.^7  took  Havannah  and  Manilla  from  the  Spaniards,  with  Mart" 
nique,  St.  Lucie,  Grenada,  and  St.  Vincent,  from  the  French  TirpH  nf  n 
war  which  thre^atened  the  whole  of  their  c^lonh^s  with  ru"n,  the  cabinet^ 
of  France  and  Spain  were  glad  to  find  that  the  British  nSter  was  3 
iy  anxious  to  bring  the  war  to  a  close.  Peace,  which  was  now  thp^nn  " 
^mr'  P^T  °^  ^^'""^ '»  ""  P""«"'  was  concluded  at  Ver8ai?ir»  1  the 
Jays  t;?  it  hT/hS  ""'TV'  "'"^t  Britain,  France,  and  sS«n5  n^l 
oays  later,  at  Hubertsburff  In  Saxony,  between  Austria  and  Priissin     Thi- 

^ure  of  blooJ"«;2'l*^''^'  ^''^  '"^"''^.^  ""''»'  -'  «xtrrriroxpeT.5 
S.  airS  Fnl  J^ufTrP  "*"  '"  ^  '"''•*'  '*•"  half  of  Europe  iL  b«n  in 
r«!-.'    '•     u  *^'"K'a'"l  »'«!  Prussia— was  cono  udcd  with  scarcolv  anv  oi 
teration  in  the  territorial  arrangements  of  Gcrmanv.  and  wUhoiX  nrL^  ' 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OP  GENERAL  HISTOEY 


70 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

raOM  THE  OOlfOLOSIOW  OF  THC  SETEN  TEARS'  WAR  TO  THE  FINAL  PARTITIOW  OV 

POtAND. 

The  "seven  years'  war,"  the  principal  features  of  which  we  have  iriv. 
f-n,  left  most  of  the  contending  powers  in  a  state  of  great  exhaustion :  but 
.lone  had  been  more  affected  by  it  than  France.     While  that  country,  how- 
ever,  was  declining,  Russia,  under  the  Empress  Catharine  II.,  was  rapidly 
acquiring  a  preponderating  influence  among  the  nations  of  Europe;  and 
no  opportunity  of  adding  to  her  already  extensive  territories  were  evei 
neglected.     On  the  death  of  Augustus  III.,  king  of  Poland,  the  diet  assem- 
bled at  Warsaw  to  choose  a  successor.    Catharine  espoused  the  cause  of 
Stanislaus  Pomatowsky ;  and  as  the  discussions  were  not  conducted  with 
the  temper  which  ought  to  characterize  deliberative  assemblies,  the  oru- 
dent  empress,  as  a  friend  and  neighbour,  sent  a  body  of  troops  thither  to 
fei  ^^  Ef'^.'^P  ,  '^5'l*!?f  the  desired  effect,  and  Stanislaus  ascended  the 
throne.     Bui  Poland  had  long  been  agitated  by  disputes,  both  wligious 
and  political,  and  the  new  sovereign  was  unable  to  control  the  elements 
of  discord  by  which  hn  was  surrounded.      The  animosity  which  eiciBtfld 
between  the  Catholic,  and  the  Dissidents,  as  the  dTsseming  sects  w?r2 
ThSi^M/nf "    h  *  ^T  "  '"*=«"'P?'tible  with  th0  safety  of  the  kingdom. 
The  Diss  dents,  who  had  been  much  oppressed  by  the  Catholics,  claimed 
anequahty  of  rights,  which  being  refused,  they  appealed  trfSgn  pow- 
ers for  protection  ;  those  of  the  Greek  church  to  X  empress  of  Russ  a 
and  the  Lutherans  to  the  kings  of  Prussia  and  Denma?k!    A  ci vil  war' 
now  arose  in  all  its  horrors,  and  its  miseries  •.  ,,re  greatly  aggraded  by 
the  insolence  and  brutality  of  the  Russian  troops  which  cSiarSe  hS 
sent  to  the  aid  of  the  Dissidents.     The  CathohcnobTes  formed  a  co'fede^ 
racy  for  the  maintenance  of  their  privileges  and  their  religion ;  bSut  was 
useless  to  contend  against  the  overwhelming  forces  brouXagainst  hem 
Cracow,  where  they  for  a  long  time  held  o5t  against  fSno^  and  pesU- 

re^dryrt»aToi;trrr'^^^  '^^  ""'^'^p^'  ^"«'^'-  --  p- 

fleon^rPort  'llThTir^'^'' ''^«'  ^""""'«''  '^  pretence' for  wa"t 
iwecn  the  Porto  and  the  Russians.    It  was  impossible  that  Mustaoha  III 

ook  nS  ^S:Tnl".T''"fr  *''^  in-^iffe"" 'e  the  trSnsact^S  which 

2£ed  but  he  lh"h  m"'^  T  "'^  ''^T^'y  of  his  northern  province, 
enaangered,  but  he  felt  justly  indignant  at  the  v blation  of  his  dominions 

if.rthlJ'hSU";"''"''™''''' "'','•  "'«  «'"f>"""':  -^nd  she  spec r»y™- 
phed,  that  having  been  requested  to  send  a  few  troops  to  the  assistnuce 
of  her  unhappy  neighbour,  in  order  to  quell  some  internal  com mSs 

ffc  T"'t'  Tl  '■"^"''•'r-n  ?"' "  *'"''y  "f  K""i«""  having  arrwaXbtrned 
the  1  urkish  town  of  Dalta,  and  put  all  it,  inhabitant,  to  death,  war  was 

ar"m,''  "w£  a  l"SS  r^  ^?"'"  ^"'"'"'""-  "^  '^'  PoS '.ummoS 
I')  arm,,     wnile  all  the  officers  who  were  to  compose  the  suite  nf  ili« 

grand  viz.er  were  preparing  at  ConHtnntinoph,  f..rKr  depart.. Ji  the  mu^ 

ifarious  hordes  o   militia  assembled  thomsHves  .,ut  of  ATra?«m  cnv^rod 

heBosphorusrfnd  HolU-spont  with  numer,.us  transports.     On    he  S 

of  11  the  Russias,  most  of  wh,.i„  were  but  a  few  .icg^^«8  removed  from 


BO 


OUTLINE  cKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HlSTOttY 


SlffH^rJ^"''*'^'*^;""^^^^  ^.*""''«  :  «"d  '"  iJie  spring  of  1769  the  Turkish 
standard  was  displayed  on  the  frontisrs  of  Russia,  where  the  Ottoman 

ter ;  they,  however,  suffered  a  severe  defeat  at  Choczim,  and  a  more  de- 

Turklh  flir'  r:\'"''"K'l'"'''^  ^y  ^"«  Russians,  who  tWe  defeated  the 
havof^!p,mr'^M''?^'^^rf.'^'''""»«f'h«''- ships  of  the  line  in  the 

thi'rint.fl  n?n  "T*1  "'""Y  "^^^  *°^^"y  overthrown  near  the  Pruth.and 
the  capture  of  Bender,  Isma,!,  and  other  places,  quickly  followed. 

and  Sp  fnhS!i^^"'"""^5  I?  «»bJ«^'ion.  *as  but  ill-provided  with  troops 
rla  5^  f  1 -^"^^  P"'?"^'*  their  own  affairs  unmolested  ;  but  when  the> 
received  intelligence  of  the  enterprise  of  the  Russians-a  Christian  peS 
pie  of  the  Greek  church-to  deliver  the  Greeks  from  the  yoke  of  the  bar 
barians,  the  love  of  liberty  was  rekindled  in  many  of  the^rhearts  All 
Laconia,  the  plains  of  Argos,  Arcadia,  and  a  part  of  Achaii  rose  n  insur 
rection,  and  spared  none  of  their  former  rulers.  The  Tur£,Tn  the  mean. 
nS  wu'S  30  000  mp?T  '"  ^T'^'^  1°.?"«''«^«  P«'^«'  ^"d  the  pashaof  bS;. 
Se  a  SSSn^  oiT*'^*^  with  httle  resistance  into  the  ancient  Mes- 
Z^that  fh«ir  hnnn  f  '''''  •''^'^  l^'^'^l^^  "^'*''  S'"«^t  loss,  and  it  was  evi- 
Sifi  Ind  nf  ?hT  ^^^^  °^  regaining  their  freedom  was  a  delusive  one.  At 
the  end  of  the  campaign  the  pjague  broke  out  at  Yassy,  and  spread  to 

JIcTmTdany'''  ''  ""^"''^  "'^  ''''''  P^^^°"«'  ''  '"^^  '^'^  of  neariy  loJS 

to Te^treS\nt'o  H^mlfi'l^V''"  ^"''''"''  ""'^  '^^  S'^""^  ^'^'"  ^^««  ^ovced 
fireTo  their  c-inm^rhi  i'^%*'^"'f '^"^^  rose,  put  their  aga  to  death,  and  set 
thn  p„„    •        \   ^^?  ^?^'® '"  ^^^  meantime  was  delivered  from  Ali  Bey. 
mf/^?"*"  Pf 'i*'  y*'°  '^^'^  •"  ^«"'«  »g«"«t  his  brother-in-law,  Moham 
fe  annpar J^^'Jn  l^^  ',"''"?  5  T''  "^^'^  ""«'-^«'  *«  ^is  adventures',  becauTe 
iLt^P    vf-^  '"  be  elevated  above  national  prejudices;  but  his  fault  con 
sieted  in  his  manifesting  his  contempt  for  those  errors  too  early,  and  ?n 
oo  decided  a  manner.    The  Russians  at  length  crossed  the  Dam  be?  and 
uLiT^T.^^'^TV'    T'^'^y  ^«^«  '^i'^'  compelled  to  aba.  doi    the 
Buf  a  rL«  l.fn^V^".'^  "''y  l««^\gr«?t  P«'t  of  their  artillery  near  Varna 
Bu  a  reverse  of  fortune  was  nigh;   for  not  lung  after,  Hassan  Pasha,  a 
man  of  great  courage  and  intelligence,  by  birth  a  Persian,  and  whVwas 
high  m  the  favour  of  the  sultan,  swore  that  not  a  Russian  should  wssThe 
L"mh,"stor°*''"  the  Turkish  side  of  the  Danube-afd  heVaithfullJ 

HameT^Hl^lV/nf/h  *^  'H  ^^^ll  ""''^  ^^l'-  ^""''eeded  by  his  brother.  Abd-uU 
ecu^e  tile  Ir  fun  •>?  «""^"  "««:  h»8  people  appeared  inclined  '.c  pros- 
TeSdof  mTnv  w«rir\'''*'/'''T  V'"^.'  *^"»»*'^heff,  the  Cossack,  at  the 
Jfnced  cSi.r„  ,ii^  ^'''^^"'  broke  into  open  rebellion;  and  this  con- 

UePortc  A  lr.i  ''•'""^  '^*5"*',^  '"""  ^^^'''*'^^^  ^°'  «"««'«  than  for 
itietorto.     A  treaty  was  accordingly  entered  into,  bv  r^hich  the  'ntinr 

a11f,'",r't™^"' P"^''°"  of  ter?ilory  to  the  empress  together  v^hh 
a  right  to  tlie  free  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea.  "tr  wiin 

We  now  return  to  notice  the  melancholy  fate  of  Poland.  An  attemol 
ontheprrHonaliberty  of  Stanislaus  having  been  made  by  the  turbuS 
and  bigoted  nobles,  it  served  as  a  pretext  for  tho  empress  of  Russia  firs 

Prussia  5  Zlria'^n  n^  TT'^  "'?  '^'•terward7in  conjunctSr  w  th 
1  russia  and  Austria,  to  plan  its  dismemberment.     Each  party  to  the  com- 

Ss  h  otl.;;;'n;ti:  I'^^f  p"''"'^  ^'«'""'  '•*  ^'«'  '«  ^^'^^^^  of  ^hellobbery  and 
as  tlioothor  nations  of  hurono  were  not  in  a  condition  to  waire  war  a^'iinst 

m7"T"  lit  waL-cLl  f.rr'^'"'"'''  intorforonce  would  haJfbrn  iS£ 
tv  ;.r  vn,     I  ^       ""'"'*  "  f ""'  "  •'"'"U'"  '0  'he  transaction,  and  a  major. 

»ty  of  votes  bemg  secured,  the  armies  of  the  spoilers  severally  took  dos. 

session  of  the  districts  which  had  been  previously  parcelled  oJtSntfuu 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HISTORY. 


81 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

"lOM  TH.  COMMENCEMENT  OF  THE  AMERICAN  WAR,  TO  THE  .ECOONIHON  OP 
THE  INDEPENDENCE  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

mo^mentufeJJi^o^fcS^  *  limited  portion  of  the 

most  brief  and  cursoiy.  AmonTthe  e^riiest  «««?!  ^^  "^iS""'^'^'  «'•"  »»« 
were  many  who  emiirratedftomOrLfplf  •'*"'*"  '"  ^"'"^  America, 

ouB  of  tL  smallest  eISroien?sofV/irS^''^P"^^^^^  *'"'^  J«al- 
principles  into  the  mindTof  Er  chilrirpn  uA  "^^".'flly  instilled  those 
that  spirit  of  resisZS^o  Sra^  aSs*^^^^ 

flames  of  war  between  ?he  moSer  SntJl  .nd^Sr*''',  *^'''^  ''i"^'^''  ^^e 
the  establishment  of  a  poweXl  remE  ^  Thl  ^  co  onies,  and  ended  in 
ican  colonies  bore  the  orSial  imS  Psi  ^f  ?J«  constitution  of  the  Amer- 
of  Great  Britain,  No?rAKcaTood  fn  l^a??f' no^r"'''^  '^'  P'"^'^'^""" 
the  consciousness  of  her  native  strength  Jffoi  "i*  '^'"®'«f"  ^^^'n^'  and 
her  to  feel  much  apprehens  on  ey!nof  h.f^^^f^^^  """  ^'^^^ '°  P«™'' 
was  everywhere  free  fmm T=L •  f       •     ,^  mother  country.    Relieioii 

peace  an/ order  were  precteT3„«f 'Ih"''^  "^"«  ^^^^  i"  honour  ^and 
and  lawless  men.  K  peoile  lif«  hi  ^  ^"^"IP*"  ^^  ?««'««'  and  wild 
to  be  in  the  full  viXr  of  vonth  JIa  *'?""*7  '^"^^  inhabited,  appeared 
astonishing  exertion^when  a^Zsed  bvT^^^^  ''«P«We  of 

In  17G5  a  8tamp-dut7orvanon,  ^wl?^  "'™"'"«  "^  **»«  passions, 
parliament  on  the  colonists  bTon  thl  w««  'mposed  by  the  British 
after  repealed.  SubSSlv  a  dntv  1  .'"°J''^''"''"^'  "'«  ««»  wa«  soon 
and  at  Boston  the  tea  ^L"  hfown  i  iKo  ief  °V'''"^  "''*''  '««'«'«''' 
then  tried,  and  in  1776  a  civil  wirh^V  ^pe'cive  measures  were 
Americans  issued  their  Declwatirnfl^^f"'  J"  "'«  following  year  the 
fought,  but  nothing  verVde«i«ivet2olf  ni"'''P^Mf ?r^'  *'*"y  ''attfes  were 
Burgoyne,  the  British  coinnSerxvL"^^^^^  ^'\^^^  ^^'''  '^^^^'  ^^'h«n  «en. 
"  WUh'  7rf'''  with"aS'400?me;;'""""'^''^  '''  Saratoga,  and  com- 

principle8^,is8e%";Sii^  *""  *\«  ^'"??«' «f  ^'Pou^ing 

that  of  humbling  a  powerfn    m.^U.      ^^  ""  °'*'«'"  ^'^^^  indeed,  than 
the  ally  of  the  AVeriJ^ns  1    sL     "'"'  f  '"'"ff  ""^^  «"'«'-«d  the  li^ts  as 

pl«.  But  EnglanrhmfTuime  ue^ThJ'li 'S'i^  'f''''^  ^"«  «"™- 
hem  under  the  command  Sf  lords  rnrnZ7r  "^  1  o®'  l'"''"?''  ""^^  P'aced 
the  Americans,  umler  VVali„Jon  whirAl  ""^K^^"' ^"^^  '"'rassed 
■uperiority  in  a  naval  enj^ageSnt  '  Ttl  !h^^^  '*.°'^"^X  displayed  hi, 
merely  the  hostility  of  the  French  m.  vjiif  8pa"'ard8.  fiut  it  w-as  not 
cope  with;  the  jeJlousy  of  1^0  ,ominSr.'"^  'o 

heir  entering  into  an  armed  noutral  iv  ?  I  ^  7'  •  isplay.d  itself  by 
to  resist  the  right  of  search  wu>hSh.H'  r''''''  ."y*"*  «<"  ^'''''h  ^as 
nonty  had  tnueht  her  tn  flTBr.-       *'"^'»"*'  '  Jong-established  naval  sune- 

tions.^  HollaJJf  ilHu^w  adderto  th'  H'^I''  7''  '''"  '"'''^'  "^  «"'«"  Sai 
duct  of  that  state  hav  „!  induced  the  HH.Uh^  """"'"''  ''"^  ^'^'^'l'''"'  ^on. 
ttRamst  it,  and  manv  of  fh«  n...^  *^"M«''  ffovernment  to  dc-lare  war 
West  Indies  we^t^akeV'?^S^^;:LP««\r'«"«J"  South  America  a'dX 

weii  Aa  un  its  coasts,  was  "carriBdnn  J[f»f"""'"  "*""/^«'"  '"  America,  a« 
1-8  "'  ''*'^"«'*  "«  wuh  lucreaaed  rigour,  the  Freiitsh 


ss 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  07  GBNERAL  HISTORY. 


exeiting  themselves  not  as  mere  partisans  in  the  cause,  but  as  principals. 
It  was  evident  that,  although  the  war  might  be  long  protracted,  the  recov 
ery  of  the  North  American  colonies  was  not  likely  to  be  accomplished , 
and  as  the  English  had  been  several  times  out-generalled,  and  the  last 
loss  on  their  part  con<'i«^ted  o(  6000  men  at  Yorktown,  under  Oornwallis, 
who  had  been  comp  )a!'„3  '<<  g»?.;  v.'.ider  to  a  powerful  combined  French  and 
American  army  *  >.(tiHan<ii  j  by  Washington,  England  began  to  thiok 
seriously  of  mak:a.c;:  up  the  quarrel  with  her  rebellious  sons 

During  the  luttnr  part  of  the  war,  Admiral  Rodney  gave  the  French 
fleet,  commanded  by  Count  de  Grasse,  a  memorable  defeat  in  the  West 
Indies,  while  General  Elliot  showed  the  French  and  Spaniards  how  futile 
were  their  attempts  against  Gibraltar.  In  short,  great  as  were  the  (lis* 
advantages  witii  which  tlie  English  had  to  contend,  the  energies  and  re- 
sources of  the  nation  were  still  equrj  it  ihs  ta;iiv  of  successUiUy  coping 
with  its  enemies  in  Europe,  while  m  the  vast  empire  of  British  India 
fresh  laurels  were  continually  gathered,  and  the  French  were  there  dis- 
possessed of  all  their  settlements. 

On  the  20th  of  January,  1783,  the  mdependence  of  the  United  States 
was  formally  acknowledged  by  England,  and  George  Washington,  the 
man  who  had  led  the  armies  and  directed  the  councils  of  America,  was 
choBtiin  president. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

raUM  THE  COMMENCEMENT  OF  THE  rRGNCH  REVOLUTION,  TO  THE  DEATH  Or 

ROBESPIERRE. 

The  most  eventful  pcnod  of  modem  history  now  bursts  upon  our  view 
In  the  course  of  the  ages  that  have  passed  successively  before  ua,  we 
have  witnessed  sudden  revolutions,  long  and  sanguinary  contests,  and 
the  transfer  of  some  province  or  city  from  one  sovereign  to  another  at 
the  termination  of  a  war.  These  have  been  ordinary  events.  We  have 
also  marked  the  gradual  rise  and  fall  of  empires,  the  subjugation  of  king- 
doms, and  the  annihilation  of  dynasties  ;  but  they  bear  no  comparison  to 
that  terrific  era  of  anarchy  and  blood,  designated  '•  the  French  Revolu- 
tion." The  history  of  that  frightful  period  will  be  elsewhere  related ;  we 
•hall  not  here  attempt  to  describe  its  causes,  or  notice  the  rise  of  that 
!>tupendous  military  despotism  which  so  long  threatened  to  bend  the 
whole  civilized  world  under  its  iron  sceptre.  The  apologists  of  the 
French  revolution  tell  us  that  it  was  owing  to  the  excesses  of  an  expen- 
sive  and  dissijjated  court ;  to  the  existence  of  an  immense  standing  arn^y 
in  the  time  of  peace ;  to  the  terrors  of  the  Bastilo ;  to  lettret  de  cachet  {or 
mandatcH  issued  for  the  apprehension  of  suspected  individuals),  and  to  a 
general  system  of  espionaae,  which  rendered  no  ni^n  safe.  Others  as- 
scribe  it  partly  to  the  "spirit  of  freedom"  imbibed  hv  the  French  soldiers 
during  tha  American  war;  but,  still  more,  to  the  i  iieral  diffusion  of  po- 
litical philosophical,  and  infidel  writings,  wluch,  rtiilnte  with  Barcasm  and 
wit,  were  levtUed  equally  at  the  pulpit  and  the  throne,  and  thus,  by  un- 
settling the  minds  of  the  \niop\o,  detitroyed  the  moral  bonds  and  safe- 
guards  of  society. 

But,  whatever  might  have  been  the  true  causes,  certain  it  is,  that  vagur 
ideas  of  freedom  beneath  republican  institutions  had  unsettled  the  mind? 
of  men,  not  merely  in  Franco,  but  tliroughout  Europe.  It  was  in  tha* 
rouQtry,  however,  that  public  discontent  was  most  stronjrly  manifested. 
The  people  were  ripe  for  innovation  and  change  ;  and  Loui«  XVI.,  though 
amiable  as  a  man,  had  not  the  necessary  energy  or  abilities  to  couateracl 
nubile  feelinir  or  direct  tkn  ainrm. 


OUTLINI!  SKETCH  OF  QENEHAL  HIST  ittY.  ^ 

In  "89,  When  the  puWic  income  of  France  was  inadequate  to  the 
wants  of  the  state,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  convoke  the  States  Geii 
eral,  or  representatives  of  the  three  orders-nobles,  clergy,  and  tiers^itat 
or  commons.  At  first  some  salutary  reforms  were  agreed  to;  but  the 
commons  wished  to  assume  too  great  a  share  of  the  Mwer,  and.  be  nJ 
the  most  numerous  body  in  this  national  assembly,  they  carried  the^  ftu 
vourite  measures  m  spite  of  the  court  and  privileged  orders.  To  check 
the  rwmg  spirit  of  turbulence  and  faction,  the  king  was  advised  to  collect 
a  large  body  of  troops  in  the  environs  of  Paris,  and  he  a Iso  disSsed 
Necker,  his  mmister  of  finance.  Both  these  measures  were  highlyJrh 
popular,  and  the  mob,  excited  by  the  democrats,  committed  ireat  ex. 

rHfh«;./f'".r*T°'*'r':,**'*"  ?^  T'.^^^^  ^^'^y  "«"«<»  ^^e  arms  deposited  U» 
the  hotel  of  the  Iiivalides,  attacked  the  Bastile,  and  levelled  that  anriPr^ 
fortress  with  the  ground.  From  thit  hour  may  be  dated  the  fa  1  of  the 
monarchy.  The  terrified  king  tried  every  mole  of  concessfon ;  bSt  hi 
infuriated  populace,  led  by  artful  and  interested  demagogues^and  now 
familiar  with  scenes  of  blood  and  tumult,  were  not  to  be  appewed  The 
capital  was  divided  into  sections,  and  the  National  GuarS  was  formed 
and  placed  under  the  command  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Lafayette!  whoTad 

«hr«lHnP°P"^T'J^'"  ^'i^  ^T"''^^"  ^'"-    Meanwhile  the  Assembly 
abolished  the  privi  egesoi  the  nobility  and  clergy,  confiscated  the  oroS 

thV«n.iSnff ' '''''^"^'*'^'''"^^*""  '"'°  depaJtments,  and  subveSTaJ 
the  ancient  forms  and  institutions;  a.  d.  1790.  -uuvcnea  au 

A  very  general  emigration  of  the  nobles  and  clergy  took  olace  and 
Louis,  abandoned  even  by  his  own  brothers,  was  virtSllTa  prisoner  or 
a  mere  tool  in  the  hands  of  his  enemies.  And  now  arose  thStdTmorrat?^ 
society  afterwards  famous  in  the  blood-stained  annalT  of  the  reSfon 
under  the  name  of /««*,„,.  From  this  focus  of  rXllion  issued  n«m«r' 
FrlZT'^'Tfi.  ^'•^  fp^nded  similar  societies,  or  cluK  every  olnd 
France;  and  thus  their  contaminating  influence  spread  arounT  tm  the 
whole  political  atmosphere  became  one  cornint  m«««  Snrr^LV  !i 
every  sfde  by  enemies.^he  king  aTd?he  royaTfamTy  at  lenLrresolved 
to  seek  refuge  in  one  of  the  frontier  towns  ;^but  they  werelscoS'^!. 
/arennes,  and  brought  back  to  Paris  amid  the  insults  of  the  rabhieThi 
'" W J h^."'  ^"'''°'''"» i""'''^  ''«'"«"''«<'  his  death" A? D.  1 791  ^^^ 

at»:rorsr;;x^^^^^ 

m™nly  bitcherr'  pV""/.' "'  ^"'"^  '^'T"''^  ^''h.  and  they  werS^ TnhS- 

yavovwa^Jn^nTr^'L.  Ji!.^..^,V"*"^"L^«>*.»^^^  oblipoa  to   retreat 
~s        •  "J  a  icpuuj:c«n  io.ce,  aiiii  Ueriuany  liivaded.   The 


m  OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  OBNKaAL  HI8T0EY. 

Austrians  were  signally  defeated  at  Jemappe ;  and  this  was  quickly  fol- 
lowed by  the  reduction  of  Brussels,  Leigre,  Namur,  and  of  the  whole  o( 
the  Netherlands,  which  were  declared  free  and  independent  states. 

In  December,  1793,  the  royal  captive  was  led  to  the  bar  of  the  Conven. 
tion,  where,  after  undergoing  a  long  and  insulting  examination,  he  was 
unanimously  declared  guilty  of  conspiring  against  the  national  liberty, 
and  sentenced  to  die  by  the  guillotine.    He  conducted  himself  with  dig. 
nity,  and  heard  the  decision  of  his  fate  with  firmness  and  resignation. 
Thus  perished,  in  the  39th  year  of  his  age  and  the  19th  of  his  reign, 
Louis  XYI.,  the  amiable  and  unfortunate  descendant  of  a  long  line  of 
kings.    Soon  after  this  judicial  murder,  a  decree  of  the  national  Conven- 
tion promised  assistance  to  every  nation  desirous  of  throwing  off  the 
yoke  of  its  rulers.    This  was  naturally  regarded  as  a  virtual  declaration 
of  war  agamst  all  the  kings  of  Europe ;  and  England,  Holland,  and  Spain 
were  now  added  to  the  list  of  its  enemies.    The  war  for  a  time  assumed 
a  new  feature ;  a  British  army,  commanded  by  the  duke  of  York,  reduced 
Valenciennes,  and  attacked  Dunkirk,  and  the  French  lost  their  conquests 
as  rapidly  as  they  had  acquired  them.    But  before  the  close  of  the  year 
1793,  the  fortune  of  war  was  again  in  their  favour;  the  duke  of  York 
was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of  Dunkirk,  with  great  loss ;  while  the 
Austrians  were  driven  within  their  own  frontiers. 
I  The  horrors  of  civil  war  now  raged  in  France  with  unmitigated  fury 
The  ferocious  Robespierre  was  at  the  head  of  the  fiercest  Jacobins;  and 
Paris  daily  witnessed  the  execution  of  the  most  respectable  of  its  citi- 
aens.     Nearly  all,  indeed,  who  were  remarkable  either  for  rank,  property, 
or  talents,  were  the  victims  of  the  reign  of  terror;  and  among  the  num- 
ber who  fell  by  the  axe  of  the   guillotine  was  the  unfortunate  queen, 
Marie  Antoinette,  who  had  been  for  some  time  immured  within  the  dun 
geon  of  the  Conciergerie.    The  royalists  in  La  Vended  dared  to  oppose 
the  revolutionary  decrees;  but  the  cities  which  resisted  the   regicide 
authorities,  particularly  Lyons  and  Nantes,  were  visited  with  the  most 
horrid  persecutions.     Hundreds  of  victims  were  daily  shot  or  guillotined, 
and  the  whole  country  was  laid  waste  with  demoniac  vengeance.    In  the 
meantime  extraordinary  measures  were  taken  by  the  convention  to  in- 
crease the  armies  by  levies  en  masse ;  and  private  property  was  arbitrarily 
seized  to  support  them.     The  English  took  possession  of  Toulon,  but 
were  soon  forced  to  abandon  it  to  the  troops  of  the  convention.    It  l» 
worthy  of  remark,  that  on  this  occasion  the  talents  of  Napoleon  Buona- 
parte were  first  signally  distinguished;  this  young oflicer  having  the  com- 
mand of  the  artillery  of  the  besiegers,    the  war  in  the  Netherlands  was 
earned  on  with  vigour,  victory  and  defeat  alternately  chandnB  the  posi- 
tion of  the  allied  armies.  o    &         »- 

The  progress  of  the  French  revolution  was  naturally  watched  with 
feelings  of  intense  interest  by  the  people  of  England,  but  with  sentiments 
very  opposite  in  their  nature;  and  it  required  all  the  talents  and  vigour 
of  those  who  were  at  the  helm  of  state  to  uphold  the  ancient  institutions, 
and  direct  the  national  councils  with  safety. 

During  the  year  1794  the  French  armies  were  pretty  generally  success- 
ful.  But  while  they  spread  terror  abroad,  the  French  nation  groaned 
under  the  sanguinary  despotism  of  Robespierre  and  his  ruthless  asso- 
ciates. The  time  had  at  length,  however,  arrived  when  this  monster  was 
to  pay  the  forfeit  of  his  own  wretched  life  for  the  outrages  he  had  com- 
mitted, and  the  unparalleled  misery  he  had  caused.  Being  publicly  ac- 
cused of  treason  and  tyranny  by  Tallien,  he  was  arrested,  and  executed 
the  following  day,  along  with  twenty-two  of  his  principal  accomplices, 
amidst  the  merited  maledictions  jaf  the  spectators.  In  a  few  days,  abovi- 
seventy  members  of  the  commune  also  shared  a  similar  fate 


Ot/TLINB  SKETCH  OF  (iESEJlAL  UISTORT. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

eaOH  THE  K8TABLISHMENT  or  THB   FRENCH   DIRECTORY,   TO  THE  PIAOC 

or    AMIENS. 

A  great  naval  victory  over  the  French  was  achieved  by  lord  Howe  on 
Ue  ist  of  June,  and  several  West  India  islands  were  taken  from  them, 
lae  Irench  troops  were  uniformly  successful  in  Holland;  the  stadt- 
holder  was  compelled  to  seek  an  asylum  in  England;  and  the  country 
under  the  new  name  of  the  Batavian  republic,  w^, 'incorporated  S' 
France.  Soon  after  this.  France  received  a  new  constituUon,  whch 
Placed  the  executive  power  in  the  hands  of  five  directors  and  the  lea£ 
lative  council  of  elders,  and  a  council  of  "  five  hundred  "  ^ 

In  1795  Prussia  and  Spain  made  peace  with  France,  which  gave  ihe 
republicans  an  opportunity  of  bearing  with  their  whole  force  on  the  fron! 
tiers  of  Germany.  The  royalists  in  La  Vande6  again  rose  but  wTe 
speedily  reducecf.  About  the  same  time  .he  Cape  of  Good  Hone  3 
several  of  the  Dutch  East  India  possessiou.  were  taken  bvThe&Uh 
whdet  admirals  Bridpor^  Hotham.  and  CornwallV  defeated  The  FriS 

h.?'!?^  "*7?J^^  "*  "^^^^^  '**  ^°"«'»  "»«■*•"•    The  late  partition  of  Poland 

had  opened  the  eyes  of  Europe  to  the  probable  future  encroachmf>n?««/ 

he  courts  of  Vienna,  Petersburgh,  and  Berlin ;  and  the  Poles  awae  o 

their  impending  fate,  resolved  to  oppose  the  designs  of  their  Intraies  bv 

neither  age  nor  sex  put  to  the  sword  nearly  SO^oSi'ai^ThS 
final  partition  of  the  kingdom  then  took  place.  inaiviauals.     The 

auS^sTeft"  oi  s  rrFT^iLraitrerrtv^?^i;£ 

Kf  i!^^  ^^ts  szi^EB  S 

modtn  res.^'^  ™''«*  "^'^^'^  "*-'«  °^  -»^-^  -  l^^e^nTr^^r^t 

the  Austrians  and  Piedmontese  atWte  N^and  MilleSS  LT^^^^ 
pelled  the  knig  of  Sardinia  to  sue  for  peace  Then  fo  oweThii  H,  •"' 
uK  V^^f'^^\''{^?^'^  ^"-i  his'Leizu^eof  BolSu  Ferrar^I^a 
hJli   h'«  li"  'hM'**'  -S"^"*»  ^I""^^^^  undisputed  mastfi  of  the  n^rth  oi 

French  expedition  sent  to  invade  Ireland,  which  was  diBitr««H  h.  ^* 
verse  winds;  the  abandonment  of  (Corsica  by  the  BSsh.rmlf  '''^i''*^* 
iK5gotiations  for  peace  between  England  and  Frailopi.^  .^™®^ '^'"^^ 
the  cmproas  Catharine  II.  '^'"8»ana  and  if  ranee,  and  the  demise  oi 

The  papal  states  were  next  overrun  bv  the  FrPiuh    u„a  #1.- 
part  of  his  territories.    BuonaDari«  Ih'lf  ""eSef  t'  ^    .^/  '-t*  J^«""'?"  "' 


6e 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENEllAL  HIdTOUV. 


ti;  i, 


states  of  the  emperor ;  and  the  French  armies  having  j;ained  oonsidbr* 
able  advantages  over  their  adversaries,  the  French  directiry  took  advaii> 
tagc  of  their  position  and  offered  terms  of  peace,  and  a  definitive  treaty 
vyas  eventually  signed  at  Campo  Formio.  By  ibis  treat  ;r  the  Venetian 
states,  which  had  been  revolutionized  by  Buonaparte  dun  ig  the  negotia- 
tions, were  ceded  to  Austria,  while  the  Austrian  posseasiciis  in  the  north 
of  Italy  and  the  Netherlands  were  given  to  France  in  exciange.  Genoa 
about  the  same  time  was  revolutionized,  and  assumed  the  name  of  the 
Ligurian  republic.  At  the  latter  end  of  this  year  Lord  Duncan  obtained 
an  important  victory  over  the  Dutch  fleet  off  the  coast  of  Holland. 

The  French  having  no  other  power  than  Q\ent  Britain  now  to  contend 
with,  the  year  1798  was  usiiered  ia  with  rumours  of  a  speedy  invasion; 
and  lar^e  bodies  of  troops,  assembled  on  the  opposite  shores  of  France, 
were  said  f.o  be  destined  for  this  grand  attack,  which  was  to  be  under  the 
direction  of  the  victorious  general  Buonaparte.  These  preparations  were 
met  in  a  suitable  manner  by  the  English,  whose  effective  male  population 
might  almost  literally  be  said  to  be  embodied  for  the  defence  of  the 
country.  At  the  same  time  a  dangerous  and  extensive  rebellion  brok« 
out  in  Ireland;  but  the  vigilance  of  the  government  defeated  the  inten- 
tions of  the  rebels,  and  they  submitted,  though  not  without  the  severest 
measures  being  adopted,  and  the  consequent  effusion  of  blood. 

A  secret  naval  expedition  upon  a  large  scale,  with  a  well-appointed 
aimy  on  board,  under  the  command  of  Buonaparte,  had  been  (or  somo 
time  preparing.  It  at  length  set  sail  from  Toulon,  took  possession  ol 
Malta  on  their  way  to  Egypt,  and,  having  eluded  the  vigilance  of  Nelson, 
8&fely  landed  near  Alexandria,  which  town  they  stormed,  and  massacred 
the  inhabitants.  The  vetoran  troops  of  France  everywhere  prevailed 
over  the  ill-disciplined  Manrielukes,  and  the  whole  of  Ejypt  soon  submit- 
ted to  the  conqueror.  Meanwhile  AHmira)  Nelson  discovered  and  totally 
destroyed  the  French  fleet  in  the  bay  of  Aboukir.  While  these  events 
were  passing  in  Egypt,  the  French  governmenl  prosecuted  its  revolution- 
ary principles  wherever  its  emissaries  could  gain  admittance.  Rome 
was  taken  by  them,  the  nopt  imprisoned,  and  a  republic  erected.  Swit- 
Jitrland  was  also  invaded,  and,  notwithstanding  the  gallant  efforts  of  the 
SwisH  patriots,  the  country  war  nnitcid  to  Franco  under  the  title  of  the 
Helvetian  republic.  Th"  teintory  of  Geneva  was  also  incorporated  with 
France.  These  uiijustiflahle  invasions  hIiowou  so  plainly  the  aggrandiz- 
ing  policy  pursued  hy  the  French  directory,  that  the  emperors  of  lUmsia 
miti  \ustria,  the  king  of  Naples,  and  the  Porje  united  with  England  to 
check  their  ambitious  designs. 

The  year  17f)!)  presotjted  a  contiiuiod  scene*  ai  active  warfare.  The 
Neapolitans,  who  had  invaded  the  Roman  territory,  were  not  only  driven 
hack,  hut  the  whole  kingdom  of  Niiples  siibmitte''  to  the  Frencli,  and 
the  king  wns  compcllod  l(»  seek  refuge  in  Sici'y.  The  h'rench  armies 
$|80  (odk  possession  of  Tuscany  and  Piedmont  j  but  the  operations  of 
the  idlios  were  conducted  with'  vigour  and  success.  The  archduke 
Charles  routed  the  French  under  Jourdan  in  the  hard-fought  balllea  of 
Ostrach  and  Stockach;  and  the  Auslro- Russian  army  <)btniied  a  decisive 
victory  at  Cassano,  and  drove  the  e.ininy  to  Milan  and  Genoa.  The 
arms  of  the  republic!  were  equally  unfortunate  in  other  parts.  Turin, 
Alessandria,  and  Ma,\tita  were  taken ;  and  the  French  under  Jonbert  and 
Moreau,  were  totally  routed  at  Novi.  SwilaiDrlaud  afterwards  bi-came 
the  principal  scene  of  aclitni  •,  and  there  also  the  army  of  Suwairof  was 
■uccessful ;  but  anotlior  Runajan  army,  ••'Mnmanded  by  Koraskoff,  waa 
alt'icked  and  defeated  by  Massenn,  and  Zurich  taken  by  storm.  In  Italy, 
however,  success  still  attended  the  allies.  The  French  wore  espe'Ieo 
fyom  Naples  and  Rome,  and  the  papal  chair  was  soon  a>"ler  occupiod  bt 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  QV  QKNBaAL  HI8T0IIY. 


d7 


While  these  important  military  operations  were  occupying  the  armios 
in  Europe,  Buonaparte  had  reduced  Egypt,  and  formed  the  resolution  of 
invading  Syria.  El-Arish,  Gaza,  and  Jaffa  had  surrendered ;  and  with  the 
confidence  of  certain  success,  Acre  was  invested ;  but  there,  as  in  days  of 
old,  a  British  warrior  was  its  defender.  The  courage  and  activity  of  Sir 
Sidney  Smith  resistpd  the  repeated  assaults  of  the  French  during  a  siege 
of  sixty-nine  days;  and  Buonaparte,  though  at  the  head  of  12,000  veterans 
was  completely  foiled  in  all  his  attempts,  and  was  obliged  to  retreat  mto 
Egypt.  He  was  afterwards  successful  in  several  encounters  with  the 
Turks,  particularly  at  Aboukir ;  but,  foreseeing  that  the  expedition  would 
ultimately  prove  disastrous,  he  confided  the  command  to  General  Klebor, 
and  secretly  returned  to  France.  Buonaparte's  invasion  of  Egypt  was  con- 
sidered as  preparatory  to  an  attempi  on  India,  where,  at  the  very  lime,- 
the  British  arms  were  crowned  with  great  success— Seringapatam  having 
been  taken,  and  our  formidable  enemy,  TippooSaib,  being  found  among  the 
slain. 

Discord  and  anarchy  reigned  throughout  France,  under  the  weak,  yet 
arbitrary  administration  of  the  directory  ;  and  the  sudden  appearance  of 
Buonaparte  was  the  signal  for  a  new  revolution  in  that  ffovernment.  At 
the  head  of  the  conspiracy  was  his  l)rother  Lucien,  president  of  the  coun- 
cil of  five  hundred,  who  was  supported  by  Cambaceres,  Talleyrand, 
Sieyes,  Fouche,  &c.  The  directory  was  speedily  overturned,  a  senate  and 
three  consuls  were  appointed,  and  Buonaparte  was  chosen  first  consul. 

One  of  his  first  acts  was  that  of  making  pacific  overtures  to  England, 
which  were  rejected.  He  then  put  liimself  at  the  head  of  the  army,  cross- 
ed  Mount  St.  Bernard,  and  marched  from  victory  to  victory,  till  the  mem- 
orable battle  of  Marengo  decided  the  fate  of  Italy.  The  successes  of  the 
French  in  Germany  were  of  a  less  decisive  nature  ;  but  the  defiat  of  (he 
allies  at  Hohoulinden  induced  Francis  11.  to  sign  the  treaty  of  Luneviile 
by  which  he  ceded  some  of  his  possessions  in  Germany,  and  transferred 
Tuscany  to  the  duke  of  I'arma. 

At  the  boKinningof  1801  England  was  without  an  ally,  and  had  to  con- 
tend with  another  formidaolc  opponent  in  Paul  F.,  of  Russia,  who  had  in- 
duced Sweden  and  Demnark  to  unite  with  him  in  forming  an  ariiiod  neu- 
trality. To  crush  this  northern  confederacy  in  the  bud.  a  largo  fictit  was 
bent  to  the  Baltic,  under  the  command  of  Sir  Hyde  I'arker  and  Lord  Nel- 
won;  Cotwnhagen  was  attacked,  and  the  whole  of  the  Danish  ships  were 
either  taken  oi  destroyed.  This  victory  gave  a  fatal  blow  to  the  northerr. 
confederacy,  which  was  eventually  annihilated  by  the  death  of  l>aul,  and 
the  accession  of  his  son  Alexander,  who  immediately  released  the  British 
vessels  detained  m  his  ports,  and  otherwise  showed  his  inclination  to  be 
on  amieuble  terms  with  England. 

In  Egypt  Guaoral  Klebcr  had  been  assassinated,  and  the  command  of 
the  h  m\v.\\  troops  devolved  on  Menmi.  An  English  army,  under  Sir 
lialph  Ahereromhio  had  now  arrived  and  a  deeisivo  victory  was  gained  bv 
thoni  at  Alexandria,  but  they  had  to  lament  the  loss  of  their  gallaiil  com- 
mandnr.  who  fell  in  the  action.  Grand  Cairo,  Rosetta,  ami  Alexandria 
«(»on  after  surrendered,  and  Mie  French  agreed  to  >  vncnate  the  country 
The  other  avents  of  the  year  IHOl  wore  of  minor  importance  ;  mid  in  the 
hpring  of  the  f<dlowing  year  peace  was  signed  at  Amiens.  Kngland  con- 
sented to  surrender  all  its  conquests,  with  the  exception  of  (Ceylon  and 
Trinidad ;  the  Ionian  islands  were  to  form  a  repulilic  ;  and  Malta  was  to  bf> 
refctoretl  to  its  original  possessors. 

A  now  constitution  was  given  to  Ernnno  in  1803,  by  which  Buonannrto 
was  declared  chief  consul  forlifo  ;  the  whole  of  the  executive  authorilv. 
and  even  the  appointment  of  his  two  colluaguoa  being  vested  in  him.  Now 
eonstilutions  wots  also  given  to  8wit«erlan.l  and  the  Italian  repiib- 
ues     About  thii  period  Buonaparto  leat  a  considorablo  force  to  reduce 


d8 


OJTIINB  bKETCH  OF  QKNERAL  HISTOBY 


negroes  submitted.  Ld  Sisant  ii  t.^^"/"^'"^  ««»»««.  the  rebdlioag 
Prance;  but  the  F;ench  wrr^n^a^-^^^^^^^^  -'  to 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

rnOM  TH.  R.CO„„,N0«MENT  0.   H08T,UT«8,  TO  T„.  TR.ATr  Or  T.Lai, 

dJ^^^^^^^^^^^^  truce  .,  and  many 

« Violation  of  the  law  of  nations,  ^0^"^  imm«Jin?f  '■^'"'"^'^'  '"  «P«« 
rest  of  ail  the  English  whom  busiSoTpSi",  !lyr'"'"'"'^«t'''«"- 
Hanover  was  invaded  iMid  plundered  anHMM?  ^"^  •^ii.^'''"  '"^^  France, 
ed  on  the  French  coast,  for  the  avowe/o  ,mnU™?'"''u'^?''^  "^^  «o»««t- 
power :  but  thi.,  as  before.  proZZ'eSvZ^J '  h"S"";,'".^  '^'  »"''••» 
under  the  control  of  France,  was  dra^3  J.rZ'  "°"*'i^>  being  placed 
colonies.  St.  Domingo  threw  off  yf/.r^ln  ^n  ^"'  ""'^  "«»"  '»•»  her 
Dessalines,  the  successor  of  Tou^ssan?  ZlLf^^'^''^^  *°  ^'•«"««'  «nrf 
UcofHayti.  the  ancient  nameTf  the  ^»Ta,7  "'^W  r '^^^^^ 
w^e^ry  successful  n.  India,  under  U^toVerJ^i:/-^ ,t  r^uro? 

an  unperial  diadem.  Having  p^^SurythPnill'  ''"^  «'^^n  himself  with 
ghein.  and  by  the  basest  a  f  Soss«  „Tf.  ""*  'T  °^"»*^  ^"^e  d'En- 
idea  that  treasonable  pra,  t  'es  Se Tam^^^  an 

■enafe,  desirous,  as  thev  said  of  ^nvn-H^  I  "  "^'"."'t  '"m,  the  s..rviJe 
Of  sovereignty,  in  order  tLi^/CuXlSSbilsM  ""l^'"  ""*^ 
claiinud  him  emperor  of  the  French-la  til  «  ^hf  f  ''  '"1  """'<»niy,  pro- 
mediately  by  all  the  sovereigns  of  Eu  une  "^'  ^'^^^'f^knowledgod  .m- 
itlonocxrepted:  A.D  1804  ^-urope,  l»re»t  Britain  and  Sweden 

Fra.icis  II.,  who  united  with  En«l«n/!nu^^^»    "'"""??  "'«  indignation  o/ 
••fall  others  wa«  most  Sat.lirri«r1.^  ^,'"  "»  «''«"«  which 

nnHxampled  victory  gained  by  S,l.on?ffT™Vl"^^^^^^         allies,  was  the 
billed  fleets  of  France  and  Spain  ^'""  ^^''''  ^^^ '»''"  "'«  ^om- 

;he'p"oriUSS«^ar;S^^^^^  «-t  loss.     At 

tlie  Austrian  general  Mack  s  irr.Mw  .  ».  hu  i  ,  r  ^'""'' '  *'«'  at  U  m, 
"OO  men.  vlenna  waTs^i,,  'S'e  '  ^  «^^^^^^^  ««»-i-tin»  of  140.: 
Austrnu.s  were  complet..ly  defeat*  atH.^LMi'^l*?''  ?'"  *'  '''"R"'  '''P 
duced  Francis  to  snu  for  peace  rhH  atlT*^  "^  Austorlitz.  ll.i,  j,,. 
by  which  h.  coded  ..  Woe  The  s?atn.  n  v^  *""  ^T'^»^"'^  «'  ''•^'"''urg, 
&C..  to  the  newly -created  kl^g  of  TZIIT'''  ""'  "  '"•'""'^  '"« '^>4 

nr  ^  rrtKz'teHif '"^  «f  p-^  "-p-  'vom  »h. 

Napoleon  gave  his  bj:;!:,  'l"^,^^    ..^^^  'l^'  "'^  "V  the  I  renoh,  and 

dom,  its  legitimate  sovon-ign  hav  i  u  ,3 .'  I    *   *  •  T"""  "^   "»"  •''"g- 

was  nl^u  erected  mto  a  ki  iKn  a  JlKnnT  '"*'''*'  '°  .***''"y-  """«'••' 

these  .m\  ollipr  iniportan    Ea^s  f  .?n  '""  I""''""""  ^•'»"'"      Amidst 

li»..napart„  fornunf  tlm''  ooH  „£,  ' fr  Zf  m"'''*:.":r"'  "•■ '"-  ^"""'y. 

those  smu.s  whose  rulers  n.noi3r»  ..".'''''''•  V'"'  '"""«  »'""'» t<> 

eoatimied  encroaehment.  TfI^^^  ,  ^  nS  I T'."^  "»«-'y''Pi'«'     The 

mailed  precipitately  into  a  war  ).n.i  im,l.  i     .T  ^'"V'^'f'tf  «'  Prussia,  who 

chance  of  one  balUe.  T 1.  w  w  thel  Z .      i ''L"'"^/''^  '''"  ^"""""  ""  >he 
nis  w,is  the  eolehraled  batth^  of  Jena,  whor«  1 10X00 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HI8T0KV. 


K* 


Prusniani  and  Saxons  contended  with  150,000  of  the  French,  and  were 
aefeated  and  closely  pursued.     Berlin  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors, 
and  the  Prussian  general,  Blucher,  after  a  brave  resistance,  was  forced  to 
capitulate.    Prince  Hohenloe  and   his  army  surrendered  at    Prentzlau 
Silesia  was  overrun  by  the  French,  who  penetrated  into  Poland,  and  exci- 
ted  the  Poles  to  assert  (heir  independence.    The  Russians,  who  were  now 
advancing,  met  and  defeated  the  French  at  Pultusk ;  and,  notwithstand- 
ing the  combined  efforts  of  Murat,  Lasnes,  and  Ney,  they  were  also  suc- 
cessful at  Golomyn.    In  the  insolence  of  power,  Napoleon,  at  Berlin,  is- 
sued his  famous  decrees,  prohibiting  all  commercial  intercourse  with  the 
British  isles,  and  commanding  the  confiscation  of  every  article  of  British 
manufacture,  which  scheme  of  exclusion  he  dignified  with  the  name  of  the 
"  continental  system." 
The  grand  Russian  army  under  Benningsen,  encountered  a  superior 
fe'ich  force  near  Eylau,  where  a  sanguine  but  indecisive  conflict  en- 
sued.    Dantzic  surrendered  toLefevre;  and  a  complete   victory  beinjr 
gained  by  the  French  at  Friedland,  it  was  rhortly  followed  by  the  treaty 
of  lilsit.    TheRusfiians  and  Prussians  submitted  to  all  the   imperious 
demands  of  Napoleon  ;  but  Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden,  alone  refused  to 
treat  with  him,  or  to  recognize  his  imperial  dignity. 

The  Danes  havinj?  yielded  to  the  influence  of  France,  an  expedition  was 
sent  thither  by  England,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  Danish  fleet 
from  falling  mto  the  hands  of  the  French,  dopenhagen  surrendered  after 
a  f'^w  days'  siege,  and  the  ships  a.id  naval  stores  were  delivered  to  the  En- 
glish This  act  of  aggression  was  resented  by  the  emperor  of  Russia, 
who  declared  war  against  F.-igland.  Among  other  remarkable  events  of 
this  year,  were  the  departure  of  the  prince  regent  of  Portugal  and  his 
court  to  the  Brazils,  the  conquest  of  Portugal  by  the  Fren?l  and  W 
erection  of  Saxony  into  a  kingdom.  ^       y         "  rentn,  ana  inp 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

Tn«  FRKIfCn  INVASION  or  SPAIW,  AND  SUBBEmiENT  nifirSUlAR   WAK. 

What  open  force  could  not  efl-ect,  was  carried  by  intrigue  and  treaoh- 
ery.  Napoleon  having  invited  Charles  IV.,  king  of  Snainrto  a  conference 
at  Uayonno,  seized  us  (loriion,  compelled  him  to  abdicate,  and  transferred  the 
crown  ()  Joseph  Bnonupurt(..  whose  place  at  Naples  was  soon  after  oc 
cupied  by  Murat,  Napoleon's  brother-in-law.  Span,  was  filled  with  Fre  "di 
troops,  and  no  opposition  was  dreaded  .  but  us  soon  as  the  Spaniards  re- 
covered from  their  consternation,  the  people  rose  in  all  parts,  and  pro- 
claimed J  7  inand  Vll.  The  imtriols  began  the  war  with  great  £1% 
n.nrper  fled  from  Madrid ;  while  Pulafox  and  the  brave  inlmb.t«nu  o  iJar! 
agossa  gained  i-nmortal  honour  by  thr  invincihh  courage  ih.<y  displayed 
...  defending  the.r  town  ..gnin^t  the  furious  attacks  of  the  French;  who 
were  evenlually  coinnelled  to  retreiit. 

The  Portuguese  fofh.wi-d  ih(,  ..xninple  of  the  Spaniards  ;  and  a  British 
anny.co,mnandod  by  S.r  ArthurWellcMey.  landed  and  defeated  the  French 
general.  Junot,  at  V.miera.  But  Sir  Hugh  Dalrymple  arriving  to  ZZm 
the  command,  the  .•onvontion  of  (^intra  was  „n lore  1  into,  by  which    !« 

france.     An  Knglmh  army  of  30,()00  m.-n,  under  Sir  John  M.H.re.  f,  n  led 
in  Spam,  and  advanced  as  fnr  as  Nalnmanca  ;  but  the  French  f..r'o  ii.i 
j^untry  amounted  to  150.000.     Ma.lr.d  w.„  taken  Id  trnKigl,,      nS 
being  well  supported  by  the  Snaniards,  were  impelled  to    Sa       A 
» uli'S"  '"''"'  """''  ^^  '^''"''  *"^  »»^  Jcihn  Moore  wL-  mortaUv 


90 


OUTLINB  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  HlSTOttS 


«.;iK  .1  *"^  declared  war  against  France,  Napoleon  entered  the  Aeld 
repulsed  the  Austrians  at  Eckmuhl.  and  took  possession  of  Vienna  Th- 
-rchduke  Charles  gave  him  battle  near  EsshW/S  was  desMrafVl! 

CT^i"  FrlSf  •'  ':i  '''"''  '''''''  Auatfi'an^rbut's^olrirr  1^ 
vyagrani,  the  French  gamed  an  important  victory.    The  brave  Tyrolp,* 

»hom  were  .wep.  of  by  .  pe»Ulo,ui/lever  wh"e    ,1  BMLS^r.h. 

seated  on  the  throne,  and  peace  was  concluded  betwee  i  the  Porte  miH 

r.l.vera;  but  , he  enemy  being  reinforced,  he  Z,  SeiZ'.^Jt 

and  (/Uidad  Rodrigo;  while  Massena  I'ntcrnd  P<.r»im..i  ...      .     i    »*".';" 
At  B..aco  Lord  Ellington  deS3  him  Ida  i^'^^ 
lines  of    orres  Vedras,  he  took  up  a  strongposition.fron.  wl^LlThefirr' 
asttlrrlfrelt'*'  '""' '"''  '^"^^'^"^  -- a^erwanfs 'coTru^VrS' 
The  campaign  of  1811  was  distinguished  by  a  series  of  battles  in  whinh 

mow  ...cccful,  were  llad.J„»,  Albe"  rSf.  Krln     'n,ry,.a r'  «  1  """^ 

In  181!^  the  evonts  of  the  war  assumed  a  new  conml  xir  n       a  ot„ 
had  taken  place  in  the  government  of  Snain  Tnd  31  'rr.*     .    ''''""^^^ 

Z^uTlt'-  ''*"^'"'"«""n»-     »n  the  meantime  the  put  i      Tr  Is    „  iho 
north  of  Spam  were  eminently  successful  5   and  in  he  south  tl  r^'rL  1! 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

PWH  THE  mVASIOff  or  KVnn,^  „   TH«    .r.„cH   to   THIt   nESTORATIOtr   Of 

THK  UOHnRONH. 

N-^f  "\"^""*  "*^f  *  ™P'*'  «•«»"««  of  those  extraordinary  scenea  in  th« 
«.U  ..no  l„.  eo„,l,ry  injured  '^y'Z'';i'^i  Jfet/of  Ir'-'^JSH'^ 


OUTLINB  SKETCH  OF  QjINAaAL  HI8T0AT. 


91 


system"  which  Napoleon  had  insisted  on,  and  the  boundless  iinbition  of 
the  latter,  added  to  his  hatred  of  all  that  was  English,  led  him  to  attempt 
.he  aubjugation  of  the  Russian  empire.  He  concluded  an  offensive  and 
defensive  alliance  with  Austria,  Prussia,  and  the  confedration  of  the  Rhine, 
whose  forces  were  destined  to  sw^ll  his  ranks.  The  immenue  army, 
amounting  to  above  475,0C0  men,  now  marched  towards  the  Russian  fron- 
tiers ;  and  the  Russians  gradually  retired  at  the  approach  of  the  enemy, 
who,  though  checked  and  harassed  in  every  way  possible,  pressed  onward 
with  amazing  rapidity.  At  length  a  tremendous  battle  was  fought  under 
the  walls  of  Smolensko,  and  the  city  was  quickly  after  evacuated,  the 
Russians  retreating  on  Moscow.  Having  received  daily  accessions  of 
troops,  among  whom  were  numerous  bodies  of  Cossacks,  Kutusoff,  the 
Russian  commander,  determined  on  hazarding  a  grand  battle,  when  a 
most  8anguir...ry  contest  ensued,  in  which  the  French  lost  about  40,000 
and  the  Russians  30,000  men.  But  Napoleon  beings  reinforced,  he  was 
enabled  to  take  possession  of  Moscow ;  he  had  scarcely,  however,  taken 
up  his  head  quarters  in  the  Kromlim,  before  he  discovered  that  the  city 
was  set  on  firain  several  places,  by  order  of  Rostopchin,  its  patriotic  gov- 
enor,  and  the  pTeatei  part  of  it  was  soon  reduced  to  a  heap  of  ruins.  Thus 
being  in  a  jTioSent,  as  it  were,  deprived  of  shelter,  and  feeling  the  severity 
of  a  RussIbi  wia^r  fast  approaching,  Napoleon  endeavoured  to  negotiate, 
but  Alexander,  wno,  at  the  commencement  of  the  French  invasion  had 
declared  that  "now  the  sword  was  drawn  he  would  not  nguin  slieath  it  ati 
long  as  an  enemy  remained  in  his  dominions,"  indignantly  rejected  every 
proDOsition.  Cut  off  from  ail  supplies,  and  exposed  to  the  incessant  at- 
tacks of  the  exasperated  Russians,  among  whom  were  hordes  of  Cossacks, 
the  wretched  troops  commenced  one  of  the  most  disastrous  retreats  ever 
recorded  in  history.  Again  and  again  had  they  to  sustain  the  vigorous 
attacks  of  their  pursuers,  till  the  whole  route  was  strewed  with  baggage, 
artillery,  and  ammunition,  and  with  the  mangled  and  frozen  bodies  of  men 
and  horess.  Of  the  mighty  force  tliat  invaded  Russia,  only  30,000  returned 
to  France  5  400,000  nerished  or  were  made  prisoiu  j  s ;  while  the  author  of 
all  their  unparalleled  sufferings  basely  deserted  his  arm v,  travelled  through 
Poland  and  Germany  in  disguise,  and  reached  his  capital  in  safety. 

Tho  unexampled  nivcrsos  of  Napoleon  were  hailed  by  the  nations  011 
the  continent  as  liie  signal  for  their  deliverance  from  his  iron  grasp.  AU 
exander  concluded  an  ulliauce  with  Sweden  and  Prussia,  and  llu'v  pro- 
pared  for  hoHlilities.  Some  sanguinary  hut  indecisive  battles  were  fought, 
and  a  short  armistice  was  agreed  upon,  during  which  time  Austria  joined 
tho  league,  and  all  parties  prepared  for  tho  renewal  of  the  cont('st  with 
iiicreasod  vigour.  The  greatest  unanimity  prevailed  in  the  couiifils  of  the 
allied  BovofcigiiH.  Their  armies  made  a  fttrmidablo  attack  on  Dresden, 
though  they  failed  in  their  object  of  taking  the  city  by  a  coup-de-main :  but 
the  veteran  Bluclier  defeated  the  enemy  at  Katzbach,  and  thereby  deliv- 
ered Silesia.  Vandamme  was  beaten  at  Culm,  and  Ney  at  Jutterbock 
It  was  now  resolved  that  the  whole  of  tho  allied  armies  should  make  a 
simultaneous  effort  to  crush  tho  co'iiiuon  enemy.  'I'he  forees  of  Napole- 
on  vums  concentrated  at  Loipslc,  and  there  it  whs  that  the  allies  attacked 
and  totally  defoatud  him.  The  sanguinary  b:Htlo  raged  from  dawn  of  dav 
till  night ;  both  sides  suffered  immeiis  •<  «8,  but  that  of  the  Fremdi  was  by 
far  the  greatest.  (\.u-fW'\n%  hit  ow  ^rsoiial  safely,  as  in  his  retreat 
from  Russia,  Uuon«i>ar*«  iv^stily  reat  1  Paris  ;  while  tho  French  garri- 
•on.i  which  occupied  f'l  8axon  auti  i-i.isaiAii  fortresses  were  abandoned 
I  tJwir  fate.  Thv  »•(  i  .»iy  of  Liepsic  aroused  every  nation  yet  in  alliance 
ifi  France  to  throw  off  tho  op|)retsor's  yoke.  Ainong  the  number  was 
Holland,  whose  inhabitants  expelled  tht  French,  and  reciUled  the  prince 
of  Orange.  1  he  Russian  campaign  and  the  war  that  now  raged  m  Ge^ 
omnv.  had  proved  boncficiiil  to  lh«  Spanish  cause,  by  willidrnwing  nHiii> 


82 


OUTLINi  SKETCH  OF  GBNEJlAt  HI8T0EY. 


ill 


wmy,  commanded  by  MSiSKSuf'v;/'*^®  T  ^"i*  '»»«  ^'"""'^ 
decigive  victory,  June  21  ^ma     Th„  '  f  ^'**?"«»'  T'^^re  he  obtained  a 

andthedefea»^fShaisouh  J whn/""i  ^.^It  "**«!  "^  ^^'^  S«baatian, 
frontiers  of  France  wa«rnnfi^h        ***"u  *'^'"  **>®  ^^^^^  of  defending  the 

ofthecampaip^anTFrcett^Sa^^^^^^^^^    ""T  P™u"''"«"»  ^«'«» 
by  the  Engljgg  a^d  SpanS  aS  nn  th«  l!f  .t"*^"'*l  "".^''^  "outh-west 

mies  of  Ru%«a,  Pru8i;a?and  ASria  **'*  ^^  '''"  "°'"*''"*'^  "- 

to  op^i^t^rt'S^^^^^^^  -  1-y  of  300.000  men. 

.he  aflies  marched  steadily  oJfbydiffe^^^^^^^^  ^^  P''*^^  •  but 

lie  city  of  Paris,  which  caSlLd      oi  fhT?Ar'^*''^"/'*'*PP™»«»»«d 
1814),  the  empemr  of  RussSa  and  the  kL^^f  S"""'.*"?  ^ay  (Sfarch  31, 
their  generals  and  staff,  made  their  tri,.3  ?^  ^™^'"'''  accompanied  by 
acclamations  of  the  Kkants  X  whfr  "'-^  '"*°  ^""«'  «'"'«^«t  the 
air  resound  with  reiterated  rS  of  " V7v«  pp"^  """'^'^  Pf  "«''  """^^  the 
ventles  Bourbons;-  ''A  bas  l^s  tvran  "X!,'  ^"™Pt^"'■  ^'«a"dre;»  "Vi- 
quis  of  Wellington  had  dXtedC.'nf^"^^'^  "^^  'n«5^'ne  the  mar- 
towards  the  coital     Njpoleon  findL  ?h'w2"^''"*'*''  ""^''  advancing 
and  that  the  allied  powera  were'de?fim^„»  f  ^^f  f^nate  ha^ei|)sed  him, 
with  him  as  sovereign  of  Prance    Sf.Tl*"  ^'"♦^'"•ny  treaty 
tombleau  ;  and  the  isfe  of  L'lbi  wTth  a  s^Kh.l^"  "'"'P^^  "''°^"  ^*  ^on- 
for  his  future  residence.    Ki?s  XVIII  41  n/"''r'''  T"  t'^'«''^^  him 
ancestors,  the  other  sovereigns  who  hlli  Z     '^'"''^^  T  l''®  ^'^'one  of  his 
were  restored,  and  all  Eur?pe  oncS  mnr«  h  •i''?"''^''  °^  ^^^"  dominions 
^  We  must  not  omit  to  nS  thaftlS  Am  ^J'^*^*  ^.^"''•••''*  P^'^^^' 
fied  with  the  British  ordm  n  coiniS  rlT'"*  r"'  ^Vu'""?  ''««»  ^'"^"s- 
decrees  of  Napoleon,  thoTglu  pSer  'in  Sa^^n'^''"!  **'*'  "*""'*"  ""^  M''«" 
laud,  and  forthwith  invadwl  r^«ni!ff'    .u'  ^^  declare  war  against  Eiig. 
[with  considerab  e Vr     The  Ameri;«„*'ir^  "'"?•  '^r«^«'''  ^"^«"  ^ac* 
the  10th  of  September  1813  in  P«nt"  "^ •"■?*''"■"'  ^''"V'  succeeded,  on 
Fort  Erie  was  also  take  ibv  tK^n^"""^  '^^  ^/'l'^^  <'^«'  "»  I^al'e  E  ie. 
same  month  were  fough  sX^mr^l  'nf^    '"ou"*^'  ^^^^' ''"''  during  the 
On  the  nth  of  Septern  or  sfr  H  ^^'^^  *'  Chippewa  and  Bridgewater. 
attack  upon  PiatCg,l;tf  after  J^ever^.'^n^  T^  '*''''  '"«". '"ade  an 
w»th  groat  loss.     The  BritSh  fleSn.nIr  n""'*"'  ""*"  ''""iP«»«d  to  retire 
rnodore  M'f)onough,  on  t",e  same  daJ     t^°1"'*'  "'^  '-'"P'""'*'"  ^'Y  «<>"»- 
freatv  of  Ghent,  Dec.  12  leu]  "**'  ^^'^'^'natod  by  th« 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

T  JarclMsT  ::  "°''*"*^"  """  "^"^'  ^°  ^-  •»—  «— 

nenl  ,>eace,  the  astomuling  nowTnrriv  1  it^  ?m  f?"'"'''"?';  "^  "  P""""" 
landed  in  Franco,  with  abm  isn  /^  ^'  Napoleon  had  left  Elba,  and 
mentherecfiiv«d  t^/t  wt  on\?!  {0^^^"-  «,»"'«'*•  the  enoou  ng«^ 
•t  the  head  of  16  OOO  vo  "ran  "  wul  S'«'''  T"^"''  lf«.uainblea»,  h.  was 
were  advaueing  ,  n  every  sUletnLlt  °''."*''"y  '^at  i.u.nero^.H  .„rp> 
made  tc  «rre,t'l,i«7ruJ.Jss    buTon  Ri.  ^^'"."'r''      '''"I'""'"'"-  wol^ 


OUTLINE  SKETCH  OP  GENERAL  HISTOEY.  gg 

•olved  he  should  bein.p  loned  for  lifeintte  iS^f'irSTn  "  "u^J" 
was  oassed,  from  which  a  f^,wnf\I.^^^      throne.    An  act  of  amnesty 

should  be  garrisoned  by  the  ll  e«  f.?r  fiv!  '^'''"*'^'  fortresses  of  France 
troops,  unler  the  dukeVf  WdSton  fho.LT'  ""^  »hat  160,000  allied 
dom  for  the  same  sr-^e  of  time  %h«  tZ^^^  mamtamed  in  that  king, 
concluded  at  the  conB^Sof^i^n^u  J^^^"^"'^  arrangements  were  also 
ation  of  a  portibn  of^lSxoSv  inH  J  """a  7*'  """"''*'''  ^y  '^e  annex- 
large  part  of  PoVnd  £e  \?eninn  T''"?'^-  '^"'"^""  ""««'«  '«''«'i''«d  a 
GeWwasassigned  t'othe  kZnfs^'T*-"^"."'"*  S'*'^"  »»  Austria; 
restored;  while  the  Unitort  &•      ^"""^''"a  '   »•'«  papai  dominions  were 

into  a  kingdSm  for  the  See  o"^^^^^^^^^  "'^'^  f°r">^d 

some  of  the  colonies  shPhwlt^LV,?  *  ,  ^"«'''»n'>  restored  to  the  Dutch 
also  took  niacr  A  eSmtlo™"/.  ^''^"'•^"d  various  minor  changes 
states  of  dermany  for  i„„l  drfor„  „ h'"..''"'''*"^'^ '"'"  ^^  '^^  «"verelgn 
and.  to  crown  the  whoTe  the  o.T,2n« "Vl"  ^'^^"''^1^1  "^  ''"ernul  wtt%, 
king  of  Prussia,  boS  t'lemLlv  •«  bH  .nin'!""'"'  ""'^  '^"'"•'*'  ^'i**'  'he 
Alliance,  the  professed  E  t  of  «-fih  ,    '*^?'"  <'ompact,  called  the  Holy 

rope,  and  to  maiiUafn  S  e  ,tinc m  1  of  r h  !•'"*'"""?  '^^  P««««  "f  «"■ 
dominions.  pnnctplos  of  Christianity  in  their  respective 

In  the  Hintories  of  sViwai..  "n  „2I!  «'L«f  «",<]"«"»  events  for  narration 
'•ory  Irurodu.tion  «^K  ;rn  r  «S^hi.r-  ,  '"  »»>«  brief  and  cur- 
rise  and  fallof  empirorthe  ov.tL^^^^^  r  ,  *  ''"''  '*  "'P"'  ^'"^    •/  the 

. ountless  evils  a  tendan' bVn  «n.« Ir '  ''^"H"""  P^'^""'  ""^^  »»'"«  «>f  the 
bcred  that  in  this  shghi  sk^  ,-h  wt  h/  '""'r''y-  **""J' '"""'  ''e  romem- 
P«>ceed.  i.  will  be  o5r  a?n  more  fnUv  L"!l'^  P-oneered  the  way.  A.  wr 
'loscTlbetheactionrof  thJ^r.  ^u?  •^''\?'»P«  'he  motives,  while  wf> 
<lestinios  of  rtCiVmTuI3""'''i^H  '»  «'»"»"«  hand.  iL 

^s  h„  .ani.ot  fail  ,o  1h  ,  wi  fiS^l'^wl,  '«  ff  »•'""».  >•««''«,.•.  i.ni.rosHo.l. 
nstnbility  of  human  irrandlr  Jl  '''?  "^*'":"'!''  """'"" i""*  and  (he 
admire  the  oy,rSJJSSo7LtjT"^l^  '"^  '"  c«„,nmnl„,e  „„,, 
'»enl  ut  the  world.       •^""""'^' «''  "»^"«e  Providence  in  tlio  mural  govern- 


/ 


/ 


PRESENT  CONDITION  OF  THE  WORLD. 


EUROPE. 


LuROPK  lies  almost  entirely  in  the  northern  temperate  zone ;  a  small 
part  of  It  at  the  northern  extremity  is  extended  beyond  the  arctic  circle, 
bui  It  does  not  approach  nearer  to  the  equater  than  35i  decrees.  On  the 
east  and  south-east  it  is  bounded  by  Asia ;  on  the  west,  north-west,  and 
south-west,  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  on  the  north,  by  the  Frozen  Ocean ; 
and  on  the  south,  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  It  is  about  3,400  miles  in 
length,  from  Cape  St.  Vincent  in  Portugal,  to  the  Uralian  Mountains  in 
Kussia;  and  2,600  miles  in  breadth,  from  Cape  Matapan  to  «he  Nortn 
Cape  m  Lapland. 

In  proportion  to  its  size,  Europe  is  the  most  populous  of  all  the  great 
divisions  of  the  globe,  and,  except  in  its  northern  states,  it  enjoys  an 
agreeable  temperature  of  climate.  The  soil,  though  not  equal  in  luxuri- 
ance  to  that  of  the  tropics,  is  well  adapted  to  tillage  and  pasturage,  so 
that  It  affords  a  copious  supply  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  while  its  mines 
produce  the  most  useful  metals,  and  its  seas  teem  with  fi^>h. 

In  no  part  of  the  world  are  manHfactHr«?s  carried  to  greater  perfection 
than  in  several  of  the  European  countries,  especially  m  Great  Britain, 
l<  ranee,  and  Germany,  and  that  commercial  intercourse  which  of  laie  years 
lias  so  very  greatly  increased,  is  gradually  obliterating  national  prejudices, 
exciting  emulation,  rewarding  industry,  cultivating  feelings  of  mutual 
esteem,  and  increasing  the  comforts,  conveniences,  and  luxuries  of  all. 
lo  the  commerce  of  Europe,  in  fact,  there  appears  to  be  no  limits :  its 
ihIZ"  M®  **  "^^ u  '"  ^"^^  country,  and  every  sea  is  filled  with  its 
Ships.  Moreover,  as  the  seat  of  art  and  science,  as  the  region  where  civi- 
lization  IS  m  active  progress,  and  where  Christianity  is  extendino  its  be- 
nign influence  far  and  wide,  Europe  indeed  maintains  a  proud  eminence, 
fo„  J  ?'"*  '^^""I  Pu^?^",*  appearances,  its  inhabitants  bid  fair  at  no  dis- 
»w«  ./„u.-^*  '^  ''""'■  ^"T'n'oiS'  already  vast,  by  colonizing  and  givino 
laws  to  nations  now  scarcely  emerging  from  barbarism.         »        »       « 


ASIA. 

Thk  genoral  history  of  this  division  of  the  world  carries  us  back  (o  the 
creation.  The  cradle  of  our  first  parents,  and  the  portion  of  the  earth 
Where  the  most  stupendous  acts  of  divine  power  and  wisdom  have  been 
displayed,  Asia  nresonts  a  most  interesting  subject  for  the  contemplative 
mind.  It  was  hero  that  the  world  before  the  flood,  as  far  as  we  know 
was  concentered.  It  was  h^rn  that  the  antediluvian  patriarchs  spttled! 
5  e  »fi«r?if/"H    <*"'  families  of  the  earth.    After  the  flood,  Asia  waF 

e  heart  of  ifc,  the  source  of  all  thai  population  which  has  since  covered 
flt^A^  """!il"  Syu""**'  of  "'^'ahitanti.  The  present  race  of  Asiatics  is 
aeduce£from  the  Hobrews,  the  Indians,  and  the  Tartars.  It  i*  forniirn  tn 
ussr  pH.,oge  iu  ruiiow  the  series  of  the  various  tribes  of  population,  which, 


M 


PRESaNT  CONDITION  OF  THE  WORLD. 


?"'5  u  ^''^^^  fountain,  overspread  the  earth,  and  especially  Europe  In 
deed,  the  whole  of  Europe,  however  elevated  in  the  scale  of  reason  and 
intelligence  above  their  primitive  sources,  derived  its  people  and  language 
rrom  Asia,  while  from  Asia  Minor  have  flowed  arms,  arts  and  learning 


AFRICA. 

Africa  is  situated  to  the  south  of  Europp.  and  to  the  west  and  south- 
west of  Asia.  It  is  separated  from  the  former  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
and  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  from  Asia  by  the  Red  Sea,  at  the  most 
northerly  extremity  of  which  it  is  united  to  Asia  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez 

The  history  of  this  immense  peninsula,  like  several  of  the  kingdoms  of 
which  it  is  composed,  is  involved  in  much  obscurity.  Interesting  as  are 
the  monuments  of  former  greatness  to  be  found  in  this  part  of  the  world, 
esnecially  in  Egypt,  there  are  no  memorials  on  which  the  eye  of  science 
rests  with  more  intensity  of  attention  than  upon  those  tablets  which  have 
enshrined  the  names  of  the  several  martyrs,  from  the  time  of  Pharaoh 
Necho,  to  the  inhuman  murders  of  many  an  enterprising  European  trav- 
eller. The  sun  of  civilization  which  once  illumined  with  all  its  splendour 
one  portion  of  thia  division  of  the  world  has  been  greatly  obscured,  and 
of  the  greater  part  of  it  we  may  say, 

"  Shadows  cloada,  and  darkness  rest  apon  it " 


AMERICA. 

iHis  vast  continent,  ov  xVew  World  of  the  Westwr  Hemisphere,  lies 
hetween  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans,  the  former  separating  it  from 
Europe  and  Africa,  and  the  latter  from  Asia  and  Australia.  Its  immense 
rivers  and  prodigious  mountain  chains  are  quite  unequalled  in  the  world, 
and  the  bays,  lakes,  cataracts,  and  forests,  are  also  of  unrivalled  extent 
and  grandeur.  It  is  divided  into  North  and  South  America,  and  is  in 
length  about  0000  miles,  possessing,  of  course,  every  variety  of  climate, 
from  the  burning  heat  of  the  torrid  zone  to  the  intense  cold  of  the  arctic 
circle.  Since  its  discovery  by  Columbus,  vast  numbers  of  Europeans 
have  made  this  continent  their  home,  the  generality  being  attracted  hither 
by  the  capabilities  it  seemed  to  afford  them  of  enriching  themselves: 
Am<irioa  has  also  been  an  asylum  for  the  victims  of  political  and  religious 
persecution.  [Abounding  with  every  production  necessary  for  the  com- 
fort and  convenience  of  man,  blessed  with  all  tlie  privileges  of  civil  an  I 
religious  freedom,  this  new  country,  which  but  three  and  a  half  centuries 
ago  was  unknown  to  the  Eastern  World,  has  risen  to  a  height  of  pros- 
perity almost  unexampled  in  the  history  of  nations,  and  the  colonies  of 
Ihe  United  States,  which,  less  than  a  hundred  years  since,  Great  Britaiu 
scarcely  considered  worthy  of  her  notice,  has  shaken  olf  her  authority 
and  now  proudly  fling  out  their  banners  side  by  side  with  those  of  the 
mother  country,  in  every  clime,  and  already  threaten  to  dispute  with  her 
the  pre-eminence  she  so  justly  claims  upon  the  seas.  Untrammelled  with 
the  wrecks  of  tottering  or  fallen  dynaHtios,  the  citizens  of  this  now  repub- 
lic are  working  out  upon  an  extensive  scale  the  great  problem  of  tielf- 
guvcrnment.] 


A  SERIES  OF  SEPARATE  HISTORIES. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND. 


meroeand  extensive  foreign  po.«,.«on.,  iu  naval  and  military  prowess,  and  the  IntTi. 

hgonce,  enterprise,  and  industry  of  iu  inhabitants-fnlly  entiZ it  to  th«  h^nTof  V,^ 

dence.    But  .hi.  is  notaU,  the  loveof  our  countr,  exie.  in  u.  a  lan^abrculini 

.  Inqnire  into  the  conduct  and  condition  of  our  ancestors,  and  to  become  aoquaLed  w  4  th^ 

:;rot;r::rar;is:7e;a:^^^^^^ 

"ha.  no  .nowiedge  of  thoTeWthat  2 tT.  I^  ptif^h^^r "^  "•"  '""•'" 

ixrirh^rh::rsi^eT^^^^ 


ins   BRITISH   AI*0   ROHAN 


CHAPTER  I. 


PERIOD— TO  THE   SOBJUOATIOtf  bf   TH»,    IStAWD 
Br    THE    SAXONS. 

iiile  hv  whinh  t»^JKi.l    •   "'^'""^y'  '8  80  reasonable,  so  obv  ouslv  the  onlv 

verTe'Zte?,%'riS"i;"'"  V^'  ^"T«  ^•^''  '^'"^^  ^«  P""  over  the 
cates  that  course.  referred,  at  once  suggests  and  vindi- 

Pirc'ro' '■fr'Je^Lr;  iluI^S'  are  commomy  employed  to  supply  thr 
tion  be  admitted  to  ILSralnH^  disregarded,  or  if  any  exce^ 

Grecian  fictions,  which T™  so  mJZ?^'^  ^^  '"  ^^'T  «f »»»«  »"«'«»» 
ever  be  the  objerts  of  tZ    Jni.       ?*  ''"^ 

therefore,  all  tradJHons   or  r»fhT,      ''"""'°"  *?f  ""^nJ^ind.    Ne-lectin» 
rvof  Dri'tain,  we  sS'on  /cons  j?  ?he'«Zt^  *""•'>  hi.to- 

pred   to  the  Romans  ortfffnvllfnr/K-       "'**'*'^ 
Wefly  run  over  thVi'mU.  wh^hZ^lA  a^L^^''  country.     We  shaU 
Vol  f— 7      '"'"*«"•*  ^"'ch  attended  the  conquest  made  by  that 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


:*;  lit 

£  us. 


!U 


2.5 
2.2 

2.0 

1.6 


vh. 


72 


y. 


f 


^J'? 


^ 


/A 


^ 


0> 


^^ 


Photographic; 

ScJences 
Corpomtion 


93  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTMNY    I4SI0 

|716)I79-4S03 


98 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WOULD. 


hS^.h  i  ."u^'"?  "'°'«  '°  ^o™*"  than  to  British  story.  We  ghat 
hasten  through  the  obscure  aiid  uninteresting  period  of  Saxon  annals  aSd 
shall  reserve  a  more  full  narration  for  those  Uraes  when  the  tmJh.«' hn?h 

.H  l^l^wpn  «!!r'.''''^  ^^"''  '■  ?^  o"g'naliy  inhabited  by  a  tribe  of  the  Celtae, 
Se  desJ^Ltroftupi^'r'^^  ''""°^"  ^^''^  «*"  •'^  «='h  respect  to  a  peS 
Snd  rX  n?  «ii  IIa^'  '?"«"«,»«'  manners,  government  (such  as  it  wast 
and  religion,  all  tend  to  show  ther  common  origin.    But  the  Britons  from 

n^r-'"^!!."'".'""''""''"^*"'^'^  '*•«"  f""  n.deneL;ndthe  rprimiTve'n  r 
Eo  ?  ""r''"!"'  '°"ff  '''^'«''  ^'"^  ^""1«.  from  their  intercourse  wh  the  in 
hot  ™^^        P"*^  °'  ''>«  ««"^'"''"»'  h-^d  consideSrimpr'ovrd'in' 

£  and  t^o^S/ I7f  *  despotism,   and  a   terrible   one,   for   boS! 
King  ana  penpie~tho  despotism  of  the  Druids.    The  nrni.ii.  vuLntHl 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


^«.    yjr    iiij£  WORLD.     •  jjj 

Sed'/ni'oveS/Sy  SS  SeoTl  ^^1'."^*  barbamus  people  inva- 
ed  and  more  ilmn  com  SanceftT  ''"'  '^'npo^ry,  an/ we  foW 
squalid  miseries  and  thrSl  SlkL  Pl''"T"l.'^^''''«'ance  from  the 
wWe  characterized.  S  piel  mav  t^l  ^^ 'r''''''*  «^^"»«  life  is  every! 
of  those  primeval  ages,        '^         ^  '"""  '""  harmonious  lay  to  the  iSss 

"  '^'••"'  ^''J '»  ^ood.  the  noble  ,.v.ge  nu. , 

the  prairies  of  America,  or  i„  t "»  w  Fr.  ^l,!^  «f  barbarism.  Whether  in 
?-vage  mvariably  miserable  and  a  mil  ""''  «f  New- Holland,  we  find  the 
imals  in  conformation,  buralas'  Len  l""""l'=  '"P"'"'' '»  'ho  other C 
than  they  are.  We  mav  svmnnchi!  ""^u"  ?"''J^*''  »»  '^'''ewe  and  famSe 
fSo  feels  when  civilized  UHmSM  hT- 'h  "'".  ''""f  ^'"«=''  'he  poor  m 
to  demand  that  conquestTbe  JitJ^Ia  ''»  haunts,  and  we  have  every  ridit 
we  still  must  admit  Sit  may  beco  J'""  '^^  ''"«*  P°««*ble  cruelly  ;T{ 
conquered.  ""^^  become  a  great  and  enduring  mercy  to  the 

possesS.r'ir  ?un!'li"raX"  ZIZ  "IV"*^  "P^  "'.'""'«  conquests  and 
^bea  of  mere  savages  longTfleJ  the  .nfl;^'^' '''^  ^J^T  of  numerous 

lriber8hffi'\Stita"!on°^fom'I!i?"*'f'  ,?"«'"'ction,  most  of  these 
necessary  fur  their  cattle    b"u  some'  ri?  '"  ^'"'''^ "« "«^^  P««'"res  became 

..C"'''  "'''''^^'  'hough  of  tl.rrXstif-t''"'""  stationary  and  oractised 
■istenco.  «    "'  ""-  "^"uest  k.n4,  served  to  improve  their  sub- 

his  irreJis^Sle  VuioimTa'l^i^"?,^?^^  having  overrun  (Jaul  at  the  head  of 
determined  to  coS^rr  i  "an'rit  ^'/o 'r  "''""'''^  ^^  Britain  a.  c.sS  He 
our  present  ,plend?.ur  and  i'ort?^^  'hat  we  primarily  owe 

he  wars  it  i,  that  wo  chieflrcfer  ve  n?.".  i*^™"?  ''."  °'^"  history  of  hiJoal 
.i'id  it  is  on  his  authority  Lt  we  Z  '^''°":'«Jk°  «»' 'he  state  of  Britain 
fne  con(tuestof8ucl.acoun  rvr..  T?'''"  '"  rude  a-id  poor  cond  S 
Suest  for^its  motive  ;bJtt?,"Z  ""'''  '"'/*'  ""'hiiig  but  tlie  love  of  cS' 
t'vo  was  sufficient  to     c Uo  to  tr'^-r.""''*  ''^"^''  ""' '«  «  Cw!thai  m"." 

;  descent  ^  \' rifr'^S/'stll'V"^^"  ^'  ^->.  ■"  Kent,  Car  made 
fierce  recepii,,,,  they  at  fl  J  ^L  ".  "?P  «l'P«"ranco  of  the  natives    and  tl.I 
ror  even  into  the  hearts  of  the  v.  "  ""'"■  "."'"'«"•  """^k  a  teSraJy  .0 
was  only  momentary     a  1.     .  "7!f"  ""hh'Ts  of  Ro.ne.    But  th«  rhl?.i, 

their  Intimate  ncqunintnuco  i  ih 'rhl  n''"'"""''J' "'"do  of  warfare  ad 
;nM"te  of  their  wantSrsHpli^  e  a.unl ''  '":'""'>'•  ""'''^  'hem  formldal  2 
the  steady  per«ev(.runrnMwlT.  Hi  ?  ' '  '.''"  '""•'<'  "'"ure  of  their  arms  Bn! 
0  -dvan^',  and  they  g  j^i  s«h*"^  r"  '"'/''^  ""'"""^^  cnaK  hem  s"il 

«»''  'h«  »-' -nnrn,..'^:.f..;"Lr'^.1'h'hly.     He  withdrew  nc.-Si,?gh' 


and  the  Hri.on^  g„  S'  J.|  Ur'^.r'"'^*     ""  ^'"d^wESlh, 
i"jr  forwanl  to  distant   'onZu.flr'V:''"'"'^  i.WM.j.a  ,  e  o    iffi 

««Kemen'.s    nis,,|,odi„„„e\3;  "J"' "«/'•«»*'/  '^»""'' '"  P«'rA.nn  their  en. 
h"v«  l.ro<,Iced  from  a  p.  J^far  ;lnl^'r/.!/;:'i'_"''l^^"*"uId^^ 


'•v<  ^n'werlH»  ini«?  the  llrJt 


100 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


I 


onR,  and  Cnsar  early  in  the  ''nsuing;  summer  again  made  his  appeal  Anc«s 
on  the  coast  of  Kent.    On  this  occasion  he  Toutid  a  more  regular  and  or 

Snized  force  awaiting  him;  several  powerful  tribes  having  laid  asidt 
air  domestic  and  petty  differences,  and  united  themselves  under  Casii 
belaunuB,  a  brave  man,  and  so  superior  to  the  majority  of  the  British  king* 
vhat  he  was  possessed  of  their  general  respect  and  confidence.  But  mert 
valour  could  aviil  little  apainst  the  soldiery  of  Rome,  inured  to  hardships 
rather  enjoying  thnn  feanng  danger,  thoroughly  disciplined,  and  led  bv  sc 
consummate  a  soldier  as  Julius  CaeHar.  The  Britons,  acordingly,  harras* 
ed  him  in  his  march,  and  disturbed  his  camp  with  frequent  night-alarms, 
but  whenever  they  came  to  actual  battle  they  were  ever  defeated,  and  with 
dreadful  loss.  This  time  Cnsar  made  his  way  far  into  the  country,  cross< 
ed  the  Thames  in  face  of  the  enemy,  and  in  despite  of  the  precaution  thev 
had  taken  to  stake  the  bed  of  the  tiver,  detroyed  the  capital  of  CassibeU 
aunus,  and  established  as  king  of  ilie  Triiiobantes  a  chieftain,  or  petty  king, 
named  Mandubratius,  who,  chieflv  in  disgust  of  sonie  ill  treatmen*.,  real  or 
imagined,  which  he  had  suffered  at  the  nands  of  his  fellow-countrymen, 
had  allied  himself  with  the  Romans. 

But  though  Caesar  was  thus  far  successful,  the  wild  nsiturc  of  the  coun 
try  and  the  nomadic  habits  of  the  people  prevented  him  from  achieving 
anything  more  than  a  nominal  conquest  of  the  island.  He  was  obliged 
to  content  himself,  once  more,  with  the  promises  which  the  islanders  the 
more  readily  made  him,  because  they  never  intended  to  fulfil  them,  and 
he  again  le/t  the  island,  never  to  return  to  it ;  for  the  domestic  troubles 
of  Rome,  greatly  caused  by  his  own  ambition  and  daring  genius,  left  nei* 
ther  him  nor  the  Romaii  people  any  leisure  to  attend  to  a  poor  and  re- 
mote island.  His  successor,  the  great  Augustus,  was  wisely  of  opinion 
that  it  rather  behoved  Rome  to  preserve  order  in  her  already  vast  empire, 
than  to  extend  its  bounds.  Tiberius  was  of  tlie  snine  opinion ;  and  Cal- 
igula, flighty  and  fickle,  if  not  absolutely  mad,  though  he  made  a  demon 
Btration  of  completing  the  work  which  Ca'snr  had  begun,  seized  no  spoiU 
more  valuable  than  cockle-shells,  inflicted  onty  a  fright  upon  the  Ijritons, 
end  gave  Rome  nothing  for  the  vast  expense  of  his  eccentric  expedition, 
save  materials  for  many  a  merry  pasquinade  and  hearty  laugh. 

For  nearly  a  century  after  the  first  descent  of  Caisar,  the  Britons  en- 
Joyed  peace  unbroken,  save  by  their  own  petty  disputes.  But  in  the  reign 
or  the  eni|)eror  ("laudius,  a.  d.  43,  the  design  of  conquering  the  island  of 
Britain  was  aj^ain  revived,  and  Plaulius,  a  veteran  gencrui,  landed  and 
fairly  established  himself  and  his  legionaries  in  the  country.  As  soon  as 
he  received  tidings  of  the  suc^ceBS  and  position  of  his  general,  Claudius 
himself  came  over;  and  the  Cantii,  the  Regni,  the  Trinobantes,  and  other 
tribes  of  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  island,  made  their  formal  submis^ 
aion  to  him,  and  this  time,  probably,  with  something  like  sincerity,  b» 
they  had  expcritniccd  the  power  of  the  Roman  arms,  and  the  superiority 
of  the  Roman  di«r'plino. 

The  more  inland  Hritons,  however,  were  still  fiercely  determined  to 
maintain  their  liberty  and  preserve  their  territory ;  and  several  tribes  of 
them,  united  under  the  command  of  Caractacus,  n  man  of  coiiraffo  and 
of  conduct  superior  to  what  could  be  anticipated  in  a  mere  barbariiin. 
made  a  stout  resistance  to  all  attempts  of  the  Romans  to  extend  tbeir 
progress  and  power;  a.  n.  M).  Iinfignant  that  mere  bnrbarians  should 
even  in  a  slight  degree  limit  the  flight  of  the  destroying  eaglo,  the  Ro- 
mans now  s'>nt  over  n'inforcemeiits  under  the  command  of  OstoriiiN  Sca- 
pula, whose  vigoniua  ('ondiii't  soon  changed  the  face  of  affairs.  He  beat 
the  Uritons  farther  and  further  hack  nt  every  encounter,  and  penetrated 
into  the  country  of  the  Siluren  (now  forming  part  of  South  Wales),  and 
here  in  a  yeneral  engagement  he  completely  routed  them  and  took  a  vat* 
Dumber  or  pr  aoners,  among  whom  wa«  the  brave  Caractacut 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  101 

'I'liis  bravo  though  unfortunate  prince  was  sent  to  Rome.    Arrived  in 
fhat  mighiy  city,  he  wa«  scarcely  more  astonished  at  :he  <'s««t  w-aUh  and 
grandeur  which  it  contained,  tlian  at  the  cupidity  of  the  posiessors  of 
Biich  a  city,  and  their  strange  desire  to  deprive  a  people  so  poor  as  the 
Britons  of  their  wild  liberty  and  wattled  huts.    It  is  to  the  ho^ur  of  the 
Uunians  of  that  day,  thut  Caractacus  was  treated  with  a  generosity  which 
was  at  once  equal  to  his  merits,  and  in  strong  contrast  with  the  treat 
nient  which  Home  usually  reserved  for  defeated  kings  who  had  dared  to 
oppose  her.    And  this  jtenerosity  of  the  Romans  to  Caractacus  individ- 
ually,  IS  the  more  creditable  and  the  more  remarkable,  because  his  can 
lure  by  no  mieans  prevented  his  compatriots  from  continuing  the  strug. 
,.^i  f      ?l**u  *'"',*y^  distressed,  and  often  decisively  worsted,  the  Britons 
still  fought  bravely  on  for  every  acre  of  their  fatherland;  and  as  thev 
improved  in  their  style  of  fighting,  even  in  consequence  of  the  defeata 
they  received,  Britain  was  atill  considered  a  battle-field  worthy  of  the 
presence  of  the  best  officers  and  hardiest  veterans  of  Rome. 
Pon/UnH  rnt  ^  co'J'Par'itively  slow  progress  of  their  arms  against  so 
poor  and  rude  a  people,  the  Romans  now  gave  the  cWef  command  ol 
their  troops  m  Britain  to  Suetonius  Paulinus.  a  man  of  equal  courage 

2rnness  ThII.  »«^i'^''*'"  amon«r  that  warlike  race  for\nwaveri5g 
sternness.     I  his  genersl  perceived  the  true  cause  of  the  British  Derti- 

I?Sl«,„fn?""*^,^  l"  '^^  '■*r  ""^  «»  """"y  *^««'»'''«  d«f«at8  a»d  sever* 
h5v«  Inn??,  'k  ^i'"'  ''''T'  ^''^  ''"'y  °"'^'  probably,  which  could  so  long 
have  kept  such  rude  people  united  and  firm  under  misfortune,  was  the 

Irmi  nf  ..i  ^^"^  followers  than  even  the  warlike  pro.- ,  .«  and  strange 
«nunf  I.  f  }""IT'  S"«'«'!'"''.  '»'«».  determined  to  r  -.ke  at  the  very 
root  of  British  obstinacy ;  and  as  the  little  isle  of  Anglosey,  then  called 

Iv  i  h'  ''"  u '".  *L'"*^  T?""  «"■  ""^  '^'"''^«'  •'«  Pr«^«««leJ  to  utlack  it.  righU 
ly  judging  that  by  making  a  terrible  example  of  the  chief  seat  of  their 
religion  and  their  priests.  Re  should  strike  more  terror  into  the  refractory 
Bnlons  than  by  deleating  them  in  a  hu  Ircd  desultory  battles.  His  land- 
hr«vril'i'.°».^f'''"K. '"'''.'""'  P"'"'''l"''»''«  difficulty  J  for  here  the  naturally 
oZts«T,f?n?n  "''?"'".[''•'  ''«'yey«Vf  their  powerful  and  dreadeS 
r„  r!i  'f  '  ''  """  *^""'''®  '""''''«  "f  ^«'"'-«  lo  win  their  praise,  and 

error  of  incurring  an  anger  which  they  believed  to  be  potent  in  the  fu- 

wS.  uue.amnl«.l  f.'"'  ^TA^^  """^.  """""'erations.  thS  Britons Sght 
m-  wr  1 1  u  7  ^  '^'^  1'"'  .«l!'t"'n'»''tion,  and  the  priests  and  priestesses 
21".lr  .  i  ''''".•  ■^'"''•''"Jf  straiiffe  curses  upon  the  invaders,  waviiia 
thH?  ZnTi'f  ".h*"'i'*'''*''"'''',H  ""  ""^^--Ihly  and  startling  an  appearance 
that  many  of  the  Roman  soldiers,  who  would  have  looTtcd  coolly  upon 
|ier  am  death,  were  struck  with  .  superstitious  awe,  and  half  in  LB 
lnL"'7.r'""*'  ««^'""  •y/'»««rd  in  personal  warfare  with  the  tutelar  T- 
rtiMist^tnlZ"''?'  ^T\  ""^Suetonius  was  a.  disdainful  of  super. 
!n^rl    1  •         "  ?"  "*^  '*':'"'^  •!""»"'  «'"*  ^'"  exhortations  and  example  in- 

CBm„rrfli;r ""'  *'"*  'p"*^"^  ''"^  ^»>"  '"-*""•"»  -^  -s*'-'*- 

toThlT,?!  r"'""  "^  ^'t**  th«  Druids  were  guilty,  was  that  of  offering 
}.v  th«  ifJ^M       .r  ""••"«<'«"•     Kven  in  time  of  peace,  victims  seleclej 
i^«    1  '.r"'""  "•.""'"'*'  ™"'"'«  *"  '"  '"««'  wanton  recklessness,  fed 

IrSv  lu  3  """«•  ""*  "  ^'"'  """^  "r«i«Hy  in  war  time  that  the«« 
Snt  «  u  i^  •Hcnflces  were  freauent.  aiul  the  victims  numerous.  Con- 
fldent  III  their  l.ope  of  defeating  the  Romans  by  fon^e,  and  the  terrors  of 
their  superstition  the  Druids  of  M(„,a  on  this  occasion  had  pron.is  "f  the  r 
i^m  «,«",«?'  u  I''«"'««"«  »•»<•"«««■  'I'he  fire,  were  prepanul-but  they 
H  ITZ  ""*'  "'^V^''  numslering  priests  became  ll»»  vic:imst  for 

On.  1  Tm  '"■'"''  »""«»•"  »ff"""'t  wliom  he  fought,  burned  the  captlvo 
Wnuds  at  their  own  altars.     Hitviiig  wreaked  this  crunl  ven.r»«n..„.  «.. 


102 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


cut  clown  or  burned  the  dense  groves  in  which  the  Druids  had  lor  agch 
jterfornied  the  dark  rites  of  their  mysterious  rfi*igion,  he  left  Anglesey 
an«l  returned  into  Britain,  confident  that  the  blow  he  had  thus  struck  at 
the  most  venerated  seat  of  the  British  faith  would  so  shake  the  courage 
and  confidence  of  its  votaries,  that  he  would  have  for  the  future  only  a 
seriel  of  easy  triumphs.  But  his  absence  from  the  main  island  might 
have  been  of  more  disparagement  to  his  cause  than  his  feats  at  Muna  had 
been  to  ils  advantage.  Profiting  by  their  brief  freedom  from  his  pres- 
ence,  the  scattered  tribes  of  the  Britons  had  reunited  themselves,  and  un 
der  a  leader,  who,  though  a  woman,  was  formidable  both  by  natural  char- 
acter  and  shameful  provocation. 

Boadicea,  widow  of  the  king  of  the  Iceni,  having  offended  a  Roman 
tribune  by  the  spirit  with  which  she  upheld  her  own  and  her  subject'i 
rights,  was  treated  with  a  shameful  brutHlity,  amply  sufficient  to  have 
maddened  a  far  feebler  spirit.  She  herself  was  scourged  in  the  presence 
of  the  Roman  soldiers,  amid  their  insulting  jeers,  and  her  three  daughters, 
scarcely  arrived  at  the  age  of  womanhood,  were  subjected  to  still  more 
brutal  outrage. 

Haughty  and  fierce  of  spirit  even  beyond  the  wont  of  her  race,  Boadicea 
vowed  that  the  outrages  to  which  she  had  been  subjected  should  be  amply 
avenged  in  Koman  blood ;  and  the  temporary  absence  of  Suetonius  from 
Britain  was  so  well  employed  by  her,  that  he  found  on  his  arrival  from 
Mona  that  she  was  at  the  head  of  an  immense  army,  which  had  already 
reduced  to  utter  ruin  several  of  the  Ronmn  setileinents.     The  safety  ol 
London,  which  was  already  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  was  his 
first  care;  but  though  he  marched  thither  with  all  possible  rapidity,  he 
was  not  able  to  save  it  from  the  flames  to  which  Boadicea  had  doomed  it, 
and  alt  those  of  its  inhabitants  who  were  not  fortunate  enough  to  make 
a  timely  escape.     Nor  was  the  Roman  discomfiture  confined  to  London 
or  Its  neighbourhood.     Successful  in  various  directions,  the  Britons  were 
as  unsparing  as  successful ;  and  it  is  affirmed— though  the  number  has 
always  appeared  to  us  to  lie  very  greatly  exaggerated— that  of  Romans 
and  the  various  strangers  who  had  a(!companied  or  followed  them  to 
Britain,  no  fewer  than  70,000  perished  in  this  determined  and  sanguinary 
endeavour  of  the  Britons  to  drive  the  invaders  from  their  shores.     Even 
allowing  somewhat  for  the  error  or  exaggeration  of  early  historians,  it  is 
certain  that  the  loss  inflicted  upon  the  Romans  and  their  adherents  by 
Boadicea,  was  immense.     But  the  return  of  Suetonius  inspired  his  conn, 
trymen  with  new  spirit,  and  the  tide  of  fortune  soon  left  the  native  island- 
ers.    Flushed  with  numerous  successes,  and  worked  up  to  a  ftenzy  of 
enthusiasm  even  by  the  cruel  ua«  which  ihoy  hnd  made  of  their  success 
they  collected  all  tlieir  forces  for  one  final  and  mighty  effort.     Suetonius 
and  Boadicea  in  person  comnuindod  their  respective  forces.     The  latter 
harangued  her  troops  with  great  spirit »   the  former  contented  himseli 
with  making  his  arningenients  with  consummate  art,  well  knowing  that 
his  legionaries  required  no  exhortation  to  strike  hard  and   home  at  an 
enemy  that  had  put  the  R(.maii  eiigle  to  flight,  and  make  earth  drink  deeii 
of  the  proud  RoniHii  blood.    The  battle  was  obstinate  and   terrible ;  but 
once  again  the  marvellouH  superiority  of  discipline  over  mere  numbers 
and  courage,  however  vast  the  one  or  enthusiastic  the  other,  was  slrikino- 
ly  displayed.     The  dense  masses  of  the  Britons  were  pierced  and  broken 
by  the  Roman  phalanx ;  the  defeat  became  a  rout— the  rout  a  inuasacre 
Boadicea  escaped  from  the  field  by  the  swiftness  of  the  horses  of  her 
own  chariot ;  but  despairing  of  over  again  being  able  to  make  head  againsi 
the  detested  invaders  of  her  country,  and  preferring  death  l(i  falling  again 
into  the  hands  of  those  who  had  so  mercilessly  miiltiealed  uotli  hersel 
and  her  daughters,  she  swallowed  a  (jotent  poison,  and  when  overtaken  l.i 
the  pursuing  soldiers,  was  beyond  their  niHlicc.  boiiig  then  ia  titu  agoi  lua 
uf  iluath 


I 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  Iqj, 

Though  Seiitonius  had  achieved  great  successps  in  Rr.t.o«  ».»  u  j  j 
feo  oil  y  at  the  expense  of  such  evtrnnr^in,-.,  i  ^'"'"»">  '•e  "ad  done 

Bides,  [hal  Nero  reca  led  hi  from  h^^^^^^^^^^  cruelty  on  both 

m.pre.8ion  that  his  excessive  SnSiLTndTvTL^JIJmKd^  hi".^'?  '^' 
x>8t  in  which  It  was  not  merely  necesaarv  *n  tn»!i^k  !  "'"?  ^^'^  * 
resisting,  but  also  how  to  concise  the  coniuer"d  tZ  %  Jhl^'^.f''* 
generals  were  br  efly  entrustPrt  with  »h;«  ^iirf    i.    "  ^  ^  .?  ^'  ^"^^^  o'hw 

A  consummate  soldier,  Julius  Asricola  was  nn  i«.«  „^ 
civil  governor;  and  while  hp  IpH  hf/lfi^l    ■       V    •        consummate  as  a 

driving  farther'aXfherbaiktndsT^^^^^^ 

Caledonia  those  who  did  LtSsh  in  thplw'"''  ''''^^  «"'^  '^"•*»"»  <>' 
nomage  to  their  conqurol.  he  showed  hiSf°'/''?'*M*°°.  ^  '«  d« 
peculiar  duties  to  which  he  had  been  aonoi^fp]  admirably  fitted  for  the 
he  made  kindness  and  1  beraSv  ?o  tL^f.h  ?  •  ^^  ^^l  "•""  ^'"'  which 
stern  severity  to  thro  who  3  dared  to  reZ?!),'  T  **'"'*  '"  ''^"'^  "'''h 
followed  the  more  obstinate  of  the  Rrl.  m-  r  "'^  "'""'''"  ^'■'"^-  "a^"'? 
their  collected  force  unrrGalffacushrnltSl'^^^^  K  '''.P°«^  «"^  ^«f«^»«d 
of  forts  between  the  S  of  Kwh  JIT  Hi^ ''^i'^'  ^«  ^''^^t^d  »  chain 
northern  retreat  of  the  hostSp  rKnn.  ?  ^^''Ku  ^^^^^^  "^"^  *'^"«  divided  the 

formed  a  great'ise^tMtm^Zvh^e'''  '''"''*^'"  P"'"'  '^^^  "«- 

cliiedt^Sf;e"rytS;2:tol^^^^^^^^^^  »'»*  ""'«  '" 

whose  warlike  prLess  hevhnH  11'''.^''^'''  all-powerful  conquerors,  of 

a  faint  hope  of  SucSu  resisinnl  m  '"^"^  ^'''?^'  '«  »'^«  '^em  even 
assiduously  availed  l.imself  of  Ipf;  „J*«'"^"yer  Agricola  skilfully  and 
them  in  the  Homa.^m  Z  a  veU  is  ?n'lh!"n  '''«I'"«'t'»"  '«  ^'"truct 
efforts  in  this  direction  i  as  succe J  .  .1 5.»T"  ^"'"''  '"'^  "'"•  "'« 
down  resistance  had  been  •  nnH  E  rS      '"s  former  exertions  to  put 

•egan  to  wear  a  busy  a,i3  civih^eS  asnm  Vh"p  Y-7'"''i'''\f?'l'^^'  «"«" 
mans  incorporated  with  theSves  «?pn  L  T^®  ''^'"  'T'^''  '^*"<^''  "'«  RO" 
people,  when  they  h^d  once  bv  ,h  "  r*'^^"  '^^  r»'^««t  and  most  intractable 
ainong  them,  was  to  t  e  fuS  a^ni,;  nfT'^^''''''.^  P,™"'""  fairly  got  fooling 
itself.     Tho  Homiin«  fin^         astonishing  and  admirable  as  tlwt  prowess 

Sns  of  3  "a     Jnd^ru/premeriniT"^  '^«.  "«"henr".;trfl! 

hordes  native  to  Scotia  S^orshpltS^?  '"'''"^  0''?'  »''«  »"»  "'"amed 
were  so  fully  contenlTwi?hthoir.i?l.i'^'  J".!''  **"«  "«"»•«•■»  «"'on» 
.wporated  with  the  rconau^^  ""  P^'''""«"y  "' 

ings.  that  the  onl^ZturbSes  we'lld^T/^l'T-  "!f'^  habits  and  V.- 
of  years  arose,  not  from  inSer^^^^  ^l       ^'"'"?  "  '""'^  ''^■"«« 

from  the  turbu  cM.ce  o7 the  Ro5m  s,  h!?pf«  n?/*'^  ^T  "^  T  "^''""«' '»« 
Roman  governor,  who.  mad«    rJlmi.rh:  h  n  '"  '?"  "'"^ition  of  some 

ity  in  so  distant  a  prov  nee.  wis  inS  p,f ,/ jl"''''"^.'i'8^  "'"'«  ""^^  «»tf'or- 
the  empire.  ^"^"'^e,  was  induced  to  assume  the  purple  and  claim 

...Tct"nro?u;;r&nrrs"at^?.tl"h!5.*'  ^H?!''''^°"  "f  B"^-"  ^y  «he 
lK.8ts  Of  the  north  ™now  SrJsifna^.n  fl^"^.'''  '"5  P""'"''  '^•'«  »'«''"»ri'- 
herself,  that  tho  "ir*  rK^rXle  ol' thrill""  '''"^^^  "P""  "»'"'" 
contract  the  limits  of  the  t  mnirn  hv  X  „  ,     •      "'""*!"  •"■"»»"•  """er  to 

«V8.  obliged  to  bo  dLgarde"  iS  St  v  n'^'u?  l"  '"'""^  "'"■"  i"**"'"^' 
Jafence  of  the  verv  l-ar  ),r  ,V  ""tlymg  legions  were  wanted  for  the 

{>ointed  it  out  asaeoUiy  tXri iestan^^^  withTr  '".  w««l'»'v "al"r«llv 
Scarcely  h„d  the  l^.^lan  Ii  Hnn.  r"""iu'' ''?'"*■''■''«"'' af'""<l"''-P'- 
by  th«  Lt.  and  Scou"  'XT.Lte!!'!^'!^"  i''«  »"«"'"•  ^veie  assailed 

,,,, ._.,  j.„rt:jcni  ions  was  iiirong  and  ad> 


/ 


104 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLI>. 


T^^il  ^^?^\^f  ^^\^^  *?**  ^""''^  defenders  were  no  less  necessary 
iDd  the  Bntons  had  so  long  been  accu**tomed  to  look  for  all  niiUtury  ser 

mf,Ph  «f  h^''''^'*"*  ""^  ^"^  ^^^^^  *™on«  them,  that  they  had  lost 

Shol  i,*f'"  ^"'''^"^  T-^'V"'"'  ^"'^  ""^'^  "°  ™at«h  f»'  'he  fierce  Lrbarians 
whose  bodies  were  as  little  enervated  by  luxury  a»  their  minds  were  un 
tamed  by  any  approach  to  letters  or  politeness.  "" 

ln.T?n^^K*°"'*™®'^*'"^""'"'«'■^^*  '"  B"'a'n  was  not  yet  wholly 
ostin  the  more  pressing  instincts  of  self-preservation,  was  answered  bv 

The  departure  of  the  Romans  was  immediately  followed  by  a  new  incur 
won;  aid  was  again  sent  from  Rome,  and  the  enemyLain  was  SS 
back.  But  the  s  luation  of  the  Roman  empire  wmSwIo  crufcal.  tS 
even  a  single  legion  could  no  longer  be  spared  from  home  defence  and 
the  Romans,  having  put  the  northern  forti/Tcations  into  repair,  exhorted  the 

It  had  been  well  for  the  Britons  if  they  had  not  been  in  the  habit  of  re 
jymg  so  implicitly  upon  the  Romans  for  defence,  pfow  hat  Rome  left 
them  thus  suddenly  and  completely  to  their  own  mastenr  they  were  i 
precisely  the  worst  possible  stage  of  transition  to  fit  them  forJ  struLle 
with  their  more  barbarous  northern  neighbours;  they  had  lost  much  of  the 
fierce  and  headlong  valour  of  barbarians,  without  acquiring  the  arf  ad 
fSvT.  °  «'^'lf ^'l  «""ors,  and  they  had  just  so  n^uch  of  wealth  aLd 

Irun/vnnth  fe*^  ■?y.^^T'  •'"P""'y-  ^^'^'^J'  "^  'heir  boldest  and  most  v"g. 
orous  youth  had  either  been  incorporated  in  the  Roman  soldiery,  or  had 
fal  enin  support  of  Gratian  and  Conslantine  in  their  ill-fated  Sensions 
to  the  imperial  throne.  The  northern  barbarians,  ever  on  the  watch  soon 
became  aware  that  the  Roman  legion,  before  which  their  umrS  host" 
had  been  compelled  to  give  way,  had  departed;  and  they  forlhwUh  assem 
bled  in  vast  numbers  and  a|ain  assailed  the  n'orthern  fo  tifiSns  To 
men  so  long  unaccustoine  J  as  the  Britons  were  to  self-defence  the  verJ 
consciousness  of  having  to  rely  wholly  upon  their  own  vafonr  S  Z? 
dence,  had  an  appalling  and  bewildering  effect  They  LdeSiit  a  feffi 
and  disorderly  resistance,  were  speedily  beaten  from  thei^fons  and  then 
fled  oinvard  in  panic,  leaving  the  country  as  they  passed  throuflhTt  to  hS 

ST^^'^'t"'^*^^  '"'"^"'^    "The  behaviorof  these  wasTeciselyw^ 
might  have  been  expected  ;  the  sword  and  the  torch  marked  the  r  7oof 
steps,  hamlet  and  town  were  razed  and  ruined,  and  the  blackness  of  deso 
lation  was  seen  hi  the  fields  which  had  lately  b^en  covered  wihU.evealSi 
t^u!\T  ■  ^''•'"  *'  ^I'y  P«''"  at  whicll  they  attempted  to  make  head 
■gainst  their  enemies,  and  seeing  in  the  torribfe  rage  with  wldch  thSv 
were  pursued  and  harassed,  no  prospect  but  that  of  utter  widirredeemahlJ 
rum,  the  unfortunate  Britons  sent  an  embassy  to  Rome  to  7mnfZ  S 
once  more.     Their  missive,  which  was  ei.tiS  TheZan  o/AZo^^ 
graph  cally  paints  their  situation  and  their  feelings.     "The  £rba  S 
BiuA  this  missive,  "on  the  one  hand,  chase  us  into  the  sea  the  sea  oi   ?h« 
other  hand  throws  us  back  upon  the  barbarians;   a«d  we    lave  oidt  U.« 
hard  choice  left  us  of  ncrishing  by  the  sword  othyilwyyj^^-        ^  "*" 

But  Altila,  that  terrible  Scourge  of  God,  as  he  Drofanelv  hAn.i»^  ».• 
«lf,  was  now  pushing  Rome  he'fse/f  to  Irtal  extferarJ^aite 
been  even  rich  and  in.portant,  not  a  legion  couldXvV  b^n  Jruden? l! 
spared  at  this  crisis  for  its  defence.    Being  poor  and  insignmcm  t    it  S 
aourso  could  not  for  an  instant  claim  the  ntteuti..,    of  tl  57  w  J'  wo?o 
combating  for  the  safety  of  the  empire,  a  id  who  had  alreadv  Lam  in^i!I 
puir  of  It.     When  the  ifritons  foun'd  th'at  they  wt4  indeelf  SnaUv  abai. 
Ooncd  by  Rome,  they  lost  ail  heart,  deserted%ven  thei!  Jlongeif  jiaii 


I 


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HISTORY   or  THE   WOKLD.  ](), 

oUeleoce,  and  Jed  lo  the  coiicenlineiit  of  Iheir  bilJa  and  foreau  Igavma 
their  heuaea  and  property  to  the  mercy  of  their  enemiea  tE  f,  H 
profuaion  and  in  the  wntonneaa  of  their  deatructSn.  aoon  drew  inS™ 
wh,Ti'v^ 'htT*"  "'  •«"'«1 .»»»'.  «»<!  then  abaJdoS  the  Toff" 

;^s«t"i=ro'Cr'„o»ir''^  •»  '^'  - 

!ar.=7a'ssss;issr3Ss 

and ro"  ''"  '"'^  "^'  ''"''" '"^'  -«- P-f "-We a^V'antrto IheVcU 
Romans  had  sb  often  and  so  severX  frit  th«i,  ?i-    ?•     ™®'     ^''®"  '^« 

±r,zrt.'«s;aKSr.-t.stin7tS£5 


IOC 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


and  fertility  of  the  country,  and  of  the  weakness  and  divisions  of  its  own 
ers,  to  f«el  any  incli nation  to  take  their  departure;  and  Hengistand  Horsa. 
foi^L  !"  ""t'^'ll^  *"y  preparation  to  return  home,  sent  thither  for  reiii! 
forcements,  which  arrived  to  the  number  of  five  thousand  men,  in  sevo  . 
teen-war-ships  The  Britons,  who  had  been  unable  to  resist  the  Plots  and 
nf  ^^'.r"^  i^  hopelessness  of  attempting  to  use  force  for  the  expulsion 
of  people  as  brave  and  far  better  organized,  and  therefore,  though  not  with- 
out  serious  fears  that  those  who  had  been  called  in  as  raerceifary  sold  m 
would  prove  a  more  dangerous  enemy  than  the  one  they  had  so  fiercely 
?wll^''*'*"'''J^  combated,  the  Britons  affected  the  most  unsuspecting 
fnendship  and  yielded  to  every  encroachment  and  to  every  insolence  with 
the  best  grace  that  they  could  command.  But  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  con- 
ciliate  men  who  are  anxiously  watching  for  a  plausible  excuse  for  quarrel 
and  outrage  Some  disputes  which  arose  about  the  allowances  0??^^ 
810118  for  which  the  Saxon  mercenaries  had  stipulated,  furnished  this  ex- 

against  the  people  whom  they  had  been  liberally  subsiaTzea  to  defend 
.„Sf?f  ir*"**  the  indignation  so  naturally  excited  by  the  treacherous 
conduct  of  their  quondam  allies,  roused  the  Britons  to  something  like  the 
vigour  and  spirit  of  their  warlike  ancestors.    Their  first  step  was  to  de! 
pose  Vortigern,  who  was  before  unpopular  on  account  of  his  vicious  life 
Llr'  r"^  "niversally  hated  on  account  of  the  bad  consequences  of  the 
H^TZi^  A'^i  recommended,  though,  as  we  have  already  observed,  when 
he  suggested  the  subsidizing  of  the  Saxons,  the  Britons  were  in  such  a 
position  that  It  would  not  have  been  easy  to  suggest  a  better  measure.  His 
w»",I"IlTf'\K  **°'''*'^  *  reputation  for  both  courage  and  military  conduct 
was  raised  to  the  supreme  command,  and  the  Britons  fought  several  battles 
Z„l  ^%*,  ''2"'**^^  ^''^  perseverance,  though  with  almost  invariable  ill  for 
K;o?l'^    r^'iii^  S^P^  .advancine;  and  though  Horsa  was  slain  at  the 
battle  of  Aylesford,Hengist,  who  tlien  had  the  sole  command  of  the  Sax. 
oils,  showed  himself  fully  equal  to  all  the  exigencies  of  his  post.    Steadi- 
ly advancing  upon  the  Britons,  he  at  the  same  time  sent  over  to  Germany 

the  unfortunate  Britons,  worsted  m  every  encounter,  were  successively 
chased  to  and  from  every  part  of  their  country.  Whether  with  a  desire  to 
make  terror  do  the  work  of  the  sword  among  the  survivors,  or  with  a  rea° 
and  savage  mtent  to  exterminate  the  Britons,  Horsa  made  t  an  invariable 
rule  to  give  no  auarter.  Wherever  he  conquered,  man,  woman  indchid 
wereputtodeatfis  the  towns  and  hamlets  were  again  razed  or  burned, 
and  again  he  blackened  and  arid  fields  bore  testimony  to  the  presencland 
the  unsparing  humour  of  a  conqueror.  presence  ana 

Dreadfully  reduced  in  numbers,  and  suffering  every  description  of  oriva- 
lon,  the  unfortunate  Britons  now  lost  all  hope  of  combating  succeSful- 
Iv.    Some  submitted  and  accepted  life  on  the  hard  condition  of  tilling  as 
slaves  the  land  they  had  owned  as  freemen ;  others  took  refuge  in  the  moun- 
ain  fastnesses  of  \Vale8,  and  a  still  more  considerable  number  sought  «Se 
In  the  province  of  Armorica  in  Gaul;  and  the  district  which  was  thereat- 
signed  them  is  still  known  by  the  name  of  Britanny. 
thiZC  '""""b*'*  the  kingcfom  of  Kent,  which  at  first  comprised  not  only 
the  county  now  known  by  that  name,  but  also  those  of  Essex  and  Middlesex 
and  a  portion  of  Surrey.    Bein«  still  occasionally  distuS  by  re voUsJl 
the  Bntons,  he  settled  a  tribe  oT  Saxons  in  Northimbeiland.    Other  north- 
ern  tribes,  learning  the  success  of  Hengist  and  his  foUowera,  came  over 
The  eariiest  of  these  was  a  tribe  of  Saxons,  who  came  over  in  the  year  477 
and,  after  much  fighting  with  some  of  the  Britons  who  had  parUaUv  reco- 
yercd  their  spirit,  founded  the  kingdom  of  Sussex.    This  TiSm    a 
wh^h  the  Saxon  ^lla  was  the  founder  and  king,  included  the  prisfntSui 
tv  of  Sussex  and  also  that  of  Surrey.  «»i.«n.uuw 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  107 

Though  from  many  causes  there  is  considerable  difficulty  in  ascertain 
ing  the  exact  dates  of  the  events  of  the  very  earliest  S^o  1  adveiSs  ?n 
Bntaiu,  It  IS  pretty  certain  that  the  victorious  and  sucteMfnl  wiS    ^ 
ioyed  the  possession  of  his  ill-acquired  kifidoiL,itnZvL?!«r'K"' 
he  died  at  Ca.Uerbur>-  which  cityle  had  seSd  S   his  caS   '"'  "'•*'" 

and  wi'sJn  Kenric*  "^  of  Saxons  landed  under  the  comSd  of  Cerd.c 
ana  tu»  sun  Kenric.   He  was  warmly  res  sted  bv  the  Rritnna  «i,i.«  .kii 
niained  attached  to  their  country  and  in  arms  for  th^K»iJ^     '*''i  u** 
was  obliged  to  seek  the  assistant  of  tl^e  SaTon^of  Kent  ^nf  i^^  t,! 
Ge?mL^'"4he^'S"  ^^  ^""^  "«»" 'einforcemenKoSaS  from 

whom  was  the  brave  Nazan  Leod  himsplf     Tht  *5°"**"*^  ™«"'  among 
m  heroton.  ha.  C  .°o  .tr„»  1 1\°  "iSrJfe  P.™"'  •»"l""-  »l>«» 


their  aid,  and 

as  a  mere  repetition  of  fierce  inva^h,n  on  ™f^  Particularly  spoken ;  but 
often  heroic  but  alw^  ^suicesZ  woS  niwi'"'"'^'  ^"'*  '•««*«'ance, 
the  reader,  we  at  onc'e%as"sr  hf  trnl^which'^TratThV"'^?^ 


CHAPTER  II. 

T.H^  H.PTARCHT,  OR  THE  SEVEN  KINGDOMS  Or  TlilE  SAXONS  IN  BRITAIN 

Octahkeliisfather.was  amanof  mediocre  talont,  and  nnfortunatalv 


II 


108 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


•I  Su  }>v«^in  a  tira«  when  his  neighbourhood  was  anything  but  ran- 
uuil.  The  ki.igdom  of  the  East  Saxons,  newly  established,  greatly  exten- 
jled  Its  limits  at  his  expense,  and  at  his  death,  in  634,  he  left  his  kingdom 
less  extensive  than  he  had  received  it  by  the  whole  of  Essex  and  Middle- 
"*?.•,.  To  Octa  succeed'  '  his  son  Ymrick,  who  reigned  in  tolerable  tran- 
quiility  during  the  long  period  of  thirty-two  years.  Towards  the  close  of 
rns  reign  he  associated  with  him  in  the  government  his  son  Ethelbert, 
who  in  566  succeeded  him.  While  the  kings  of  the  Heptarchy  were  aa 
yet  in  any  danger  of  disturbance  and  reprisals  on  the  part  of  the  outraged 
Britons,  the  meie  instinct  of  self-preservation  had  prevented  them  from 
having  any  considerable  domestic  feuds  :  but  this  danger  at  an  end,  the 
Saxon  kings  speedily  found  cause  of  quarrel  among  themselves.  Some- 
times, as  we  have  seen  in  the  case  of  Kent,  under  Octa,  one  stale  was  en- 
croached  upon  by  another;  at  another  time  the  spirit  of  jealousy,  which  is 
inseparable  from  petty  kings  of  territories  having  no  natural  and  efficient 
boundaries,  caused  struggles  to  take  place,  not  so  much  for  territory  aa 
for  empty  supremacy— mere  titular  chiefdom. 

Wlien  Ethelbert,  himself  of  a  very  adventurous  and  ambitious  turn,  sue- 
ceeded  to  his  kingdom  of  Kent,  Ceaulin,  king  of  Wessex,  was  the  most 
potent  pnnne  of  the  Heptarchy,  and  used  his  power  with  no  niggard  or 
moderate  hand.     Ethelbert,  in  the  endeavour  to  aggrandize  his  own  do- 
niinions,  twice  gave  battle  to  his  formidable  rival,  and  twice  suffered  do- 
cisive  defeat.    But  the  cupidity  and  tyrannous  temper  of  Ceaulin,  havina 
induced  him  to  annex  the  kingdom  of  Sussex  to  his  own  already  consid 
erable  posscjsionti,  a  confederacy  of  the  other  princes  was  formed  against 
him,  and  the  command  of  the  allied  force  was  unanimously  voted  to  Ethel- 
??»!:' lu^       P^^'^  '"   ^^^^'^^  ^''^  displayed    equal   courage    and   ability 
hthelbert,  t.ius  strpngt'iiened,  once  more  met  his  rival  in  arms,  and  this 
tmie  with  Oettcr  success.    Ceaulin  was  put  to  the  rout  with  great  loss, 
and,  dyin^  shorllv  after  the  battle,  was  succeeded  both  in  his  ambition  and 
in  his  position  among  the  kings  of  the  Heptarchy  by  Ethelbert,  who  very 
speedily  gave  his  late  allies  abundant  reason  to  regret  the  confidence  and 
the  support  they  had  given  him.     He  by  turns  reduced  each  of  them  to  a 
complete  dependence  upon  him  as  cliicf,  and  having  overrun  the  kingdom 
of  Mercia,  tlie  most  extensive  of  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  island,  he  for  a 
time  seated   himself  upon  the  throne,  in  utter  contempt  of  the  riirht  and 
the  reclamations  of  Webba,  the  son  of  Crida,  the  origina.  founder  of  that 
kingdom.     Out  whether  from  a  sense  of  the  injustice  of  ,.,n  conduct,  oi 
from  fear  that  a  continued  possession  of  so  extensiire  a  territo  y,  in  addi- 
tion to  that  which  of  right  belonged  to  him,  should  arm  against  himself  a 
league  as   compact  and  determined   as   that   by  the  aid  of  which  he 
had  triumphed  over  his  foKmidablo  rival  Ceaulin,  he  fluhsoquontly  resijrii- 
ed  Mcrcia  to   Webba,  but  not  -vithout  imposing  coiulilioiiH    as   insultina 
as  they  were  wholly  unfomidcd  in  any   right  save  thiit  of  the  strongest 
from  the  injustice  which    marked  this  portion  of  Kthelberl's  conduct, 
it  IS  p  HUHing  to  have  to  turn  to  an  important  event  whicii  shed  a  lustre 
upon  Ills  reign— the  introduction  of  Christianity  to  the  Saxon  population  oi 
England.  '    ' 

Though  ihonritons  had  long  been  Christians,  tho  terms  upon  wlii.ih 
they  lived  .v  tli  the  Siixons  were  ospociully  unfuvourahlo  to  any  religious 
proselytisin  botween  the  two  pi-oplo;  and,  in.leed,  the  early  hisloriana  do 
not  scruple  to  confess  that  the  Britons  considered  their  conquerors  to  b« 
unworthy  to  participate  in  the  blessings  of  Christian  knowlodge  and 

Ethelbert,  fortunately,  was  married  to  a  (niristian  lady,  Bertha,  dangh- 
ter  01  Caribort,  khig  of  Paris,  who,  ere  ho  would  consent  to  his  daudif ,"•'* 
marriage  with  a  Pagin,  stipulated  that  the  princess  should  fully  an.l  trw 
to  retain  her  own  religion.     On  leaving  her  native  land  for  England,    «?ie 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


100 


fTM  attended  by  a  bishop,  and  both  the  princess  and  the  prelate  exerted 
their  utmost  credit  and  ability  to  propagate  the  Christian  fnith  in  the 
country  of  their  adoption  ;  and  as  Berllia  was  much  beloved  at  the  couit 
0.  her  husband,  she  made  so  much  progress  towards  this  good  end,  that 
the  pope,  Gregory  the  Great,  flattered  himself  with  the  hope  of  convert- 
ing  the  Saxons  of  England  altogether,  a  project  which  even  before  he  be- 
came  pope  he  had  conceived  from  having  accidentally  seen  some  Saxon 
slaves  at  Rome,  and  been  much  struck  with  their  singular  personal  beauty, 
and  the  intelligence  with  which  they  replied  to  his  questions. 

Encouraged  by  the  success  which  had  attended  the  efforts  of  Bertha. 
i^^^PB'.u  f.P'*'*'''?*^  Augustin  and  forty  other  monks  to  Britain.  They 
found  Lthelbert,  by  the  influence  of  his  queen,  well  disposed  to  receive 
them  hospitably  and  listen  to  them  patiently.  Having  provided  them  with 
a  residence  in  the  isle  of  Thanel,  he  gave  them  time  to  recover  from  the 
£fS!  u«  i'^l'"''  *"n  '^®"  «PPoi»ted  a  day  for  a  public  interview;  but 
£  .  !L  .^.®  K^\f  ^f^^"  '?.«  *"*'"'^''  »*»«  co-religionists  of  his  wife, 
he  could  not  wholly  divest  himself  of  superstitious  terrors  ;  and,  les 
the  stranger  preacher*  should  have  some  evil  spells  of  power,  he  appo  nt 
ed  he  meeting  to  take  place  in  the  open  air,  where,  he  thought,  such 
spells  would  be  less  effective  than  within  the  walls  of  a  building. 

rhriSn/tv'^nnf""^  ^^^  ^"'V^^  '"*P'""&  ""'^  consoling  truths  of 
«nH  frnm  S"  ,„^"*''"";»  «?.  m'W,  so  gentle,  so  free  from  earthly  taint, 
and  from  all  leaven  of  ambition  and  violence,  struck  strangely,  Lt  no 

mnviH^'h^'^'  "P°"  ""^  .?'"'  °^  "'«  ''"'d  Ethelbert.  But  tLugh  much 
moved   he  was  not  wholly  convinced  ;  he  could  admire,  but  he  could  not 

S^.Y/'"  u'^^'u  f  u®*"  '°  new  and  so  different  from  those  to  which 
iSnn  .h?f  ^.i?*^r  J*^"  «««»«t«Td- .  But  if  he  could  not  on  the  instant 
auandon  the  fa.th  of  his  ancestors  for  the  new  faith  that  was  now  preach- 
fll?  •    "'    i^  was  entirely  convinced  that  the  latter  faith  was,  at  the 

irA^L"*'?*       "^•'"•*"""^'''*l'""P''''    "'«  f®P'y.  therefore,  to  the  ad 
dresses  of  Augustin,  was  at  once  marked  by  tolerance  and  by  caution . 
by  an  unwillingness  to  abandon  the  faith  of  his  youth,  yet  b/a  perfec 
IJilhrd  cVrUulnUy     '""'''"  "  ^^''  opportunity  of  judgil.g  between  tha. 

mlh °!1M!""''^" '"''•  y-'"'^  promises,"  said  he,  "sound  fairly;  but  inas. 
Z^«  ?.!.£"","""  .  1"P'-o^«n.  J  cannot  entirely  yield  my  conft 
iluZt  M  '  ."."^  """'"lo''  the  principles  so  long  inuintained  by  my  an 
SSvon  hnv-'^r'^'n  ?' y","  '^"y  remain  here  in  peace  and  sulTety.'md 
Inl  \  t%  "■''''.1'"°''  '"  ^'V  *n  «'-'^«'-t"  benefit  us,  at  least  as  you  sup- 
vou  ^haU    ilT fS.r"7"''  «verything  necessary  for  your  support,  aiid 

w!n   1     II  •.'^"J'  ''''t^'y  '"  P''^"*'*'  y""""  'Joclrines  to  my  subjects." 
connfri,!  huH  K   ^"'"'  '"'?'"/"'  mankfud  if  all  potentates  in  all  times  and 
rSgKu7."  *'«"y '«'"'•"'"  «•  '»"»  P"*-"'  Saxon  of  an  early 

The  decree  of  toleration  that  was  thus  accorded  to  Augustin  was  all 

hin  n?  i;^"""'"' ''  '•'r^'"  ^'''^''^"'  *•"»'  '""'  woll.cultivated  tSlonts  ,7asur«l 
„«1  .  ""'r<'<'«8 ;  "'I'l  8o  w<!ll  and  tliligontly  did  he  avail  himself  of  the 

3.?.!!!!  "  '  ."'i"r' ''"  "P«e<lily  matle  numbers  of  converts.  Every  new 
HU-h-  •"„■'"'■*"'  i^''""  **'^  "*^  ^''''^  «'«'  '"'rvcd  him  t«,  new  exertions 
subleSli  uSif   *!  'T'.''!''  "'«"?•  "'"'  **'''  """'"'«  PPO^"'-""  to  which  he 

Sid  E;vl^fnl^ '•*'^""•'"''•^  "'»»  ^''y  other  mean* 
li  i ,  «nn„llv^n  .i"*^"  '"'  l'"'««»'ing«,  but  also  predisposed  them  to  be- 
tZl  ^•'"""y '"  »ho  sincerity  of  the  preiu^her  and  in  the  truth  of  his  doo- 
hri-.nh!"  ""Vl"'  ""'y  "'  ""'  ?*»"'•♦•«'  «'"'  "">«  ignorant,  hut  hUo  of 
iiieu  converts.     Thev  cr<iw(liiH  tn  >,<>  Kf.n»i..,.i  i  ..a i__.._. 


110 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


I 


kfna  hfmSf  K  ^^"^  ^^"' ^®^"  admitted  into  the  pale  of  Christianity,  the 
RoL  ""^  *  ''""''^^  ^"'^  "'""  ^»P'««d,  to  the  great  j5y  oi 

.hJ^rC"  •'"^.fonstanlly  impressed  upon  the  king  that  conversion  t» 
the  Christian  faith  must  be  the  result  not  of  force  or  threatenings;  but  of 

Zf.TZiu^'''^^'^^''^''''  °/  ^1?"^'  ^-^^  ♦he  religion  oflZ'and  o 
ffjitu       K^  in  doctrines  set  forth  in  faithful  preaching.     He  had  con 
stantly  exhorted  the  king  to  allow  no  worldly  Tnotives  to  weigh  in  h  9 
own  conversion,  and  by  no  means  to  exeri  his  authority,  or  the  terror  of 
It,  to  produce  an  unwilling  assent  on  the  part  of  any  portion  of  his  oeo. 

s^Si?uTth7.^S -i  r'"^'^'' '"  '^^  »'»h»  °f  rteLn,  and  in  thSga 
spiritual,  the  humblest  peasant  was  as  important  and  as  orecicus  as  the 
proudest  and  most  powerful  monarch.  precicus  as  the 

But  Gregory  the  Great  was  zealous  in  the  extreme  in  the  cause  of 
proselyiism  and  by  no  means  backward  in  availing  Smself  of  temper! 
fhaTEtfelhl'rt  1"„H '""'"'  °f  «P'ff"«'  «"ds.  And  af  soon  is  he  Zmed 
that  Lthebert  and  a  considerable  portion  of  his  subjects  had  embraced 
Christianity,  he  sent  to  the  former  at  once  to  congratdate  him  uljon  his 
wise  and  happy  conversion,  and  to  urge  him,  by  his  duty  asTmSrch 
and  by  his  sympathies  and  faith  as  a  Christian,  not  any  longer  To  allSw 
even  a  part  of  his  subjects  to  wander  on  in  the  darkness^andfrror  of  K 
gan.sm     To  have  the  kingly  power,  he  argued,  implied  and  included  Ihe 

tl  {^a\'\  '"  ""^  """y*  l'^"*  «°"^^  ^"''d"^«  t«  the  welfare  of  his  sub- 
SrZi  1^^^  '""'■^  weighty  and  tremendous  matter  could  concern 

hem  than  the  possession  of  that  true  faith  which  alone  could  secure 
h;,«in;T^lf.^/"/^'1  ''I'^i  "^"^  '^eir  safety  in  the  world  to  come  E~ 
mt  p^nil  >*;"?  to  blandishment  and  persuasion,  he  also  exhorted  him. 

n  the  case  of  Inose  means  failing  with  any,  to  resort  to  terror  and 
threatening,  and  even  chastisement.    So  di/ferent  was  the  poliiy  of  X> 

Gregory  at  the  same  time  sent  his  instructions  to  Augustin.  and  verv 
part.euar  answers  to  some  singular  questions  put  by  the  missiw  Ji 
to  points  of  morality  which  he  thought  it  necessary  to  enforce  u!o7thS 
understandings  and  practice  of  his  new  and  numerous  flock;  bShwe 
questions  and  answers  would  be  out  of  place  here,  as  they  only  tend  Jo 
^  ustrate  cither  the  exceeding  ffrossi.ess^f  the  flock,  or  the  e«e2dinj 
aimplicity  and  minute  anxiety  of  their  spiritual  pastor  "ceeaing 

Wol  pleased  with  the  zeal  of  Augustin,  and  with  the  success  with 
which  It  had  thus  far  been  crowned,  Gregory  made  h  m  arSshon  o< 
Canterbury,  sent  him  a  nail  from  Rome,  and  gave  hirn  pTennrrRU  ho^ritv 
over  all  the  British  churciios  that  should  be  erected  C  tl  ^uJ^H 
tin  was  thus  hiffhly  approved  and  honoured,  Gregory,  who  was  shrewdiv 
actjuainted  w.thluiman  nature,  saw.  or  »uspected%hat  the  S  mSn 
ary  v  :.,  venr  proud  of  a  success  which  was.  Indeed.  1  tte  K  thT  mT 
raculous,  whether  its  extent  or  its  rRpidity  be  consi  ler,d.  "  the  same 
time,  therefore  that  he  both  praisj  an.f  exalted  him.  he  emr  haticauJ 
warned  him  against  allowing  himself  to  be  soducod  into  aTon  ea  oS^ 
t  on  on  account  of  h.s  ^«od  work,  and.  as  Augustin  Inife.tcd  some 
desire  to  exert  his  authorTty  over  the  spiritual  concerns  of  OauL  the  dom 
cautioned  hmi  against  any  such  interference,  and  express  y  informed  hK! 
hat  he  WHS  to  considtir  the  bishops  of  that  nountr%lKeTondS 
fc«"hlvS«  K^'"r,'«'  J'omradiotions  in  human  reasoui  ^nnd  SnoU 
JJ**  h"^f."'«  ♦""nW«  missionary  dehorting  a  newly  converted  p«cr„  7  ,m 
perseoutioni  a  pope,  the  visible  head  of  the  whole  Christian  wnH  J»a 
the  presumed  infallible  expounder  of  (.n.ri.tia;   IloS^^^^^^^  I  J 

Mpri.ssly  exhorting  him  to  it ;  and  nnoii  we  have  the  Jmbi  io,"  SSj  dw 
notic  patron  of  forcible  proselytism  wisely  «„d  rtMoTiably  Tnten  J^^^^^^ 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Ill 


ms  authority  and  advice  to  prevent  the  recently  so  humble  missionarv 
from  makaig  shipwreck  of  his  character  and  usefulness,  by  an  unbecom- 
ing and  unjustifiable  indulgence  in  the  soaring  ambition  so  suddenly  and 
strongly  awakened  by  the  gift  of  a  little  brief  authority ! 

It  was  not  only  m  the  influence  that  Bertha  had  in  the  conversion  ol 
the  Saxon  subjects  of  her  husband  to  Christianity  that  sht.  was  service- 
able  lo  them,  though  compared  to  that  service  all  others  were  of  comnar 

f'7^  rf  '"^'"^V  ^"/  ^''.^"  •"  *  '^«'^'<^'y  P«"'t  of  view  her  marrriage 
0  Elhelbert  was  of  real  and  very  important  benefit  to  his  subjects.  fSt 
her  intimate  connection  with  France  fed  to  an  intercourse  between  that 
nation  and  England,  winch  not  merely  tended  to  increase  the  wealth,  in- 
genuity, and  commercial  enterprise  of  the  latter,  but  also  to  soften  a  "d 
polish  their  as  yet  rude  and  semi-barbarous  manners.  The  conversion  of 
the  Saxons  to  Chnsuanity  had  even  a  more  extensive  influence  in  these 
resjjects,  by  bringing  the  people  acquainted  with  the  arts  and  tile  luxurie! 

Stormy  at  its  commencement,  the  reign  of  Ethelbert  was  snbsenuenllv 
peaceabeand  prosperous,  and  it  left  traces  and  seed  of  good,  of  SJ 
he  English  are  even  to  this  day  reaping  the  benefit.  Besides  the  Xre 
he  had  in  converting  his  subjects  to  ehristinnity,  and  in  encouraS 
them  to  devote  themselves  to  commerce  and  the  useful  arts,  he  was  5 
first  Saxon  monarch  who  gave  his  people  written  laws;  ai  d  thesTfa  vs 
making  due  allowance  for  the  age  and  for  the  condition  of  the  people  fo^ 
whose  government  they  were  promulged,  show  him  to  have  been,  evei 
If  regarded  only  m  his  civil  canacity,  an  extremely  wise  man  and  a  love? 
of  peace  and  justice.  After  a  long  and  useful  reign  of  fifty  years.  Etrel 
bert  died  in  the  year  C16,  and  was  succeeded  by  hfs  son  EmlLld 

History  but  too  frequently  shows  us  the  power  of  worldly  passions  in 
perverting  religious  faith.     During  the  lifetfine  of  his  falhe  .^Sdbild  had 

I  anu  returned  to  the  gross  errors  of  pagan  sm,  because  the  latter  al- 
lowed the  indu  genco  of  an  incestuous  passion  which  he  ha    conceived 
and  which  Christianity  denounced  as  horrible  and  sinful.     U  is  much  t^^ 
bo  feared  that  among  the  very  earliest  converts,  in  the  case  of  tZ  con? 
version  of  a  numerous  people,  manv,  if  not  even  the  inajori?y,  are  guS 

nto  the  new  way  rather  by  fear,  policy,  mere  fashion,  or  mere  i. Iflence 

S  nt^  'for'Sn'rldh' l'.'"";  '"  "'"  ^T''''  """"»''«  '^is  is  lameS ly  „^' 
parent,  lor  on  f.adbald  returning  to  the  gross  and  senseless  nractices  of 
his  forofathers.  the  groat  body  o?  his  suljlcts.  outwaiSly  a?  iS  return 
edwiih  nm.  So  completely  w^re  the  4rislian  Srib^XnT"  I 
so  openly  and  generally  was  the  Christian  faith  deridtJl,  t  Ju^^ 
TeiTn  desnair't;*  .""^  ^^fH^^'^^oUy  of  London,  allmi.loned  h  ; 
"ceded  AuirE;  f,    th^A^'n   '•'"  '*'"M'?'"-.    ''"^''^entius.  who  had  suc- 

;i;noi;;y?£:,irch"'"''''«  ^"'^ «"«'  ^'^''^ '"  »>""«  ^-t;;;;  kSgt:^ 

When  excoMivo  zeal  has  to  deal  with  Ignorance  and  ludeness-and 
even  yet  the  S«x<.ns  were  both  ignorant  rml  ru.le-wn  are  t  ujhf  1^  ill 
history  that  even  the  sincerest  men,  wroug'it  upon  by  exnmsive  z.  d  fir 
wha    they  cmi.uler  f.  be  a  righteous  .ui.riniportftnt\,Mk    w  |  ,h^^^^^^^ 

0  piousfraud.  to  accomplish  that  for  whi.-hlho  p  a  n  ruiirl  hi  m.t 
unifer  the  nrcumstan.es.  sufflco.  Lnurentius  wusSio  exception  to  lE 
common  rule.  Scckmy  «„  interview  with  the  king,  ho  ,Cw  off  h  J 
upper  uarinents.  and  exTnbited  his  body  covered  with  wo  ndi  and  brnlsiJ 

o  iucTi  an  extent  as  denoted  the  most  savage  nUummvut  The  k hT 
thoi«h  evil  passion  had  led  him  formally  to  abJurrCh  si  ainty  whs  S 
prepared  to  we,  unmoved,  such  nroof  of  hmtniL  o....  "l:J„?l_*u?J'."_' 


112 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


been  shown  to  the  chief  teacher  of  his  abandoned  creed  :  and  he  eagerly 
and  mdignantly  demanded  who  had  dared  thus  to  ill-treat  a  personage  so 
eminent.     Laurentius,  In  reply,  assured  him  that  his  wounds  had  been 
uiflicted  not  by  living  hands,  but  by  those  of  St   Peter  himself,  who  had 
appeared  to  him  in  a  vision,  and  had  thus  chastised  him  for  his  intended 
desertion   of  a  flock  upon  which  his  departure  would  inevitably  draw 
down  eternal  perdition.     The  result  of  this  bold  and  gross  invention 
showed  how  much  more  powerful  over  gross  and  ignorant  minds  are  the 
coarsest  fables  of  superstition,  than  the  sublimest  truths  or  the  most 
affectionate  urgmgs  of  genuine  religion.    To  the  latter,  Eadbald  had  been 
rontemptuously  deaf;  to  the  former,  he  on  the  instant  sacrificed  his  in 
cestuous  passion  and  the  object  of  it.    Divorcing  himself  from  her,  he 
returned  to  the  Christian  pale ;  and  his  people,  obedient  in  good  as  in  evil 
returned  with  him.    The  reign  of  Eadbald,  apart  from  this  apostacy  and 
re-conversion,  was  not  remaricablc.     The  power  which  his  father  bad  es- 
tablished,  and  the  prestige  of  his  father's  remembered  ability  and  great 
ness,  enabled  him  to  reign  peaceably  without  the  exertion,  probably  witli 
out  the  possession,  of  any  very  remarkable  ability  of  his  own.     After  a 
reign  of  twenty-five  years,  he  died  in  640,  leaving  two  sons,  Erminfrid 
and  Ercombert. 

Ercombert,  though  the  younger  brother,  succeeded  his  father.  He 
reigned  for  twenty-four  years.  This  reign,  too,  was  on  the  whole  peace- 
able,  though  he  showed  great  zeal  in  rooting  out  the  remains  of  idolatry 
from  among  his  people.  He  was  sincerely  and  zealously  attached  to  the 
church,  and  he  it  was  who  first  of  the  Saxon  monarchs  enforced  upon  his 
■ub|ect8  the  observance  of  the  fast  of  Lent. 

Ercombert  died  in  664,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Egbert.  Thie 
prince,  sensible  that  his  father  had  wrongfully  obtained  the  throne,  and 
fearing  that  factions  might  be  found  in  favour  of  the  heirs  of  his  father'f 
elder  brother,  put  those  two  priucts  to  death— an  act  of  barbarous  policy 
which  would  probably  have  caused  his  ('haracter  to  descend  to  us  in  much 
darker  and  more  hateful  colours,  but  that  his  zeal  in  enabling  Dunnina 
Ins  sister,  to  found  a  monastery  in  the  Isle  of  Ely  caused  him  to  find  fa 
vour  in  the  eyes  of  the  monkish  historians,  who  were  ev<>r  far  too  readv 
to  allow  apparent  friendliness  to  the  temjM)ral  prosperity  of  the  cliurch  I'c 
outweigh  even  the  most  flagrant  and  hateftjl  sins  against  the  doctrines 
taught  by  the  church. 

It  is  nevertheless  true  that,  apart  from  his  horrible  and  mercihss  treat- 
ment  of  his  cousins,  this  prince  displayed  a  character  so  mild  and  thought- 
fill  as  makes  his  commission  of  that  crime  doubly  remarkable  and  lamen- 
tiujle.  His  rule  was  moderate,  though  firm,  and  during  his  short  reign  of 
only  nine  years  he  seems  to  have  embraced  every  opportunity  of  en- 
courairiiig  and  advancing  learning.  He  died  in  673,  and  was  succeeded 
by  hiH  brother  Lolhairo ;  so  that  his  cruel  murder  of  his  nephews  did  not 
prove  8U(<'e8Bful  in  securing  the  throne  to  his  son. 

Lotlmire  aspocintod  with  himself  in  the  government  his  son  Richard, 
and  every  thing  seemed  to  promise  the  usurpers  a  long  and  protperous 
mign.  Hilt  Ediic,  the  son  of  Egbert,  iinappalled  by  tho  double  iwwer 
and  ability  which  thus  barred  him  from  the  thn)nc,  took  shelter  «t  the 
court  of  Edilwaleh,  king  of  Sussex.  That  prince  heartily  espourod  his 
cuiise,  and  furnished  him  with  troops;  and  after  a  reign  of  eleven  years, 
Lolhairo  was  slain  in  battle,  a.d.  684,  and  his  son  Richard  escaped  to 
Italy,  where  he  died  In  comparative  obscurity. 

fcdric  did  ix.t  long  enjoy  th*^  throne,  flft  reign,  which  presents  nu 
thing  worthy  of  record,  was  barnly  two  years.  He  died  in  686,  and  wa« 
succeeded  by  his  son  Widred. 

Tfw  violence  and  usiirpatifm  which  had  recently  taken  place  in  the 
kingdom  produced  tho  >isual  offocl,  disunior  among  the  uobilitv  j  and  that 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD  Hg 

etrerVc'Jdte^^^^^^^^  o.  external  e„. 

kingdom  was  invKd  by  Sdw^K  LTf  "w  *^  **"«  throne  when  hi. 
Moflo.    But  though  the  invaders  Sdv^!ti  ^*'"**'  ""'^  *»*«  ^'othet 
Kent,  their  apparance  had  the  good  effeefof^^^^^^^      '°  '^^  '^'"»'*«'"  »' 
disunion,  and  Widred  was  able  fo  assembll  ,  £^"'"S-'!?/"'^  ^°  domestit 
fence  of  his  throne.    In  a  severe  h/mlil-  k  P«*«!rf"»  force  for  the  de- 
vaders,  Molio  was  Blain^and  Widre"  to  «frv  „v"^  ^T^^'  "^"'""^  'he  in- 
portunity  afforded  to  him  by  this  event  th»t  L^  ^^''^^^  ^'""^'f  "^  'he  op. 
ierm  of  thirty-two  years     At  hlSi   *•  ^'-?,^®'?"  extended  to  the  long 
his  family;  bjt  at  thfdeat'h  of  W   thS  .'n^^!!/,^^'  l'^'"'  '^e  kingdom  "5 
all  pretence,  even,  to  a  legitimate  Sr  nf -^""■'  ^^"^'  ^^o  died  in  794, 
abandoned.    To  wish  wm  o  strfve  t«  »i*"'"'*"'°"  '°  ""e  throne  was 
whether  it  were  a  powerful  nihi„  «!    conquer  was  to  have  right;  and 
royal  family,  eve,^  ^t^ir  who  c„«H  ^' -^l"^^^^^  connection  of  *he 
arms  seemed  to  considHTmrelf  S  «n^^!-^'?  hi.  claim  by  force  of 
throne.    This  anarchical  coSition  n7,)f«  1''*"^^*°  *'"''«  f"'  'he  vacant 
and  disorder  which  were  necessarilv  nmS.o«H  k*'''""'u  '^^  'he  weakness 
paved  the  way  to  the  utter  an^SFon  of  If «S^  '^'^*<"«"*  "'^^  ^^^^ 

tttr-Sr^^''"  -"  accomp£ny%gt;;.  Jfnl7rset& 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE   HEPTARCHT   (cOIfTIWUED). 

r"^^'^^^^^^^^  «^-  and 

death  of  that  monarch  dSpogSeS  and  ^vJ^li^.f  '*""  °«'"'  '^"^  «"he 
"nited  all  the  country  nor.rof  the  Hml*, '^  '*''  h'«  youthful  heir,  and 
of  which  he  still  farther  extendcS  bv  h.s  v  n  n  °"'  '''"«f^°'"'  'h«  "'"its 
Scots,  and  the  Britons  in  WaleR      An  „i    victories  over  the  Picts  and 
which  seems  to  indieate"h«  he  held^hSTw"'^''  '^'^'^d  of  this  prince 
Having  f„u„d  or  made  occasion  to  lay^s'et  foVL"?  "^'7  «"'''  ^'P"*"- 
by  the  Bntons,  who  marched   n  great  fofL^n^j^f"*"",' l'?  "^•'^  °PP«««J 
■eige,  and  they  were  accomnanied  to  L  fl«M    r?'"'!®^  him  to  raise  the 
thousand  monks  from  the  SSrv  of  S.fnii*'^  tf^l"  ^y  "P^ards  of  a 
this  numerous  body  of  reliff  ouS  m«^  kJ  ^  ''.  "u"  h«"'g  informed  that 
actua  ly  to  fight  against  Jl'rbut  on  ylotxCr  ttf '  "''''^"^  ''Httle,  n.,l 
stoutly  and  to  pray  f«r  their  aucceis   th«  -, .     *""■"  """"'rymen  to  fight 
understand  the  nice  distim-iin^  hff  '    "®  f '"""  w«rrior,  who  could  not 
with  thoir  arn.s  ""d  tho  eX  prayrd'Z   fff  ^''"  ''"«'"  "8'^""'  ^ 
ous,  "mmodiHtely  detached  some  of  W.  vi    'hooe  arms  might  be  vietorU 
the  monies  as  hLrtily  IrthS  thSv  h  hT  ""'''  ""!f*  '"  charge  up  m 
diers;  and  so  faithfully  was  Bs  rutlLss  .rdnrnh'"'""^  "1"^  »"""'"«  «»'• 
he  monks  are  said  to  Have  escaned  fmm  ihl      ^y'^'^'  'h"'  o»ly  fifty  of 
{ves     In  the  battle  which  Sejiely  oUowS8"r''^  "'''''  ^''h  'heir 
he  Britons  w«re  completely  defea  ed  and  aS^  i  u""-  '^""""'  hutchory 
ter  in  triumph,  and  BtrenglyVarSd  U  nV»  ^'J'*'''"*  *""«•••"'  ^'hos. 
«8tory  of  Bangor,  resolvU  fhT  r-ho  l/  n      i**'"  """:"'h  to  the  mon. 
«rniv  of  monks  to  pr.v  for  his  defeat  "*""  "*"'"  ""<<  »"'  ■" 

mark^d^'H  X^^^^^  co,.„.ry  wer« 

S  :?^  "-"I'i!^  HP!i"  them.  TiHrwr";'„s-"i  i'!LT*»L^.»pi»«' 

~,  IV"  --  =-«  '"'"'Hrter  hare  to  remVrk-YreUnrbuTw'^SS 


lU 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


of  these  countries  was  there  another  moniiatery  which  cauld,  for  extent 
at  least,  bear  comparison  with  that  of  Bangor.  From  gate  to  gate  it  cov- 
ered a  mile  of  ground,  and  it  sheltered  the  enormous  number  of  two 
thousand  monks ;  the  whole  of  this  vast  building  was  now  sacrificed  to 
the  resentment  of  Adelfrid,  who  completely  battered  it  down. 

But  the  warlike  prowess  of  Adelfrid  was  fated  to  prove  insufficient  to 
preserve  him  in  the  power  which  he  had  >o  unrighteously  obtained  by  de- 
pnvmg  a  young  and  helpless  orphan  of  his  heritage.    That  orphan,  now 

S«wn  to  man's  estate,  ha?'  found  shelter  in  the  court  of  Redwaid,  king  of 
e  East  Angles.  This  monarch's  protection  of  the  young  Edwin,  and 
that  young  prince's  reputed  ability  and  courage,  alarmed  Adelfrid  for  the 
stability  of  his  ill-acquired  greatness ;  and  he  had  the  ineffable  baseness 
to  make  offers  of  large  presents  to  induce  Redwaid  to  deprive  the  young 
prince  of  life,  or  to  deliver  him,  living,  into  the  power  of  the  usurper  ol 
his  throne.  For  some  time  Redwaid  returned  positive  and  indignant  re- 
fnsals  to  all  propositions  of  this  kind ;  but  the  pertinacity  of  Adelfrid, 
who  still  increased  in  the  magnitude  of  his  offers,  began  lo  shake  the  con- 
stancy  of  Redwaid,  when,  fortunately  for  that  monarch's  character,  his 
queen  interposed  to  save  him  from  the  hotrid  baseness  to  whirh  he  was 
well  nigh  ready  to  consent.  Strongly  sympathising  with  Edwin,  she  felt 
the  more  interest  for  him  on  account  of  the  magnanimous  confidence  in 
her  husband's  honour  which  the  young  prince  displayed  by  tranquilly  con- 
tinuing his  residence  in  East  Anglia  even  after  he  was  aware  how  strong- 
ly his  protector  was  sued  and  tempted  to  baseness  by  the  usurper  Adelfrid 
Wot  contented  with  having  successfully  dissuaded  her  husband  from  the 
treachery  of  yielding  up  the  unfortunate  and  dispossbssed  prince,  she 
farther  endeavoured  to  induce  him  to  exert  himself  actively  on  his  behalf, 
and  to  march  against  the  usurper  while  he  was  still  in  hope  of  having  an 
affirmative  answer  to  his  disgraceful  and  insulting  proposals.  The  Icino 
of  the  East  Angles  consented  to  do  this,  and  suddenly  marched  a  power- 
ful  army  into  Northumberiand.  In  the  sanguinary  and  decisive  battk 
which  ensued,  Adelfrid  was  slain,  but  not  until  after  he  had  killed  Red 
wald's  son,  Regner. 

Edwin,  who  thus  obtained  possession  of  the  kingdom  of  Northumber 
land,  passing  at  once  from  the  condition  of  an  exiled  and  dependent  fugi 
tlve  to  tliat  of  a  powerful  monardi,  displayed  ability  equal  to  the  latter  lol 
08  he  had  displayed  firm  and  dignified  resignation  in  the  former.  Just, 
but  inflexibly  severe  in  restraining  his  subjects  from  wrong-doing,  he  put 
such  order  into  the  kingdom,  which  at  his  accession  was  noted  for  its 
licentiousness  and  disorder,  that  of  him,  as  of  some  other  well-governing 
princes,  the  old  historians  relate  that  he  caused  valuable  property  to  bo 
exposed  unguarded  upon  the  high  roads,  and  no  man  dared  to  appropriate 
it.  A  mere  figurative  and  hyperbolical  anecdote,  no  doubt,  but  one  which 
evidoiu-es  the  greatness  of  the  truth  on  which  such  an  exaggeration  must 
1)6  founded. 

Nor  was  it  merely  within  even  the  wide  limits  of  his  own  kingdom  that 
the  fine  character  of  Edwin  was  appreciated ;  it  procured  him  admiration 
and  proportionate  influence  throughout  the  Heptarchy.  His  l)enefactor 
Redwaid,  king  of  the  East  Angles,  being  involved  in  serious  disputes  with 
his  subjects,  was  overpowered  by  them  and  put  to  death.  The  conduct 
of  hdwin,  both  while  a  fugitive  and  a  soujourner  among  them,  and  in  his 
subsequent  prosporily  and  greatness,  caused  them  to  offer  him  their  throne 
But  they  were  incapable  of  understanding  the  whole  grt'stness  of  his  spirit" 
He  had  too  deeu  and  abiding  a  sense  of  gratitude  for  the  favours  he  owed 
to  Redwaid,  and,  still  more,  to  the  queen  of  that  prince,  to  see  their  off- 


spring  disinherited,  and  instead  of  accepting  the  throne,  ho  threatened  the 
hast  Angles  with  chastisement  in  the  event  of  their  reflislng  to  irive  noa- 
session  of  i*  to  the  rightful  ^wner  Earpwold,  second  heir  of  in,,  murdemd 


HISTORY  OP  THK   WOULD.  ,,., 

version  to  ChristianXy.  oKh  a  mmhJi  Km  '"''*  °\^*'  ^^«'''  ^^^^ 
her  marriage  proved  herself  the  wor^^  5  '  ^'''«"'"l"&a  O"  the  occasion  o. 
done,  stipulated  for  full  wd  free  rxerL^^rl^'"',?^^'  «"  *""  'nether  had 
with  her  to  her  new  realm  aTeaShll**^  ^^l '«''»"'"'  »"<*  'he  also  took 
soon  after  her  marriage.  L  bS  ,n  ?n  Jf^P*  >u  "*'"®  Pa«"nu8.  Very 
band.  Onim  and  de  iberatein  nN  h  ? ,*"^?5P'J.''«  conversion  of  her  hus- 
merely  human  feelf^  of  "o l"Ji/ aljL^''^;  ^i'*^!"  ^9"^  not  allow  the 
vitally  important  as  an  enSeSnl  !.f '"^T '"  decide  him  in  a  matter  so 
fectionate  importunity  could  obiay  "^^  The  most  that  her  af. 

andmostsen'ousatStZ  toaii  S«»r„  '"'  fT''^  •**»  ^''^^  »he  fullest 
vour  of  the  new  faith  that  wLoffeLTT?"'"  »*'»j  'n*8»>t  be  urged  in  fa- 
only  held  frequent  and  lon^!^n.?f     ^  *°  *"•"'  *"^'  accordingly,  he  not 

fore^he  f  avrSLd  t  ^M  i'^Sl'ilZlnt  '"*  •'"^>'''  "^ 
urged  toTiim  by  that  prelate  fl«vim,  «n  ,  !  ?"  '^^  arguments  that  were 
and  teachable  spirit,  he  couW  not  fai^?n  hi  ^  ''''^"  *5^  "T'"^ '"  »  'in^eie 
fallen  bright  and  ful  uporhiseniShLni^m""^"*^^'^' *"'*'''«  ^-^^h  having 
self  a  convert  to  ChrisSaniji  ''"i'f  »«"«'^  "™«nd,  he  openly  declared  him- 

by  those  of  the  greater  parKf  h^s  nZ"l?"'r '"»''  ''"P"""  "'^''^  f°»««'ed 
Buaded  to  this  jrreat  aiifPtn  «?.k     P«°PJ«'.wf'o  were  the  more  easily  per- 

priest,  Coifi/JenouLe  the  di^a^^;^'fl'^'h^*'?''!l  '^^  "^^  their^C 
and  propounder,  and  excel  in  hf87o„lI^.^''^'^'^^^  .^««»  »he  chief  pillar 
he  had  so  long  minisrered  evP  .  tT.?^.      r*'  ^^?  "u^^'''""^  '^e  idols  to  which   • 

The  reign  of  Edwin  nroduc^H  111  ^i^'^'^l'  ^'l*'"P'  P""""""  himsel 
his  activity  and  indT,8"r?7han  bvl  «  L;^;!f'','  '^L^'"  P'?P'«'  *'"'  '"'^t''*'  by 
teenth  vea'rof  his  S  n  a  baVle  SS  h '  h«  ?"'"?»'«'".  '"  '^^  ««ven. 

bered.andirinlNaZSrleSr  nltnli?^^^^^^^  "««  ^••""«'»- 
ffeneral.  indeed,  was  the  defec  fo^  fri,S  rK*'".^*''>  '"'?  paganism.  So 
Elhelburga  returned  to  her  na^Kirf^T  ^']."«"»n"y.  that  tfie  widowed 

mu'c[;'?e;r;b';n;tr;H^^^^  "ad  bee„  tom  by 

Oswald,  brother  of  EaMfS'n'J^VnJ^^^^^  «^'^""  '""'«d  by 

Mrongly  opposed  by  tie  Britons  u^drr  h«  "'"''''"  ^^^"■'"'''-     Oswald  wal 
walla,  but  the  BritUs  were  so  d "^^^^^^^  warlike  Casd- 

made  any  general  or  viSrattacKon^hrin"'  '•"'*  '''f^  "«^«''  «?«'" 
had  re-estallishod  the  iinity  of  ihrN,SMmKL  "'l?'".  ^"  ""°"  ««  he 
restored  the  Christian  rolLi  n  to  wShT  """  "^''.gdom,  Oswald  also 
«»■  probably,  rather  to  th  s  tfian  to  arTv  of  his  oTfK.r'r""r'y  ?"'''"'«'^-  " 
owes  tl.o  marked  favour  in  which  hJ^,  ».„,,?  ff'u  '^"''''  q"«l'i'es,  th>it  ho 
who  bestow  the  hijrhest  t^ossih  n  niniJ-       ^  ^/-  '''^  "'"•'kieh  historians, 

who  moreover  »mfmtT'u^LoViZonZn^  f '^  '"'^  «^"•'y•  ""^ 
miracles.  "UTiai  remains  had  the  power  of  working 

h  AZh7?n;lryl"f aa^^^^^^  '"t.  N"»/^  ^«--    After 

of  usurpations,  and  of  al  Itho  Zra^tronSn^v^.^"'""'' '" "" """"«  •"«>«"»• 
Kgbert,  king  of  Weggex  rod„cnH  u  i„  ^  ''"^''  *"""'  "P  *«  'he  time  when 
t«rchv.  to  oUo«c7to  hii  rZ      '      •'°"""°°  *""  '•>«  '^"^  "^  »he  Hei? 


lie  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


CHAPTER  IV. 

TBI  HBPTABOHT  (CONTINUED). 

Thb  kingdom  of  East  Anglia  was  founded  by  Uffa ;  but  its  listoiy  af< 
f?rds  no  instruction  or  amusement ;  it  is,  m  fact,  in  the  words  of  an  emi- 
nent historian,  only  "a  long  bead-ioll  of  barbarous  names,"  until  we  arrive 
ftt  the  time  of  its  annexation  to  the  powerful  and  extensive  kingdom  ot 
Mercia,  to  which  we  now  proceed  to  direct  the  reader's  attention. 

Mercia,  the  most  extensive  of  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  Heptarchy,  could 
not  fail  to  be  very  powerful  whenever  ruled  by  a  brave  or  wise  king.  Sit- 
uated in  the  middle  of  the  island,  it  in  some  one  point. or  more  touched 
each  of  the  other  six  kingdoms. 

Penda,  in  battle  against  whom  we  have  already  described  Oswald  o< 
Northumberland  to  have  lost  both  throne  and  life,  was  the  first  really  pow 
erful  and  distinguished  king  of  Mercia ;  but  he  was  distinguished  chiefly' 
for  personal  courage  and  the  tyrannous  and  violent  temper  in  which  he  so 
exerted  that  quality  as  to  render  himself  the  terror  or  ^e  detestation  of 
all  his  contemporary  English  princes.  Three  kings  of  East  Anglia,  Sige- 
bert,  Egric,  and  Annas,  were  in  succession  slain  in  attempting  oppose 
him,  as  did  Edwin  and  Oswald,  decidedly  the  most  powerful  of  the  kings 
of  Northumberland;  and  yet  this  monarch,  who  wrought  such  havoc 
among  his  fellow-princes,  did  not  ascend  his  throne  until  he  was  more 
than  fifty  years  of  age.  Oswy,  brother  of  Oswald,  now  encountered  him, 
and  Penda  was  slain ;  this  occurred  in  the  year  655,  and  the  tyrannical 
and  fierce  warrior,  whom  all  hated  and  many  feared,  was  succeeded  by 
his  son,  Penda,  whose  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Oswy.  This  princess  was 
a  Christian,  and,  like  Bertha  and  Ethelburga,  she  so  successfully  exerted 
her  conjugal  influence,  that  she  converted  her  husband  and  his  subjects  to 
her  faith.  The  exact  length  of  this  monarch's  reign  is  as  uncertain  as  the 
manner  of  his  death.  As  regards  the  latter,  one  historian  boldly  asserts 
thpt  he  was  treacherously  put  to  death  by  the  order  and  connivance  of  his 
queen ;  but  this  seems  but  little  to  tally  with  her  acknowledged  and  afl%c- 
tionate  zeal  in  converting  him  to  Christianity ;  and  as  nothing  in  the  shape 
of  proof  can  be  produced  to  support  so  improbable  a  charge,  we  may  pretty 
safely  conclude  that  either  ignorance  or  malice  has  given  a  mistaken  turn 
to  some  circumstances  attending  his  violent  death.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Wolfhere,  who  inherited  his  father's  courage  and  conduct,  and  not 
merely  maintained  his  own  extensive  kingdom  in  excellent  order,  but  also 
reduced  Essex  and  East  Anglia  to  dependence  upon  it.  He  was  suc> 
ceeded  by  his  brother,  Ethelred,  who  showed  that  he  inherited  his  spirit 
M  well  as  his  kingdom.  Though  a  sincere  lover  of  peace,  and  willing  to 
make  all  honourable  sacrifices  to  obtain  and  preserve  it,  he  was  also  both 
willing  and  able  to  show  himself  a  stout  and  true  soldier  when  the  occa- 
•ion  really  demanded  that  he  should  do  so.  Being  provoked  to  invade 
Kent,  he  made  a  very  successAil  incursion  upon  that  kingdom ;  and  when 
his  own  territory  was  invaded  by  KRfrid,king  of  Northumberland,  he  fairly 
drove  that  monarch  back  again,  and  slew  Elfwin,  Egfrid's  brother,  in  a 
pitched  battle.  He  reigned  creditably  and  prosperously  for  thirty  years, 
and  then  resigning  the  crown  to  his  nephew,  Kendrid,  he  retired  to  the 
monastery  of  Burdney.  Kendrid,  in  hs  turn,  becoming  wearied  uf  the 
cares  and  toils  of  royalty,  resigned  the  crown  to  Ceolred,  the  son  of  Ethel- 
red  ;  ho  then  went  to  Rome,  and  there  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
devout  preparation  for  another  and  a  better  world.  Ceolred  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Ethelbald,  and  the  latter  by  Ofl'a,  who  ascended  the  throne  in 
the  year  756  ;  he  was  an  active  and  warlike  prince.  Very  early  In  his 
reign  be  defeated  Lothaire,  king  of  Kent,  and  Kenwulph,  king  of  WesBez 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  ut 

and  annexed  Oxfordshire  and  Oloucestershire  tn  hu  airoo^„  i         j     • 
ions.    But  though  t,rave,  lie  wrbothwue^^^^ 

king  of  the  East  Angles,  had  paid  his  add^sses  t^the  dZhtef  of  Off»* 
and  was  accepted  as  her  a/ftanced  husband,  and  at  leneth  invUed  to  H^m' 
ford  to  celebrate  the  marriaee.    But  in  th«  v»r„  .„!jif  ,  .u   >       •  "®™ 
amusements  incident  to  so  im%)rtant  Lnd  iovfi,7J.  iin/'^h*'^  feasting  and 

purpose  being  subsequently  le4d  u,^„  thVSie  of  i^^^^^^^^         *^^  '*"'« 

ourof  the  rdiTif  St  Alhan  ,hi  «•  ^'''a»«' I"  Hertfordshire,  to  the  hon- 
*l  that  place  '""'  *''"''•  ''^  ^*'"''''*  •»"  had  found 


2  jM  iarvtiQ  was  aiuf  u(ied  bv 


tl8 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


Egbert,  in  the  year  800,  This  monarch  came  into  possession  of  it  under 
some  peculiar  advantages.  A  great  portion  of  his  hfe  had  been  spent  at  the 
court  of  Charlemagne,  and  he  had  thus  acquired  greater  polish  and  know- 
ledge than  usually  fell  to  the  lot  of  Saxon  Itings.  Moreover,  war  and  the 
merit  attached  to  unmarried  life  had  so  completely  extinguished  the  origi- 
nal  royal  families,  that  Egbert  was  at  this  time  the  sole  male  royal  des- 
cendant of  the  original  conquerors  of  Britain,  who  claimed  to  be  the  de. 
icendants  of  Woden,  the  chief  deity  of  their  idolatrous  ancestors. 
^  Immediatelv  on  ascending  the  throne,  Egbert  invaded  the  Britons  in 
Cornwall,  and  inflicted  some  severe  defeats  upon  them.  But  before  he 
-could  completely  subdue  tlieir  country,  he  was  called  away  from  that  en- 
terprise by  the  necessity  of  defending  his  own  country,  which  had  been 
invaded  in  his  absence  by  Bernulf,  king  of  Mercia. 

Mercia  and  Wessex  were  at  this  time  the  only  two  kingdoms  of  the  Hep. 
tarchy  which  had  any  considerable  power;  and  a  struggle  between  Eg- 
bert  and  Bernulf  was,  as  each  felt  and  confessed  it  to  be,  a  struggle  for 
the  sole  dominion  of  the  whole  island.  Apparently,  at  the  outset,  Mercia 
was  the  most  advantageously  circumstanced  for  carrying  on  this  struggle, 
for  that  kingdom  had  placed  its  tributary  princes  in  the  kingdoms  of  Kent 
and  Essex,  and  had  reduced  East  Angiia  to  an  almost  equal  state  of  sub- 
jection. 

Egbert,  on  learning  the  attempt  that  Bernulf  was  making  upon  his  king- 
dom, hastened  by  forced  marches  to  arrest  his  progress,  and  speedily  came 
%o  close  quarters  with  him  at  Elandura  in  Wilts.  A  sanguinary  and  ob- 
Btinate  battle  ensued.  Both  armies  fought  with  spirit,  and  both  were  very 
numerous ;  but  the  fortune  of  the  day  was  with  Egbert,  who  completely 
routed  the  Mercians,  Nor  was  he,  after  the  battle,  remiss  in  following 
up  the  great  blow  he  had  ttius  struck  at  the  only  English  power  that  could 
for  an  uistant  pretend  to  rivalry  with  him.  He  detached  a  force  into  Kent 
under  his  son  Ethelwolf,  who  easily  and  speedily  expelled  Baldred,  the 
tributary  king,  who  was  supported  there  by  Mercia,  Egbert  himself  at  the 
same  time  entering  Mercia  on  the  Oxfordshire  side.  Essex  was  con- 
quered  almost  without  an  eflfort,  and  he  East  Anglians,  without  waiting 
for  the  approach  of  Egbert,  rose  agaiint  the  power  of  Bernulf,  who  lost 
his  life  in  the  attemot  to  reduce  them  ai^ain  to  the  servitude  which  his 
tyranny  had  rendered  intolerable.  Luu.^rt..,  vh>-;  successor  of  Bernulf,  met 
with  the  same  fate  after  two  years  of  constant  struggle  and  frequent  de- 
feat, and  Egbert  now  found  no  difficulty  in  pemaratmg  to  the  very  heart 
of  the  Mercian  territory,  and  subduing  to  his  will  a  people  whose  spirit  was 
thoroughly  broken  by  a  long  and  constant  succession  of  calamities.  In 
order  to  reconcile  them  to  their  subjection  to  hi.n.  he  skilfuly  flattered 
them  \yith  an  empty  show  of  independence,  bj  allowing  their  native 
kmg,  Wiglaf,  to  hold  that  title  of  his  tributary,  liough  with  the  firmest 
determuiation  that  the  title  should  not  carry  with  it  an  iota  of  real  and  in- 
dependent power. 

He  was  now,  by  the  disturbed  and  turbulent  conoition  of  Northumber 
land,  invited  to  turn  his  arms  against  that  kingdom.  But  the  Northum 
brians,  deeply  impressed  with  his  high  reputation  for  valour  and  success, 
and  probably  sincerely  desirous  of  being  under  the  utrong  stern  govern- 
ment of  one  who  had  both  the  power  and  the  will  to  put  an  end  to  the  an- 
archy and  confusion  to  which  they  were  a  prey,  no  sooner  heard  of  his 
nearapproaoh  than  they  rendered  all  attack  on  his  part  wholly  unneces- 
sary,  by  sending  deputies  to  meet  him  with  an  offer  of  their  submission, 
and  with  power  to  take,  vicariously,  oaths  of  allegiance  to  him.  Sincerely 
well  pleased  at  being  thus  met  even  more  than  half  way  in  his  wishoa, 
fcgbeit  not  only  gave  their  envoys  a  very  gracious  reception,  but  also  vol. 
iintarily  aUowed  them  the  power  to  elect  a  tributary  king  of  their  own 
choice.    To  East  Angiia  he  also  granted  this  flaliuriug  but  hollow  aut) 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  119 

valueless  privilege,  and  thus  secured  to  himself  tWp  ann.\  .„.ii  ^r  .u 

symptoms  of  rebellion.    The  whole  of  the  Hpn?arT„        °^  ^^^ •  '^'Shtest 


CHAPTER  V. 

TH.  ANGLO-SAXONS  AFTER  THE  DISSOLDTION  OF  THE  HEPTARCHT—REIONS 
OF  EGBERT,  ETHELWOLF.  AND  ELTHELBALD.  ' 

onli:o:i7!;::^r^l\^^^^^  -ake  the  sax. 

of  the  Heptarchy  b'eing.  ft^m  vTrious tuse  ;ext^^^^^^^^  '"T"^'' 

makmg  his  rule  welcome  and  t hn  .,«;«„  ^r  exunct,  still  farther  aided  m 

agreeable.     As  the  SaTons  of  the  v^riZ  vLl^  ''"T^f  ''*'"«  '»'«  »"« 
not  from  different  counS  so  mucras  from  Spn^^**  ""^'"'^"y  «"'"« 

andpur8uitVweresiSr,andfnThe!fLJn^^^^^^  people,  their  habits 

of  union  to  mankind,  thev  Siielv  dlS^  '  ^^**  most  important  bond 
inhabitants  of  Co  ."lFand?hSfc!XHr/H  T^l"^"*'*''^  ''^^^  »»'« 

wilcf  .nd  unlettered  Saxons  werTw  lirtoS  S  h! J^  m  tligland  the 
Kmperor  Cliarlemagne,  instead  of  Irvn,  1,,  V,S  hi  ^°''  '"  °""'™y.  >1» 
into  truth,  departed  so  fir  from  boll  7h"?ieate'i^^^.„S"''  ?"' °'  S'«" 
•rue  spirit  of  Christianity,  a,  to  end  ivVrTSe  L„,"l  fo'SJ  ^  '"'' 
of  peace  and  good-will  at  the  point  of  tlie  sword    »„H   Sti?       f'mm 

not  be  accurately' ch«rrSe5b7a7y"epta 

brutal.    Decimated  when  goaded  into  revolt  dennvfld  of  JL-  ®  ^T"' 

L'luttf rs''6httsr tCS  rttS 


120 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


by  their  mere  relations  of  the  cruelties  of  the  latter.  When  the  Jet  jle  and 
J1*'k  .l^^'®ii"y  of  Charlemagne  made  the  French  provinces  a  fair  mark 
or  boWmvaders,  the  mmgled  races  of  Jutes,  Danes,  and  Saxons,  known 
m  trance  under  the  general  name  of  Northmen  or  Normans,  made  de 
•cents  upon  the  maritime  countries  of  France,  and  then  pushed  theii 
devastating  enterprises  far  inland.  England,  as  we  have  said,  from  it* 
mere  proximity  to  France,  was  viewed  by  these  northern  marauders  as 
pcing  m  some  sort  the  same  country ;  and  its  inhabitants,  as  bcinR  eaual- 
ly  Christian  with  the  French,  were  equally  hated,  and  equally  considered 
fit  objects  of  spoliation  and  violence.  As  early  as  the  reign  of  Brithric  in 
the  kingdom  of  VVessex,  in  787,  a  body  of  these  bold  and  unscrupulous 
pirates  bnded  in  that  kingdom.  That  their  intention  was  hostile  there 
cm  be  little  doubt,  for,  when  merely  questioned  about  it,  they  slew  the 
magistrate  and  hastily  made  off.  In  the  year  794  they  landea  in  Nor- 
thumberland  and  completely  sacked  a  monastery,  but  a  storm  preventinc 
them  from  making  their  escape,  they  were  surrounded  by  the  Northum- 
brian  people,  and  completely  cut  to  pieces. 

During  the  first  five  years  of  Egbert's  supreme  reign  in  England,  neither 
domestic  disturbances  nor  the  invasion  of  foreign  foes  occurred  to  ob. 
struct  his  measures  for  promoting  the  prosperity  of  his  people.  But  about 
the  end  of  that  time,  and  while  he  was  still  profoundly  engaged  in  promotinff 
the  peaceable  pursuits  which  were  so  necessary  to  the  wealth  and  comfon 
ot  the  kingdom,  a  horde  of  Danes  made  a  sudden  descent  upon  the  isle  of 
^heppy,  plundered  the  inhabitants  to  a  great  amount,  and  made  their  de- 
oarxation  in  safely,  and  almost  without  any  opposition.  Warned  by  this 
event  of  his  liability  to  future  visits  of  the  same  unwelcome  nature,  Ea- 
bert  held  himself  and  a  competent  force  in  readiness  to  receive  them ;  and. 
•  when  m  the  following  year  (A.n.  832)  they  landed  from  thirty-five  ships  upon 
the  coast  of  Dorset,  they  were  suddenly  encountered  by  Egbert,  near  Char- 
mouth,  in  that  county.  An  obstinate  and  severe  contest  ensued,  in  which 
the  Danes  lost  a  great  number  of  their  force,  and  were,  at  length,  totally 
defeated ;  but  as  they  were  skilfully  posted,  and  had  taken  care  to  pre- 
serve  a  line  of  communication  with  the  sea,  the  survivors  contrived  to  ea. 
cape  to  their  ships. 

Two  years  elapsed  from  the  battle  of  Charmouth  before  the  pirates 
again  made  their  appearance ;  and,  as  in  that  battle  they  had  suffered  very 
severely,  the  English  began  to  hope  that  they  would  not  again  return  to 
molest  them.  But  the  Danes,  knowing  the  ancient  enmity  that  existed 
between  the  Saxons  and  the  British  remnant  in  Cornwall,  entered  into  an 
alhance  with  the  latter,  and,  landing  in  their  country,  had  an  easy  open 
road  to  Devonshire  and  the  other  fertile  provinces  of  the  West.  But  here 
again  the  activity  and  un^lumbering  watchfulness  of  Egbert  enabled  him 
to  limit  their  ravages  merely  to  their  first  furious  onset.  He  came  up 
with  them  at  Heiigesdown,  and  again  they  were  defeated  with  a  irreat  di- 
minution  of  their  number*  bi"*".  ui 

This  was  the  last  service  of  brilliant  importance  that  Egbert  performed 
lor  hiiigland,  and  just  as  there  was  every  appearence  that  his  valour  and 
sagacity  would  be  more  than  ever  necessary  to  the  safety  of  the  country, 
he  died,  in  the  year  838,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Etiiclwolf. 

The  very  first  act  of  EthelwolPs  reign  was  the  division  of  the  country 
which  the  wisdom  and  ability  of  his  father,  aided  by  singular  good  for- 
tune, had  so  happily  united.  Threatened  as  the  kingdom  so  frequently 
was  from  without,  its  best  and  chiefest  hope  obviously  rested  upon  Hh 
union,  and  the  consequent  facility  of  concentrating  its  whole  fiahtinu 
force  upon  any  threatened  point.  But,  unable  to  see  "  s,  or  too  indolent 
to  boar  the  whole  govern- -^^nt  of  the  country,  Eih<;  f  made  over  the 
whole  of  Kent,  Sussex,  and  t  v  s,  to  his  son  Atht  du  It  was  foi 
tonate  that,  under  such  a  r  /a      vho  nl  the  very  outset  of  bis  reign  could 


fs^i^- 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  121 

commit  an  error  go  capita!,  Enjrland  had  in  mnst  «?  h^,  ^  •     •    ,    , 
magistrates  or  governors  of  bravery  and  abilUy  ^        "*'  P^**^""' 

Thus  Wolfhere,  governor  of  Hamoshirft   nut  tn  th.. 

of  the  marauders  wfiohadlanded  atTuthamSton  from  Zr  *  "n""^  P*'*^^ 
«nd-thirty  sail ;  and,  in  the  same  ve°r  A?3«hn  IT  ""'^^^^e//''^"  three 
encountered  and  defeated  anofherpo^erfiK^^ 

edat  Portsmouth;  though,  in  this  E^e  nnfnrn.Lii  ''!?*  *'l?  ^""^  '*"^' 
or  died  of  his  wounds.  A  ware  of  the  o«rt«S  S^  ®'^'  *'"'  »""''"*  »'"'«"'- 
would  be  exposed  in  fightlTiniShed  bat  ?-  i„'*!L^'*"'"^'?  *•*  ^^^'^^  »''«y 
Danes,  in  their  subsequenlLdinff  took  all  DOH^hiA"^"^'  "''""il'^y-  »'*« 
cesaitv  of  duinir  on     Th»i.  *'         "''  possible  care  to  avo  d  the  no- 

t?r;rpyt'ot7eToastyXdt^^cS'u^vr  r'*^'"'?' '."""  T" « "«- 

prudently  advance,  and  re"embark  wUh  hefr  bootv  h"  r^"**  "'  '^"^  *'°">'' 
able  force  could  be  -rt  together  to  m,Ji.i.f^  ^^'^^.  *"y  consider- 
plundered  Hast  Angli  h  J  Kt  annT.-®  ?*"'-^  "  ^*'''  '"«»"«'•  'hey 
clistressinf .  ^-eca-^The;  bv  no  m«tn2  Ur^-,  ^«Pf 'I'*"?"-  ^''ere  the  more 
usual  sense  of  thr  tSbuUarriedTff  mTn^'^  themselves  to  booty  in  the 
mto  slavery.  '    "  '^""®°  "'^ ""«"'  ^omen,  and  even  children 

wkS  SCaj;f  in  i'peJSSS'Zr  f*''^«  '*"^'=^'''  ''  '«"^'h,  kept  the 
itants  of  each  Jiace  fearTnfto  haste^toL'i!^/!^  ^"5  ^^"""^  ^^'^  ">hab- 
place,  lest  some  otLr  partv  of  thi  n  rl^-  •'*.i''®  mhabitants  of  another 
age  and  burn  their  own  homes     TCiw^  '^e  meantime,  should  rav- 

Ij^y^often  showed  ^^^sJ^^VS^^S^^^l^'^^iiX 

mo^eteieeTare?^^^^^^^  ^-ty  and  being, 

Northrtien  at  lenjrth  made  tl,«  r  nnn»u  T'  °^  ^^^n^e,  the  Danes  or 
In  each  succerdffvear  thev  all^H  ™"''^  ^''"^'^  ^"""«"y  *"  Rn»>and. 
themselves  wi^lrSr  Sdacitv-  1^^^  1^*'""  ""-nbe".  and  conducted 
shores  in  such  LK  thw  U  was*  aonaJpn^h""'  "^'"''^^  /^«  "^"^'''h 
less  than  the  actual  conqueat  and  settLTent  of  &^^^^  "*'il!'"'» 

ding  themselves  into  distinct  bSdies  hev  3  ref-  «H  Th^°'^  ':?"'J"'J'-  ^•^'- 
ferent  points;  but  the  Saxonrwei-e  Zh.r»n!  '^eir  attacks  upon  dif- 
of  most  of  the  important  pSs  seatardw^i J  ''"''''t'  *''«  governors 
marked,  well  fitted  for  their  important  tjl  and  'th^  v""'"  ^l-^''^  ^^'^^^K  ^«- 
altackS-of  the  Danes  had  inducSd"  "See  and  m  Jf  ^ '^^^'^^  «' the 

people  themselves  which  rendered  it  ?aleL^a8v?v?-h"^^  '^^ 

been  to  surprise  them.  At  WiiranhnrJi.  fhf  n  ^  "  ''  i""^  formerly 
very  great  loss  bv  Ceorle  ^ovAmn,  «f  If    '''^  J*a"«8  '^'ere  defeated  with 

the'mlaude,riL^Sttkf7and  defea^^^^^  '"•"^'^  """^^  °' 

Sandwich     In  this  case,^,^Tditioftra'^co,fsiderate'lo;slP^^^^^^^^ 
Danes  had  nin^  ,f^  thnir  vpaa»ia  a,..,i,  -  j  ^"'"""''raDie  loss  m  men,  the 


122 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


and  tltn  whole  maichcil  from  lliti  Isle  of  Thanet  inland,  burning  and  tJo- 
stroyintf  wliatcver  was  not  sufflcienlly  portnbl«  for  plunder.  Bnclitric, 
who— so  far  had  Kthclberl  allowed  the  disjunction  of  the  kingdom  topio. 
c«jed--wa8  now  governor  and  titular  king  of  Mcrcia,  made  a  vain  attempt 
to  resist  thotn,  and  was  utterly  routed.  Canterbury  and  London  were 
sacked  and  burned  and  the  disorderly  bands  of  the  victorious  enemy 
spread  into  the  very  heart  of  Surrey.  Kthelwolf,  though  an  indolent  king, 
was  by  no  means  destitute  of  a  certain  princely  pride  and  darint^'.  En- 
raged beyond  measure  at  the  audacity  of  the  marauders,  and  defipiy 
trieved  at  the  sufferings  they  inflicted  u})on  his  subjects,  h«  assembled  the 
West  Saxons,  whom,  accompanied  by  his  second  son  Fithelbald  as  his  lieu- 
tenant, he  Wd  against  the  most  considerable  body  of  the  Danes.  He  en- 
countered them  at  Okely,  and,  although  they  fought  with  their  usual  reck- 
less and  pertinacious  courage,  the  Saxons  discomfited  and  put  them  to 
flight.  This  victory  gave  the  country  at  least  a  temporary  respite ;  for 
the  Danes  had  suffered  so  much  by  it,  that  they  were  glad  to  postpone  fur- 
ther operations,  and  seek  shelter  and  rest  within  their  intrenchment  in  the 
Isle  of  Thanet.  Thither  they  were  followed  by  Huda  and  Ealher,  the  gov 
en.ors  of  Surrey  and  Kent,  who  bravely  attacked  them.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  action  the  advantage  was  very  considerably  on  the  side 
of  the  Saxons:  but  the  fortune  of  war  suddenly  changed,  the  Danes  re- 
covered  their  lost  grounds  and  the  Saxons  were  totally  routed,  both 
their  gallant  leaders  remaininr^  dead  upon  the  field  of  battle :  a.o.  853. 

Desperate  as  the  situation  of  the  country  was,  and  threatening  as  was 
the  aspect  of  the  Danes,  who,  after  defeatmg  Huda  and  Ealher,  removed 
from  the  Isle  of  Thanet  to  that  of  Sheppey,  which  they  deemed  more  con- 
venient for  winter  quarters,  Ethelwolf,  who  was  extremely  superstitious 
and  bigoted,  and  who,  in  spite  of  the  occasional  flashes  ofchiviilric  spirit 
which  he  exhibited,  was  far  more  fit  for  a  monk  than  foroither  a  monarcii 
or  a  military  conuuander,  this  year  resolved  upon  making  a  pilgriinngo 
to  Rome.  He  went  and  carried  with  him  his  fourth  son,  the  subsenuciitly 
"  Great "  Alfred,  but  who  was  then  a  child  of  only  six  years  old.  At 
Rome  Ethelwolf  remained  for  one  year,  passing  his  time  in  prayer;  earn- 
ing the  flatteries  and  favour  of  the  monks  by  liberalities  to  the  church,  on 
which  he  lavished  sun)8  which  were  too  really  and  terribly  needed  by  his 
own  impoverished  an  J  sufleriiig  country.  As  a  specimen  of  his  profusion 
in  this  pious  squaiKiering,  he  gave  to  the  papal  see,  in  perpetuity,  the  year- 
ly sum  of  throe  hundred  maucuses— each  maucua  weighing,  says  Hume, 
about  the  same  as  the  English  half  crown--to  be  applied  in  three  equal 
portions:  first,  the  providing  and  maintaining  lamps  for  St.  Peter's;  sec- 
ond, for  the  same  to  St.  Paul's,  and  thirdly,  for  the  use  of  the  pope  him- 
■elf.  At  the  end  of  the  year's  residence  which  he  had  promised  himself 
ho  returned  home ;  hanpily  for  his  subjects,  whom  his  prolonged  stay  at 
Rome  could  not  have  failed  to  impoverish  5  his  foolish  facility  in  giving, 
being  not  a  whit  more  remarkable  than  the  unscrupulous  alacrity  of  the 

fiapal  court  in  taking.  On  reaching  England,  he  was  far  more  astonished 
ban  gratified  at  the  slate  of  affairs  there.  Athelstan,  his  eldest  son,  to 
whom,  as  we  have  before  mentioned,  ho  had  given  Kent,  Sussex  and  Ea- 
•ex,  had  been  some  lime  dead ;  and  Elhelbald,  the  second  son,  having,  in 
consequence,  assumed  ihe  regency  of  the  kingdom  during  his  fatlier's  ab- 
sence, had  allowed  filial  ;>ffeetion  and  the  loyalty  due  to  a  sovereign  to  be 
conquered  by  ambitio"  Many  of  the  warlike  nobility  held  Ethelwolf  In 
contempt,  and  did  not  scruple  to  aflirni  that  he  was  far  more  fit  for  cowl 
and  cloister  than  for  the  warriiir's  weu|M)n  and  the  monarch's  throne.  The 
young  and  ambitious  prince  lent  too  frtcile  an  ear  to  these  disloyal  deriders 
and  suffered  himself  to  be  persuaded  to  join  and  iiead  a  party  to  lielhrune 
itin  father  and  set  himself  up  in  his  place.  Hut  Ethelwolf,  though  despised 
bv  the  ruder  and  fiercer  nobles,  was  not  without  nuiD«rr  us  and  siiiooro 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD  123 

well  inclined  to  decide  tho  co  L^ve  iv  b^wL^  ""fr'"""«  '«'"?««•  ""^ 
to  be  upon  the  very  briJk  of  SZ  If  vvrch  l^n^!!"''''"^  '?.'"*'' 
doubt  have  availed  themselves  to  subject  I'i 

Tho  division  was  accordinfflv  iimdfi  •  th«i,i.;„!.i*^....       .'"*'"• 

and  nr„rsrjnou',;r  rfect'hi^x'?  5!r^ ",'"  ^^  "^'^  «^-^''-- 

a  more  efficiei.t gifardiarof Ihose  of  h  .  Zn! "*" u '"''"'i"'  ^""'^  P*-"^" 
had  Riven  tho  papal  court  an  I  .hf    i        '^"P'®'     "'"  ""es'dence  at  Home 

of  the  weaknelL  of  his  ,  turo  inS  thff«*  r^  "T  f ■  ^l!\^""'«  «»'«»» 
wilhhis  cash  in  excl  an^  for  IkSw  «,.?''  '^  '^'"'  ^'''^'^  ''^  had  parted 

deavour  to  aggrandize theinselvflf  An.  .i  "*^''^''  '''*"■»>• '»  l'"''"-  «"- 
of  their  judgment;  for  arhov?;v  «^  „  *  -^  '''"i"'  '!'"''«^  ^^^  «:orreoln(.s« 
»y  with  tL  Uthes  of  all  th«  1^,!.^=^  ^""®  time  that  he  presented  the  cler- 

JJived/ttoug    the  cou  tXlbee^S  ^""^  T''  ^^^  '«- 


CHAPTKR  Vr. 
THK!  RRiorra  or  ethklukrt  and  etiiklreii. 


124 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD, 


I 


heSdl'^^eesTaS^SlL^^^^^^^^^  ^' J"''«  -ore  than  Ave  years 

.     greatly  harras  ed  by  the  SaneJ^'^^e^^^  "«'  t*^.  ^«« 

aided  by  the  East  Angles^wL  eve^f^nfr  f'!r«"'"T'''«^ 
necessary  for  their  predator^  exoSonth^i'^  them  with  the  horses 
kingdom  of  NorthumberIan7anrBS^'  ^^  I^'^'^^  ^^^'^  "^^V  '"'o  the 
city  of  York.    ^Knd  Kicht  ^  ?«  ^'^'^'^^  and  important 

endeavoured  to  expel  therii  but  we7«rlpfc?P|"*!l^  Northumbrian  princes, 
Flushed  with  their  succi^'  th«  n.nL  ^^'^'^  '"'^  perished  in  the  assault 
of  their  terriWrjeS  Hubb.  an/r  '"""'^"'''  ''"^^'  "'«  '=on"nand 
much  carnage  and  rapTne  establlhed  Sl"n^"T'  '"?"  ^e'"'"'  ^"^  after 
«;hich  central  situatLTZrmeS  he  f.?  "'r  "i  N°""'&ham,  from 
The  Mercians,  finding  that  Klocalauthorffr  °^'^  ^''^'^  kingdom, 
match  for  desperadoes  so  numerous  and  iou?  **"•  '"f"i  ^"'"'''^^  "^^^  "« 
sengers  to  Ethelred,  imploSghrs  oersinl^  letermnied,  dospatched  mes 
and  the  king,  accom^ani^S  ty\t^\?Xr  llfref  X""!,"  T  /""';  ^«^"'^^ 
to  display  those  talents  which  subSouenUv  Ln„  t-  ^^'^  ''^'^^^y  ^''S'"' 
fame  marched  to  Nottingham  with  a  p^oSirmvr'n  "Syo"'^'"''''^^^ 

ffirytitsuzs;^^^^,?^^^ 

of  the  East  Angles,  the^jden^i  rthpH  /"  v''''''^"^'?"^ '«  t^^«  treachery 
mund,  their  tributary  prince  in  IVw^^^  Ta  "P""  ^''«'"'  butchered  Ed- 
Bive  havoc  and  c^epffion J  esDecjaH^^^^  '*>«  '""«'  «*'en. 

The  Danes  havini?  in  sri    mfS    d^  T"  ^^^  ""^''^steries. 

peatly  harra'ssSd^'thf '  urm^S'cfuirnhdS"',  ?""'  •  "^^ '^  ^''^^ 
lodge  them.    On  desirimr  the  ai,l  nfThi  \7'  ^."'^'^fd  determined  to  dis 

fused,  they,  unmindfro?  tl^  bcJefit  1^hev^I'.?r'  *"  T^  disloyally  re 
:lesirou8  of  getting  rid  of  tLir  dpnonrlpLi^  '^'''r^^  '^r^'"  '''"''  being 
separate  people  asytLlieptrchv^Fv^^^^  ''""'•  T^  becoming  a 

Mercians  could  not  n  ove  7  W  from  hi.^''  "'"*"'""'  '''^"^"'^t  "^  'ho 
from  whom,  during  Hrwh.  retnT  reKTfr^  ^''''"'  ^^  ^""'■"d. 
efficient  assistance;  he  raised  a  S  Vnln«  nf       ^.  "'e  most  zealous  and 

West  Saxons,  and  marc-hed  aga  ,.  f  uSdhi/  XnJflVr''^''''^  '^e 
without  the  town,  the  Danes  retroa  ed  wi  w^i  „"^'"'f  fiefeatod  m  an  action 
menced  a  seige,  but  war*lrivnn  rlf^T  r  "  "'."  8»'''8'a'>d  Kthelrod  (.-om. 
well-ooi.duct.fXr  the  gar  «m,'"  An"?./'"'  ^,""'°,  ^y  a  sudden  «"d 
place  at  Aston,  not  far  f,  m  K Z  at  w hi^  '    "  '''"';"y  »"""vards  took 
Kives  us  a  strange  notion  of  tl  e     a^;,?ir«    ?^^       I'Kudcnl  occurred  which 
English  army  under  Alfred  iomZ  S  .hf  \  n^^"'  /  '"vision  of  the 
surrounded  by  tl.e  enemrwhUnS  a  .iLlil'    '  "'  ^"^  ''"^  ""  ""^^'f^Hy 
fairly  formed  in  order  of  bZe  ^hl  k  w««^1^h  ""'^''""'  P""'*'""  ""'^  »"» 
of  being  complttely  ruil  to  nieol.i      a  fJ!1    '"  !''"  "'""'  nnmiiient  dange, 
brother  for  aiistaifce  bu   £  helr^.i  wis     .an'!  .'"  ''"^''''  r"""^'  «"  "'» 
fused  to  stir  a  sl..p  until  its  c  SsT.m       i,?  '?.'""?''  *""'  P"'"'ively  re- 
Saxons,  Ktludred's  con  1hc\  „n  2  «.  r,,:     '^  "'"/  "y  »"""  "»f«i"«»  tl.o 
censured  oven  by  the  p  KtV  but    «  Zn        '"""'''  f"'"''"^''^  ''uvo  be,,,, 

with  signal  -la.fghter.'^L  5ho  L  crc^t     f  th„";,7?  '""  '"  '''"  ■•""••  ""^ 
p.ely  or  Ethelred.  '^'^"  ""^  "'"  '"'''"''y  was  given  to  the 

«broa<1,  and  sent  out  inarau' In.  J  ^^1!!       P  'wj'rful  reinforcement  fnun 
COM.      Such,  indeed. Tri^^^oKIvnn     !  f  ,'^"''l««  "»«  ^itl.  great  .«," 


ii 


'-k» 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


125 


were  stiU  farther  increased  by  the  impatience  of  the  Merciana  and  othpr, 
ITS  t!ftH"'V«'"""'*  augmented  the  irritation  of  a wouXe  h ^received 
M  die  battie  at  Basmg,  that  it  terminated  his  life  in  the  year  871 


CHAPTER  VI[ 

THE  REION  OF  ALFRED  THE  GREAT. 

ntfsPorSSe  hi  fSu  nteSjoln^r  ^^"^  ?«  '^-- 
who  Ld  now  seized  upon  MUton  At  fhf/  \^  T!?!"  ¥i""f*  ^^^  «""^'"y' 
the  advantage,  but  his  force  was  vervwpJk  T'^^'  A  f red  had  considerably 

i.rrtrelty  by  whicK'tErbrnH' if  "^  'T'''r«  ^"«  ^-^r'  ""'J  «»'eS 

the  kingdom.  %renab  e  t^em  to  do  hTfhi?"  "''"'^'"j^'"  '""/'P^''  ^'^^ 

but  on  Arriving  there  ?hec^dreav.^i  became LTsTr^^^^^^^  *°  ^°"'^''"' 
•esolutions,  and.  breakino  nfffrn^  oecame  too  strong  for  their  virtuous 

began  to  p  under  TerStiTrJun^  mlnn^T'"'"''  ''"^°''  ""^^ch,  they 
the^ributary  princHf  Zrc7a  of  whlh  r  (*''' T"^  ?"^''-  Bunhrecf, 
it  improbabfefafter  his  2Sufdet  Son  of  Xd^i'llrnih  P"''  ""/"'""S 
occasion,  that  Alfred  would  nowfeennrZri^'ff'^^^u**^^^''"?  *  f"""™*' 
with  the  Danes    hv  whtVH  "P"^'*®'  inclined  to  assist  him,  made  a  treaty 

Iney,  tl.erag;eeJtoSe  fro^r'^'^''^^^^    considerable  sum  Jf 
cLmenced    heirusui^^ciree^of  sr.iw    ''^  ^P'«."'*»  Derbyshire,  they 

of  Mcrcin.  °  *''""''  """  "'"  '»"  "'utaf  »nd  iribumrj  king 

thus  setlfe.  thcSny^  i    the  J  rv  ».?  .  '•''f^Alr"''lV"' '"  D»"«t8»'ire.  and 

«'u)uld  they  he  impioJs  ,    .  L^I  to     rin  hl*J' .."''  '.';•""«•"''"»'"'.  «"«l  ''ven 
awful  pen j;y  w„.r:;tSt       i   "li^r  ^  * r:  "..::?•:'«"■  '''«^'"«" 


,   , "•'  ""I'luuB    tilllMIHII  lO  (  o  so.  hP    IB  t  111 

S«tt.7.."'S  ;;ifri'„:».;i- ■."■-  fI^',L.™„.„„  „„„„ 

-^Tr^sssujr,  n,ia  neju  iti  iq  vm  in  uttor  con 


them. 


126 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


temiit,  no  sooner  found  themselves  freed  from  the  disadvantageous  posi- 
tion in  which  Alfred  had  placed  them,  than  ihey  fell  without  waniinff  upon 
his  astounded  army,  put  it  completely  to  flight,  and  then  hastened  to  take 
possession  of  Exeter.     Undismayed  by  even  this  new  proof  of  the  faith- 
less and  indomitable  nature  of  the  enemy,  Alfred  exerted  himself  so  dili- 
gently, that  he  got  together  new  forces,  and  fought  no  fewer  than  eight 
considerable  battles  within  twelve  months.     This  vigour  was  more  effec 
tual  against  such  a  foe  than  any  treaty,  however  solemn,  and  they  once 
more  found  themselves  reduced  to  an  extremity  which  compelled  them  to 
Bue  for  peace.    As  Alfred's  sole  wish  was  to  free  his  subjects  from  the 
intolerable  evils  incident  to  having  their  country  perpetually  made  the 
tlieatre  of  war,  he  cheerfully  agreed  to  grant  them  peace  and  permission 
to  settle  on  the  coast,  on  the  sole  condition  that  they  should  live  peace- 
ably with  his  subjects,  and  not  allow  any  new  invaders  to  ravage  the 
country.    While  they  were  distressed,  and  in  danger,  the  Danes  wre 
well  pleased  with  these  terms,  but  just  as  the  treaty  was  concluded  a  re- 
inforcement  arrived  to  them  from  abroad.   All  thought  of  peace  and  treaty 
was  at  once  laid  aside  by  them ;  they  hastened,  in  all  directions,  to  join 
the  new  comers,  seized  upon  the  important  town  of  Chippenham,  and  re- 
commenced their  old  system  of  plundering,  murdering,  and  destroying,  in 
every  direction,  for  miles  around  their  quarters.    The  Saxons,  not  even 
excepting  the  heroic  Alfred  himself,  now  gave  up  all  hope  of  success  in 
the  struggle  in  which  they  had  so  long  and  so  bravely  been  engaged. 
Many  fled  to  Wales  and  the  continent,  while  the  generality  submitted  to 
the  invaders,  contented  to  save  life  and  land  at  the  expense  of  national 
honour  and  individual  freedom.     It  was  in  vain  that  Alfred  reminded  the 
chief  men   among  the  Saxons  of  the  sanguinary  successes  they  had 
achieved  in  the  time  past,  and  endeavoured  to  persuade  them  that  new 
successes  would  attend  new  efTorts.     Men's  spirits  were  now  so  utterly 
subdued  that  the  Danes  were  looked  upon  as  irresistible ;  and  the  heroic 
and  unfortunate  Alfred,  unable  to  raise  sufficient  force  to  warrant  hira 
in  again  endeavouring  to  save  his  country  from  the  yoke  of  the  foreign 
foeman,  was  f.iin  to  seek  safety  in  concealment,  and  to  console  himself  in 
his  temporary  inactivity  with  the  hope  that  the  oppressions  of  the  Danes 
would  be  so  unmeasured  and  intolerable,  that  even  the  most  peace-loving 
and  Indolent  of  the  Saxons  would,  at  no  distant  day,  be  goaded  into  revolt. 
Unattended  even  by  a  servant,  Alfred,  discuised  in  the  coarse  habit  of  a 
peasant,  wandered  from  one  obscure  hiding-place  to  another.    One  of 
these  was  the  lowly  hut  of  a  neatherd,  who  had  in  happier  days  been  in 
his  service.     The  man  faithfully  obeyed  the  charge  given  to  him  by  the 
king  not  to  reveal  his  rank  even  to  the  good  woman  of  the  house.     She, 
unsuspicious  of  the  quality  of  her  guest,  was  at  no  pains  to  conceal  hei 
opmion  that  so  able  a  man,  in  full  health,  and  with  an  extremely  vigorous 
appetite,  might  find  some  better  employment,  bad  though  the  times  were 
than  moping  about  and  muttering  to  himself.     On  one  occasion  she  stili 
more  strongly  gave  her  opinion  of  the  idleness  of  her  guest.    He  was 
seated  before  the  ample  wood  flro,  putting  his  bow  and  arrow  in  order  as 
she  put  some  whenten  cakes  down  to  bake,  and  being  called  away  by 
some  other  domestic  business,  she  desired  Alfred  to  mind  the  cakes,  giving 
him  especial  charge  to  turn  them  frequently  lest  they  should  be  burned. 
The  king  promkcd  due  obedienro,  but  scarcely  had  his  imperious  hostess 
len  him  when  he  fell  into  a  prof«»und  reverie  on  his  own  forlorn  «nd  aban- 
"»'>ea  condition,  and  the  manifold  miseries  of  his  country.     It  is  probable 
that,  during  that  h>ng  sad  day-dream,  more  than  one  thought  smrgested 
Itielf  to  Alfred,  by  which  F.ngland,  at  a  future  day,  was  to  bo  greatlv 
benefited.     But,  assuredly,  his  thoughts  were,  for  that  time  at  least,  (i( 
Ittlo  benefit  to  his  hostess,  who,  on  hnr  reluni  to  the  cottage,  found  the 
king  deep  burled  in  hia  gloomy  tlioughts,  and  her  cakes  done,  indeed,  but 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


127 


d(Mie— to  a  cinder.  The  good  woman's  anger  now  knew  no  bounds  •  oaf 
.uBber,  and  lazy  loon,  were  the  mildest  names  which  she  bestowed  upon 
him,  as,  with  minffled  anger  and  vexation,  she  contrasted  his  indolence  in 
the  nriatter  of  bakmg,  with  his  alacrity  in  eating  what  he  found  ready 
baked  fur  his  use.  ' 

So  successful  had  Alfred  been  in  destroying  all  traces  of  Ins  wander 
mg8,that  Hi.bba  and  other  leading  Danes,  who  had  at  first  made  search 
after  him  with  all  the  activity  and  eagerness  of  extreme  hate,  not  un- 
mingled  with  fear,  at  length  became  persuaded  that  he  had  either  left 
the  country  altogether,  or  perished  miserably  ere  he  could  find  means  and 
opportunity  to  do  so.  Finding  that  his  enemies  had  discontinued  their 
search  after  him,  Alfred  now  began  to  conceive  hopes  of  being  able  onco 
'ITfnVJt  «°'"?  .f'-'«"'l«  to  l'i«  «id«-  For  this  purpose  he  betook  him- 
self  to  Somersetshire,  to  a  spot  with  which  he  had  accidentally  become 
acquainted,  which  singularly  united  obscurity  and  capability  of  being  de- 
fended. A  morass  lormed  by  the  overflowing  of  the  rivers  Parref  and 
I  hame  had  nearly  m  its  centre  about  a  couple  of  acres  of  firm  land. 
1  he  morass  itself  was  not  safely  practicable  by  any  one  not  well  aconain- 
ted  with  the  concealed  paths  that  led  through  it  to  the  little  terra  finna, 

f,Il  I'i  Z'^vm  '^'  ^^^"/'"^  ^'""^  *'"''''*'  ^'«''""  ''y  """'erous  other  morasses 
no  let3  f)ifli';;,.t  and  dangerous,  while  by  a  dense  growth  of  forest  trees 
It  was  on  every  side  environed  and  sheltered.  Here  he  built  himself  a 
rude  hut,  and,  having  found  means  to  communicate  with  some  of  the  must 
ihL  1  1  r  P^':?'?""'  ^^f'^i'ds,  it  was  not  long  before  he  was  placed  at 
tJrlr  ?i  "■  '-'"f "  ''"\^»  '"f't  ''«"<1-  S""yi"g  from  this  retreat  under  the 
cover  of  the  night,  and  always,  when  practicable,  reluming  again  before 
the  morning,  he  harassed  and  spoiled  tlie  Danes  to  a  very  great  c.vienl- 
and    us  attacks  were  so  sudden  and  so  desultory,  that  his  enemies  were 

^^trty'ftSl '"  ""'"  ■" "  '"«"'■  """ -'J"'""-"  '"»• 

Even  by  this  warfare,  petty  and  desultory  as  it  was,  Alfred  was  doing 
good  service  to  his  country.  For  with  the  spoil  which  he  thus  obtained 
LmiThMr'\  '''m*  «»'>s'«'.«'."1  fro'vi  time  t..  time  to  increase  his  followers; 
and  while  his  attacks,  winch  could  not  bo  wholly  unknown  to  the  Saxon 
population,  gave  them  vague  hopes  that  armed  friends  were  not  wholly 
lost  to  thein,  they  moderated  the  cruelty  and  imperiousness  of  the  Danes 
re^'o'l"orn?e^Saxon8'"*  *''^'"  "*"  ""'  P"'^^'''''''y  "^  *  successful  and  general 
For  upwards  of  a  year  Alfred  remained  in  this  secure  retreat,  in  which 
time  ho  had  gathered  together  a  considerable  nninber  of  followers;  and 
now  at  lengtli  bis  perseverance  had  its  reward  in  an  opportunity  of  once 
more  meeliiig  his  foes  in  the  formal  array  of  battle. 

Hubba,  the  most  warlike  of  all  the  Danish  (diiefs,  led  a  largo  armv  oi 
his  countrymen  to  besiege  ilie  castle  of  Kinwilh,  in  Devonshire.  The 
earl  or  that  country,  a  brave  and  resohite  man.  d.-eming  death  in  the  battle 
Held  far  preferable  to  starving  within  his  fortified  walls,  or  life  preserved 
by  submission  to  the  hated  Danes,  collected  the  whole  of  his  garrison, 
am ,  having  inspired  them  with  his  own  brave  determination,  made  a 
HiKden  sally  upon  the  Danish  camp  in  the  darkness  of  night,  killed  llubbiu 
and  routed  the  Danish  force  with  iniinense  slaughler,  He  at  .he  samo 
time  captured  the  onchanted  lieafr,,,  the  woven  raven  which  adorned  the 
chief  standard  of  the  Danes,  and  the  loss  of  which  their  superstitious 
feelings  made  more  terrible  to  them  than  that  of  their  chief  and  their 
comrades  who  had  perishe.l.  This  Hfa/m  had  been  woven  into  Hubba's 
standard  by  his  three  sisters,  who  had  accompanied  their  work  with  cTliiin 
magical  formulie  which  the  Danes  firmly  believed  to  have  given  the  re- 
presented biu.  the  power  of  predicting  the  goo<l  or  evil  stu cess  of  any 

(lUterurue  bv  the  mntim  of  iu  win^.      a..,i  ,.„„.i,i^_!.._  .■ ' 

'  — —  —    r.~-      ••'•—;  •—"^I'ltrriijjj  tjir  j;rra;  jwwrf 


728 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WOKLD. 


?h/^^L  f^^T•^?^®  ^"•^  untutored  minds,  it  ia  very  probahle  thai 
tr  ?  K  ?^  his  highly  valued  standard,  coinc  ding  wit?  not  on  v  thi 
defeat,  hut  also  the  death,  of  its  hitherto  victorious  Lner  struck  «?<'h» 
pneral  fear  and  doubt  into  the  minds  of  the  Danes  as  very  ffreaUv  fended 
lo  dispose  them  shortly  after,  to  make  peace  with  Alfred^  ^  **' 
..r  rw^^'V- ^  ^"f  ^  r  ^^f*^  "f  ^^^  »P'"'  «"d  success  with  which  the  earl 

Slill  leaving  his  followen!  to  conceal  llienisolvej  in  Ihe  relreal  nf  «,l.f„k 
we  have  spoken,  he  dismised  himself  as  a  harper  VverypoX  °L7m« 

Mratiw  Ihe  very  camp  of  the  enemy  lo  nole  their  force,  and  SnositK 
To  soldiers  in  camp  amusement  is  ever  welcome  and  Mm  .lilfMl  !!!™?' 
o    Alfred  no.  merely  gratified  the  common  SieVrandinferioIUc"' 

teiffrZ^-S^SLJer 

&f7all"Va^-;fer;eS"r«.rSsTtoS^^ 
opportunity  to  depart,  and  sent  messages  to  all  the  prhidDa  Snlmf^  ™ 

nnns  11  surrounded  by  a  force  so  numerous  andso  enthiisittstip  n«  tn  ,riJo 
h.m  just  iiopes  of  being  able  to  attack  the  Danes  wiU  sue  ess^  K,  oS 
the  imnortance  of  not  allowing  this  enthusiasm  to  cS,  ho Tasled  ,o7. mS 
h^  us  (ess  delay  or  vain  form,  but  led  them  at  once  to  Juthrum's  camp  of 
which  his  recent  visit  made  him  acquainted  with  the  n^^^is  nraSwp 
points.  Sunkn.  apathetic  indolence,  and  thinking  of  nXig'^  oh  Than 
of  seeing  a  numerous  band  of  English  assembled  to  attack  them  the 
Danes  were  so  pan.c-sfruck  and  surprised  that  they  fou^  wit  none  of 
the.r  accustomed  vigour  or  obstinacy,  and  the  battle  was  spemdi  conver 
te.l  1  to  a  mere  rout.  (Jreat  numbers  of  the  Danes  perished  in  if^isaSuu 
and  though  tlio  rest,  under  the  orders  of  (Juthrum,  Ked  t  emservei  „' 
a  camp  and  made  preparations  for  contin.nng  tm  stmS  .^11^6  L, 
dosely  homnied  m  by  Alfre.l,  that  absolute  hunger  prred  too  stron J  ft 
heir  resolution,  and  once  more  they  offered  to  treaTCr  pe-^e  Iff  £ 
man  whose  mercy  they  had  so  often  abused,  and  whose  laFouV  anTlabili  t 

^^"^^^^^ 


'^fc*-- 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD.  '  129 

pose  even  moderatef;  sevfre  termT.  ftace  for  h  -^h''? '"^""^  '°  '"" 
great  Joad-star  of  all  his  wishes  anrt  nf  „h  »f-  ,i^  «»Jbjects  was  still  thr 
Jeen  deceived  by  the  Dan^i  h?s  real  mainanir/''^ '.  l"?^  °'''""  ««  ^e  had 
even  their  faithlessness  cou  d  not  aK  .«  "-^^^^  •""  ^"^  *""''*  ^^'** 
dulgence;  he  therefore  not  only  gaveThem  ?h^fr  if^'*'"^'  ™f ''^  ^"^  '"  " 
mission  to  settle  in  his  countrv  iinnn  .hi  «  their  hyes,  but  also  full  per 
Tith  his  other  subjects.^  h3din„ ThLltf  ^  T'^'^i^"  "'"  "'''"^  *»  Pe^^e 
of  the  country  in  whose  Safety  thfv'S  '^     -'"  *^'  '''^'"''' 

iivasion  render  their  assistS  necessari     n  r\f  "J"^'  "^^"'^  ""y  "«"' 
much  more  favourable  thanXy  haran^;..,)?*^^?*^'^ !?  °^^«'"  '«""»  so 
his  followers  readily  agreed  to^tE    hZ  aT^]?  ^"P®  ^'"'^  Guthrum  and 
weakness.    He,  with  his  usual  8affacitvn£'^'?^!l  T'^'y  ^"^^  "o  ta'nt  of 
the  Persevering'hostility  of  the  dIS  to'lTrnf  ^^at  one  great  cause  of 
of  religion.    Reflecting^ that  such  rca^w-^il     '^*'  ^^^'"  ^'^erence 
cause  the  Danes  to  break  their  neLpIit^.      ^*  perpetually  liable  to 
Guthrum  and  his  peopKoul^giCeviwiTrT^^  ^"  demanded  that 
cing  the  ChristiaiWeligion?    tSs  alsi  w««  JJ^^".  !l"'T*y  ^^  «'»'"•«- 
who  were  all  baptizedf  Alfred  hmsHfhrnn  '^^"^f"'®*' «»  by  the  Danes, 
rum,  to  whom  he  gave  he  honoSe  0^^'"^  ^^^  godfather  of  Guth- 
success  of  this  measure  UyZtifiedtt«?»^   "f"^  u^  Athelslan.     The 
It  to  Alfred.    The  Danes  seftlid  in  Ir.mr  ^^^i'^' ^^  ^^'""^  *"*'^  suggested 
cester,  and  Derby,  were  calleX  F.Ve  S,S.^'"*'°^^^^^^  I^«»- 

ably  as  any  other  of  Alfred's  subk>rt8anH„^''"K'  '*"''  'heyliveS  as  peace- 
some  years  after  this  sirnal  trSh  of  A,K  ^""  ''  ''"'^trouble.  For 
land  was  unmolested  by  forS'^  .vlilC  *^^  prowess  and  policy,  Eng- 
when  a  numerous  fleet  of  Ks  sEfmih?^^^^^  ""i'  *'"«  «««^«i«" 
They  committed  considerable  havoJo'fthdrrn„yTr'  ^^^'"'"^  ^°"'^«»- 
ham  they  found  the  countrv  so  v^^Tii  'outfc.but  on  arriving  at  Ful- 

that  they  made  a  panic  rSt  to  Thl  ?h?f '■'^''?  ^""^'^  »«  ^««i«'  'hem. 
as  in  their  haste  /fiey  were  aJle  ti  sTcuf^'  '"'^  ^'P'^^'^  ^'^^  «"«^h  «?«» 

.e^s^ JHltV^^^^^^^^^  iiirj^f  I  P?"'«"  °^  »'•-  >'^«  had 

affairs  of  the  kingdom.  He  commuted  thp  ll  ""'V  '■Se:"lating  the  civil 
the  government  of  his  br(»?hS Ta  -  Eth«m  T'  ^"l^i"""  «<"  **«''cia  to 
of  earl  or  duke;  and  in  order  to  rend«r,t?"*'  """^  ^^^  ™"'^  »nd  titl^ 
with  the  Saxons  the  more  compIeTe  h«  Z  '"f"''P"'-«t>on  of  the  Danes 
footing  in  every  respect.  I.Tach  3.\  IS  nf&"P?  "l"  «""•«  '"»«' 
a.mihtia  force,  and  made  arraSSs  fV,r   /i^   ^  ''"  established 

given  point  in  the  event  of  a  X  invasion  'Vn  "f  "^™*"'n  "P"»  any 
iwus  towns  rJmt  had  suffered  in  the  Ch?.:.,  1"  "^'^^  repaired  the  va- 
erected  fortresses  in  oommundh.1  si Umfii  fn'"  "^u^^l  '^S^""'.  and 
armed  men,  and  as  raUyT.rS7s  for  t  ^.'1  C'"'''!,^,*''''  ""  ^'P^^'  f"' 
the  country  around,  in  case  Ef   ied      n  ,,   h    "h  T^  '7^'  "•  '»«"''  «' 
dispositions  thus  inado  by  AI  red  made  i  cph     f^''?  «'^"?'''«hlo  militar, 
«iid  themselves  hollv  on'nosod  in  ,S         '^'""'  *''"'  ""y  '"Vaders  would 
.Utack,  Alfred  wSs  IrSSSus  to  haJo'thS'l^r"'"  'l''^  ""^^'  '"«'^«  '''«*' 
wholly  unbroken,  than  to  bo  "bliSp      Im    n   "'7"°'  P'^"'""  "^  '^o  country 
to  chastise  the  disturbers  of  it      ftti'Tm.''  ♦"""'Ph""tly  »nd  8urelJ^ 
the  organization  of  such  a  LJal  for  cm    ^0.",^  *"■"'«'' •'"'^  ""^"'i""  '« 
piratical  enemy  from  landing  «,„£  sh„rr«      h'  '"'""I""'  ''^  """^P  ^^^^ 
number  and  slreiigtl.  of  his  sh  n  i.n^  n„  '  •  ^^  S^'itly  increased  thp 

people  in  naval  tallies  to  wiTS«it^'"J'';f*'^  "■  '"f  P"^''""  "^  hi« 
kings  and  people  of  Ki  gland  ShZr«  hi  *  *'*"■■  "l'"'"''  "''""tion.  ih^ 
pod  effects  of  this  wise  JreSum  wlro  1'"  '"'""''•'^^  i"<Iiff(,ront.  Trt. 
his  armed  vessels  lay  at  so  numv  nLTu  «..T"  i?'"."""''' '  «q""'lron8  of 
he  Danes,  thomrh  iLl.TnTlVJZ  '^L""/''  «'«l'-ehosen  rositions.  th«t 
I  — »         ' -■  " '  "■""  '"  ««''»'  nuraoeiB,  were  either  wholjv 


i^:  r^i 


180 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WOBLD. 


prevented  from  landing,  or  intercepted  when  retiring  from  before  the  land 
forces,  and  deprived  of  their  ill-gotien  booty,  and  tlieir  ships  either  cap- 
tureo  or  sunk.  In  this  manner  Alfred  at  length  got  together  a  hundred 
and  twenty  vessels,  a  very  powerful  fleet  for  that  time,  and  as  h:s  own 
subjects  were  at  the  outset  but  indifferent  sailors,  he  supplied  that  defect 
by  sparing  y  distributing  among  them  skilful  foreign  seamen,  from  whom 
they  80011  learned  all  that  was  known  cf  naval  tactics  in  that  rude  age. 

I-or  some  years  Alfred  reaped  the  reward  of  his  admirable  policy  and 
untiring  industry  in  the  unbroken  trancuiUity  of  the  country,  which  nave 
his  subjects  the  opportunity  of  advancing  in  all  the  useful  arts,  and  of 
gradually  repairing  those  evils  which  the  long-continued  internal  wars 
had  done  to  both  their  trade  and  their  agriculture.  But  a  new  trial  was 
Ptill  in  store  for  both  Alfred  and  his  subjects. 

A.D.  893Ha8tingB,  a  Danish  chieftain,  who  some  years  before  had  made 
a  short  predatory  incursion  into  England,  but  who  recently  had  confined 
his  ravages  to  France,  finding  that  he  had  reduced  that  country,  so  far  as 
he  could  get  access  to  it,  to  a  condition  which  rendered  it  unproductive  of 
farther  booty,  suddenly  appeared  this  year  off  the  coast  of  Kent,  with  m 
immense  horde  of  his  pirates,  in  upwards  of  three  hundred  vessels.    Dis- 
embarking  the  main  body  in  the  Rother,  and  leaving  it  to  guard  the  fort 
of  Apuldore,  which  he  surprised  and  seized,  he,  with  a  detachment  of  nearly 
a  hundred  vessels,  sailed  up  the  Thames  as  far  as  Miltoji,  where  he  estab- 
lished  his  head-quarters,  whence  he  sent  out  his  maurading  parties  in  every 
direction.    As  soon  as  tidings  of  tiiis  new  incursion  reached  Alfred,  that 
gallant  monarch  concentrated  an  immense  force  from  the  armed  militia 
in  various  parts  of  tiie  country,  and  marched  against  the  enemy.    Settinc 
down  before  Milton  and  Apuldore,  Alfred,  by  his  superiority  of  force,  com- 
pletely  hemmed  in  the  main  bodies  of  the  pirates,  and  their  detached  par- 
ties were  encountered  as  they  returned  with  their  booty,  and  cut  off  to  a 
man.    Finding  that,  so  far  from  having  any  prospect  of  enriching  them 
selves,  they  were,  in  fact,  compelled  to  live  in  England  upon  the  plunder 
that  they  had  stized  m  France,  the  pirate  garrison  of  Apuldore  made  a 
sudden  sally  with  the  design  of  crossing  the  Thames  into  Essex.    But  the 
vigilant  eye  of  Alfred  was  too  constantly  upon  them  to  allow  either  secrecy 
or  suddenness  to  give  them  succe.  s  in  this  attempt.     Ho  arrested  their 
march  at  Jarnham,  utterly  routed  them,  and  spoiled  them  of  all  their  prop- 
erty, including  numbers  of  valuable  horses.    The  slaughter  was  very  great 
and  those  Danes  who  were  so  fortunate  as  to  survive  the  battle,  n^ade  their 
way  in  panic  haste  to  their  piratical  vessels,  and  sailed  over  to  Essex 
where  they  entrenched  themselves  at  Mersey ;  Hastings,  with  the  division 
under  his  command,  at  the  same  time  going  also  into  the  county  of  Essex 
and  entrenching  himself  at  Canvey. 

Guthrum,  who  from  the  time  of  his  baptism  had  been  constantly  faith- 
ful to  the  engagement  into  which  he  had  Entered  with  Alfred,  was  now 
dead,  as  also  was  Guthred,  another  Dane  of  rank,  who  was  very  faithful 
jo  Alfred,  by  whom  he  had  been  made  governor  of  Northumberland.  No 
longer  restrained  by  the  example  and  authority  of  those  two  eminent 
chiefs,  the  l-.ust  Anglian  and  Northumbrian  Danes  now  suddenly  exhibited 
their  old  propensity  to  strife  and  rajuiie,  got  together  a  fleet  of  nearly  two 
hundred  and  fifty  vessels,  and  made  their  appearance  in  hostile  array  be- 
fore  fcxeter.  Leaving  a  sufficient  force  under  comn»-tent  command  to 
make  head  agamst  the  Danes  in  Essex,  Alfred  immediately  hastened  to 
t.xeter,  and  fell  so  suddenly  upon  them,  that  with  little  loss  on  his  side, 
they  were  driven,  in  complete  disorder  and  with  immense  loss,  to  their 
fleet,  I  hey  made  attempts  to  land  in  other  parts  of  the  country ;  but  the 
ijreparations  which  Alfred  had  everywhere  made  of  militia  and  armed 
ft«emen.  whom  the  recent  alarms  had  kept  more  than  usually  on  the  alert, 


'*fcf..- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  ^l 

forced  the  pirates'  entrenKent  Jut  th^"^^^^^^^^^^ 
to  the  sword,  and  captured  the  wife  anrt  J-hn^t^L    f?u-^  °^  ^^^  trarnson 
capture  was  the  mos'!  imporS^^^^^^^  This 

terpriso.  Alfred  had  now  in  his  hands  hoS«li  ^«"-c°"'^"'''®<*  ^n- 
command  any  terms;  but  so  cLrons  w^«  hT  I'^^^^u^  "'/'*"»  *»«  ^ould 
women  and  o^hildren  to  lias^iS^r  ZnTh^  i^?-"^*^'^'  ""**  ^e  restored  the 
should  leave  the  kingdom  immfdiaSv  andlfl  ll^^'^  """'^•"°"  *«* »»« 
turn  to  it  no  more  as  a  foemaTi  ^'  ^**^®'""  engagement  to  re- 

There  were  very  numercnfsSeredLrL  of  th«m  \holly.at  an  end. 
the  leadership  of  Hastings,  nor  were  wnHnr,  °\''*®'"'  ?'ho  neither  owned 
handed.  These  united  Knelarlefo  "of  J^TJ^^T^'y  ^•"P'y- 
Shobuiv,  at  the  mouth  of  the  ThaS  whnn;„  S  fortified  themselves  at 
cestorsfiiire,  and  being  re  nforcedbv«'«^5fil  'k^^,  '""^hed  into  Glou- 
tified  them'selves  ve^  strong  S^  BoTZ^n^  ^t^  °^  Welchmen,  for- 
body  to  deal  with,  AllVed  eSeJed  loiprHl  u*?*!^'"*  "o*'^  «nly  this 
ma/d.  and  drawing  lines  of  dnZtlZ  in  .  Z^!'^^^  '^^'^^  '*«  could  com- 
sat  dowt.  with  the  detrrmiim!  on  of  S^  around  the  p.rates,  deliberately 
held  out  for  some  1^6,  sTS  heir  w'"^^^  '"'''  «»'"«i8«ion.  They 
even  this  miserable  TesoSLt  .butatlengtS 

peration.  The  most  considerable  ?ortioTof?hLff^^  '^t!'  i"  ""*""  ^^'^ 
that  ensued,  but  a  still  formidable  C.f n  f  "*  ^f^ '"  '^«  ^"""^  cont«»t 
as  they  passed  along  were  pJr8uedbVl^?r^'^  ">«  """"^^ 

shire. 'fiere  anoihe^r' Tevere^J S  ejfsued   an^^^^  '"  ^'''^^'^^ 

defeated  with  great  loss.  The  remnant  fm.nH  J,  i?  ^^"u®*  V^^  «ff«»n 
of  Sigefort,  a  Northumbrian  DLe?whopSse^^^^^^^  '^^  ^^'' 

very  superior  to  those  of  the  aener^iV^ ^fuf^  ,^^  ^^  *  construction 
sued  th  s  fleet  to  the  coast  Mamnihi-  -  countrymen.  The  king  pur- 
rates,  captured  twSnty  of  their "rp? t d-l'v'^n^^li''^""'"^^'  ""^  '^e'  pi- 

eno  incorrigible  Uanerf ire\'rteSSr:,fd' e',°., ''f  ";'"■ 
Ing  and  enforcing  order  amon/lii"o»nS!^r°^^^^^^    ""  *'?*''  '»  «"">'- 


MM! 


132 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


cS\  th Jimmi"  *^^  °''"?'  ^^°V  *^**  *»«'  '^'th  admirable  geciu8,  per- 
wJhii-  1,""'"®"^®'??°''^""'=®°^  an  attention  tc.  details,  and  the  ease 
w£h  wo.SrhlTn^'*''"''-*'^  ^/°5l'  ^"'^  arrangements  wiU  produce  a  result 

nr  ^  .  ^  "^ .'"  ''*"*  *""®<^  **  ''y  any  one  effort  however  vast, 
fh w«n       ™*7  -^  *"*H®^  '^®  national  police  estab/ished  by  Alfred,  we  take 
the  following  firief  and  condensed,  but  extremely  lucid  and  gra^iic   acJ 

pX™r™/"™'\"?"  ^"»"^»'"  «^y«  "»•"«'  "reduced  to  Se  moS 
nff  Th»n"?'^?*'^  ''y  ^""^  contmued  depredations  of  the  Danes,  had  shaken 
hftn^l^h"*^'  ^'f  g"^«'"n™ent.  and  those  who  hac'  been  plundered  to-day. 
betook  themselves  on  the  morrow  to  the  like  disorderfy  life,  and.  from 
despair,  jomed  the  robbers  in  pillaging  and  ruir.ing  their  fellow-ciizen? 
These  were  he  evils  for  whicli  it  wai  necessary  that  tLSance  and 
activity  of  Alfred  should  provide  a  remedy.  vigilance  and 

J'T'"?,* ^®  might  render  the  execution  of  justi»ie  strict  and  regular  hfedi 

j;eds*iH"fh'"h'"?T"""?'  '^^'^  «°"""««  he  subdivatto  hun 
dreds,  and  the  hundreds  again  into  ti»hings.  Every  householder  wa, 
answerable  for  the  behaviour  of  his  family  and  Ms  slaves,  and  even  of^J. 
?!!.«lh' m'''"^  lived  above  three  days  in'^hi.i  h.-ise.  TerSbour  uK 
householders  were  formed  into  one  corporation,  who,  under  the  name  o? 
a  tuhmg  decennary,  or  fribourg.  were  answerable  fo'r  each  others  con 
duct  and  over  whom  one  man,  called  a  tithing-rian,  headbourg?  or  bond. 

who  hIh  n^nt^ '?*^i'°  ^\%'^^'    ^"^'y  ""*"  ^«»  P»ni«hed  as  aS  outlaw 
who  d  d  not  register  himself  in  some  tithing,  and  no  man  could  changeh  s 

.^n<?  tn"T  Vu°f  *  '^'',"^"', «''  ««»-tificate  from  the  bondholder  of  ?hf  iVl^ 
mg  to  which  he  formerly  belonged. 

HirKh^?"/^  P®"*'"'  '"  »ny  tithing  or  decennary,  was  guilty  of  a  crime. 
1 1  ^K*'''^'^^''.  ^^^  8"n"n«ned  to  answer  for  himf  and  if  he  were  not  wil- 
ling  to  be  surety  for  his  appearance  and  his  clearing  himself  the  crimiiia 
Mras  committed' to  prison,  and  there  detained  tilffitrfa      If  h"  fleS 

,'«m/r'w '■^*"'-^"'?"  ''"^'5-  ""'■^'y'  '*»«  "ondholder  and  decennary  be 
came  h  able  to  inquiry,  and  were  exposed  to  the  penalties  of  the  law 
rhirty-one  days  were  allowed  them  for  producing  the  crimhial  and  i ' 

wVnX?"P''"l^'^''''°r"'  L'^^ir  ^'"'^  ^^^'  '«  «"d  him^,  the  bondholder!  with 
two  other  members  of  the  decennary,  was  obliged  to  appear  and    to 
gether  with  three  chief  members  of  tlie  three  neighbourfnldecennaries' 
t"v  bo^h  n?yh  '"  •"'  '"  '''"^'  '^*  *>'«  decennary  was  frKm  all  p  ?v' 
&  f    liP'^.i*'^  *'"?'/  con'n»"ed,  and  of  the  escape  of  the  criminal.    If 

ienc«  iS^i'"'  "''''^^  "°'  ^"^  """h  ^  »»•"''«'  '«  answer  for  Zr  i„no 
kfn„  :  ^^  .^^^'^nnary  was  compelled  by  fine  to  make  satisfaction  to  the 
king,  according  to  the  degree  of  the  offence.  By  this  institution  everv 
man  was  obliged  by  his  own  interest  to  keep  a  Watchful  eye  over  Z 
conduct  of  his  neighbour,  and  was  in  a  manner  surety  fo  ih^e  bZliour 
of  those  who  were  placed  under  the  division  to  which  he^belonged  whence 
these  decennaries  received  the  name  of  frank-pledees.  ^'""'^'''''  '^"*'"*^* 

men?"in  th^ffh^h?*?"''""*'"  °^  *!!'  P"°P'«'  *'"^  «"«»>  a  strict  confine 
ment  in  their  habi  ation,  may  not  be  necessary  in  times  when  men  arp 
nn.T'^'^  to  obejie„  and  justice,  and  it  might  perhaps  be  regarded  as 
?^1.,E?,**^  liberty  and  commerce  in  a  polished  state;  but  it  was  well 
rrSintl^V'''"'.''^'* ''"'■"«  «"'*  licentious  people  under  theZuUrv 
rL.  fr«  h?  r  ""'l.&oyernment.  But  Alfred  tW  care  to  temper  tS 
IT^L^  ''I-''  'n«l".»"on<»  more  favourable  to  the  freedom  of  the  S 
aens,  and  nothiiifir  could  be  more  popular  or  liberal  than  his  plan  for  tlu 
5f ;^«r„™  Vr  °V J"l'  ""••  T''^  "holder  summoned  togethe Sis  whl 
t^nTZ  *•*  ""T  h'n>  in  deciding  any  lesser  difference^hich  ocied 
among  the  members  of  this  small  community.    In  affairs  of  creater  im, 

Sbi';.Tdiff«  rTJ*'"  ''"'''^""T  °^  '"  controversirarisiSrbetween 
inembera  of  different  decennaries,  the  cause  was  brouffht  before  thi.  hun 
drcd,  which  consisted  of  ten  decennaries,  or  «  hundred  famiUes  of  frer 


.-••     i-X^ 


HISTORY  OP  THE   W.ORLD.  133 

of  that  division,  to  administer  rmDartial  V.Sf    "'    '  P'"^?'**'"?  magistrate 

tioa  of  that  cause  which  wa^^SfflJoSirSSon     AnTh"'''!?" 
these  monthly  meetings  of  the  hundred  thpro  Lo»  ,  ^"^  ''®^*<^« 

pointed  for  a^more  ge.feral  inspect"on  of  tbr^S  o?  ZtstnT?^  T 
inquiry  mto  crimes,  the  correction  nf  nh„ii„  •  •  '*'^'"«'»  for  the 

obliging  of  every  person  to  /how  Hi.  L*^"^^^  '"  magistrates,  and  the 
tered.  ^The  peop^^fn  mUation  of  thpfr  of '^  '"  '^^'''^  ^«  *^««  r«g'«- 
there  in  arms-whence  Hundred  wafL^T'"  ancestors,  assembled 
audits  courts  served  both  for  the  sroortTf'S"  «*»«d. a  wapentake, 
the  administration  of  civU  jStJce  ^    "^  discipline,  and  for 

u  hirm^uiiTalLTaftir  MicUe/mL'""^  "^^  ^''^  -""^^  -""^^ 
the  freeholders  of  the  coSntv   who  nnTl«  "J^  Enster,  and  consisted  o 

sion  of  causes.  The  bS^i'gd'^rSu  ^^  '*"  .T^^  V'^  '»  '^^  d««i- 
derman,  and  the  proner  owfo?  nf  t h.  ^    »^  *''*"[''  '"^^'her  with  the  al- 

from  th;  hundredKd"d:ctlrres^'n^eTc!drn^S^  ''  T^^'* 
sies  as  arose  between  men  nf  Hi«n>r«!n»  hZ  "^?,"*'"^0'  such  controver 

man  possessed  bot^tL  Sitary  a^d  the  Sf  »!,1f'  .rT"^^.*'**  ^^^^^ 
sible  that  this  conjunction  of  Swers  rend«riH  th"'"*^Jr^"^  ^^^'^'^'  ««» 
independent,  appointed  also  a  sheriff  Inlti  "*!  ""^'^''J'  dangerously 
ordinate  authority  wilh  the  former  in  th«^^H-"/^r'  "^^^  «"J«y«'^  «  «<>■ 
also  empowered  him  to  guard  Zriihu„^f^"d'^'*'  '^"".^^T  «*»  office 
to  levy  the  fines  imposed  whthinLf  r^^  '"■^"'"  '"  ">«  ^^O'^ty*  a»d 
of  the>ublic  revenS?      •  '"  ""*'  *^^  '^"'"■"^^  "«  contemptible  part 

ki.;7ht"eS'in  couB'.'  'a"nd'aTVe'i"oT'  "''^'"•k^"  ^^«««  ''°"''''  ^o  the 
great  talents  of  Alfred7plSed  their  oJ^p?^^^^^^  "/• '^«  «q»'»y  a«d 

overwhelmed  with  SeS  ffrom  alllr,.  Tv^T^I''  ^',™•  ''^  ^^^^^  s""" 
gable  in  the  dispatch  of  these  cl.^irh,?  «  ,E"&'«»d.  He  was  iudefati- 
entirely  engrossed  by  hsbrancS  of 'd^S"^  V.^''  'l""^  »""«'  "« 
convenient  by  correcting  the  i™o?L,n«  ^'  h^  '^^'''''^^  ^"^  "''^''*'«  '^e  in- 
magistrates,  from  whic  k  a  ose^  H«  .Lif  ''^  *'°'"''"'?"**'"- °^  ^^^  ^"fe'-ior  ' 
insmicted  i^  letters  and     ,e  law.  he Vhnii  ?k'^  '"  .''^"^  «"  *•'«  "ability 

among  the  men  most  clbrated  ^^probitv  aJd^Sowln"'^  '^'''^"  K^"" 
severe  y  all  malversation  in  offir-fl  aKl^  knowledge ;  he  punished 
found  unequal  to  the  rtrurSaw.nl  ,,  '^""r^^.u^  ''"  ^^^  ^^''^^  ^^om  he 
bydeputy,till  thei  death  Should  mak5rn„%"'^  '^^  ™°''^  «'^«''y  »«  «erve 
.  Without  any  quallSa  ioS  of  a  rian^e  ?o?l;i.rr  «^""hy.«»«ee««ors." 
in  which  he  lived,  the  mil  tarv    anH    i.;!  l^re  '«»d  circumstances 

fred,  and  their  noble  and  S^tent'  levotioT';'.'  If"  ""'"  '•'*i^'"»  "^  A'" 

iearn  even  the  very  elementB  nf  ii.i?o;.  ^i^^i"  °''' ®'^® ''« ''egan  to 

yearsof  his  glorious  life  he  ZiroXn'^V^^^  *^»''  *^,""»?  the  laUer 
illness  almost  a.nouUn^obodi?vSiSv  f"^"7.*  »»d  painful  fits  of 
<o  exaggerate  his  n ler  ts  Go  J-it  x^S  "/'  '*  '*'?"''^  ""  ^e  an  easy  task 
iul  studlnt,  as  well^  a  mi^htrclXh,  „  m^'I,'*';.*  P^''«"'  *"'*  '''ought- 


134 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


^rp  Tn  thf^  monarch,  as  is  possible  for  one  of  oui  fallible  and  irau 
h^.  aS  ^^a  f  "^^"^  °^  ^'«  O"'"  »Se  fie  gave  benefits,  some  of  which 
5rn»a.  nf"i?^?  ^'1?l'°  "^  °"'"  e:«"«ratiou ;  his  renown  shines  forthl! 
o  tChf^,  InJ'^'T  ''•?  '°™«  ^"S**'  particular  star,  a  beacon  of  greatnesJ 
Pnliinf  ^"aJ"^  goodness  to  private  men;  and  sad  will  that  dly  be  for 
H«h^r/w^!:t'^*^  ^"  be  the  English  character,  when  the  geSerS^ 
t.nn  »t  ^ifi  '^  r  '•''•"A'^ith  'I  lively,  a  grateful,  and  a  gladly  proud  enS 
tion  at  the  mention  of  him  whom  their  sturdy  fathers  ffeartfly  and  iuSlv 
hailed  by  the  proud  name  of  Alfred  the  Great.  ^  ^ 


CH.4.PTER  VIII. 

HI8T0RT  or  THE  ANGLO-SAXONS,  FROM  THE    DEATH  OP  ALFRED  THE  GREAT  TO 
THE  REIGN  OF  EDWARD  THE  MARTYR. 

Alfred  the  Great,  who  died  in  the  year  901,  had  three  sons  and  thrp« 
daughters  by  his  wife  Ethelswitha.  the  daughter  of  an  eari  of  Merc's 
IlconK„'pA*^'^'5""1:  ^i"^  ''^'■^'•^  ^™'  ^^^  h«  ^««  succeeded  by  h?s 

Though  Edward  was  scarcely,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  his  truly  ereat  father 
in  point  of  military  talents,  his  reign  w'as,  upon  the  wh2,  a  tirbuem 
one  and  one  that  by  no  means  favoured  the  growth  in  the  kingdom  o 

SI  ^'h"''r*'1?*"'y'«''^^'*=^»  Alfred  had  laid  the  foundations  ™oth 
deep  and  broad.  But  the  fault  was  not  with  Edward ;  he  had  to  contend 
against  many  very  great  difficulties,  and  he  contended  against  them  S 
tf«  r.!l„T?^»t  ^'"^  prudence.  He  had  scarcely  paid  the  last  sadXer  o 
his  royal  father  when  his  title  to  the  throne  was  disputed  by  his  cous m 
hi^'ri^^r-  '""]  ""J  ^'^'^^^Ibert,  the  elder  brother  of  Alfred. .  Had  "he  hS 
SrH^n  ^"-^"^  *^^'^^"'  ""  ^^^  "°^"  ''^^n  '^s  y«t  strictly  settled  with  a 
Kl  P'^"np^«""»'-e.  tl>e  claim  of  Ethelwold  would  have,  undoubted! 
ly,  been  a  just  one.  But  such  was  far  from  being  the  case ;  many  cir 
nrZ^T^''  ^^^  character,  or  even  the  infancy  of  tSe  actual  he?r  "n  'he 
order  of  pritnogen.ture,  very  often  inducing  the  magnates  and  people  as 

1^%T^  ulA^l'^-^  ^'T^^^'  '"^  P^««  «^«f  h™  who  in  this  point  of  view 
Zrr^,!  "fhtful  heir,  m  favour  of  one  better  qualified,  and  giving  highe^ 
promise  of  safety  and  prosperity  to  the  nation.  ^     ^ 

^-thelwold  had  a  considerable  number  of  partizans,  by  whose  aid  he 

,?nnrt1  h-"'^^  '^"l^  rP"«'"S  f'^^^^'  »"d  f^^^'fi^d  himself  at  Winiborno 
m  Dorsetshire,  with  the  avowed  determination  of  referring  his  c  aim  to 

he  decision  of  war.  But  the  military  condition  in  whic  llf  ti  had  lef^ 
the  kingdom  now  rendered  his  son  good  service.    At  the  first  intimatioi 

hat  he  received  of  his  cousin's  opposition,  he  on  the  instant  colCd  a 
numerous  and  well-appointed  army  and  marched  towards  him,  dete* 
mined  no  to  have  the  internal  peace  of  the  whole  kingdom  disturbed  bv 
a  series  of  petty  struggles,  but  to  hazard  life  and  crown  upon  the  decisioX 
tion  nf".^''  ^'^^^^^''^'-  As  the  king  approached,  however,  the  informa" 
t  on  of  his  overwhelming  force  that  was  conveyed  to  Ethelwold  so  much 

trea  to  Normandy     Here  he  remained  inactive  for  some  time    bufi^t 

Sfs'ltnT?"  H '^  ^''  "^r*^"^*  ""''^'"^'1  ^hat  he  had  finally  abandoS 
nis  pretensions,  he  passed  over  into  Northumberland,  where  he  was  well 
received  by  the  Danes  of  that  district,  who  were  gild  of  any  pretence 
however  sfight,  for  disavowing  their  allegiance  to  the  actualSgTf  S 
hr  i^nP^  five  bu    her     ^^,,^  ^^^^  ^^  j^^^^  state  of  rarely 

broken  tranquillity  also  oiiied  Ethelwold,  and  the  country  had  once  more 
the  prospect  of  endless  and  ruinous  internal  warfare.    E.helwo Id  led  h'a 


#11 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  135 

rnHibootcis  jito  Wiltshire,  GlouceBtershiro  nn/i  n^r  j  v 
th«.r  escape  good,  with  m  immense  bootv  er«  ?h/°'^"^"^r•  ^"**  '""'^^ 
come  up  With  them.  But  the  S  followin'  hi«  f  ^  ^^^^  1°""^^  "'^"''^ 
aud  fealfuUy  retaliated  upon  that  diSrSftl^-  ^°^^  '!?'*'  ^«"*  ^"^"a'. 
flicted  upoa  his  peaceable  s!bie?tsW^^^^^  'njuries  that  had  been  in- 
oraer  to  retire,  a  part  of  Ws  imv  ch^Sv  kl„u«H*"^  "P?"'  i?*  ^'^'^^  *»»« 
They  were,  consequently,  left  bSnH  in  fL'***,™*"'  ''•sobeyed  him. 
busily  engaged  ia  adc^ng^o    heir  alreadv  country  and,  while 

furiously ieF  upon  by  the  Danes     tIT&^       °°*/'  '^^'^  suddenly  and 
.n  the  e'nd  the'oaneVwere  v"c  ^rio^s    S tho-h^^n'''""''  °"  bothUs. 
of  the  field  of  battle,  they  lost  then;«v«„t  if  1^  they  remamed  masters 
original  promoter  of  the  war  EtTelwoW  h/mt-fr"'  ^r?  ^T"^  ^^^"^  t^*« 
were  now  glad  to  accept  thrtern^??fnil^T'^  J^^  ^^^  Anglians 
and  he,  having  nothing  to  fLr  from  ,lf.Tt  "^^^l  **  *'i^'"  ^^  ^^e  king; 
subduing  the  Danes  of  nSLShI,^'  ^T^'^  l"^  whole  attention  to 
fleet,  under  the  impressionthatW^^Irr?^-    *?^  accordingly  fitted  out  a 
would  infalUbly  Xpel  ?hem  tJ  r^^in^f  ^^^  "^f'  ^?  *'^«'''««'n  ««ast  he 
the  necessity  they  wbuld  eZrienS  of  «/™'"  Pl""^^""^  his  people,  by 
own  property.      BiUthe  coSseauen.P  of^^^  **  ''""'^  ^°  ^^f«nd  their 
.•ontraVtowLt  the  king hannynStillnLill'  '»?:"'«""«  was  directly 
f>e.     They  judged  that  the  king's  flee  ciS^^  ^'^''^'"'  ^"PP^^^  it  woul'd 
England;  and,  trusting  he  safrtlnffh-^  '^®  •"*'"  ^'""'^'^  strength  of 
andthechapter  of  acfidems  SL  U^l""^"  property  to  concealment 
off  their  coast  than  they  made  a  I^nH  l^"''' '"''"  ""^  '"ey^^  «««'  ^PP^ar 
they,  too,  had  reasoned^vhh  more  seem  ^/^^^^^  T"  '''"  English.     But 

Edward  was  fully  prenared  k.  Lit  thliK^?  "?*'  correctness, 
he  attacked  them  at  SSu  ?n SnJfr  ^^  '''"^'^  ^^  "'^^  »«  ^y  «ea;  and    ' 
to  the  sword,  recovered  £whofeo?S''"^'P"^^  great  number  of  them 
subjects,  and  drove  all  those  of  ?hPmit^  ^^°'^^  ^^2^  ^^'^  ''»'^«n  f™™  his 
•nost  desolate  and  poverfrstricken  sta^^imfr  •  ^^^^^  *""  ''^P^^''^' '"  » 

During  the  whoferSindTr  of  X^X  .     • 

one  party  or  another  of  the  English  DaTes  Rnf^L  ^1  ^"l-  ^i'*^"^?'^  ^■^'" 
severely  in  its  turn-  and  bv  SHi.  ^^^ ''®  chastised  each  party 

fortified  Chester.  Warwick  rS^t  '^"^  ^"'^  unsparing  liberality,  he 
as  to  leave  them  lUt?eTo  Lr  ?mm  ^'■'  and  many  other  cities  so  strongly 
vering  and  ranc™%tmTes  nSe^^^^^  incursion  of  their  perse^ 
brians,  the  East  Anglians  thpRHHi  *  -k^  he  vanquished  the  Northum- 
tiers.  and  compelled  thrScots  Jhohif  °^.^k''  """'■"^*  ^"  ^is  fron- 
*o  submit  to  h  m.  He  warmucKfd.H  in  v^"^'^  ''^^"  ^^""y  troublesome, 
Ethelfleda,  widow  of  the  Mercian  earl  Ffh'pihf  1''"^''^^''''  ''^  ^'^  «'«'«' 
masculine  genius  as  well  afma  cuUne  hSSfand  Ve^'erinr^  '  ^""'^"  ^'^ 

rioSri;      n  :itelX"fal£5  atL'^n^atf  "V^ '^^^  ^^  ^  ^^^^ 
Danes  who  had  long  lived  in  habiS  of  nl!  °"^ '  ^'"" '".  '^  '"''"^  "^  those 
for  plundering,  and  fo  2y  batUes  fl/hf  fn  ZT^'^  '"^  "'"'■"  °'^  ^^^t" 
even  when  he  was  the  most  siffnaHv  vff^-     ^'?  **«^n  «o»ntry  could  not, 

ous  to  both  the  prosperUy"an"tr,!for"    ThTs'peopt""'"  ''^"  *"^■""■ 

of  it  occurred  now  TdTald  lift  SlT  '?  '''l^.T-  ^""'her  instance 
years  far  too  teS  to  admit  of  the  r^.  'iHL'*'  ^^'ll'^''"".'  ^"*  '^^^  *«••«  «' 
under  any  circuSnces  ai  resieeiLfrr'-"^.^^'.^'"^'"''  °^  government 
ofEngla/d  beingaScinvuVefbylh^K  ^f  ?' 

nation  therefore  passed  those  vouW  rhilHrf  k  The  chief  people  of  the 
Athelstan,  an  illegitimate  so^n^hp  £  children  by  and  gave  the  throne  to 


136 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Such  was  the  awful   Set  in  XS^h"  °^'^  ''^^''  ^'^'*''  '^e  pope,- 

was  his  sanctity  supposed  to  LS   '     ^°^^'  "^"^  '''''^'  ^"    ""*''' 

lieved  that  the  fatrSf  Anan  L  In  «  "  T'  '^"''l'>'  ''"'^  universally  be- 

one  who  fihouM Xe  to  iroatl^aK^  "'"""''^^^y  ''^'"^^^^y 

absurd  as  it  was.  had  ^In^r  ^ofo^SL"^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

sdfa1;dh"e^SKC'relWL^^^^^^^ 

scarcely  pronounced  th2  words  dip?.  »h  fT"*'^  °^*^°P«  -^"f*"'  ^ut  had 
8ions.  in  ivhich  he  conUnu^d  till  h  s  Sh  wt '"l  ""^  ''"  ^f-  '"^°  ^0"^»1- 
This  story  has  been  Spn  nf  1=  h  '  ^^^^"^^  occurred  in  three  days 

think  diffeSy  Wmo„k«  rlf^  f  '"^  ^?"'■^  '"''"'''«'»  invention.  We 
but  that  is  no  Lson  rrassumi'^^^h'eir.^^^  ""^  «^«»  '"^««'. 

there  is  no  proof  against  thir  and  «fh«/"'"-!!''''.'''^  ''K^  <'''"*'"'^t  "^'^ere 
consequencSto  he^Xld  saAc^  tv  S T^  :!""'?"'  attaching  the  slightest 
the  Jual  occurrence  K  eZTll  trXl^Ti::!  ^i' ^P'?'" 


confined  to  the  piorandLw.'''  !''!?„ r„^«  L"  "'«««  ^J'^Y^  ^) 


i»^ 


asy  ......  .„  u„  o„  ,,,  jiujj  case }     st 

no  means  confined  to  the  ooor  anH  ir>«ri,r  ~    i '  —  ■""  ■;■"•'*'  ""j"  "i 

sense  of  that  word-was  the  hSJS^'r  ignofance-in  the  scholastic 
or  the  trampled  and  despised  clnrll^il'''^/'''.r^''"'^''  ^"°"  ««  "-e"  «- 
•  many  a  noble  wS  dS  «?I  hnS  "^  ''"^'J'  ^^"'"«  "'^  Athelstan ;  and 
merely  physfcaT  danger  would  bWhT^^  ^°"'''^,  scornfully  upon  all 
village  lass  of  a  mofe  e\iTiStenlT,Sv  I'r"''"  ^/  ^''^^^  *'"**  ">«  ^''np'^^f 
upon  record  to  lead  us  o  beS  fuZ  m  "'Ifr""^  "'"  ^'"^''^  '«  "othing 
such  matters  than  the  genera  tvonnhpl'  '"^  iT'  "'?'*'  '^''^P'''-'^'  "^ 
for  life  and  possesions  and  n/rJ?i-f'\  ■^^^^'^  ^J  «  '^^''•'^  »f  sa^ty 
the  c.mseque„co8  alleged  to  aSi^^^  ''»P«  "^  ««<=«P«  fro"' 

he  might  be  buoyed  iTsufflcirnlv'Sn^  "f ''/"' '"''  ^"•«PO''ed  to  commit, 
very  moment  of^coZitUn^  it  t/rmr^^^''  '^1  ^^7'  «"''  y^'.at  the 
"f  a  tremendous  guU  So  tJ?/' ^r^^^"'^"'^  of  the  consciousnost 
from  infancy  he  ha3  heaPtf  pred La  ed  o?  1^''/'^'*"',  ^""^^r^"^^''  ^^"ch 
unlikely  to  affect  £  braS/  M.  n  ,  L  m  "^^^^  'f""'  ^^'^"''^  «»f«'y  ^e  not 
lioldingsome  horrible  siX  nth«r-  h»     maddened  on  the  instant  at  be 

ranks  of  men  a  most  S,nvi„c  L  Z^ 

doubly  guilty,  first  of  (.onsnr,u?„,?I  ""'  r""'y  "'''  ^•f''°''  »'ad  beer. 

king  'Jn  iU^'SuiZZlX  mm„"L^r;.7tot  »'r /!-'.'!"' 
was  to    Mour  all  AIfr(d'«  ,Ii.n,TL,  „.T    "'t  '  ?"''.""»'  to  dispute  his  r  ght 

took  caro  to  streng  £  a,  d  rfirmU.rfSplin^  u^'^'^'l  «""'•  T"«  kl!.g 
"f  A  !fr.„l'8  property,  as  t  Imih  h  ?  dZlf  7  »>y  confiscating  the  wholo 
tantamount  to  a  judcal  sentence    tZ    '  'f"'  ''"'  '•"•.^"'""t'"""^".  was 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WOELD      •        '  j^, 

hairi  of  his  OTO^'^r TSta''' B  i',*.'""'  "  "h°'"  he\l„  °™r: 

?ar?„3's~lrEte^^ 

sumption  of  the  vmm^  J^^     *  Pleasure.     Hiehlv  offenA^^  "jiijeking'a 
to  prove  a  troublesome  enemvtrfhP'^'"'"P'"''"«  Dane  who  was  so  lilr„i 

his  subm  8«Ton  wem  to'l.'"""''"^  «'"^  '•im^^lHS  tmarmfn  ^"vS'^^'"*"- 

iiiiiiiisiiii 


188 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


when  he  saw  a  pix)fe88edly  poor  and  wandering  minstrel  buryuig  the 
king" 8  rich  gift.  He  accordingly  warned  the  liing  that  his  daring  enemy 
had  been  in  his  tent.  At  first  the  king  was  very  angry  that  the  soldier 
had  not  made  this  discovery  while  there  was  yet  time  to  have  seized 
upon  the  pretended  minstrel ;  but  the  soldier  nobly  replied,  that  having 
served  under  Anlaf,  he  could  not  think  of  betraying  him  to  ruin,  any  more 
Jian  he  now  could  peril  the  safety  of  Athelstan  himself  by  neglecting  to 
warn  him  of  Anlaf 's  espionage.  To  such  a  mode  of  reasoning  there  could 
be  no  reply,  save  that  of  admiring  praise.  Having  dismissed  the  soldier, 
Athelstan  pondered  on  the  probable  consequences  of  this  stealthy  visit 
paid  to  his  tent  by  Anlaf;  and  it  having  struck  him  that  it  was  very  likely 
to  be  followed  by  a  night-attack,  he  immediately  had  his  tent  removed. 
The  bishops  of  that  day  were  to  the  full  as  brave  and  as  fond  of  war  as 
the  laity,  and  on  that  very  night  a  bishop  arrived  with  an  armed  train  to 
the  aid  of  his  sovereign.  The  prelate  took  up  the  station  which  the  king 
had  vacated ;  and  at  night  the  king's  suspicion  was  verified  with  great 
exactitude.  A  sudden  attack  was  made  upon  the  camp,  and  the  enemy, 
disdaining  all  meaner  prey,  rushed  straight  to  the  tent  which  they  sup 
p  .sed  to  be  occupied  by  the  king,  and  the  belligerent  bishop  and  his  im- 
mediate attendants  were  butchered  before  they  had  time  to  prepare  foi 
their  defence. 

'i'he  decisive  battle  of  Brunanburgh  gave  Athelstan  peace  from  the 
Danes,  and  he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  reign  to  wise  and  active  en- 
deavours to  improve  the  character  and  condition  of  his  subjects.  Several 
of  his  laws  were  well  calculated  to  that  end,  and  there  is  one  which  particu- 
larly entitles  him,  even  without  any  reference  to  the  barbarism  of  the  age 
in  which  he  made  it,  to  the  character  of  a  profound  and  sagurious  think 
er.  Anxious'  to  encourage  a  mercantile  spirit  among  his  subjects,  he  or- 
dained by  this  law  tliat  any  mercliant  who  on  his  own  adventure  should 
make  three  sea  voyages  should,  as  a  reward,  be  promoted  to  the  rank  of  a 
thane  or  gentle. 

After  an  extremely  active  and  prosperous  reign,  upon  which, however,  his 
endeavour  to  persuade  the  Scottish  kmg  into  the  commission  of  an  act  of  the 
fouUest  treachery  has  left  one  dark  and  indelible  stain,  though  the  only 
one,  this  king  died  in  the  year  941,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  half  brother 
fidrnund,  the  legitimate  8(m  of  Edward  the  Elder, 

Stimulated  by  the  accession  of  a  new  king,  and  the  unsettled  state  of 
things  naturally  connected  with  a  new  reign,  the  Danes  of  Northumber- 
land broke  out  into  rebellion  against  Edmund  as  soon  as  he  had  ascended 
the  throne.  IhU  Edmund  nmrched  so  promptly  against  them,  and  at  the 
head  of  so  impoBing  a  force,  that  they  met  him  with  aHsurnnces  of  the 
most  humble  and  permanent  submission,  and  even  voluntarily  offered  to 
prove  their  sincerity  as  Gnthrurn  and  his  followers  had  formerly  done  to 
Alfred,  by  becoming  Christians.  Edmund  accepted  their  submission,  but 
he  wisely  judged  that  the  submission  t^xtortod  by  an  armed  force  was  not 
likely  to  lust  much  longer  than  the  fear  which  that  force  awakened;  and 
he  therefore  removed  the  five  Fiurgher  Dai  "s  from  the  Mercian  towns  in 
which  they  had  been  allowed  to  settle.  A  wise  precaution,  as  they  had 
Invariably  taken  advantage  of  tlu  ir  situation  to  aid  rebellious  or  invading 
Danes  to  penetrate  into  tlie  very  heart  of  th»i  kingdom. 

Cumberland,  in  the  hands  of  the  Welsh  llritoim  had  been  on  many  uo 
casions  a  sore  annoyance  to  the  northern  portion  of  the  English  dominion, 
nnd  Edmund  took  an  op|M)rtunity  to  wrest  ft  from  the  llritons  and  to  bestow 
it  ns  u  military  fief  on  Scotland,  that  power  accepting  it  on  condition  ol 
protecting  the  northern  part  of  Englaiiil  fruin  Danish  incursion. 

Edmund's  active  and  useful  reign  had  only  endured  six  years  when  he 
WOM  murdered  under  ciroumstances  which  give  us  a  strange  notice  of  the 
iluaiestio  habttk  of  royalty  at  th«t  day.    Ho  was  seated  at  a  banqueU  a 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD.  ,„ 

ordered  the  fellow  from  the  room  «nrf  i^*'  "■"''J®'^*'  ^he  king  angri  y 
seized  him  bv  the  throat  and  Sivc^^^Vd  trtSt"^-'**™"  "'^^^ 
ruffian  had  from  the  first  intended^rassaMini^/ih  ™^?"^  Whether  the 
king's  strength  and  passion  alarmed  the  rnhh"*'?  ^^l^'^S,  or  whether  the 
ain ;  but  from  whichever  cause  Leoif  -mH^  f°'i"'  °'^"  ''f^' '«  ""cer- 
k''if  d  the  king  on  the  spot :  a  d?'946         ^'"'^  '''^"'  h'*  '^'^SS^'  and 

li-dmund  was  succeeded  by  his  brolh«r  va^a 
regularity  in  'he  successionf  aYEdZind  tfr?h'iir'''l''  •"»"»»««  of  ir- 
they  were  deemed  unfit  for  the  thrnno  ^  j  1      "h'^'en,  but  so  young  that 
jealousy  of  the  Saxon  noWea  a^  XrevemeJ  7ult\  "''V^^!^  '^«  '"^'""a 
porary  regency,  as  a  means  at  orce^of  nreserv  na?h  T  '*""'''"»  «<" «  »««'- 
«on  and  remedying  the  nonage  of  the  difecf  El  i^  ?"  '^"^''^  *'*"^«'"  ofsucees- 
had  no  sooner  ascended  his  throne   hantZni^^*''^^^^^    The  new  king 
proved  how  justly  AthelstaiihadTdJd  of  thlj?*"*'  ""^  Northumberlana 
peace  to  which  they  had  so  sSemWpLled  t^^^^  ^l  ^'^"^"'S  the 

vancmg  upon  them  with  a  numerous  armv  .h^T"*'.''?-  ^"'  ^'^'•«d  a^l . 
submissive  aspect  which  had  dTsarmedSwmth^n?!''  '"'".  ^'''^  ^he  same 
king,  however,  was  so  much  nrnlrA^A  i!  .u™*''  °^^^"  predecessor.  The 
that  he  would  not  allow  their  Cmt^  t  ^^^"  ^^'l^  disobedience  to  him 
severe  punishment  upon  th^m  He  a^ccor^T"'  f'*"  '"'•«"'  i"flifting  a 
•word,  and  plunderecf  and  bir ned  theiS  ron^?!^.  ^"'  """X  "'"'^ein  to  the 
and  then,  his  wrath  appeased, lecoS^^  consfderable  extent 

glance  and  withdrew  LtroorSrceivh^"^^^^^^  "^  »"«- 

ever-faithless  people  again  broke  out  intn^~Lii^®  '^''"?  ""  "'hen  these 
this  particular  occasion  less  Cy  any  merdt  nr;>'''''"'''P''  r '"P'«d  «" 
by  the  real  and  terrible  distress  to  wlL??K •'?"'""''''"«  '^^^hng,  than 
them.    This  now  revolt  was'^howevi    VeedilJ"f  .fr"'^  l'"^  ™'^""«d 
an  Lnghsh  governor  of  NortlSorTanTun,  L  ^     '  •''^'  ""^  ''"  "PPointed 
chief  towns  to  enable  himtoH     n  h  .      *  .  '  '''"'^''•'  garrisons  in  all  tlie 
aUo  made  Malcolm  ofSfo'andT^p'ia'rhSr'^'  r  ^'!''^  "''°'"  'his  timj 
berland.     Though  Kdrod,  as  his  '^^m  ,1.  !.  r"*^^  ^'^^  '"  fi«f  "fNorthum 
strated.  was  botg  a  brave  am?  a,  aotiv^'"".-  ,!"%*''''''y '"  his  rngn  demon- 
stmous.     He  delighted  to  bo  iurrZ.rh^*  ^^  •''''''  *'*''"«''''''y  »«'P«r- 
pecial  favourite  Dunstan,  abbot  ToZiri.^  P"""V  ""^'   to  lii/ew 
some  of  the  most  influential  and  imS  ant  n^!.''"  r"?K  °"'y  """""Htcd 
to  a  very  ridiculous  extent,  surreiiEcU  I .?.?       "^  ^he  state,  but  also 
sense.    Of  a  haughty  temi  er  S  S.     i  *f""''^""«  "'^  his  own  common 
der  to  have  tools  f,,r^the.SSnnro^r^'"?"''  •'"''  '»°"''' '»  » 
ofselfMiggrandizement.intn.dSin.  'p,?!il  '^^ 
order  of  monks,  the  HonX  t    r  Jhi  T "«'"'«'  «  »'««»  ""'"ber  of  a  new 

yond  that  lai.H,y  anrf  nSorrf^r  bi'*^'?'^  '*  '^'■''*''  "P'*"  <^<'hhacy  be! 

KSd^Sffl^ 

more  willing  and  passive  selval.fi  P''*"'*'  ""  "^"'"^  "«»  f"*"  «o  bo 

«tan,andlns«|,„„,t,i,,,,H,,y  Z^^^^^^^^  ambitious  policy  „f  „uf,. 

afford,.,!  full  opp,,rtu„ityTr  JZcr  ,  -ri  ■T"''''""''  """d  of  K.Jrnd 
was  verv  Kreat  over2\,e,  p ,  'a?i':,i  „?"  '""."rT  "^  '>"""»«».  indeedi 
menee.llii!; under oironmCaeswirhu  n'L'  *'"'  •""»  '  'h,.ugh  ho  com- 
termiiie,*  ambition,  «n,l."  113^1 1^^^^^^  have  ruined  a  man  ofless  Z 

*olf.  Of  nobl6  birlii.  undorv'hI:';lrl!!?l':iPi'„"!'''''hyrcnsy  than  him 


riiiK  ooen  oUu. 


'0  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

i;ated  by  his  uncle,  the  accomplished  Adhelra.  archbishop  oi  Canterbury, 
he  entered  the  church  early  in  life,  but  with  so  little  of  real  vocation  to  the 
sacred  profession,  that  his  way  of  life  procured  him  a  most  unenviable 
character ;  and  King  Edmund,  in  whose  reign  this  famous  saint  of  the 
Koman  calendar  commenced  his  career,  looked  coldly  upon  a  priest  whose 
debauchery  was  represented  to  be  such  as  would  disgrace  even  a  layman 
•enraged  at  flnduig  his  ambition  thus  suddenly  checked,  he  was  not  the 
less  determined  that  the  check  should  be  but  temporary.    Affecting  to  be 
suddenly  stricken  with  penitence  and  shame,  he  secluded  himself,  at  first 
from  the  court,  and  then  altogether  from  society.    He  had  a  cell  made  foi 
Ills  residence,  of  such  scant  dimensions,  that  he  could  neither  stand  fully 
upright  in  It,  nor  stretch  himself  out  at  full  length  when  sleeping;  and  ir 
this  miserable  dwelling,  if  dwelling  it  can  be  called,  he  perpetually  turned 
from  prayer  to  manual  labour,  and  from  manual  labour  to  prayer,  durina 
all  his  hours,  except  the  very  few  which  he  allowed  himself  for  sleep   The 
austerity  of  his  life  imposed  upon  the  imaginations  of  the  superstitious 
people,  who  considered  austerity  the  surest  of  all  proofs  of  sanctity  ;  and 
when,  whether  in  mere  and  unmingled  hypocrisy,  or  in  part  hyjocrisy 
and  part  self-delusion,  he  pretended  to  be  frequently  visited  and  temptec 
bjr  hatan  m  person,  his  tale  found  greedy  listeners  and  ready  believers 
from  one  degree  of  absurdity  to  another  is  but  an  easy  step  for  vulaai 
credulity.     It  being  once  admitted  that  Satan,  provoked  or  grieved  by  the 
immaculate  life  and  fervent  piety  of  the  recluse,  visited  him  to  tempt  him 
into  sin,  what  difficulty  could  there  be  in  supposing  that  the  recluse  re 
sisted  a  long  time  only  with  prayer,  but  at  length  resorted   to  physical 
force,  and  held  the  fiend  by  the  nose  with  a  red  hot  pairof  tongs,  until  he 
shrieked  aloud  with  agony,  and  promised  to  abstain  for  the  future  from  his 
unholy  importunity  ?     Such  was  the  tale  which  Dunstan,  the  recluse,  had 
the  audacity  to  offer  to  the  public  belief  and  such  was  the  tale  to  which 
the  public  listened  with  attentive  ears,  and  gave  "faith  and  full  credence." 
When  a  long  seclusion,  and  carefully  circulated  rumours  of  his  piety  and 
self-mortificalion,  had  done  away  with  llio  ill  impressions  which  had  beet, 
excited  by  wilder,  but  in  reality,  far  less  censurable  conduct  of  his  earlier 
(lays,  Uunstaii  once  more  made  his  appearance  at  court;  and.  as  Edred 
was  deeplv  tinged  with  superstitious  feeling,  the  priest  was  kindly  re- 
ceived  at  first,  and  very  soon  favoured  and  promoted  above  all  the  othei 
courtiers.      Raised  to  the  direction  of  the  treasury,  and  being,  moreover, 
the  king's  private  adviser  in  all  important  concerns,  Dunstan  had  immense 
power  and  uifliienco.  which  he  used  to  advance  the  great  object  of  Rome 
ui  sHbstitulir.g  the  devoted  monks  for  the  comparatively  independent  se- 

lZl'»Zt'^^\v  Ai  ''V''^*f  ^*'""y  ^'*'?  "^  "Sections,  were  not  sufficiently 
prostrate  or  blindlv  obedient  to  suit  the  papal  purpose.  During  nine  yvurn 
-the  length  of  EdVed's  reign-the  monks  made  immense  progress  in  E  J! 
land.  They  enlisted  the  feelings  of  the  people  on  their  side  by  their  sS- 
vere  and  passionate  declamation  against  the  worldly  live8,.and  espcrially 

«f.l  J  V^^  "pprobrious  name  of  concubines.  And  though  he  seculu 
clergy,  who  possessed  both  talent  and  wealth,  exerted  themselves  man 
fully,  not  only  to  defend  their  own  lives,  but  also  t(,  expose  tZhynoS 
pretended  purity,  and  actual  and  oven  shameful  worldiness  and  semuaitv 
of  heir  opponents,  the  power  and  credit  of  Dunstan  weighed  fearful? 
against  them  The  death  of  Edred,  which  occurred  in  mf  revived  heft 
hopes,  and  threatened  to  stop  the  progress  of  the  monks,  and  to  owej 
the  credit  of  their  patron  Dunstan.  •  ' 

The  children  of  Edred  were  still  in  their  infancy  wh.^n  he  died   and  hia 
nephew   hdmund's  son  Kdwy,  who  had  himself  been  passed   ver  in  favo  I 
of'Kdn.d  01,  the  same  account,  now  succeeded  to  the  throne?    H^wM  a 
ih«  tima  of  his  lucceaiion  only  about  seventeen  years  of  age.  ami  bleMeJ 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  '      ,„ 

the enmily^of  .he Sionki" w  'h  wk m Klf'!?'' °' "J"'  •""»  "«e  o  1  fmSJ 
commencomenl  of  his  career     """°  "»  ''»<' »><"iou«quarreUltheveri 

enced  to  perceive  all  the  ev  S  tLT  Sht^**'^  1^*^™*' ^"  too  inexperi! 
fe.rElg.va  from  his  provoK  the  fiS^'i^^"' V°  ^'^  himself  a„cf  the 
monks  ;  and  in  despite  of  antheJvio^'.^T^^^'  «"'^  "ow  very  powerful 
he  espoused  her.  The  coarse  a,.dSn/"^  """■"'"»«  "^  '^e  ecclesiastSH 
occasion  to  pass  upon  the  marSLJ^  "'*'®"^"''«  "'hich  the  monks  S 
count  of  their  gloom  and  8eSrKlT^''^/''\'^*«"'^«  which7onTc 
whom  he  took  every  occasion  »^^Ji-    ^^^  ^^^  alwaVs  felt  to  the  mnnb^ 

^rl^'T  '"■/"J  ««""S  be"lol1r  ^"f  endelvours'to  ptst',' 

If  the  kmg  had  disliked  the  mZTf  1  "®  secular  clergy.  *  ' 

d  most  hitter  hatred     Bv  hi!  T"^"'  "V®  ""'"'^s  now  hated  thi>  Hn,r     wk 

by  his  favours  toThe  secJlJ    El^^S.^^ f-^jl  offendeSfhdrWgiSZ^^^^^ 

Str"*'  'l)«^  '•htTtL'^ery  ty 'oT'the  ""'"^  ^"-^'^  »>«'-<J  '«  the 
manife.'-tation  of  it;  the  day  unon  whinLk  ^'L« /ozonation  for  their  first 
ere.gn,  at  which  to  outrage  h?miV»mi  ^''^^^ad  sworn  fealty  to  tha  sov 

S-a;-.r-.k-Si=i!;ssS2 

The  Saxons,  like  their  ancestn      ♦»,» 

archbishop  of  Canterbury.    Se  nr«      '"f'''^"'  ^"""t«n.  and  by  Od, 
'"m  in  the  most  severe  to  ms  for  all^^!.  ""^"''"'  churchmen  upbraided 
08t  epithets  to  the  alarmed  m'cen  nX  ■T'.T"'''''  «PPli«rf  thV™  „rs 
"•«"««"«  of  riot  and  drunkSS  frmn  S  h^^>'.!^'"''""8  him  backTnTo 

Edwy  had  not  sufficient  power  Si «'"''''  ''?  ^"'^  ^o  '«tely  escaped 
fliato  and  direct  revon^e  for  Z«  r«  ^  influence  in  his  court  t<.  take  .Vm« 

.•;; ph  ho  „„  u...  aco„„„.  p™>.„s,'n?&,i'j  r  ;;;h'.';^tir 

k'gdom.     lV)werfuU«l)„„/,anw"    '    'l  ""^  «"'ere<l  him  to  leave  "hJ 
^ute  such  an  o«leri  J,«  J.'m  u!.^",?' ''.«  W'?"  "ot  yet  in  a  condiiinnl  1. 

--""-"^'Tiniuii  III,  king,  but  hedid  "nor^ 


142 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


fhiSn    Tl^l  to  rebel  agriinst  the  kingly  authority.    He  went  abroad, 
hercfore,  but  he  left  behind,  in  the  person  of  Odo,  the  archbishop  of  Can 
erbury.one  who  was  both  qualified  and  willing  to  supphrWrplaceSi 

msolence  to  the  king  personally,  and  in  traitorous  intrigue  against  hKyS 

Sv»?'hi  ^''V"?  A  '"''^H  ^^'^^^  upon  the  banishment  of  DuiS 
richly  as  his  conduct  had  merited  a  severer  punishment,  as  a  themP  iirw»n 
which  to  sound  anew  the  praises  of  that  acEomSed  hypocr  teSnc^o 

Inf^Zi^n^''T^°^  ***«  '''"«  *»^  «!»«««  '«  'he  eyesTf   he' people 
In  FJ  bigoted  and  igftorant  an  age  such  tactics  as  these  were  sure  to  .faJ 
ceeu;  and  having  made  the  king  hateful,  us  well  as  th?a"««"  «hn^ 
they  represented  as  the  wicked  and  artful  Reducer  of  LrQand'im^^^^ 
evil  conduct,  both  as  a  man  and  sovereign,  Odo  and  his  base  toiS  « 
tength  ventured  from  whispered  calumny  and  falsehood,  to  vioLice  the 
most  undisguised,  and  to  cruelty  the  most  inhuman  and  deteatable 
.hf'T  '?^""^  their  aversion  to  Edwy's  marriage  with  his  cous  n  to  be 
he  chief  cause  of  his  opposition  to  their  interests,  Odo  and  the  moiki«h 
party  hated  the  queen  even  more  bitterly  than  they  did  the  ki^S  him 
self.     Proceeding  to  the  palace  with  a  strong  guard,  ^J  seized  unonth; 

S?rr"'  "T'^'^  *'"^^**=«  *''h  hot  ifons  to 'efface 'hose  Srms 
which  had  wrought  so  much  evil  to  the  ambitious  church m«nonS 
ried  her  into  Ireland,  where  it  was  intended  he  shouifbrk^ptundT^ 
strict  surveillance  for  the  remainder  of  her  life.  Edwy  was  SturaUv 
both  brave  and  passionate,  but  he  was  nowerlpss  in  r^«  hL^.  !>f  it  ■  ^ 
monks  as  a  lion'in  the  toils  of  the  huTrs  ,  he  ende^^^^^^^^ 
happy  queen,  but  he  could  neither  save  her  from  this  horrible  o^raJp  nn." 
even  punish  her  brutal  and  unmanly  persecutor     Nay  mo  eSbd" 

lo^ln    IT^*""!!'"''^  ""^  ^.*''*'^  '''«  •!"««"•  demanded  Ihrshe  should  he 
lormally  divorced,  so  much  more  powerful  was  the  cro»i/r  t ho„    l-T 

tre  that  the  unhappy  Edwy  was  obliged "oyfeld  ^'*''"  '^'  '''^P" 

Cruelly  as  Elgiva  had  been  treated,  the  brutality  of  her  enemin.  fnii 
ed  of  Its  main  object ;  though  she  suffered  much  from  her  woSMth«S' 
singularly  enough,  left  scarcely  a  scar  to  dimhiish  h^r  «,«  .'  7' 
Aware  of  the  tyranny  which  ha  J  been  pJLised  t^^u  e  Idwv  to  S^^^^^^^^^ 
her,  and  considering  herself  still  his  lawful  wife  in  th«  «^^hY«f  u  °* 
Bhe  eluded  the  vigilance  of  those  who  were  appoimed  to  wnSh  h^^'^''*"* 
ments,  and  made  her  escape  back  to  Enffr  B..t  hlfi^  f™*'''?; 
reach  her  husband  her  escape  was  made  ffiwn  to  Odo  «.S^hf  ^*  ""•''* 
tercepted  on  the  road  by  a  party  of  emissarTs  bv  wKln,  1  ''^  *^"?  '"' 
stringed  ;  and  all  surgical  aTbe^ng  denied  Ser  she  ^H  ffj  T"  ^""1- 
In  the  most  fearful  agSnies,  in  the  city  of  O louce^^'er  So  rnmn^.  i^^  ^'^^' 
ridden  were  the  ignorant  people,  that  eve  ihTsietest^Wn/ni  '^  '"""''; 
cruelty,  whichought  to  have  caused  onoSrsa!  ou£v  ai^iZ  ih«""*'"'"''' 
ants  who  instigated  it,  was  looked  u,)on  by  tie  peopK^e'iT '''"  ZTh' 

promoted  to  the  archbishopric  of  Caiilerburv  •  llriil[.«i^'  .  ».    i    i .        .,  " 

.pppintad  to  succeed  Odo.^'being  foSy  JJpelEtTha^'^u  S^^^^     ""' 

The  consummate  curanng  of  Dun.lan  feirfully  agJ^^.I^Kevil.  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


Kdwy'a  condition,  for  the  wilv  r.h„-„K 

cated;  a  sentence  which  in  tSSl'Jj.'"*"  *'*""'^  '^™  *«  ^e  excommimi 

utter  dethronSnUTfil^/S^^^^  «hown  by  Dunstan   th. 

dispens.ble  to  his  purposes   hv  ^^^^^^^  ^t®  '"'^''n^l  Peace  which  waJfn 
monks,  of  whose  poSe  ,S  .f^'"^  "*«  ^*^«"«-  of  OunHtmand  t^: 
unfortunate  brother      Well  know^n^rrh  """"y  P''"^''^  *"  ?he  case  of  his 

the  valuable  sees  of  Worcester  an7w.nil  ^'•^^""•es  of  DunstanThe  eavn 
and  especially  Duristan,  not  meJeiv^nnH"'''"'  ""'^  he  consuUed  thein 
caly  concerned  the  church,  bit  eve„?„  "*''"'*'  '^'^*'"  ^vhich  more  esne* 

even  to  an  untimely  gmve.  mSv  f  r  I  „?'  ''''^"'«'  «»''  Porsocu  ed  ffi? 
irregular,  and  which  a  bull  frn?nL'      '"''"'***'  which  was  at  cho  wnZ 

amours,  he  actually  nht^jnpd  E^„l"''  T''*''y  *n*'"l?ed  i,,  Lmrofu 
•ufflcientlv  striking  i„  i  sS/ Znr^i'i'^  ^J"*^"  ."^  ""'•''l«rl  The  5[or J  i. 
jct-'illy  /emands  to  bV  so  „?aSTa  ,S^ '«'H|od  *'""'"«  '""Rth  aid  il 


144 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


»,.  .  u'  •^''4S'\^«''  an^l  heiress  of  the  Earl  of  Devonshire,  was  so  ex 
reinely  heautiful  that  it  was  no  wonder  the  renown  of  her  charms  reached 
Ui«  court,  and  the  uiflammable  Edgar  resolved  that  if  report  had  not  ex- 
aggeratedtiie  beauty  of  the  lady  he  would  make  her  his  wife;  the  wealth 
C^'ir^"^  cliaracter  of  her  father  forbidding  «ven  the  unscrupulous  and 
lewd  Edgar  from  hopmg  to  obtain  her  on  any  less  honourable  terms 
Being  anxious  not  to  commit  himself  by  any  advances  to  the  parents  of 
the  lady  until  quite  sure  that  she  was  really  as  surpassingly  beautiful  as 
s^.e  was  reported  to  be  he  sent  his  favourite  and  confidant,  tfie  Earl  Athel- 
ZhiC""  m""  l^^  "^'■^"L?'?^°"  «Mf '^y  '"^re  accident,  that  he  might  judge 

Sri  A  th  r  '^  M^ffilf  f'"^"  ?"^^"y  "'^'■•^  '"''^  ^«  ^«»ld  adorn  the  throne 
Earl  Athelwold  fulfilled  his  mission  very  faithfully,  as  regarded  the  visit 
but,  unhapp  ly  for  himself,  he  found  the  charms  of  Elfridf so  much  to  hfs 
own  taste,  that  he  fc»-got  the  curiosity  of  his  master,  and  sued  Se  lady  on 
his  own  account.    We  1  knowing  that  with  the  king  for  an  avowed  riva" 
his  suit  would  have  little  chance  of  success,  his  first  care  was  to  lull  tl?e 
rS  ''"''S«f  l^S^'  ^;y  «««»""?  him  that  in  this,  as  in  most  case«! 
rumour  with  her  thousand  tongues  had  been  guilty  of  the  crossest  exa^ 
geration.  and  that  the  wealth  and  rank  of  Elfrida  had  caused  her  ti  be  rl" 
nowned  for  charms  so  moderate,  that  in  a  woman  of  lower  degree  they 
would  never  be  noticed.     But  though  the  charms  of  Elfrida,  Earl  Athef. 
wold  added,  by  no  means  fitted  her  for  the  throne,  her  fortune  would  make 
her  a  very  acceptable  countess  for  himself,  should  the  consent  aiid  re! 
v.X'J''  •'°"  "^u'!  ff'"?*«'0"»  "^^ster  accompany  his  suit  to  her  parents, 
tully  believing  that  his  favourite  really  was  actuated  only  by  mercel 
nary  views,  hdgar  cheerfully  gave  him  the  permission  and  recommenda- 
tion he  solicited,  and  in  the  quality  of  a  favoured  courtier  he  easily  procured 
he  consent  of  the  lady-to  whom  he  had  already  made  himself  far  frmn 
mdiflrerent-and  of  her  parents.     He  had  scaireV  become  possessed  of 
his  beautiful  bride  when  he  began  to  reflect  upon  what  would  bo  the  pro- 
bable  coiisequences  of  a  detection  by  the  king  of  the  fraud  that  had  been 
practised  to  gam  his  consent  to  the  marriage.    In  order  to  postpono  this 
detection  as  long  as  possible,  he  framed  a  variety  of  pretences  for  keep- 
ing  his  lovely  bride  at  a  distance  from  the  court ;  and  as  his  report  of  tL 
homeliness  of  Elfrida  had  completely  cooled  the  fancy  of  the  king,  Earl 
Athe  wold  began  to  hope  that  his  deceit  would  never  bo  discovered      But 
the  old  adage  that  "a  favourite  has  no  friends"  was  proved  in  his' case i 
enemies  desirous  of  ruining  him  made  his  fraud  known  to  the  kine  and 
spoke  more  rapturously  than  ever  of  the  charms  of  Elfrida.     Enraffei  at 
the  deception  practised   upon  him,  but  carefully  dissemblinjr  his   real 
motives  and  purpose,  the  king  told  Athelwold  that  he  would  pay  him  a 
visit  a.1.1  be  miroduced  to  his  wife.     To  such  an  intimation  the  Gnfortu. 
nate  earl  could  make  no  objection  which  would  not  wholly  and  at  once 
betray  his  perilous  secret ;  but  he  obtained  permissiaii  to  precede  the  kina 
under  pretence  of  making  due  preparation  to  receive  him,  but  in  reality  to 
prevail  upon  Elfrida  to  disguise  her  beauty  and  rusticate  her  behaviour  as 
far  as  possible.     This  she  promised,  and  probably  at  first  intended  to  do 
uut,  on  reflection,  she  naturally  considered  herself  injured  by  the  decen- 
tioi,  ^ylllch  had  cost  her  the  throne,  and.  so  far  from  complying  with  her 
unfortunate  husband's  desire,  she  called  to  the  aid  of  her  cLrms  all  the 
assiata.uie  of  the  most  becoming  dress,  and  all  the  seductions  of  the  most 
graceful  and  accomplished  behaviour.  Fascinated  with  her  beauty.  Edgar 
was  beyond  all  e.xpression  enraged  at  the  deceit  by  which  his  favourite 
h«d  contrived  to  cheat  him  of  a  wife  so  lovely;  and  having  enticed  the 
uiifortiinato  oarl  into  a  forest  on  a  hunting  excursion,  he  put  him  to  death 
with  his  own  hand,  and  soon  after  married  Elfrida,  whose  perfidy  to  Iior 
murdered  husband  made  her,  indeed,  a  very  fit  spouse  for  the  murderer. 
1  bough  much  of  this  monarch's  time  was  devoted  to  dissolute  pJeaaurGi, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


this  council  hpl"/ °'  *"®  Prelates  and  heads  of  Ir"*"' ^"•nraoned 

schemes;  you  were  th?!?-  ""^  co«n8elor  andTv  a/siS-''?  ^"?/«"- 
things  obedS  "^^h  "i^lryt/call^  ''""'I?"-  "«  y'"  I  wasH 

SsTadnCo^trrhr^^^^^^^^^ 

your  instrucS  U°  i  vo'i.Tu"*'  «"^  »he  Sgy.    D?d  I  „o?h'''f  "'^ 

nothing  against  this  union  of  Sfn.'^''^^'  ^^  ^  ^"dy,  could  ava  f  ?h«^' 
and  cheered  as  that  uS  wasTv  ^r^'  "^."^  «P'"'"al  auU^orUv  biJll^ 

the  hS/Ts!'  'in?  ^^rf.^'  "•«»  behi^at  0^4  ^«  "7hbounng  and 


U6 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


The  useful  arts  received  a  great  impulse  during  this  reign  from  the 

ffreat  encouragement  given  by  Edgar  to  ingenious  and  industrious 
breigners  to  settle  among  his  subjects.  Another  benefit  which  he  con- 
ferred upon  his  Kingdom  was  that  of  the  extirpation  of  wolves,  which  at 
the  commencement  of  his  reign  were  very  numerous  and  mischievous. 
By  giving  rewards  to  those  who  put  these  animals  to  death,  they  were  at 
length  hunted  into  the  mountainous  and  woody  country  of  Wales,  and  in 
order  that  even  there  so  mischievous  a  race  might  find  no  peace  he  com* 
muted  the  tribute  money  due  from  Wales  to  England  to  a  tribute  of  three 
hundred  wolves'  heads  to  be  sent  to  him  annually,  which  policy  speedily 
caused  their  entire  destruction.  After  a  busy  reign  of  sixteen  years  this 
prince,  still  in  the  flower  of  his  age,  being  only  thirty-three,  died,  and 
was  flucceeded  by  his  son  Edward  in  the  year  975. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

PnOH   THK    A00E8BI0N    Of  IDWARD  THB   MARTTR  TO  THE   DEATH   OF  OAKimi 

Edward  II.,  subseouently  surnamed  the  Martyr,  though  his  death  had 
nothing  to  do  with  religion,  was  the  son  of  Edgar  by  that  prince's  first 
wife,  and  was  only  fifteen  years  of  age  when  he  succeeded  to  the  throne. 
His  youth  encouraged  his  step-mother,  Elfrida,  to  endeavour  to  set  aside 
his  succession  in  favour  of  her  own  son  and  his  half-brother,  Ethelred,  who 
at  this  time  was  only  seven  years  old.  This  extremely  bad  woman  pre- 
tended that  the  marriage  of  her  husband  to  his  first  wife  was  on  several 
accounts  invalid,  and  as  her  beauty  and  art  had  been  very  successfully 
exerted  in  securing  favour  during  the  life  of  Edgar,  she  would  probably 
have  succeeded  in  Tier  iniquitous  design  had  the  circumstances  been  loss 
favourable  to  Edward.  But  though  that  prince  was  very  young,  he  was 
at  least  much  nearer  to  the  age  for  reigning  than  his  half-brother ;  the  will 
of  his  father  expressly  gave  him  the  succession ;  many  of  the  principal 
men  of  the  kingdom  imagined  that  the  regency  of  Elfrida  would  be  an 
extremely  tyrannical  one ;  and  Dunstan,  who  was  in  the  plenitude  of  his 
power,  and  who  reckoned  upon  the  favour  and  docility  of  young  Edward, 
powerfully  supported  him,  and  crowned  him  at  Kingston,  before  Elfrida 
could  bring  her  ambitious  plans  to  maturity. 

The  prompt  and  energetic  support  thus  given  by  Dunstan  to  the  rightful 
heir  would  entitle  him  to  our  unqualified  applause,  were  there  not  good 
and  obvious  reason  to  believe  that  it  originated  less  in  a  sense  of  justice 
than  in  anxiety  for  the  interests  of  his  own  order.  In  spite  of  the  hea\  y 
blows  and  gnmt  discour?igement  of  Edgar,  the  secular  clergy  had  still 
many  and  powerful  frie-.ds.  Among  these  was  the  duke  of  Mercia,  who 
no  sooner  ascertaine*^.  the  death  of  King  Edgar  th»n  he  expelled  all  the 
monks  from  the  religious  houses  in  Mercia,  and  though  they  were  received 
and  protected  by  the  dukes  of  the  East  Saxons  and  the  East  Anglians,  it 
was  clear  to  both  Dunstan  and  the  monks  that  there  was  a  suflicieut  dis- 
like to  the  new  order  of  ecclesiastics  to  render  it  verv  Important  that  they 
should  have  a  king  entirely  favourable  to  them.  And  as  Dunstan  had 
watched  and  trained  Edward's  mind  from  his  early  childhood,  they  well 
knew  that  he  would  prove  their  fittest  instrument.  But  though  they  had 
thus  secured  the  throne  to  a  king  as  fa/ourable  and  docile  as  they  could 
desire,  they  left  no  means  untried  to  sain  the  voices  of  the  multitude.  At 
the  occasional  synods  that  were  held  for  the  settlement  of  ecclesiastical 
diiputas,  taey  pretended  that  miracles  were  worked  in  their  Javonc ;   ead 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  '     ,4^ 

occasions  a  voice  that  seemed  to  issL  frn  P^k"'^**'    °"  «"«  of  "'ese 
a.lorned  the  place  of  meetinrprocla 'med  thrhi*'^!,*'""*'  ""»«'«*  ^h'«h 
hshment  of  the  monks  opposed  the  SoJh  ^®  ^^^oopposed  the  estab- 
the  floor  of  the  hall  fell  inSL  and  mlfl  "^^''®" '  °"  *"other  occasion 
but  that  portion  which  BupStheXZZVd?'"'  """^ber  of  persons" 
on  another  occasion,  when  the  votes  nfth/      "!.'*"  remamed/irm;  and 
agamst  him  that  he  was  unprovided  wUh  1^1  ^"'^'^  r'"*'.«°  ""expectedly 
Stan  rose,  and,  with  an  inimitSv  ar^i  •    "^".'"''^^  ^°'  '^e  occasion, Dun- 
Ihalhe  had  just  been  fSed  wifhT,' '"P"^^"'^^' «''«""'d  the  meetina 
lavourof  the  monks.    So  mterlv  sSlfirl?"'  revelation  from  Heaven  m 
populace  received  this  impS^S  wftV«n  ««"«':'»J  »"*"".  and  the 
hat  the  party  hostile  to  the  monks  actuaSv  Sli      !""*'''  '^'"'^n*  ^'^^our, 
the  views  oAhe  question  upon  which  thev  h  J  .^  T  '"P^"  «»y  ^»'^^^' 
majority!  ^  ^         "*'° '"^^  "»d  a  clear  and  acknowledged 

or  evirmarkeif  JtfrTs  "n'jacrlS"  l"^"^'""'    ^^  f-^t  event,  good 
the  four  year^     at  it  lalted      tfe'     ^'^'^ '"  ^  »'«»«  of  Pupilage  dur^nS 
bable  thafhad  htlSved  fm'^ture  y^Jfs^  woum'^  <^'r¥°"' ''»»  P'^ 
numbmgand  deluding  influence  orthnmirK^'*  *'*''®  "^^^'^en  ofTthe  be- 
year  of  his  reign,  and  while  S  was  JeTb^Mv  ^f''^'    ^"'  *"  ^^e  fourth 
fell  a  victim  to  his  atrocious  itpn  m^K    ,    ^'^  nineteen  years  of  age,  he 
withstanding  the  hosSty  2L  ffd  ev^^ced  ZT^.  T'^  ^"'^'««"-     ^ot 
his  father,  young  Edward's  niild  temper  h«H  Ir^'^l^'"'  ^^  ^^^  «*«a»h  01 
respect  and  attention  which  she  was  ve/v  f^^i"  '"''?r*'''"  ^?  ^^""^  her  that 
resided  at  Corfe  castle,  in  Dorsetshire  -anH  TJlf  '^''""  Jeserving.    She 
day  hunting  in  that  neighbourhood  he  ^ode  n!„  '^^  y**"!!?  P""««  ^a^  one 
wholly  unattended,  paid  her  a  visi     %h«  r2    -^  ^'[T  *>"'  company,  and, 
ous  appearance  of  kindness,  buriust  as  h«  h^n""^  ^'"i  T"*  «  treacheS 
part,  a  ruffian  in  her  employmen    stabbed  h^m'".?"*.^'^  ^'«  h«"«  'o  de. 
i^»o' prove  instantly  mortal,  but  as  helint^H  ?  '*'«,''««k      The  wound 
could  disengage  his  feet  from  the  stimiS  h?^  f'^'u.  '^''  °^  ^'ood  ere  he 
onward  with  him,  and  he  was  bruised  t' Sllfr^^'iS^ 
iraced  h.m,  recovered  his  body,  which  thev  Mr  L^'  •^"  '?"*"'»  having 
By  this  surpassing  crime  of  iSiile  2^1.1?  ^l^'"'^i'T'^  ^^  Wareham. 
superstitious  age,  endeavonred  to  recover  he  ^Ii'"'  V"'^^'  «'^«"  '"  ">** 
her  crime  in  public  opinion,  by  ostSn.  -    P"^'"'  '^*''""'''  «"d  expiate 
money  upon  monasteries,  Ethelred  so„  of  f/^"""*!,^"!.?,"^  ^^  l«''i«hinc 
to  the  throne.  '"eireu.  son  of  tdgar  and  Elfrida.  succeeded 

whl!'m?r:rjr,"had  fold'ampl'll^^^  h^-  ^"'^  *'^«"r  of  Edgar,  and 
«ettlements  on  the  noSemSst  oTte^' '"  conquering  and  |la^tiSg     ' 
hers  had  exhausted,  were  encoura^nd  h^.f' *  r««o"rce  which  their  nun^ 
the.r  attention  once'  more  towSS^l^Li''  'V'"''"*/  ^^  ^"'^'^^d  to  turn 
ceiving  encouragement  and  a^d  fmm^  h„  '  ^''«»-« '^ey  felt  secure  oi  tl 
though  long  settled  amon^fh«  p.    ru''®  ""*"  of  their  own  racf .  whT 
rated%vith  them     In  Z  £1^981  fhlf/i  '""■"  ^^  "°  '"««"»  A-Uy  fncoTpS 
njental  descent  upon  SoSampto  ^in  L^l^f  "'"''^'■"^'y  ""^^^       ««pS^ 
the  people  completely  by TuVDrise    tw        ''^T'*'  '»"d  «»  they  took 
w'th  wh^ich  they  escaped  unhijK  and  aL„!t'!''^^  considerable  plLder, 
thev  repeated  in  987,  with  s  S"S  surcei  o,  thrPP?"^'    "^his  conduc 

This  success  of  these  two  exn«Hm«nf-         ■   ^^^'em  coast, 
he  vigour  of  an  Edgar  wn^no  Ion  Je?fnh-T^'^"l^  ^^^  marauders  that 
Uierefore  prepared  to  mTe  a  deSt  udo^/ i^"^'*^  *"  ^."*'*"^'  «»<»  ^he" 
extensive  views.     They  landed  in^lo^P"  * '^^ffer  scale  and  with  more 

and  defeated  and  slew^at  {5^^  Kr'"""^^  '^^  '""' °^  ^"««^ 

oravelv  atin„,nfn,i  .„  .i J?..  ,.*'"on.  Bnthrie,  the  duke  of  th«t  ^n.,„,.,   '."' 

""■"" '^  '^='='  '"='"  ^*'"*  "'•  'ocai  torce;  and  aftoVVh^i;.  vl^ 


148 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


^Z  In/.l®''"-,^**.^  *"^  plundered  all  the  neighbouring  country.  80 
S«t  P?hlt«^^'"'5',?*'®*  ir°P*^  degenerate  when  neglectid  by  its  rulers 
iifv«  i  Ik ^  *«  •*'*  '?°'''^^  *i°"'<^  «^«  no  better  means  of  ridding  them- 
S^mfnlV'*®^*  ""^^  pirates  than  that  of  bribing  them  to  depart.^  Th?y 

»  -.Z  -J?l^?  accordingly,  but,  as  might  have  been  anticipated,  so  large 
a  sum  so  easily  earned  tempted  them  very  speedily  to  repeat  their  visit 

and  beatmg  off  the  mvaders,  but  it  was  prevented  from  doing  the  service 
that  was  expected  from  it  by  the  treacheVy  of  Alfric  duke  of  Mercia     Hn 

inl  S;h^h'"h"^"''*'f  ''"'  deprived^of  his  possetions  anSgni"" 
and  though  he  had  now  for  some  time  been  fiilly  restored,  the  affront 
rankled  m  his  mind,  and  he  conceived  the  unnatural  des^n  of  LSi 
h»  own  safety  and  importance  by  aiding  the  foreign  enemy  to  keen  hif 
country  m  a  state  of  disorder  and  alarm.    He  was  entrusted  S  onl 

irenZv\n\irlr^^''^^^^^r^  '"L«"'^«^  to  surround  and  destrJ; 
ine  enemy  m  the  harbour  m  which  they  had  ventured  to  anchor  anH  h« 

S^nl^^^h'''^^""'™y'"'■°'•"«"°"  '"^"^  to  enabTe  therL  av(Jd  the 
danger  by  putting  out  to  sea  again,  and  then  completed  his  infamous 

the  kmgon  this  occasion  was  equally  marked  by  barbarity  and  weakness 

SlfflSrSy  an""/;  '''  ?f  "'""^  "V"*=''  ^«  ''^^  ^^at  Neman's  s"n 
Allgar  seized,  and  caused  his  eyes  to  be  put  out ;  yet.  after  inflictino-  thin 

horrid  cruelty  uDon  the  innocent  son.  he  so  far  su^ccumbed  to  tSelwer 
Sd'  ifsSrr^  '^"••^y  ^^^^«''  -  ^«'-»y  »°  --»^»«  him  in  hisSe 

Eth^lred^f  nT^h^/ny  "l"*'^  the  Danes  had  acquired  of  the  weakness  ot 
to  mSr  So  **'*'.'l«(encele8s  condition  of  his  kingdom,  encouraged  them 
maS^       TnT  ""'*,^''"  T™  formidable  descents.    Sweyn,  king  of  Do^ 

ret^lavini^rt'«''fnr  ^^'^^'^'-''^"^^  "P,^'^^  Humberlith  an^ram"ns; 
anH  Vh  J,,^       w^^"^  plundering  m  every  direction.  Those  of  the  Danes 

3  he  rnnJ«f  tKL"''V.  ^"  ^''"y  advanced  to  give  battle,  anj^  so  fierce 
was  the  contest  that  the  Danes  were  already  beginning  to  eive  wav  whpn 
the  tide  of  fortune  was  suddenly  turned  against  the  EirhbvthS 
^Itn  *'^  ^'^"'''  ^"'hegist.  an/Godwin,  three  leaders,  wCLu^gl  of 
Danish  descent,  were  entrusted  with  large  and  importar  commfnds 

defe'ateT"  ^"**'^™'"  ''"''  ^'"°°P''  ''"^  »»»«  English  3e  in 'consequence 
The  invaders  now  entered  the  Thames  with  a  fleet  of  upwards  of  ninetv 
•hips  and  laid  siege  to  London.  Alarmed  for  their  large  wSh  the  dtf 
■ens  defended  themselves  with  a  stoutness  strongly  c?nt^a8?ed^titl.te 
pusil  animity  which  had  been  displayed  by  both  tHe^Wng  and  the  nobles 
and    heir  resistance  was  so  obstinate  that  the  p  rates  aUength  save  u5 

k^gdom 'IheVdTt  ih?ri;'""^'?  '""'^  "''r^T'  the  mSpolif o7th5 
SoreadSff  thZr  h«„^  therefore  give  up  their  determination  to  plunder. 
eE  «rL  h  ?"^K^  *"'l''  ^""^""^  ^"^''«*'  and  "ants,  they  not  only  pro- 
them  to  f^tpn^tlf  *^T'  •*"]  "  '^  *  ""^^nt  number  of  horses  to  eiiK 
wS^d  that  Xr/h'l''„'^KP"'''"*'T'""  '""»"**•  I'  niight  have  been  sup- 
ff hiJ  nobkfs  winH  ;l  n  f^n^P.V^'  ^^  ^^e  traders  of  London,  the  kiij 
Tuff  to  the  naUrv  «nH  S.nP^Tr"^*!''^  ''^7  "^ame  from  evor  again  resort. 
Spaders-  Eut  to  1h«t  ZJi^^'f  f S^'"^^^  purchasing  the  absence  of  the 
to  offer  m  «nU?«t  .?  expedient  hey  did  resort.  Messeitgers  were  sent 
remaiidintSkinJd,rSnr.  ''^^r"'^  preserve  peace  while  they 
in  eariv  deoarfuS^  t.;«  n  *°  ^^^  ,"''"*''  °"  condition  of  iheir  taking 
an  eariy  ueparture.  The  Danes,  wily  as  thev  were  hardv  nrnhnWv 
•magined  that  they  had  now  so  far  exhaJsted  the  kiSmthaUhe  tribute 
om»r«d  to  them  would  be  more  valuable  than  the  ftlXr^iSu  thSJ  wo3d 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  "      j^j 

^k'^^^lSirarVotL^^^^^^^^  »he  proposed  ter.s.    They 

peaceably,  piave  carried  h1sS'£anrr"r'^"''"'^  themselves  verj 
Ethelred,  at  Andover,  and  receivpT.h«  ^-^^  ^°  ^"n  »»  *»  Pay  a  visit  to 
gifts  ivere  consequently  bestowprfn^  I'^^^°'^  confirmation.  Many  rich 
and  the  sum  of  L.eZ  fhoLsand  r„"nds"ha^J„*^'''"^  ""^  the  pSSj 
Sweyn,  they  took  their  departure  OlaJe  w\„  n^  '"^"  ^^'^  »"  »'«™  and 
was  so  great  a  favourite  with  X  ohV.S,       u  ®T«"«'"'"ned  to  England. 

''T.7^'  't"'"ts  in  tt  t^'antlenT^'  '^  "^^  '^^ ^  "^^  » 

to  P«Jcfc?a^sTcr^  pTat  ^rSS^V^iZ^^  °^  ^^'  -"-^nes. 
duced,a8was  natural,  a  new  in^asSn  if "  '^^'i^''  ^fi^^'n^t  themfpro! 
year  entered  the  Severn.  WaK^"',  A.^afffe  fleet  of  the  Danes  thSl 
pirates  proceeded  to  commit  si^tiart'??''^*'  ^"''  !"»«S'  and  thence  the 

IPh'"'"^."  '^'^'^  0«^°"«hT;i'Thence  thf -^"^"^  ""fortunate  peopte 
setshire,  then  to  Hants,  then  Ken?  whp.1  fh^-^'u  "V^"'  "'«»'  ""t  trDor. 
Rochester,  but  were  routed  witrterrih?«J^'^^''''^"'«  «PPo««d  them  at 
country  was  plundered  and  dTsolS  Min"^^^^'■'  ^"'^  '^  ^^ole  of  tUr 
braver  and  wiser  among  the  EnS.-  ^  attempts  were  made  bv  the 
would  prevail  against  t1ieenem?t„t«K°""^'**,  «»«=h  a  united  defend  a5 

nobles  paralyzed  the  best  eS^oV  thlnnKr*^"^  '^^  king  Shi 

old  expedient  was  resorted  to  a„H  ?    "°.^'!.*' *P'"t8' and  once  more  he 

now  paid  as  the  price  of  th«  nh=t      '"^enty-four  thousand  pounds  terf 

naturally  becameTirhe/wUhteScrL'i'pH''""^  ^'^"^^  Sands Te^ 
of  the,r  being  complied  with  It  was  nSw  ^"'^T''''^  °^  ^^e  certain?^ 
thZ  r  '"^•'•'°'  ««»"«cti«n  with  These  formlLwi'*  '°T  '^"S""  ^ope  tha^ 
them  to  respect  his  dominionrthat  PfhJS^^'®  northmen  woulcf  cause 
this  year  espoused  Emma,  s  star  of  RicK^^^  his  first  wifej 

Long  as  the  domestic  Danps  h«li         l  '  ^^^  s®<^ond  duke  of  Normandv 
were  still  both  a  Zinct  and  a  1,1?^  ''^^"  established  in  EngS  the^ 
accuse  them  of  eSly  and  toousn'^  J!"'  "'^  EnglishTi  toriaS 
iff^  ?f  the  truth  of  the  JchargSs  tSthP  n'^**"'  ^'  'l'^  '"«'»"«=«  as  ev"! 
and  bathed  once  a  week  wp  ma«V  •  i    ^  Danes  combed  their  hair  dailv 
guilt  on  this  head,  and  concluEhn'/'^  T""^^  ^^1"''  the  Danii  of  aU 
many  respects,  they  assuSlp.^'''"'^^^       ^'"^  as  the  race  was  In 
intheveryimVtKatSSJ"P7'°'''°  ^^^  English  Sthrdav 
personal  habitS,  be  it  weT/or  3  foSd  t'^T^'    ^"'  '  ^'^"''^  t2  men% 
ncreas.ng  and  perpetuation  of  SrpAm,^'^^'"^  P""^^*"^"'  motive  in  the 
that  hatred  the  English  deeply  feKln^^'^  «pon  other  feelings   and 
of  their  settlement  among  th^emthpiri   °/'"''  **"  *^^"«"nt  of  the  oriSn 
the.r  great  skill  i„  maWn/thersdve/  ZT  PfT^^ity  to  gallantry!"*  d 
above  all,  on  account  of  the^  consent  /'f^^'°  *?  ^^^  English  womeS, 
loimng  their  invading  fellow-coZr  "!"''•  ^''t^-^^uHy  faithless  habit  of 
Ethelred,likeallweakardcowardlJ2™'"  '"  ^^^"  "'"'^nce  and  rapine 
both  cruelty  and  treachery.  ^dhte;Sl'A«?^''•;°"^'y•"«''««dtoS 
were  held  by  the  English^encouragerhTm  tl'nlfn'lh"'" '"  ^'^"^''  '^e  Dane, 
of  the  former.     Orders  were  spnr«fi,;  a-      :*>  plan  the  universal  massacr*. 
chief  men  of  the  counTrrto  "nak J  f '»P*'«hed  toallth^  governors  and 
crueUy  for  which  the  sa'L  'darNovlEXe  nt"h  ^  'k  ^«*««'»W« 
day  a  festival  among  the  Danes,  was  anSfpHf     IS'  ''^u"^  ®'-  Brithric's 

The  wicked  and  dastardly  ord^reof  f£^  i  nf  ^"^  ^^l  *'»"'«  kingdom, 
the  temper  of  the  populace     On  tL  V"*^  ^®'"«  hut  too  agreeable  to 

unsuspecting  Dane's  Cre  attacked  vTuthTr'^  «'  '^'  -amKur.  thj 
of  sex,  were  alike  attacked  with  inHiJL  •  ^  '*"''  '*8[«'  ^'thout  distinction 
«08t  fortunate  among  the  imC  '"^^^cnn^nate  fury,  and  thev  w  ere  h2 
to  destroy  them  tWhey  omufflr^?^  ^k^*"^  T^^^^''  wer^so  eaier 
even  to  read  of.  So  unsparTng  waS  JL  r!"''J''*  '.^*""  '«  '"•'ture.  teJrE 
to  consequences  were  bo?h  &  a^  W  r.!5^•r_'  .^^f'"-  and  so  b/ind 

"■  -"~"s  «ic  itiiutmea  and  tem. 


a«o 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


poranly  tnumphant  English,  that  the  princess  Gunilda,  sister  of  thfc  re- 
doubtable  king  of  Denmark,  was  put  to  death,  after  seeing  her  husband 
and  children  slaugli'cred,  though  her  personal  character  wa^  excellent  and 
though  she  had  long  been  a  Christian.    As  she  expired,  tliis  unfortunate 
lady,  whose  murder  was  chiefly  caused  by  the  advice  of  Edric,  earl  of 
Wilts  (which  advice  was  shamefully  acted  upon  by  the  king,  who  ordered 
her  death),  foretold  that  her  death  would  speedily  be  avenged  by  the  total 
ruin  of  England.     In  truth,  it  needed  not  the  spirit  of  prophecy  to  foretel 
that  such  wholesale  slaughter  could  scarcely  fail  to  call  down  defeat  and 
ruin  upon  a  people  who  had  so  often  been  glad  to  purchase  the  absence  ol 
the  Danes  when  no  such  cowardly  atrocity  had  excited  them  to  invasion, 
or  justified  them  in  unsparing  violence.    The  prophecy,  however,  was 
speedily  and  fearfully  realized.    Though  the  persuasions  and  example  of 
Clave,  and  his  positive  determination  to  fulfil  his  part  of  the  agreement 
made  with  Ethelred  had  hitherto  saved  England  from  any  repetition  of 
the  annoyances  of  Sweyn,  king  of   Denmark,  that  fierce  and  warlike 
monarch  had  constantly  felt  a  strong  desire  to  renew  his  attack  upon  a 
people  who  were  so  much  more  ready  to  defend  their  country  with  gold 
than  with  steel.     The  cowardly  cruelty  of  Ethelred  now  furnished  the 
Dane  with  a  most  righteous  pretext  for  invasion,  and  he  hastened  to  avail 
himself  of  it.     He  appeared  off  the  western  coast  with  a  strong  fleet,  and 
Exeter  was  delivered  up  to  him  without  resistance;  some  historians  say 
by  the  incapacity  or  neglect  of  Earl  Hugh,  while  others  say  by  his  treachery. 
1  his  last  opinion  has  some  support  in  the  fact  that  Earl  Hugii  was  him- 
self a  Norman,  and,  being  only  connected  .vith  England  by  the  office  to 
which  he  had  but  recently  been  appointed  through  tlio  interest  of  the 
queen,  he  might,  without  great  breach  of  charity,  be  suspected  of  leaning 
rather  to  the  piratical  race  with  which  he  was  connected  by  birth,  than  to 
the  English.     From  Exeter,  as  their  head  quarters,  the  Danes  traversed 
the  country  in  all  directions,  committing  all  the  worst  atrocities  of  a  wai 
of  retaliation,  and  louHly  proclaiming  their  determination  to  have  ample 
revenge  for  the  slaughter  of  their  fellow-countrymen.     Aware,  immedi- 
ately  after  they  had  perpetrated  their  inhuman  crime  upon  the  domestic 
D.:ne8,  how  little  mercy  they  could  ex[)eot  at  the  hands  of  the  countfy. 
men  of  their  murdered  victims,  the  ''-.iglish  had  made  more  than  usual 
preparotions  for  resistance.     A  larg"?  and  well  furnished  army  was  ready 
to  maivh  against  the  invaders,  but  the  command  of  it  was  committed  to 
that  duke  of  Mercia  whose  former  treason  has  been  mentioned,  and  he, 
pretending  illncMs,  contrived  to  delay  the  march  of  the  troops  until  they 
were  thoroughly  dispirited  and  the  lianos  had  done  enormous  mischief. 
He  died  shortly  after  and  was  succeeded  by  Edric,  who,  though  son-iii- 
law  to  the  king,  i)roved  just  sib  tr('a('hert)us  as  his  predecessor.     The  con- 
sequence WHS,  that  the  cuinitry  was  ravaged  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
horrors  of  faniino  were  soon  added  to  the  horrors  (»f  war,  and  the  degraded 
English  once  more  sued  for  peace,  and  obtained  it  at  the  price  of  thirty 
thousand  pounds. 

A.D.  1007.— Clearly  psrceiving  that  they  might  now  reckon  upon  Danish 
invasion  us  a  periodical  plague,  the  English  government  and  people  en- 
deavoured to  prepare  for  their  future  defence.  Troops  were  raised  and  dig. 
cipllned,  and  a  navy  of  nearly  (tight  hundred  ships  was  prepared.  Hut  a 
quarrel  which  arose  between  Edric,  duke  of  Mercia,  and  Wolfnoth,  gov- 
ernor of  SuHsex,  caused  the  latter  to  desert  to  the  Danes  with  twenty 
vessels.  He  was  pursued  by  Edric's  brother  Drighlric,  with  a  fleet  ol 
eighty  vessels;  but  this  fleet,  being  dnven  ashore  by  a  temiuHt,  was  at. 
lacked  and  burned  by  Wolfnoth.  A  hundred  vessels  were  thus  lost  to  the 
Knglish,  dissensions  spread  among  other  loading  men,  and  the  fleet  wliieli. 
if  concentrated  and  ably  directed,  might  have  given  safely  to  the  liat!UHi 
wai  dispersed  intu  various  nortg  uud  reudofud  virluslly  uanlefi^ 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


151 


oedUtv^onh^Elj^h^ani^f '"''"  advantage  of  the  dissensions  and  im- 

Sand  Dresentsl,^^^^  ^'""^  *^'«  ^'"^  ">e  history  of 

c^ngiana  presents  us  with  nothing  but  one  melancholv  monotoiiv  of  no. 

sSSS^'or^Kar'tTr'  '^^VTt'''  ^"'^  "n.ni&"atd  Ip  ,"."; 

&peSngTLi.^^^^^  -a-  aTdri'; 

settled  and  unanimous  plan  o/resistance ;  but  aU  was  stUl  d  ssJnsl. 
and  when  the  utmost  wretchedness  at  length  Ideth^  disputants  ZeS* 

inousanu,  and  now,  when  their  rapine  had  more  than  ever  imDoverished 
JfhP^nf  .T  ?^^  demanded,  and,  to  the  shame  of  the  Engl.srpe^Se  or 

hJ^hLTT^I?  T""  ^*f  ®''®"  wo"e  expended  than  the  former  sums 
f^.  ^u!jJ'!'  '^'"i""*'  '^«  °*"««  ^^°^  the  money,  but  did  not  depart 
On  the  contrary,  they  continued  their  desultory  plundering    and  at th« 

Sersuir  ""Ttf  7n"'l,''""^"'f  "P?V"^«'»  dist'riSs ?or  S^e  aid  spec' 
neu  sums.     1  lius,  in  the  county  of  Kent  they  levied  the  sum  of  piX 
thousand  pounds;  and  the  archbishop  of  CantLburrvei.turin?to  resis 
this  most  iniquitous  demand,  was  coolly  murdered    VheSefalstlteo 
liL  flS"'"  ""'^  "',•'  ^T^^'y  "'■  '^  personage  so  emhieSt  alarmed  the 
Si;^  ^  P""'T'  'f^^y^  '^^  'n»r«  especially,  as  many  of  7"h  chief 
nobihty,  havins  lost  all  confidence  in  his  power  to  redeem  hs  kiLdom 
from  rum,  were  daily  transferring  Iheir  allegiance  toVweyn      Havi  fflrS 
sent  over  hisqneen  and  her  two  children  to  her  brothcr!Se  Duke  offi 
mandy  Kihelred  himself  took  an  opportunity  to  escape  thithS-,  am   thuJ 

A  nZlT  T  ""■'"""/  'l^'^'-ed  over  to  Sweyn  and  his  Danes 
,iim„^;i,  'y'.''."'"^"''  *"  t''«  circumstances,  would  have  found  little 

difficulty  in  causing  himself  to  bo  crowned  king  of  EiiBUnd    i  av  it  i«  v 

Eied  at'recSin."'""'  ['f'^"  "^  ^^^P'^  -""'^  "-«'"-'  Sx  ^  ' 
to  Xm  Z  1  !Tf  **  '^L"'"''^  sovereign  instead  of  the  fugitive  Eihelred, 
LuZal7  \A^  ^T  '^«'^"«'»n«'d  to  apply  the  scornful  epithet  of 
tie  Unready.  Hut  winlo  Sweyn  was  preparing  to  take  advaiitaje  of  the 
ni.  gnificont  opportunity  that  offered  itnelf  to  him,  lie  was  suddenfv  «L«,^ 

SIX  weekH  arter  the  tlight  of  Ethelred  from  the  kingdom. 

I  his  circumstanco  gave  the  weak  Ethelred  yet  one  more  chance  of  m. 
enmiig  Ills  kingly  character.  The  great  men  of  1  Ih  kinSm  whe^^^ 
hey  inlormed  him  of  the  event  which,  so  auspic  mu  iy  for  him,  lad  occur" 

ri  r''"'',  *"""  ''^  r',""""-  'l'»"'y  •'t  'he  same  li.no  plain rinmghfng 
fnendly  and  respectful  lone.  intimat.Ml  their  hope  that  ho  woul    profit  bJ 

IS  expen.-nco.  to  av.nd  for  the  future  those  errors  which  hXmduced  so 
much  evil  to  both  himself  ami  hit.  people.  pn^aucea  so 

but  tt  mlvil^Irffii'iri'''''  '"""'"''^  f  the  Invitation  to  resume  his  throne, 
\Z.!u„  »'«»•>'"«  "ccompanied  that  invitation  he  wholly  disregarded 

to  3  wir'   '^'"'■'"^  I'roos  which  he  gave  of  his  continued  inej  Sy 
to  rule  wiscdy,  ho  reinstated  Iiih  treachorcus  son-in-law.  Edrlc  in  all  hi. 

Sll     •"'  '^"'"»"'  "  '""'^'"  ""'""»'«  •"■  '»»  "''"coiiduct.     Two  kri'Z 

;  ''J: ,"!"'"' Morenr  and  Sigebert.  had  unfortunately  giversomeS 

iriliil'l'"'/'.',*''"  ';^'-'»'^i|h ''-'d««VMured  to  persuade  tLflin;  ,Ti  n h  y 

were  hostilo  to  his  rule ;  an.i  the  eauiiljv  cruel  and  w.,..lr  M.Q„ar..i .J. 

OHniy«a  «i  ihoir  murder  by  ISdnJ,  but  gave  to  that 'criiwe  »  V«««"lei5 


152 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


r^n'i".nJ'^*''?"^f''f''''"^  *•**  property  of  the  victims  as  though  they  had 
Jeen  convicted  of  treason,  and  he  confined  Sigeberl's  widow  in  a  convent 

STntriSeS  ^rr"'^'"/''">'  1?'''  ''^  »^«  ''•"g'«  «°"'  EdmundTwho  Sonly 
r  rfoii     t'.hT  5"°™  '*•*  "'"".r"''  ^"t  immediately  married  her.      ^ 
peice     Canute  thi'l;^^?  T  ^"''''"^  ^°  ^T^  ^^'  '^covered  throne  in 
Siona  V«th«r  «nH  ?  »     V^  ?*®y"'  "^.^^  '«  ^'^^  f""  as  warlike  as  hia  fa- 
raous  father,  and  se  up  his  claims  to  the  throne  with  as  much  grave  earn 
estness  as  though  his  father  had  filled  it  in  right  of  a  loim  ancfstral  ooi 
session.     He  committed  dreadful  havoc  in  Kent,  Dorset  W  Its  and  So^ 
erset ;  aiid,  not  contented  with  slaughter  in  aid  Sunder  after  the  baZ 
lie  shockingly  mutilated  his  prisoners,  and  then  gav^  hL  1116^ Hbnrtv  i^^^ 
order  that  their  wretched  pli'ght  might  strike  terfor  ?n  X  r  fellowS^^^ 
trymen.    So  much  progress  did  Canute  make,  that  Ethelred  wouW  in  al 
probabih  y,  have  been  a  second  time  driven  from  his  throne  arkin'irdom 
U  for  the  courage  and  energy  of  his  son  eLI     The    Jet^^^^^^^^ 
gre'i'p  rTTthe  Fn'.Lb""'  with  forty  ships,  after'havilig  ilSpet/ed^a 
great  part  of  the  English  army,  and  even  made  an  attempt  at  seizing  uoon 
the  person  of  the  brave  prince.     Undismayed  by  so  inany  Sc ultfeh 

tt^khirSrHd  Z''"'f  '>•  ?«  «''''''''  '""'«'"P'  and  d"Lust  e  To; 
the  king,  Ldmund,  by  great  exertions,  got  together  a  large  force,  and  ore- 
pared  to  give  battle  to  the  enemy.  But  the  English  had  been  acc.mtomed 
to  see  their  kings  in  the  vanguard  of  the  battle ;  an^  though  Edmund 
was  universally  popular,  the  soldiers  loudly  demanded  that  his  fSr 

uSiect  sfullvl' m;i.f.TT-  r^"'f  1!^'  ^^^^'^«^'  whrsusS^ld  hiliw" 
S  onthllZ  Tn  "^  ''l^t^'^^d  the  enemy,  not  merely  refused  to  do 

SuDDlS  tha?  M  «  '•'"^'"'  ^"'  t?-  ^TP^'^'^ly  '«'■'  his  heroic  son  without 
supplies,  that  the  prince  was  obliged  to  a  low  the  northern  part  of  the 

mT'Smnuf  m  "''f  'ry^^^V""  ^" ''''  P""^''-  Still  drrSedS  to  su^ 
m.  _  fcdimind  marched  his  discouraged  and  weakened  army  to  London  to 
make  a  hna  stand  against  the  invaders;  but  on  his  arr I'vll  he  fSd  Ihe 

rssv^et:"/^ '"  ^^^*""^'  "^"''"  -'^  -nf;sTi;:'o;raSi'nt''o'i 

fic.ently  pitiable  and  difficult,  even  had  not  tlTeZco  and  warlike  Danes 
been  swarming  in  its  northern  provinces.  The  people  were  dis  irited  ind 
disafrecled,  and  the  nobles  w.ro  far  less  intent  upon  repeUmg  ffi  S^^^^ 

fSuT  ."P","  r '■'"""«.  ""^*""  '"*"  •"'«'^l'i"vo.is  and Ve  7q  mrreu"  and 
hdmu lid  had  only  too  much  reason  to  fear  that  the  example  of  his  readi 
erous  brother-in-law  would  bo  followed  by  otherlZs  '^Rig  ,  i  juSJi  c" 

2  neZ/e'S  Ti^'Tf  '^'T^^  ''"'"^y  <■"'  ^'"'  di«eo.m.7einof' S 
MJm'^.?]     ' .       .  "  '""''  »"»f«-'R"'>rd  against  the  treuchory  of  the  nobles. 

a  uetai  Imient  of  them,  and  then  marched  against  Canute  in  person  The 
pTi'or  tlirSlHhe''^^:  .^7""""'  \"  <;'"''-''''«'rshire,V:/i"[Z;  caHy 
pronaoio  tin  would  have  a  decnaive  and  crowning  victory  Hut  that  ua. 
lamily  of  his  .-ountry.  K.lri.,.  having  nluin  Onnmf^TvL  nmoh    e  em 

a  (I  (I  N|)iay  >d  to  ihn  English.     A  piinic  immediately  spreail  ihroiiuh  the 

Z^of  I.  ,''  air"'"  sZ'  r''"  ^"•■'"'r'"'«^'l  '"•»'"«  ''i»  'roup,  to  nnJrl 
inoin  oi  nis  saioty.  "Nave  himself  who  can,"  was  the  universal  rrvs 
ami  though  Edmund  at  length  contrived  to  leu  1  hi.  looiL.  fr  nn "he  fleh 

Liittton  hM.'«.i  M  Zlt  ''"'"'«'ir""y  •'"'■""^"'l  ^''ith  «r««'  l"'".  "l  As. 
S^S^ed  o  nX  n?.«  ';«"'"PlHry  activity  again  raised  an  army  and 

|»wpared  to  niako  one  more  desperate  effort  tu  expel  the  enemy.    Uut  llio 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD.  "    153 

'eadiug  men  on  both  sides  were  bv  thi«  ii™« 

nage,  and  a  negotiation  ens^S  wJich  iJ'r.n'^T- ^  '''^^  "'"'^  and  car. 

Canute  taking  the  northern  portS  and  KHrS.  ^*l':'«'«n  ?f  the  Icingdom 

It  mic/it  have  been  supposed  t£th«  S^""*^  the  southern.  ^ 
satisfiel  with  having  thu7mahilv  aidSd  m  r.""'.*^^'"^?  ^«»'d  have  been 
:unate  biother  in-law  of  a  mSv  of  hi«  k  n„/P°'^'"g  •"«  '^•"^^^  ^^^  unfor 
Bxistence  of  a  man  so  cSnrary'Lnd  so  s^i?w\„^K"' '" f^"^''  '^e  ve.^ 
were  mtolarable  to  him,  this  arrana^«m»n?W'^  to  himself  in  character 
when  he  suborned  two  o  the  CXSiamS«?i'""''ly  ''««"  ™«d«  '^  »nonih 
fortunate  master  at  Oxford     ""'"S^ «  ^hamberlams,  who  murdered  their  un- 

toti,i;'crime.  tLfgrh?s"prSLlCt^^'i^K^"r  "^««  actually  privy 
person  to  be  be..efited  byS  death  of  S?Wh  '^'  ^'?''  V^^*  *>«  wa«  thJ 
<ng  h.m.  And  this  suspicion  is  s  ill  fuSr^  ra^JT'y  ""  "'  «"«P«ct. 
seizing  upon  Kdmund's  share  of  the  khiid/^^  hjr  his  immediately 

vwo  sons,  Edwin  and  Edward,  t  is  true  tZ  r*^''  '"*'  P""««  '»«d  l«ft 
Koung,  but  the  moat  that  Canute  ouaht  f«  k  ^^''^^  P''"'^^'  were  very 
*as  theguardianshipoftheSren^n A    ''*?"'"'""''  °"  that  accoum 

^  r^nd  in  the  .ct  t.- &nr  ;iS5rsrK!;^StKi«iZ 

tho'Sfr;;;LTpte^^^^  had  been,  thi.  awe, 

dom  of  which  he  hacf  nisses^ed  hScZ  Zf  P\y^"'y  of  the  king-' 

0  avert  opposition,     fte  called  a  council    a.  th'^r'  P"""^'«  Precaution 

to  affirm  tfiat  it  had  been  ag  eed  a^  tf"^'''  ?' ^hich  he  caused  witnesses 

BuccecHl  Edmund  in  tl.esoXrnpirtonoftULni?''''''*''''^'''^^ 
to  whom  we  have  alkidcd  affirm  C  he  Shm  ?H  hl'^^T '  ""'' ""  ^''«  ^"ters 
protectorate      This  evidcu.ce,  a  ,d,  Vhaos     tror  .  "'f  ^""••'''^"'"hip  and 
nercenessofCanuieshouldagaTdesoIaJfl  ;h«  if       "''  "l°  '^«"  ^"^^wu 
council  in  his  favour,  and  the  iis  irnor  ni„        .   ^^'ngdom,  determined  the 

the  despoiled  princes*  ^ere  sem  ^8^'  Not""""^'''  ""■''""""«'  *''*^« 
j'lg  their  dominion  and  exilina  horn  P  .n,  1  f^"'  ''TP''^  "''th  thus  seiz- 
o  put  them  to  dcn.th;  biU  Imt  kiS  mZ  "^''^"'^  ^^^^  ^"'9  ^t  Sweden 
them  in  safety  to  the  court  fVi,'?'  I  K«"erou8  than  his  ally,  sent 
win.  the  «'I.Ior^of  tfio  p^cLf  iSKe^'lTh^^  Tl'  «''"'^"»«d^  k3- 
ry ;  a.*'  Edward,  tho  y~r,  Sed  Aal^^^^^  '''^  ''"'»  "^  """Sa- 

mon,..ch,  and  had  hy  Lr  ifilffk;  rtlmmw,*  lif  *'  """'"•"'"-hiw  of  tho  same 
of,S..otln„d,  and  Christina.  XtctoktKe?^"'"*'''™^'  ""hsequently  queen 

be.Iand.  and  to  Kdric  ha     f  S'^^ 

ruin  to  W„,sox.     Hut  this  -omni  ^C  fr  '^^LV   .Iv^h^'"*  T^  """""«' 
iKer  Jiro  ho  springs.     When  ho  fom  .1 1  m.r^?V    /  i''"  ''rouclimg  of  thw 
ai.d   rom  hi,  'j„,|i!^i„uH  as  wel  a,  i  „  ZI.  / .? "'^  "?""'  "'"'"  '"» 'hrono, 
popular  anion,  his  subjects,  I,  foSa^tr^S  ""'""y  ''"y  '""rn 

Vricofthoir  Jukedomi.andtos3  hL  ?^^.^^  ''"'i'"""'  '''^"••'^"'  »'"> 
«ven  while  ho  had  profl  od  by  ih^t  0 a  Z,  f  .'  i"'  A  """."''*  "««'"  "'at 
••mnlniossenourfl,  to  detest  tl  r.S  for  I^Ll^  *'"^  n"^"'7' ''«  had 
»f  I  H8t  Anglia  and  Northumbtularho\«lLl«™r"  .?'"*''''.'?  '''"  ''"^e. 
doath.  ancj  „,„ong  them  thar^o  ",  of  J,  "  L^^r^'n"  'r""  ""''J«  traitors  to 
hn<l  cast  into  the  'I'liHines  "  ''*"""'  *'''''"*«•  wh<mo  body  he 

oHhe  kjnglom.  to  tax  U.«»/"J'..  "  -^^^^^       '".?  •^"5"  "hliged,  by  the  sut. 

,  ,,..^  ucavjjy.    fToui  iue  nation  at  largo  ho 


164 


DISTORT  OP  THE   WORLD. 


Som'heTitJl)fLSl''''  "'''  «um  of  seventy-two  thousand  pounds,  and 
irum  ine  city  ot  London  a  separate  further  sum  of  eleven  thousftml      rtnt 

uf.ri  .?«  ".''''"""■y'"^"'  *»«  though  in  the  heavy  sum  lev.od  uponLondo 
LonSoners  Ld'f^  ^l^-Sry  recoLtion  of' tSe  Courage  the 

wSSnith  ta?  tT^^t  K^il''"!  "i'T?  *r  P*°P'«  ^«'«  ^'y  »hi8  time  so 
nhu.  h«..„l.  '  u  ^"®y  '"Jputed  his  demands  to  necessity,  and  orob- 
abl>  thought  money  better  paid  for  the  support  of  a  Danish  kinffthaSfo, 
the  temporary  absence  of  an  ever-returning  Danish  enemy      ^ 

his'^r'l^LlurrtLrr/'""^'.''^""''^''^'^^  '"<^  ««  -o"«r  made 

tured  to  sail  to  Denmark,  which  was  attacked  by  his  late  al?v  the^£n^  oi 
Sweden,  agamst  whom  he  felt  additional  anger  on  account  of  his  cnl?, 
ZZl\?l"'-"«  *^  P?'.  "'«  ^*»«d  English  pfincesto deaff    He  wascS" 

oronertv  whi?.h  Lif  J*' •'^  pnnces.  or  make  restitution  of  any  of  tlie 
Bf«^„M.        ^^x^'^^  unjustly  acquired  either  in  Norway  or  in  England 

%'i.i  I  .„    '^    .u       ■'''*  S""""'  chnractcristic  of  the  Doity.  omninotenon 

Malcolm,  ti.a  thnno  of  sini  who  md't  S  fi^rii  T;,'!^'"'"'  '"''•"l- 
Kthelred.  on  the  ground  thai  he  o3    W  '  d  h  1  ,f  "bh  ,  st  1?^^^^ 
uow  r^fuaed  to  do  homage  fur  Cumber]  J.d  to  Cm  u  i;?  "iViU  d  o 


prince.     To  h; 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD 


105 


fpJldVlX'iglut^.To'^^^^^^^^^^^  'r  •»»»-•'--•    Bui  Canute 

army  Malcolm^  suSt  ed      T^w^s  ituteiTsf  """'.•°'"  '*'^  ?»^"«'' 
about  four  years  aftei,  in  the  year  1035  exped.uon:  he  died 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE   REIONS   OF   HAROLD   AND   HARDIOANtTl. 

daugre7ott''earl  ""h^;4SV"^^^^^^^  f'l"'^*  -^«.  A..w«„ 

Emma,  the  widow  of  Ethelred  Hardicanute  by  his  second  wife, 

tha^hL'dS^SITyt^srild^le^nTS'  t'  '''""'L'^'  ^-"-"^  «^-e,l 
duke  of  Normandy^  dfed  before  cZL^L^^T^\u  ^"l*«  *■«••  '^'•'''''«',  the 
this  agreement,  and  to  leave  ILCSillnn^  '"^o'" 

by  the  first  wif;,  rather  thin  enuS  wi?h  ^^  'k  ^""'f^' ''.'"  ««'''«»'^  «o'' 
theweakliandsof  soyounjrSceL-^^^^  abounding  difficulties,  to 
By  his  last  will,  thereC  gaZl^  Inf.  L.  "'^'''f"".^'  '^'^  »"»  ^V  Emma, 
and  England  to  HarS  his  vSlifL^^^^^  «1'J''«'  ««". 

''?h""%''^  -  b;tir  r/rrh?;  ;&Ve!;^iTr  ^^^ '  ^"'^ "  »- 

ti^t'^htf^vrag^rd^^Vrby^r^^^^^^^^^^^  vwn  and 

open  force  or  c'or?uptfon     But  H^lf '"  «  ""Pr""'!,"?  '"»  «^J»"n  «i'l'er  by 
general  favourite  of^  he  peopK  and  o?nnf'«''f""^V':."'"'V'?f'''  ^»«  *he 

civil  strife.     cinS. t,vo  0    /id  J  wh!;o:'^  in«oparable  frorj 

princes  were  dis.;uN,od  witlfun  .«.  ?.l   •!         '''«  J"'"';'"?  <^'a"n»  "f  the  two 
loi.Kth  ajrroi.,1  hat  ^s  IS    ■       n  "^'""  '"''1  ««l'»'>e88,  and  it  was  at 

!— t,...,j3,  aitu  w  aii  ins  lavuur  wiih 


166 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


k^nSnm  Jad  previously  looked  upon  the  expedient  of  partitioning  the 
KnM  '  T^i^  no^v  very  readily  and  zealously  promised  his  support  to 
r.^n^u  ^'^  "^^ll'^f",.'?  ^'^^  •"«  brother's  possessions  to  his  owi.;  and  to 
fnHin5o  a"?  English  princes,  whose  coming  into  England  seemed  to 
indicate  a  determination  to  claim  as  heirs  of  Ethelred.     Alfred  was, 

TLp??^  ?Tf°''';"f''^l,*'°™P"'"^?*«'  •"^''«'^  *«  court,  and  had  reached 
QcZnL^.??'^'  '!Jf  "^'^y;  ,r  ^'^  way  thither,  when  an  assemblage  of 
nrin^  on/^°?^^  suddenly  fell  upon  the  retinue  of  the  unsuspecting 
w^«h^J?PifP."l"P**'"'^*  ^'^^i*  ^r^'^*^  of  them  to  the  sword.  Alfred 
diPd?n^h«LfHf"  prisoner-but  far  happier  had  been  his  fate  had  he 
.uAiH  ♦u"'®'.u  H'8.»nhuman  enemies  caused  his  eyes  to  be  put  out. 
l^L^^  "^f  ^''•^"  thrust  into  .the  monastery  of  Ely,  where  he  perished  in 
ag;ony  and  misery.  H.s  brother  and  Queen  Emma  readily  Judged  from 
£?«fv  flSr'^^'ri.'''"'  '^^y  ^"u"!*^  ^«  'he  next  victims,  aJd  they  mm^ 

fn  .hl^n  ?J'''""^-''^''°""i''y'  ":''"«  ""«ld  forthwith  added  the  southern 
to  the  northern  division  of  the  kingdom.  o^uiucru 

Commencing  his  sole  reign  over  England  by  an  act  of  such  hypocrisy 
and  sangmnary  criielty,  Harold  would  probabfy  have  left  fearful  traces  d» 
ZT^hJl^A^^  ^'"  a  lengthened  one.  Happily,  however,  it  was  bu 
no,r.V«tn'^^""•f^'^"E^'^^^  f'^"''  y«"«  after  his  accession,  leaving 
whinh  *V'''^"*y  °^  his ''^^'"«  ^''^'  "''«<1'  «av«  the  one  dark  deed  of 
which  we  have  spoken.     He  was  remarkable  for  only  one  personal  qual- 

£  u♦^^*♦®.^'''"^  ?«'^"?J'  ^h'ph'  according  to  the  almost  invariable  prac 
tice  at  that  time  adopted  of  designating  persons  by  some  trait  of  char- 
acter  or  physical  quahty  for  which  they  were  remarkable,  procured  him 
the  appellation  of  Harold  Harefoot.  -  f      uicu  jum 

A.  D.  1039.— Although  Hardioanute  had  been  deemed  by  his  father  too 
young  to  sway  the  English  sceptre,  he  himself  held  a  different  opinion, 
and  he  had  occupied  himself  in  his  kingdom  of  Norway  in  preparing  a 
«( rco  with  which  to  invade  England  and  expel  his  brother.  Having  com- 
pleted lus  preparations,  he  collected  a  fleet  under  the  pretence  of  visitini/ 
tiueen  Emma,  who  had  taken  refuge  in  Flanders,  and  was  upon  the  point 
of  sailing  when  he  received  intelligence  of  Harold's  death,  upon  which 
he  immediately  sailed  for  London,  where  he  was  received  with  the  warm- 
est welcome.  Ho  commenced  his  reijrn,  however,  very  inauspiciously, 
by  the  mean  and  violent  act  of  having  Harold's  body  disinterred  and 
thrown  into  the  Thames.  Being  found  by  some  fishermen,  the  royal 
Dody  was  carried  to  London  and  again  committed  to  the  earth ;  but  Har 
dicanute  obtaining  information  of  what  had  occurred,  ordered  it  to  be 
again  disinterred  and  thrown  into  the  river.  It  was  once  more  found- 
but  this  time  It  was  buried  so  secretly  that  the  king  had  no  opportunity 
to  repeat  his  unnatural  conduct.  u^"jiuimjr 

lJ^a  '',"'■]  n^'°'^  Godwin  had  taken  ii    the  murder  of  the  unfortunate 
Alfred,  led  Prince  Edward,  who  was  ••.  ited  over  to  the  English  court  by 

SS'"T?i  '  ,''*  '*''"".?  ^A'","'"  "'  -^e'  "^"^l  to  demand  justice  at  the 
hands  of  the  king.  But  Godwin,  who  had  already  exerted  all  the  arts  of 
servility  to  conciliate  the  king,  made  him  a  present  of  a  magnificent  gal- 
ley,  manned  with  sixteen  handsome  and  gorgeously  appointed  rowers, 
and  the  king  was  so  well  pleased  with  the  present,  that  he  merely  re- 
quired  that  Godwin  should  swear  to  his  own  innocence,  which  that  per 
Boiiage  made  no  scruple  of  doing. 

The  reign  of  Hardioanuto  was  short,  yet  his  violent  temper  and  cupid- 
ity  cause-l  it  to  be  marked  by  a  revolt.  He  had  the  injustice  and  impru- 
denco  to  renew  the  tax  known  by  the  name  of  DanegAt,  and  chargecl  a 
yory  heavy  sum  for  the  fleet  which  had  convoyed  ifim  from  Denmark. 
•  omnlHints  and  rcsiatanoe  arose  in  many  parts,  and  in  WorceHtcr  the 
imople  not  only  refused  to  pay  the  tax,  but  actually  put  two  ol  the  col- 
ieclon  to  death.    Uodwui.  with  Siward,  duke  of  Northumberland,  And 


HISTOKT  OP  THE   WORLD.  157 

Itatelhem  a  formal  J,S,  ^'"«"  ""*"  ""  '=°°'«'.  •"'1  he 


CHAPTER  XL 

THE  RBION  OF  EDWARD  THE  CONFESSOR. 

prise  was  too  ob,'oa??o  Xw  Ihe  Si.K  .'^"T""*  fr?™  ""''  ""'^ 
been  far  too  irreat  ^r  PH^rHl  m„'  ^"^^  '''*  opposiUon  would  have 

mmmmmi 

hJd8\i7„°i',^  ^"?"'^  °"  fl"'''"?  the  Sovornment  onee  more  in  the 

verity    unoar'norn"  ''^'"'""'  ,^''^"''''  boh„ve.Wwi,f,  „n  SnpSn.l  le 
Mveriiy,  unparrtonRtile,  even  lultniUuiir  that  ho  was  riirlit  wLnh-  »r 

mr,ief  r'"*^  '''*"  '"  'T'"'  '-«'<'r  troale.1  by7^  nS  ,mn  S;  K?h2  -' 


lie  not 


m!n:ii  sue  naa  neiiiud  up,  but  niso 


158 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WOLLD. 


comnutted  her  to  close  custody  in  a  nunnery  at  Winchester.  ;Some 
writers  have  gone  so  far  as  to  say  that  he  accused  her  of  the  absurdly 
13  .V.  ,  t?  "'"^^  "^  ^^"l"^  connived  at  the  murder  of  the  prince  Alfred, 
w»lkin J  hwt  ?T*''^  ^^'^^^^  °i  ^^'^  euilt  by  the  marvellous  ordeal  o 
whom  f-m^f "''''"^  "?'"  "'"«.'«d-hot  ploughshares;  but  the  monks,  to 
whom  Emma  was  profusely  liberal,  needed  not  to  have  added  fable  to 
iwed  mothen  ^^    unnatural  treatment  of  his  twice  wid- 

se^K/!^hIIln«Tin!fl""^'  «f"^"«nality.the  desire  of  the  English  to 
fivriSn  hi  Jh  ?  ''"^'^.r  y  *  '"^"  ""^  ^^^''  °^"  '■»<'«  w«8,  no  doubt,  greatly 
exci  ed  by  their  unwiUmgness  to  see  lands  and  lucrative  places  beltowed 
by  stranger  kings  upon  stranger  courtiers.  In  this  respeSt,  however,The 
accession  of  Edward  was  by  no  means  so  advantageous  to  he  EngUsh  as 
they  had  anticipated.  Edward  had  lived  so  mucS  in  Normandy  that  hi 
Sn«f ?T   -'T'^  ^  Frenchman  in  his  tastes  and  habits,  and  it  was 

S  now  .hofi'h-^r''"^.'^"""]'""*'"  ^^"^  '^«  had  formed  hi^  friendshTps! 
a^  d  now  chose  his  favourites  and  confidants.     In  the  disposal  of  civil  and 

FnS  Zf'^^^T'^^  '^^  king  acted  with  great  fairness  towards 'he 
English,  but  as  the  Normans  who  thronged  his  courts  were  both  more 

Sed  oMh«  y?  '''ri'i*  ''^'  '*'"°"?  them  principaTly  thS  he  dTs 
posed  of  the  ecclesias  ical  dignities,  and  from  them  that  he  chiefly  select- 

Kn^L^"'^^''  ^""^  '"'1'""'^  companions.    The  favour  thus  shown  to  the 

f^f  Godwif  whr'*  ^l"^""''  ^'he  Knglish,  and  especially  to  the  power^ 

Pomn?f  •  •***  '^^^  ^""9  ¥^^^y  °'  PO"'"  and  patronage  to  look  with 
complacency  upon  any  rivals  in  the  king's  good  graces 

full  ?,  """^K^^  "•*"■?  offended  that  the  exclusive  favour  of  the  king  did  not 
fall  upon  him  and  his  family,  because,  independent  of  the  k  n|  havhiB 
married  the  earl  s  daughter  Editha.  the  mere  power  of  Godwhi's  own 
family  was  so  princely  as  to  give  him  high  claims,  whicii  he  was  bHS 
means  inclined  to  underrate.  He  himself%vas  earl  of  Wessex,  to  which 
extensive  government  the  counties  of  Kent  and  Sussex  were  added  • 
S;veyn,  his  eldest  son,  had  like  authority  over  the  counties  of  Hereford 

o  ZTa\:  ?*'^"''1'2.'^  "''^^'  :i'hile  HaroW,  his  second  son,  was  duke 
of  Last  Angha,  with  Essex  added  to  his  government 

nn„,?f  «f  fh'^"^  such  extensive  power,  still  secretly  hating  Edward  on  ac 
count  of  their  open  feud  about  the  murder  of  Prince  Alfred,  and  consid. 
fhfnL'r^'"-  '"'  '^"'•l'««'-«»««  «lo»«.  or  principally,  E^rd  owed  h^ 
throne,  Godwin,  who  was  naturally  haughty,  was  not  inclined  to  hlWr  Ihl 
neglect  of  the  king  without  showing  hi5  sJnse  of  i t,  3  hfs  U-hummu 
ZZt''  '""^^  d««P  a"'^  ">«  more  bitterly  expressed,  beca  se  his  dauSe 
hdilha  as  well  as  himself  suffered  from  the  king's  neglect  The  kimr 
had  married  her,  indeed,  in  compliance  with  his  solemn  pr  mise  but  hf 
^i?"L^"Tlf'';:^'^''hher.  His  determination  on  thirhead  was'StJj 
TiTi  u^  ^°^^''}  *°  his  having  transferred  to  the  daughter  a  i  rt  of 
he  hatred  he  entertained  for  the  father,  though  the  monSs    wUh  th^r 

A.D.  1048.— Entertaining  strong  feelings  of  both  disappointment  and  di« 
content,  it  was  not  likely  that  a  nobleman  of  GodwS^  earpower  and 
great  Ui-temper  too,  would  fail  to  find  some  pretext  upon  whcrtrbroS 
out  iiuo  open  quarrel.  Politic  as  he  was  ill  timpered.&odwin  seized  ZJ 
the  favouritism  of  the  king  towards  the  NormanV  as  Tcause  of  nnK 
upf>n  which  he  was  sure  to  have  the  svmnXv  of  th«  rnS   "'.^"*'^'*' 

"* Whlle"o"or"^^'  ''If'''''  «'  h''"-"Cn.t  the'?ore  5n  i;."'°  '^^'^ 

While  Godwin  was  thus  anxious  to  quarrel  with  the  king  whom  he  had 

done  so  much  to  put  upon  the  throne,  and  only  waiting  She  occuiroiS 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  '    igp 

p1rrar™tLTfctL%"^  V^Si"'^  -r-"d  -ore  entirel, 
through  Dover  on  his  wav  back  to  hUn*"*^'  ''''""*  "^  Boulogne,  passed 
English  court.    An  atSant  upS.  the  coiln?^^^^^  visit  pai/to  tS2 

at  whose  house  he  was  quartereTand  ,vnS^?V'"'°  *  ?'«P^  with  a  man 
terfered,  and  the  count's  attenS-nt  was  ,?an?  J"" '  ^^t  "«*ghbours  in. 
between  the  count's  suite  and  the  townsoeoS^  J.uu'i  ^*"'''  »''°'^  P»^«« 
the  worst  of  the  affrav.  that  thfi  rnnnf  t'?  ^ .;  u"*^  ^^^  former  got  so  much 
ing  his  life  by  flight.  The  k,.g  was  not  T-^''^''  '"""'  ^'^^''^'y  '"  '^v 
ized  that  for/»g„lrs  wh^had  uf t nartikin^? h- ''if "^'y'.''"'  <"^'»  BomdaU 
roughly  used  by  his  subjSJs    aL  ^e  ordererl  OnT^^  "«  ♦hus 

ha.e  said,  the  government  of  Kent  be^oSS./  ..  '',''''""~^°  ^*'«'"'  »«  ^e 
fair,  and  to  punish  the  euiltv  Rnt  o«^^  •  ^'?  "^"^^  ""J"'^  '"'o  the  af- 
currence  which  furnish! d Tm  wUh  a  nrel';;  7f'^  ^'',  ^'^'-^^''^  «»  «"  ««- 
for  quarrelling  with  his  sov^rlign  and  so^  f,  T^  P''*"''^'''  ""^^  P«P"1" 
punish  the  Dover  men,  whom  he  aflpHrroH.^^  promptly  refused  to 

by  the  foreigners.  Ed^S^had  iSeen  awa're  'of"  TT'^y,  '"'^^^'^'^d 
of  Godwm,  but  as  he  was  also  awarf  of  th/f»r^f  ^  i^"  ?"«'"«  '"^^Jings 
power  of  that  noble,  he  had  prudrulv  Pnl.?  ^  ^''*'**  ^"'^  widely-spreld 
of  open  disagreement.  ButfhUbS  r^?.TVl^  *°  ^^''''^  ^'1  "ocasion 
provoked  thf  king  so  much  that  ^  thV^S  p  '?^  '"'■'  '^^  '^''^y  I'*'  orders 
of  his  displeasure^if  he  dared  ti  persevere  iSh?,''^!?^?''  '^^  <"""  ^«'g»»t 

Aware,  and  probably  not  sorry  that  an  nni  <^''"''«dience. 
unavoidable,  Godwin  LseST'a  force  and  m '"^,'^7*"  "°"^  ^'^no^ 
ter,  where  the  king  was  then  residinTwith  1  nT''^'^  ^""V'^^  ^'""^e"- 
dinary  retinue.  Edward,  on  hearing  nfh«  "'^er  guard  than  his  or- 
of  his  too  potent  fatherSrw,  aSfed  for  aid^'^li'"^  '."'^  ^""^"^  ^^""'8 
powerful  dukes  of  NorthufiaKd  and  M?rl "  ^"^'^  «"d  Leofric,  th? 
add  to  the  forces  with  which  they  nSeins^lm  f^.^^^""""  *""«  *« 

opened  a  negotiation  with  GodZ.    wflv  as  ,h/p-^^^^^  ^'^  ^'"*'  ho 

casion  forgot  the  rebel  maxhrv-  hkt  hllhl  }  ^^^1  was,  he  on  this  oc- 
sovereign  should  throw  awartho'scabS-d  b!  'tun'^T^^^'r'  ^is 
amuse  him  with  messages  and  nrUsals  whil«^L  v'^'^f'^/^^  "^'"S  '» 
ra.8mg  a  force  siiffieientlypoweStoassnrP  h  m  «  ^"'^\  ^"'''''^^  w«>-^ 
rel  proceed  to  blows.     As  the  descend«nt  nf  »  r*"®"'  '''""'''  ^^^  9»'"' 

and  himself  a  king  remarkable  for  lula^eLV?^. ''"'  ""^  '^"^•'«''  '''"&«. 
a  popularity  which  not  even  L  somewhat  ovprl""  ''°"'"*=''  '"'''"'"^  had 
eigners  could  abate;  and  when  his  RnMp^»-."'^J'"I."» P»"'a»''y  to  for- 
from  the  anger  and  ambUion  of  God  win  ?hi  h'.'lf  *!?!  *'l^'*' '"  '^'»"««' 
such  numbers  that  he  was  able  t7summon  hL  t  '''"^^  *"  ]"'"  defence  in 
able  conduct.     Both  Godwin  and  his  sTswhThln""?"'":"'/"'' his  treason- 

professod  perfect  willinones"  to  pS  jY„l3iri!l'^  '"  '^"  •;^''^"'«"' 
conduct,  on  condition  that  they  should  rPP«iv«h?  '°  ?"'"''*''  f"""  their 
eafety  and  fair  trial.  But  the^king  was  now  far'  T"  '^"''  '^^Y  P«"""«» 
any  such  terms,  and  Godwin  and  L  8on«  npr,5'  ■''°  po^^rf"'  to  grant 
with  the  king  while  he  was  but  slpn  Wi?,  o.^  J  JVt"»  '''«'  '"  negotiating 
opportunity  h  wrestiSg  t'h?  teS^^  ^fl'^"'  'h'o  goldeS 

roons  and  went  abroaJ;  Oodwinnd  hrnnr    «    ^'*'"'y^"*'*"''«'^  'heir 
"ahfw  n,  earl  of  Flanders,  andT  i"  Se  t wS    ons  tS'f '!!^  """'T  ^''h 
Having  thus  for  the  time  tot  rid  of  Lm^i!        ""^'"^  "h'^'t^"'  •»  Ireland. 
«towed  tLir  estates  andZJenin^^^  iirr'"'^^^'' '^^  '  *"«f  he- 

as  he  no  longer  thought  himself  oSed  to  kX  ^'"  favourites;  and 
perious  father-in-law,  he  tK  Queen  Fi^th^-i*"^/"?^  ^"h  his  nn- 
Into  tt  convent  at  Wherwell  '  ^'"""  he  hhd  neverloved, 

«"e.es  as  would  stiS  enable  1*^  m    o  Z^  t hos!  '"f!^"'?  '"^'^  '""•'^'P'  »"'• 
«^rv,ng  him.     His  ally,  the  o.-irTof  F^^iJIL"'!!..!:'.^"^'.*"  oPPortnnity  oj 

~ ~'  '^""  "■**'  ^no  moio  iaiereitvd 


160 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


in  his  behalf  on  account  of  Godwin's  son  Tosti  having  married  the  earl'a 
daughter,  gave  him  the  use  of  his  harbours  in  which  to  assemole  a  fleet, 
and  assisted  hnn  to  hire  and  purchase  vessels ;  and  Godwin,  having  com. 
pleted  his  preparations,  made  an  attempt  to  surprise  Sandwich.  But  Ed 
ward  had  constantly  been  informed  of  the  earl's  movements,  and  had  a  fat 
superior  force  ready  to  meet  him.  Godwin,  who  depended  fully  as  much 
upon  policy  as  upon  force,  returned  to  Flanders,  trusting  that  his  seeminff 
relinquishment  of  his  design  would  throw  Edward  off  his  guard.  It  turned 
out  precisely  as  Godwin  had  anticipated.  Ed  wait!  neglected  his  fleet  and 
allowed  his  seamen  to  disperse,  and  Godwin,  informed  of  this,  suddenly 
sailed  for  the  Isle  of  White,  where  he  was  joined  by  an  Irish  force  under 
Harold.  Seizing  the  vessel*  in  the  southern  ports,  and  summoning  all 
his  friends  in  those  parts  to  aid  him  in  obtaining  justice,  he  was  able  to 
enter  the  Thames  and  appear  before  London  with  an  overwhelminff  force 
Edward  was  undismayed  by  the  power  of  the  rebel  earl,  and  as  he  was 
determined  to  defend  himself  to  the  utmost,  a  civil  war  of  the  worst  de- 
Bcription  would  most  probably  have  ensued  but  for  the  interference  of  the 
nobles.  Many  of  these  were  secretly  friends  of  Godwin,  and  all  of  them 
were  very  desirous  to  accommodate  matters,  and  the  results  of  their  time- 
y  mediation  was^  treaty,  by  which  it  was  stipulated  on  the  one  hand  that 
the  obnoxious  foreigners  should  be  sent  from  the  country,  and  on  the  other, 
that  Godwin  should  give  hostages  for  his  future  good  behaviour.  This  he 
did,  and  Edward  sent  the  hostages  over  to  Normandy,  being  conscious 
that  he  could  not  safely  keep  them  at  his  own  court. 

Though  a  civil  war  was  undoubtedly  for  the  present  averted  by  this 
treaty  between  the  king  and  Godwin,  yet  the  ill  example  thus  given  of  the 
necessities  of  the  king  compelling  him  to  treat  as  upon  equal  terms  with 
his  vassal,  would  probably  have  produced  farther  and  more  mischievous 
acts  of  presumption  on  the  part  of  Godwin,  but  for  his  death,  which  sud- 
denly  occurred  as  he  was  dining  with  the  king  shortly  after  this  hollow 
reconciliation  had  been  patched  up  between  tliem. 

Godwin  was  succeeded  both  in  his  governments  and  in  the  very  imnor- 
tant  office  of  steward  of  the  king's  household  by  his  son  Harold,  who  had 
all  his  father  s  ambition,  together  with  a  self-command  and  seeminir  hu- 
mility  far  more  dangerous,  because  more  difficult  to  be  guarded  asainsL 
than  his  father's  impetuous  violence.  Although  unavoidably  prejudiced 
against  him  on  account  of  his  parentage,  Edward  was  won  by  his  seeminc 
humility  and  anxiety  to  please.  But  though  Edward  could  not  refuse  him 
his  personal  esteem,  his  jealousy  was  awakened  by  the  anxiety  and  suc- 
cess with  which  Harold  endeavoured  to  make  pariizans ;  and,  in  order  to 
curb  his  ambition,  he  played  off  a  rival  against  him  in  the  person  of  Algar. 
son  of  Leofric  duke  of  Mercia,  upon  whom  was  conferred  Harold's  old 
government  of  East  Anglia.  But  this  notable  expedient  of  the  king  whol- 
ly  faded.  Instead  of  the  power  of  Algar  balancing  that  of  Harold,  the 
disputes  between  the  two  rivals  proceeded  to  actual  warfare,  in  which,  as 
usual,  tlie  unoffending  people  were  the  greatest  sufferers.  The  death  oi 
both  Algar  and  his  father  put  an  end  to  this  rivalry,  or  probably  the  verv 
means  which  the  king  had  taken  to  preserve  his  authority  would  have 
wholly  and  fatally  subverted  it.  ' 

A.D.  1055.— There  was  now  but  one  rival  from  whom  Harold  could  feai 
any  effectua  competition;  Slward,  duke  of  Northumberland;  and  his 
death  speedily  left  Harold  without  peer  and  without  competitor.  Siward 
had  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  the  only  foreign  expedition  of  this 
reiffn,  which  was  undertaken  to  restore  Malcolm,  king  of  Scotland,  who 
had  been  chased  from  that  king.lom  after  the  murder  of  his  fallie-.  K\m 
Duncan,  by  a  traitorous  noble  named  Macbeth.  In  this  expedition  riiwad 
was  fully  successful ;  but  unfortunately,  though  he  defeated  and  slew  the 
usuipor,  Msclieth,  he  in  the  same  action  lost  his  eldest  son,  Osborne,  who 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD  \q^ 

jad^^iven  high  pro„,ise  of  both  wiU  and  po.er  to  uphold  the  glory  oi  hi. 

were  all  in  front ;  aSd  whefRu  the  htn  ^«i«»':"«d  that  his  wound, 
his  armour  cleaned  aSd  a  spear  IJed  XtnA  Hf ?  ^'^'^^  ^'  had 
might  meet  death  in  a  guise  worthy  of  a  noW«  5nS  '  ^''**'-*'  •**  ^*''''  he 
Ow  ng  to  the  health  of  the  bini  k  •    ^-"°'"«  a"^  a  warrior. 

.rhildranfhe  gi^w  anxiol'^K's;^^^^^^^^  \"^  "»  havin.  no 

old  was  sufficiently  ambitious  to  seize  unonZ  ."        u^  "'"'  '^''^  "«'"- 
ry  for  his  elder  brother's  son  Edward     Th«/«  •"°T'i'®  ««»*  *»  H»n?a. 
ately  after  his  arrival  in  Sand-  an'rl  iL.  'i^yi"''?-^'*^  «'™08'  immedi. 
Atheling  would  have  been  fflvn^'J^?  though  the  title  of  his  son  Edgai 
did  not.^o  the  aSus  :;/" 'of  h^J^'g' seem  SC  h'^ '''  '"^  '^^".'  ^^ 
a  competent  authority  to  curb  thrsSKmwfinnnf'i^ 
see  any  one  rather  than  Harold  seJure  in  th^  si^.««""?,^'^-,  .^'"'"P '« 
h,s  attention  to  William,  duke  of  NormiSdv     E"'?''"  ^^^  ^^^  turned 
son  of  William,  duke  of  Normandy  bvHarL.,'^^'  pnnce  was  the  natural 
of  the  town  of  Falaise;   but  flSuS^^^^^  '^«"«ht«r  of  a  tanner 

He  had  shown  great  vieoiir  anrt^«n^  •/  •"  ^hat  age  was  little  regarded 

made  to  his  succSon  t^The  dukS  Jnd"tEm;' i*.'^"^""  "!•«  °PP««'"«" 

age  when  his  father  died,  his  conduct  Jh'^^^^^^^ 

his  subsequent  government  fullvSfi«H  .hi,-  u  '^'.®?"'t  ''"«'s  and  in 

had  induced  his  fatherTo  beqSh^  it  5'f  .°P'"'°"  °^  him  which 

of  other  branches  of  the  ducal  ?amilv     Hp  h!-^''"''-^ °'^'  ^°  'he  prejudice 

pined  much  upon  the  gS  LinTo^of  Edwarrt^^ 

known  to  him  his  intention  of  mXna  him  hT-  h'-^^"  had  actually  made 

Hungary  for  Prince  Edward  aS  his  faSy^''  ^'"  ""'"  ^'^""'^  ^'  «««' »« 

him?;^m'^lSL';orsre"diSr?Ll'''«^'"^'«  ^««'r«  to  exclude 
plan  of  conciliating  the  powerful  iS  r^!^.^'T'  «'«?dfastlv  pursued  hi. 
and  protector  of  the  weaL  In  thilrest  S'lf«  ^'""''^  •"'^'"'^  ^'  'he  friend 
but  there  was  an  obstacle  in  the  way  of  his  finn?'.''"'"?^'^  successful, 
anticipated  very  great  difficulty  Amnn.K  J  *  '""""Ph  f'""'"  which  ho 
Karl6odwin,  were  a  S  S-agrri^oS 
,  Harold  perceived  that  Duke  W  lUam  to\^m«l  ^\  "«bleman ;  and  when 
committed,  had  hopes  of  being  rheir  ^o  the  EnS  '^'  ^""'l'^''  ''''' 
iy  became  anxious  about  the  consearenVpVnf  h-    '^^'^''^  "aturaj. 

tives  so  near.    To  get  them  oS?  of  tO^W.'-  n^'  '"'"""^^^  "^"''"y  'o  r^'a- 
of  the  king  was  of  the  utmoS^  mnnwon       '  Pp^^*  Previous  to  the  death 
their  release,  dwel  ing  S  unoTff  ^nn\""»'^  he  applied  to  the  kingfor 
of  his  conduct,  upZwhTh  he  arLed  if  1  Tn  °^'^'""'''  ""'^  dutifulness 
flection  longer  to  keep  the XSes     A^Z  '°'"^  '""'^  ""  '"J""«"»  'e- 
to  all  appearances  of  unb  oken  fluliandlindi.i-r''"^,"''*  .'^''"j^  had  been 
unable  to  make  any  solid  reply  o  his  arlmentsT/d^ 
point  and  ompowePed  Haro  d  to  eo  to  &«,  h        f^  ^fngth  yielded  the 
hastened  to  fulfil  this  veTZrZMl,  J/1    ■  "^^  ^?*^  '«^«aso  them.    Ho 
arose  while  he  wL  7sea^afXK  himTh'.T"'  ''"V*  ^'^'^''^  '^rnpest 
count  of  Ponthieu,  who  male  EnrS.r^^yf"^''"  'he  territory  of  (5ny, 
large  sum  from  him  b7tl?e  wav  of'^rZ  f  '"  u^  k^,'  "f^^^otting  a  very 

Normandy  for  Bid?n  ti;.i«  djle^ilL  rer^ini  tS  t^'i'  i^^\^  '"^^  «^ 
well  as  his  liberty  was  infrinired  hv  [hf«  •  ^  ■  '^^  fluke's  honour  as- 
bound  to  the  court  oTSZ^L^K^lu^^T^J^r^  «<"  «  "«hlema,: 
ngrcabletothe  wishes  of  Sm' wK  of  ^^'^  *'Y''  i^m^md  more 
than  Harold,  was  no  less  po  ticra^d  he  at  on^'f  ^T^  temperament 
this  unexpected  incident  wou  d  ir  va  hi.„  ^hf  ^®  '^^r'^'^y  pen^eived  thai 
only  formidable  competitor  for  tKSgrishZr'  ffi''"'''''''"?  "P«n  hi, 
patched  a  messenger  to  demand  ZlE:„T^-.J?«  "nmecl.ately  dis- 
I.— H  *v  "'  "oruiu;  aau  ine  counj  »a 


163 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Pi-mthieu  complied  on  the  instant,  not  daring  to  irritate  so  warlike  ^and 
powerful  a  prince  as  Duke  William.  Harold  then  proceeded  to  William's 
court  at  Rouen,  where  he  was  received  'with  every  demonstration  of  the 
warmest  good  will.  William  professed  the  greatest  willingness  to  give 
up  the  hostages,  and  at  the  same  time  took  the  opportunity— as  if  ignorant 
of  Harold's  own  secret  intentions — to  beg  his  aid  in  his  pretensions  to  the 
crown  of  England,  assuring  him  in  return  of  an  increase  to  the  grandeur 
and  power  already  enjoyed  by  his  own  family,  and  offering  him  a  daughter 
of  his  own  in  marriage.  Though  Harold  had  the  least  possible  desire  to 
aid  in  his  own  defeat,  he  clearly  enough  saw  that  if  he  were  to  refuse  to 

eromise  it  he  would  be  made  a  prisoner  in  Normandy  for  the  remainder  of 
is  life.  He  agreed,  therefore  to  give  William  his  support.  But  a  mere 
promise  would  not  serve  William's  turn,  he  required  an  oath,  and  as  oaths 
sworn  upon  reliques  were  in  that  age  deemed  of  more  than  usual  sanctity, 
he  had  some  reliques  of  the  most  venerated  martyrs  privately  hidden  be- 
neath the  altar  on  which  Harold  was  sworn ;  and,  to  awe  him  from  break- 
ing his  oath,  showed  them  to  him  at  the  conclusion  of  the  ceremony. 
Harold  was  both  surprised  and  annoyed  at  the  shrewd  precaution  of  the 
duke,  but  was  too  politic  to  allow  his  concern  to  appear. 

Imagining  that  he  had  now  fully  secured  the  support  of  iiaroid  instead 
of  having  to  fear  his  opposition,  William  allowed  him  to  depart  with  many 
expressions  of  favour  and  friendship.  But  Harold  had  no  sooner 
obtained  his  own  liberty  and  that  of  his  relatives,  than  he  began  to  exert 
ert  himself  to  suggest  reasons  for  breaking  the  oath  which  actual  though 
nominal  durance  had  extorted  from  him,  and  the  accompaniment  of  which 
had  been  brought  about  by  an  overt  fraud.  He  shut  his  eyes  upon  the 
fact  that,  having  consented  to  take  the  oath,  it  really  mattered  little  whe- 
ther he  was  aware  or  not  of  the  presence  of  the  reliques ;  had  they  not 
been  there  his  oath  would  still  be  in  full  force,  and  he  could  only  act 
in  contravention  of  it  by  gross  perjury.  Determined  to  have  the  crown  if 
possible,  even  at  this  fearful  price,  he  now  redoubled  his  efforts  at  gaining 
public  favour,  hoping  that  his  superior  popularity  would  deter  the  king 
from  making  any  further  advances  to  Duke  William,  and  relying,  in  the 
last  resort,  upon  the  armed  defence  of  the  nation.  In  pursuance  of  this 
plan  he  headed  an  expedition  against  the  Welsh,  and  pressed  them  to  such 
straits  that  they  beheaded  their  prince,  Griffith,  and  consented  to  be  gov 
erned  by  two  noblemen  appointed  by  Fdward. 

The  popularity  he  gained  in  this  expedition  was  greatly  enhanced  by  his 
politic  and  ostentatious  display  of  rigid  partiality  in  a  case  in  which  his 
brother,  Tosti,  duke  of  Northumberland,  was  a  principal  party.  Tosti  had 
conducted  himself  with  such  tyrannical  violence  that  the  Northumbrians 
expelled  him  ;  and  the  deceased  Duke  Leofric's  grandsons,  Morcar  and 
Edward,  having  sided  with  the  people,  the  former  was  by  them  elected  to 
be  their  duke.  The  king  commissoned  Harold  to  put  down  this  insurrec- 
tion, which  it  was  naturally  supposed  that  he  would  be  all  the  more  zeal- 
ous in  doing,  as  the  interests  of  his  own  brother  were  concerned.  But  Mor- 
car,  having  demanded  a  conference  with  Harold,  gave  him  such  proofs 
of  the  misconduct  of  Tosti,  and  appealed  so  flatteringly  to  his  own  very 
opposite  conduct,  that  Harold  not  merely  withdrew  the  army  with  which 
he  was  about  to  chastise  the  Northumbrians,  but  made  such  a  representa- 
tion of  the  case  as  induced  the  king  not  only  to  pardon  the  Northumbri- 
ans but  also  to  confirm  Morcar  in  Tosti's  government.  Tosti  fled  to  the 
court  of  Flanders,  but  subsequently  took  an  opportunity  to  show  the  extent 
of  his  dissatisfaction  with  his  brother's  decision. 

Shortly  after  this  affair  Harold  married  the  sister  of  Morcar,  a  step 
which  plainly  intimated  how  little  he  held  himself  bound  to  perform  ihf 
Hworn  engagements  to  William  of  Normandy.  In  fact  he  was  now  ao 
very  popular,  that  he  made  no  secret  of  hia  pretension  to  the  throne,  bui 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLn.  103 

TX^'S'^il^lt:^:^^^^^^  be  unfit 

coed  Edward;  and  thoueh  theS»-  w„~  """i'"  ^^e  nation  to  sue- 
succession  directly  SSshive^I^^oT^npHnn  T'''*  °^^^^  '»  ""o^'s 
weak  in  both  mind  and  boT'tota^a^^^^  Pretension,  he  was  too 

succession  of  William.  ^  energetic  steps  for  securijig  the 

app?oSnVe^?a"nte;^^^^^^^^^^ 

he  could  not  muster  resolS  to  in?it?^Ti  wiir''''^'l*''".°f  ""»W, 
policy,  or  arms  to  decide  the  s  "ccesZn  at^S^L^h"''*?'  u^"^  ^^^^  «^«n«^ 
sixty-fifth  year  of  his  age  and  Swe„tv  fifth  nf  h  t  ''^'''^  ^""""^^  >«  '^^^^ 
Godwin  and  Harold  excited  his  d?sikphr.h-  i^''  "■^'?"-  T'»o"gh  bf«<h 
him  by  superior  talent  SenerffithlnLS  l.  ""^  I^'i^^  acquired  over 
fact,  mainly  attributaieTtSReraSdS^^^  '^*"'  '" 

te^t^fS^^SS-i^^'ae^ttS^ 


CHAPTER  XH. 

THE   KEIOW   OF   HAROLD    THE   SECOND 

proVakMhirHtiaa^^^^^  had  so  ,0.,  been 

mere  fact  of  his  being  on  the  soo'hl  h-H  »  ^'^  Preparations,  and  intbo 
over  his  Norman  rival  "  No'  Z%  werS  his  oS.^'*^  '"'"*''^«'  ^'•'^^"'«*-'« 
erfulby  their  wealth  and  stations  thev  wLp  1«  '  numerous  and  pow- 
Neither  Duke  William  nor  EdTrAtheTinrwp,^^^^^  compactly  organized, 
was  taken  for  granted  that  the  unanimouf  vole  nfTh*"^  P'T'*^*^' ''"'  '» 
sented  by  that  of  the  lav  and  cleS  31  .  ^  "^  ^^^  Pf  "P^^  ^^^  '^P^^- 
without  even  waiting  fo^r  the  forTnafsaSon^fV"'"^""'''^  ^^™**^  =  ^"'i' 
he  was  crowned  by  the  archbishop  of  SoJ.i^  '*"'5  °^  ''i?  '''"fi^'^«™' 
cease  of  Edward.    Nor  in  fact  w.«  tho  "le  very  day  after  the  de- 

assumption  as  it  someUmes  ts'b^^n  ?or  h3<?^'''"  ""'?°"  ^°  •"««•«  «" 
lar,  and  the  Normans  were  as  univers'allv  ha^In  1T'  .""'"e^aHy  P0P» 
on  account  of  their  fierce  and  warhke  charactPr  ^^ ^""[^'Sn'^r^'  and  feared 
was  in  England,  he  was  not  Ion?  a  IowpH  »«  i!f'  ?"^  ?''P"'^''  ^  Harold 
His  brother  Tosti,  whrhad  reSeS  vnS..?  '•'^^k^"  elevation  in  peace, 
of  Flanders  ever  since  HaroI^rmemorahrJ^^^^^^  banishment  at  the  court 
that  his  time  was  now  arrived  t„™aTeSint'''H"  ^^^'"«i  him,  deemed 
fluence  with  the  earl  of  Flanders  and  IITL.  "^  ^''"''.^''  ^is  utmost  in- 
pise  forces,  and  journeyed  pSsonallv  to  NoJ^w^  '"'"  ^""'^^y  »» 
Ham  to  join  hirnLvenUrb^Xlirl^^^^^         ^^^"«^««  D"''^  W.l 

.iaJ/rt"t?oLth'^iterat"&^^^^^^ 

urging.    He  had  already  dSmfneSratHaS'-^^^  'I  '"^'^"''"^  ""^ 

to  fight  for  the  throne :  but  as  it  w!.  IZ.-T  1    •  '^ou'd  at  the  least  have 

a.,  possible  withTe  English  neonlhr«.1^  ""P^  «»«'«" 

Harold  to  perform  the  proS  he  h»S'm«Hl  ?">bassador8  summonuig 
of  an  oath.*^  Harold  reKa^  some  leZh  I'i''"' !^  most  solemn  for.,, 
of  reason  to  the  dukJ^s  memV  Ts  rell  Sd  "o  h^H  0'^.^^'''^"'^^-^^  '^ow 
been  extorted  from  him  under  circumsi«nP«Vf°.  ^^^^*  ^/  '*"'•  'l^atbad 
bodily  terror,  and  wrconSSy  nuTTd^^^^^^ 
person  could  not  lawfully  swear  tnf™,^.k  '"".^over,  he  as  a  private 

M  himself,  he  added,t^enTaised1o  thrthm^^^  h^S  P'-«'«»'i°"«-     He 

of  bis  nnniiio  n«A  uJ .  •  •    ,     .  r"^  tnrone  by  the  unanimous  vni«» 

''"""'' '  ""  """"'  "'"«^a  De  uuworthy  oj-  their  love  aL  dtruVj 


104 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


were  he  not  prepared  to  defend  the  liberties  they  had  entrusted  in  htsi 
care.  Finally,  he  said,  should  the  duke  attempt  by  force  of  arms  to  dis 
luro  mm  and  his  kirgdom,  he  would  soon  learn  how  great  is  the  power 
of  a  united  people,  led  by  a  prince  of  its  own  choice,  and  one  who  waa 
firmly  determined  that  he  would  only  cease  to  reign  when  he  should  cease 
to  live. 

William  expected  such  an  answer  as  this,  and  even  while  his  messen- 
gers were  travelling  between  Normandy  and  the  English  court  he  was 
ousily  engaged  in  preparations  for  reinforcing  his  pretensions  by  arms. 
Brave,  and  possessed  of  a  high  reputation,  he  could  couat  not  only  upon 
the  zealous  aid  of  his  own  warlike  Normans,  who  would  look  on  the  in- 
vasion of  such  a  country  as  England  in  the  light  of  an  absolute  godsend, 
but  also  of  the  numerous  martial  nobles  of  the  continent,  who  literally 
made  a  trade  of  war,  and  were  ever  readv  to  range  themselves  and  their 
stalwart  men-at-arms  under  the  banner  of  a  bold  and  famous  leader,  witl-.- 
out  expressing  any  troublesome  curiosity  as  to  the  rightfulness  of  his 
cause.    Among  these  unscrupulous  sworders  iho  wealth,  feme  and  a  cer 
tain  blunt  and  hearty  hospitality  of  Willirtm  made  him  extremely  popular, 
and  in  the  idea  of  conqucriiiff  such  a  kingdom  as  England  there  was  mu'h  to 
tempt  their  cupidity  as  well  as  to  inflame  their  valour.     Fortune,  too,  fa- 
voured William  by  the  sudden  death  of  Conan,  count  cf  Brittany.    Be- 
tween this  nobleman  and  William  there  was  an  old  and  very  inveterate 
feud,  and  Conan  no  sooner  learned  Duke  William's  design  upon  England, 
than  he  endeavoured  to  embarrass  and  prevent  him  by  reviving  his  own 
claim  to  the  duchy  of  Normandy,  wiiich  he  required  to  be  settled  upon  him 
in  the  event  of  the  duke  suecocdiiig  in  England.     This  demand  would 
have  caused  the  duke  much  inconvenience,  but  Conan  had  scarcely  mado 
it  when  he  died,  and  Count  Hoel,  his  successor,  .so  far  fionl  seeking  to 
embarrass  William,  sent  him  five  thousand  men  under  command  of  \m 
■on  Alain.    The  earl  of  Flanders  and  the  count  of  Anjou  permitted  their 
subjects  to  join  William's  army,  and  though  the  regency  ot  France  oslcn- 
sibly  commanded  him  to  lay  aside  his  enterprise,  the  earl  of  Flanders, 
who  was  at  the  head  of  the  regency  and  who  was  his  father- in-lnw,  took 
care  to  let  the  French  nobility  know  that  no  objection  wouid  lie  offered  to 
their  enlisting  under  William.     Still  more  important  aid  and  e..('«)ui'age- 
menl  were  atibrded  to  Willi..m  by  the  emperor  Henry  IV.,  who  not  only 
assisted  him  in  levying  men  in  his  dominion,  but  also  promised  to  protect 
the  duchy  of  Normandy  durina  the  duke's  absence ;  but  the  most  important 
protector  and  encouragor  of  VVilliam  in  his  projected  enterprise  was  Tope 
Alexander  HI.,  whom  the  duke,  with  shrewd  Judgment,  had  completely 
won  to  his  interests  by  voluntarily  maVing  him  the  mediator  between 
them.     The  great  anxitty  of  the  papal  courts  to  have  an  influence  as  well 
over  the  temporal  as  over  the  spiritual  afl'airs  of  the  nation  would  have 
rendered  this  one  stroke  of  William's  policy  quite  decisive  of  Alexander's 
conduct,  but  the  pontiff  was  still  farther  interested  in  the  duke's  success 
by  his  belief  that  should  the  Normans  conquer  England,  they  would  sub- 
lect  that  nation  more  completely  than  it  hud  yet  been  to  the  papal  see. 

From  the  states  of  his  own  duchy  Willium  at  firtt  met  with  some  ojipo- 
■ition,  the  supplies  lu;  reciuired  being  nnpreccdoiilly  and  onerously  larjfd. 
But  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux,  WillLim  Filzowboriie,  count  of  Breteuil  and 
constable  of  Normandy,  with  the  count  of  Loii((uevillo  and  other  Nor- 
man magnates,  ao  effectually  ;;idcd  him  that  this  difllculty  was  got  over, 
and  the  states  agreed  to  furnish  him  with  all  the  aid,  only  under  protflst 
that  their  comphanco  should  .tut  be  drawn  into  a  precedence  injurious  to 
uieir  posterity. 

Hy  iroal  activity,  perseverance,  and  aildress,  William  at  IciiKth  fouml 
tiimself  itt  the  head  of  a  magiiifliontly  apnoiulcd  force  of  thnse  Uiousaml 

reiaela  of  various  rates,  and  UnwanlH  nf  nO.nOO  mnn  •  nnA   ■«  rwinnlar  liAil 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  jog 

his  force  was  imposing  His  ve^ernn  »„Th '^■''i^  '^'."^  °^  numbers  tFiat 
led  bysomeof  thS  mS famous  chamni?^.»  ^f'^'P'"!^^  men-at-arms  woro 
true  warriors ;  among  ^vhom  he  coSyreckon  tZI  ""*'  '»'  °'  !f"'8*'^«  «"'1 
William  de  Waronne,  Roger  de  BeaumoSf  H^h  h'^-'  Tl"^  "^  "»»l«gn«. 
famed  Charles  Marrel.  "eaumont,  Hugh  d'  ^staples,  and  the  far- 

pro'Tljil^g^tfc^^^^  other  gallant  loaders  by 

(lim,  Tosti,  the  infuriated  brSr  of  hII  J^  "^T  ^^'^".'  '**  '=°»1"«''  f^' 
structions  in  ravaging  he  coasts  of  F^aKln*  ""^^  ^''"''^  ^^  William's  in- 
of  Harold  and  his  subjects  nnthp'-^^--  -5  distracting  the  attention 
tions.    In  conjunction-"  w ith  iSKa^^^^^^^  ^""'"y'"  P^'^P'^^"* 

powerful  fleet  into  the  Hunber  «m  biaa^,  '  ^i"^  of  Norway,  Tosti  led  a 
car,  duke  of  Northumberird!  and  fS  H„S«'''?'m  ^'  ''^""""y-  ^^'- 
«uch  forces  as  time  would  allow  and  e.ivn,?,  ?^^«'■'='«.  g«l  together 
ders,  but  were  put  to  the  rou  bv  them  S^hn  "i  Vv."  ^T  "^^^^  '^"'  '""»"- 
men  was  in  itself  di8astrous]™cce^s/uM/S^^^^^^ 
compact  force  and  hasten  to  nieSt  th«^!.S  ^^^^  "'"'"''^  '""«  'o  raise  a 
at  Stanford,  in  Lincons  re  a^  i  1h«?1  "  V)  P""*'"-  "«  ">«'  '^em 
werecompl^tely  defeated  and  bot.Vo-ti^^  ' '^'  *"''"''''  ^^e  invaders 
on  the  field.  Wince  01  ,?o  son  oHh  r*^  ^''r '*^r'»  "*■  ^"'"'^y  P«"«^^^^ 
oner,  and  the  whole  of  eNorweJiifl^!-Tw  ^'""^fy'  ^"l'"'"'"  P"" 
with  great  generosity,  gave  tl^e^l  i      "^f  captured;  but  Harold, 

"'?,;« 'tf>-»y  «f^iP»3 tpa^rt^hf/rn    oun'iry'"'"'  "''  "^'^"^'^ 

services;  andcw.  his  returni,^  Im  «L  U  M?'''^  ','"  '""'"  ""^''"'^  t^eir 
desire  to  spH.re  his  people  as  3,  '-  T  .'/''""^  '  ''^  "^^^  actuated  by  a 
with  l)uke  Willian  X  "m  uoh  diS:i  to  r  '''"  »PP«'«««''i»«  contest 
them  actually  deserted,  and  the  ro«t  ™  i''"  "'.""■^'  '^""  '"''"y  °' 
«urth,  apprehending  some  fata  consem.ZL  f'**'"'!*"'*''^-..  "*«  '^'""'" 
ble  discontent,  end.fav,.urec  t  'iissuaT Kfi  f  f '"  ""?  ."-^o'ly  ""reasona- 
son  in  the  field  against  W  I    m      i^  ,  "  ^"""  "*'^'"»  '''»  "wn  por- 

riskallumnonobattrvdoX^  "^^  would  bo  unwise  to 

depend  u  ,on  ihl  lo^^y  ZZ&TxiZ'^f  T'V  \"  ^""  ''•""^ 
could  weary  out  the  invaders  ,SM7nrli,'''''f'''  for  abundant  supplies 
and  he  added,  that  arHarold  id  hnL  *"''"'  '"to.s" bniission  or  retreat, 
reliques  to  supnort  insteXVf    n?'  '>.°"''^.r'"  .""fittingly,  sworn  upon  the 

him^o  refraTfn.  ;  talc  ig  a7;Z"fa  t'  t"  i::'.'?  ^""'•'  ''"/*'  *"'"«'•  f«' 
But  Harold  would  hoo(i  mlrZon  n.^  ^n^         "  "'*'  '»PPr«»<-»'inR  contest, 
innied  literally  to  fulfl  t  „  to  ms    f  l.irrn    '  '■r"Il"'!i!'">'<^«  =  he  was  detei 
to  cense  to  refgn  o,"ly  in  ceasing  to  ,'iv'e    '''^  '"  '^'""""  "  ""'"'"»"»'  ■»»<' 

.•.'firiteZt^turini^^t^'s"' ,rt"  '"'^''"''•'^^y  -'"^•'  '"  -hieh 
of  Sussex,  and  the  army  lanZi  at'      I.m.s IT.n  ""^^  "'''""'""'  *"^  ""'  ''«»"< 
n  his  hurry  to  leap  aslu'r   s    m  ,  J     '7f  T  '^'l\^  opposition.    The  duke 
great  presence  of  nindovcS"^^^  o  the  ground;  but  he  with 

dent  into  an  evil  on'     K  L.u  v  I '  i"- '''"'■'  'T  interpreting  this  acci- 
Hes^ionof  the  country    ^         ^  «=*claimliig  that  he  had  now  taken  pos 

H«!iro^:r';;.';:ui;!ir;.>  li.;'::','  ";i  "'"y'  -«"» •  "'""^  t„  Duke  w.i. 

«im.     William    wIk   wni  oiSur  ^  fi'l'  ''ry^'"'  "^ "  ""'"  "^  '""'•"y  «" 

tfodo?3L;;Sd";c:;:jS;::'t:S:r\^^ 


■  -T-rr* 


il  fc.  ■  f. 


lee 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


The  eve  of  the  momentous  day  of  strife  was  passed  by  the  Normans  m 
prayer,  and  in  confessing  their  sins  to  the  host  of  monks  by  whom  they 
were  accompanied ;  but  the  English,  more  confident  or  more  reckless,  irave 
themselves  up  to  wassail  and  merriment. 

Early  in  the  morning  the  Duke  addressed  the  principal  leaders.  He  rep- 
resented to  them  that  they  had  come  to  conquer  a  fine  country  from  the 
hands  of  a  usurper  whose  perjury  could  not  fail  to  call  down  destruction 
upon  his  head;  that  if  they  fought  valiantly  their  success  was  certain,  but 
that  if  any,  from  cowardice  or  treachery, should  retreat,  they  would  infal- 
libly perish  between  a  furious  enemy  and  the  sea  towards  which  he  would 
dnve  them.  His  address  finished,  the  duke  formed  his  immense  force  into 
three  divisions.  His  choice  and  heavy-armed  infantry  was  commanded 
by  Charles  Martel,  the  archers  and  light-armed  infantry  by  Roger  de 
Montgomery,  and  the  cavalry,  which  flanked  both  those  divisions,  was 
under  his  own  immediate  leading. 

Harold  had  chosen  his  situation  with  great  judgment.   His  force  was  dls 
posed  upon  the  slope  of  a  rising  ground  and  the  flanks  were  secured  against 
cavalry,  in  which  he  was  but  weak,  by  deep  trenches.     In  this  position  he 
resolved  to  await  the  attack  of  the  enemy,  and  he  placed  himself  on  foot 
accompanied  by  his  brothers  Guf^th  and  Leofwin,  at  the  head  of  his  infan' 
try.     The  first  attack  of  the  Normans  was  fierce,  but  the  steadiness  with 
which  they  were  met  and  the  great  difficulty  of  the  ground  compelled 
them  to  retire,  and  the  Engliah  pursued  and  threw  them  into  a  disorder 
which  threatened  to  degenerate  into  actual  rout.    Duke   William,  who 
■aw  that  all  his  hopes  were  at  this  moment  in  jeopardy,  led  on  the  flower 
of  his  cavalry,  and  speedily  compelled  the  English  to  relinquish  their  hard- 
earned  advantage,  and  retire  to  their  original  position.     William  now  or- 
dered up  additional  troops  to  the  attack,  but  finding  the  English  stand  firm 
he  made  a  feint  of  retreat.     With  far  more  bravery  than  judgment,  the 
fcngiish  abandoned  their  advantageous  post  to  pursue  the  flying  and  seem- 
ingly terrified  enemy,  when  the  NorniHii  infantry  suddenly  halted  and  faced 
the  hnglish,  whose  flanks  were  at  the  same  instant  furiously  charced 
^}  t       ''"'""  '-'^valry.     William  was  admirably  obeyed  by  his  troops, 
and  the  English  fell  in  vast  numbers;  but  the  survivors  by  great  exerliop 
regained  the  hill,  where  the  aid  and  example  of  Harold  enabled  them  to 
defend  themselves  with  greater  advantage.    Extraordinary  as  it  may  senm 
the  ardour  of  the  English  enabled  William  to  put  the  same  feint  into  exe- 
cution a  second  time,  and  with  equal  advantage  to  himself,  though  the 
main  lM)dy  of  Harold's  army  still  remained  firmly  entrenched  upon  the 
hill.   But  galled  by  the  incessant  play  of  William's  archers,  whodiscliarir- 
ed  their  deadly  inisailes  over  the  heads  of  the  advancing  heavy-infantry 
the  English  were  at  length  broken  by  the  furious  yet  steady  charaes  of 
these  latter,  and,  Harold  and  both   his  brothers  being  slain,  they  Jlod 
WM,^'"*'.''"""*'*  *'"'  '♦"'''•''•I6  slaughter  by  the  victorious  Normaiis.- 
Wilham  did  not  gain  thin  iinportmit  victory  without  vast  loss,  the  battle 
liavir.g  been  continued  with  almost  unabated  fury  on  both  sides  from 
morning  until  evening.     The  dead  body  of  the  ill-fated  Harold  was  found, 
and,  by  the  ordoM  of  the  duke,  restored  to  his  mother  j  and  the  Norman* 
having  solemnly  returned  thanks  for  their  signal  triumph,  marched  on- 
ward to  pursue  their  advantage. 

Had  the  English  still  poHsi-sscd  a  royal  family  of  the  high  courage  and 
popiilajity  of  Harold,  Duke  William,  in  «|)it«  of  his  first  brilliant  suc.oas, 
might  for  years  have  been  harassed  by  tlie  neccsMity  of  continually  fight 
ing  small  ami  inde«Msive  battles  in  every  province  of  the  kingdoni.     Hut 
Kdgir  Alhnling,  llu;  only  Saxoti heir  to  iVw  crown,  had  neither  the  rapaci 
ly  nor  Die  reputation  which  would  enable  him  to  organiio  and  direct  a  ro 
sistance  of  this  stern  and  •lHlilH>rn  description,     But  his  mere  lineagr 
went  for  much  in  the  circumtUuces  of  the  kingdom,  Kiid  the  dukes  Moron 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  •  ,67 

«overe.gn  against  t^eVormminvy^^^^^ 

were  aealouily  assisted  bv  StiifJnf  ,mhhi.h    '*   measure   the  dukes 

w^alth  and  inLnce  ml'^him'S"g'rUr.e  it'tolhS"'"'"^   "'°'^ 

pope's  bull  in  favour  of  hirenterDrii^it  h^t,„  ^f^'"^  *°  ^^^  P««Pl«  ^ho 
knew  would  have  ^ffrea^t  efS.  S,  li,!  ^'"*  a  document  which  he  well 
tudo,  and  thus  disiXe  tLm  to  S?d\t  rX« ''''°"r  '"in^iof  the  multj. 
ers,  he  marched  towards  London  A  L^«k^''®  ?^*x"""^  ^y  *»»«''  lead- 
ed to  arrest  his  cour^J,  but  ?hey  wert  routed  w.^h°^.  Lpndo„e«i  attempt- 
about  five  hundred  ho^se  of  t he  Norm»n  ^  ^'^'^  '®'"^'e  slaughter  by 
together  with  the  littJe^oS^^  and  L^hl^'f*^^  and  this  new  disaster, 
completely  dispirited  1)1^06001^  th„,  ^"'^'""^sm  excited  by  Edgar,  so 
spoiled  of  succors  aSdretifedKe^^^^  *='*«''»  »««'  de^ 

submitted  ;  Southwark  aUemoted  ^m^rr-  »"^^  governments.  All  Kent 
and  the  Normans  seeLd  s^  wholl?Tr/,?!'hf  "'f,'  '".^  ■*''"  ««'  ««  fi'«  J 
of  Canterbury,  Edgrithdin^  and  o.hJ^  '."^^ >''*'  «l'gand,  archbisho,^ 
tendered  William  the  crown  aifd  mZn^'  '**k'"»  '?^"  "^  "»«  kingdom, 
degree  of  hypocrisy!  whS  the  vlt  nrln-'r.r' '""'k'T  i°  **''"•  With  a 
great  toils  he  l.ad  un  ieTS  for  th^mfrnTf  ^^^^  ^n'l  'he 

ridiculous,  the  dukeretfnTed  to  havS  scTZ  at^^^^^^^^  '^^  '"'T"  ""^^^ 
without  some  more  formal  consent  of  .h«'i?  r  ?"^  accepting  the  crowr 
friends,  ashamed  of  hU^uSs  .?m,  ,'fHn,^'^^^  "»'  ^s  own 

scruples  might  give  rise  to  Zn«"fj^"'* '**"'"!:  «f'a'd  ">at  his  affected 
Plaiiiy  withhhfilhat  his  ?eZod  rir?  '"■■"  »f  events,  remonstrated  so 
were  Jiven  for  the  See  sarySi^^^^^^  '^V^^'  «"d  order. 

Stigand,  archbishop  of  Caiiterburv  w«L  «?/  r  ""™«*l».»»e  coronation, 
per  person  to  have  crowned  WiriiLH„»°?h'"''''lS^  '°  eUqaetie,  the  pro- 
shown  in  defending  lu's  countrv  ml?)'-  1  "'  "**  alacrity  that  prelate  had 
•lislike.  who  re  2  "5  be  cJiw.md  2v  tim  ""  ".hJ''"',«^  V'«  <^^onq„orer's 
been  irregularly  obta  ned  •  3  thl  .LiJn'u"?  ^^^i'"*/'''*'  his  pall  had 
aixshbishojofftrk  '  ''^  melaucholy  office  fell  upou  Aldred. 


THK    RKION  or  VfthUAK    I 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

„  '  WSUALIT  STTLKD   "  WltLIAM  THK  COHQURROR. 

have  William  for  heifkinrimti  ^'"',"\"  "'"y  *«™  w*'""*  to 

tions,  ho  adnon  si  ed  him  to  unh,.  d  hV'.r"!:'"  ^^  "'"'•mative  acclama- 
l<««tic«  with  rr  "remand  the  mtii.l'"'""'''  '7'  J"»ti.:n,and  execute 
Hpplause  of  .:.e  "peaalors  of  IvUh  natfons  A  "1'  '"''  ^''*''  i""***  "'«  '«"'' 
Hurround..,'  the  abbey,    „neaHiu,nhm,.^    '!?"*  'f""'*  "^  N<,rma,i8 

K;?: «-;  ££;S't^^^^^   far;;;;;: 

^^^^^nt!:::^  prmnipal  Ea. 

able  ,,„„,hict  of  hi«  now  Zh  «  r  Liirn    .^^  ""*^'  •*'y'M">''  l'«e  peaco. 
•howed  the  Jedousr^e  feU  b?;.rZ?i*.'^  «he  stunly  Unaonor,,  and  he 


108 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


I.  .*Lf;  ^.^6';— H'S  jealousy  of  his  new  subjects  was  still  further  shown  bv 
fh«  T''y  ^^7™  ^°'^'^°"  i!"  .^^•^''•"S' '"  *^«««*'  ^^here  he  held  a  court  fS 
2l!nP  nfrr  fr''?*^^  '^*  ^*""*fi^«  **f  ^'^"''^  English  nobles  who  had  no 
fc!"  ^Tn***  «i,ihe  coronation.     Edric,  surnamed  the  Foresten  the 
brave  ^arl  Coxo,  Edwin  and  Morcar,  who  had  so  zealously  though  inef 
lectually  endeavoured  to  prevent  him  from  enslaving  their  countm  and  n 
crowd  of  nobles  of  smalfer  note  waited  upon  him  tLre,  made  K  r  Lu^ 
mission  m  form,  and  were  confirmed  by  fiim  in  their  authority  and  JSg 
sessions,  and  though  the  new  reign  had  commenced  in  war  and  usurpaf  ioS 
JuiroiT       '       ^'"^  appearance  of  its  being  both  a  just  and  a  tS 

Having  received  the  submission  of  all  his  principal  English  subjects 
Wi  ham  now  busied  himself  in  distributing  rewards  amonltl  e  Norman 
soldiery  to  whom  he  owed  his  new  crownT  He  was  enabfed  to  behiJS 
the  more  hberally  towards  them,  because,  in  addition  to  the  arge  treasSIe 
of  the  unfortunate  Harold  which  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  he  wfs  enrkfhed 
by  great  presents  made  to  him  by  numerous  wealthy  EngLTi  who  were 
desirous  of  being  among  the  earliest  to  worship  the  risinf  sun.l^hrt  Thev 
might  enlarge,  or  at  the  least  preserve  their  estates.    As  ^the  clergy  haS 

llnSl'^Tu^  '"'"  ^^  ™"'^«  "^^^  P^«««"'«  t«  them  also;  and  he  ottd 
an  abbey  to  be  erected  near  the  site  of  the  late  battle,  and  to  be  called 

An  anecdote  is  related,  in  connection  with  this  abbey,  that  William  was 
informed,  after  the  foundations  were  laid,  that  the  workmen  couS  no? 
find  any  sprmg  of  water  for  the  supply  of  the  intended  edifice     "Le 
U^em  work  o„,^'  replied  William,  "  let  tRem  work  on,  by  the  blessing  o 

.^  EngC."  ^  ^"  ""^  P^'"''^"^ '"  '•'"'  ""^^'^  '»»•»"  ^«'«'  in  any  Xr 
William  doubtless  built  this  magnificent  abbey  partly  for  the  sako  o» 
placng  there  his  most  zealous  friends  among  :L  Nofmm.  monkn  »nH 
partly  as  a  splendid  and  durable  monument  of  his  greJtTri^h  bit  he 
.  ffected  to  dedicate  it  chiefly  to  the  saying  of  masses  for  ho  reoose  ot 
iliat  unrortumite  prince  whom  he  had  deprived  of  both  k^^gdomfri  ufe 
Though  William  had  obtained  his  throne  striniy  by  coZest  and  usur 
pation,  he  commenced  his  reign  in  .,  m.uiner  the  bost^cSS  "o  recoi ! 
cile  h IS  subjects  to  their  change  of  sovoroigns.    The  pride  of  conauJStd 

.h'!,\S«?.'"'"  '"  ^'r   '"'^Ty  "f  conciiiatton.  and  wK  ho  wasTroili  i 
the  moHt  busy  in  placing  all  power  and  influence  in  Norman  hands  hS 
no  opportunity  of  showing  apparent  favour  to  and  confllncrin  tile  lead 
mg  Saxons.    Though  he  confiscated  not  only  the  estates  of  Ha«3d  bu 
also  those  of  many  of  the  leadinp  men  who  had  sided  with  that  mfortu 
mite  prince,  he  in  numerous  cases  availed  himself  of  slen  lor  "xcus -s  foi 

c^lt?  Wdirair*'  '°  •"'"'•/*»['''f»l  "^-n^^"-    «»ti.fiod  that  S  i,  ,£f 
cllity  of  hdgar  Atheling  secured  the  peaceable  behaviour  of  that  Driiu-e 
he  «onfirinea  him  in  the  earldom  of  6xford  with  which  ho  had  been  hf' 
vested  by  the  deceased  king;  and,  by  th«^  studied  kind  Sss  of  h?»H« 
meanour  towards  the  Saxon  nobles 'whS  appro.Sd  hhiSe "rSvo^J  add 
to  thoir  grutuudr  for  th«  solid  favours  he  conferred  upin  thJ  n?  a  fleling 

will  ol  the  people  at  arge  by  maintaining  among  his  troops  that  slrioi  dii- 
dpluie  for  winch  ho  had  hem  ro.narkablo  in  Nurniaiidy.  V ic  urs  hou  ' 
hey  were,  and  both  ordered  and  encuruged  to  keep  the  sLxrioX 
S  1?  i""'  ""J"^'"","*^  }"  "«'  'H'vv  government  the  /were  not  an.S  to 
add  Insolence  to  mithority.  a.„|  the  slightest  dis.-  er  or  invasio  of  nro. 
pertv  was  pm.nptly  and  strie.tly  puni"hod.     His  «om,iliS  w  lufv  ex 

Lutti  .  "  '^'r  '"rj"'""''-  '^''•"t  °"y  '""d  been  wSy  oS«o^  o^S 
but  Ins  anger  for  the  past  opposition  w.w  kept  down  by  a  nnidnt  eon. 
wcientlon  of  the  i.n,Mirl««t  oart  .o  powerful  2  city  mi,^J[  ut'some  f  Juli: 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  my 

confirmed  ite  priXeS  5f  thn  nmfn?*''' '"  ^'/  *'"'".  ''^"'^«-  ^hile  he 
fortresses  in  nfany  ofthem  and^cS  Mv''h""'^  ^T^^'  '^'''«'''  ^^  *>""' 
commanded  all  the  best  niUharvnostHfnrt  '^Tu""'    "«  '^ua 

stantly  occupied  by  h"  ™e  er7n  so Siir,  w  ^'''^  *^«'"  «=«"- 

have  anticipated  or  even  vv»hed  anH  A.«  ^^     i     »"/''«  success  he  could 
companionffn  h  s  pfeasle*    Amon.  h  "'  """'"'""'^  "P«"  '"«  «»«'«  ""^ 

The  complete  submission  and  order  to  which  Willi«m  hu,i  r^A..    a  ix 

exHft  hi.  H«.»,i„  1  '  William  could  upoedily  return  in  nersoii  tn 

In  K««d    AiTl?'^  2Ltl^.'^»A'."'AV^»  ""'n«'l«  '«ly  Produoin.  revolt 


1^0 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


to  encouragre  revoa,  not  doubting  that  the  English,  deprived  of  their  besi 
Biid  most  zealous  friends  aud  leaders,  who  were  in  close  attendance  upon 
hira,  would  easily  be  put  down  by  his  victorious  army,  and  that  he  would 
thus,  without  any  risk  to  his  new  conquest,  acquire  a  plausible  right  to 
make  a  vast  and  sweeping  transfer  of  the  property  of  the  kingdom  from 
Saxou  to  Norman  hands  ?    Or  shall  we  rather  suppose  that  the  Saxon  pop- 
ulation willingly  remained  quiet  while  the  personal  presence  of  the  stern 
and  strict  conqueror  prevented  his  officers  and  soldiers  from  tramplina 
and  oppressing  the  conquered,  and  that  the  Fatter  were  so  ill-treated  during 
his  absence  as  to  be  driven  into  an  utter  recklessness  of  consequences  1 
The  first  supposition,  though  anything  but  honourable  to  William,  tallies 
mdiSerently  well  with  his  dark  and  deep  policy;  the  latter  is  in  the  very 
nature  of  things  highly  probable.     Perhaps,  however,  the  truth  lies  be- 
tween.   William's  wishes  and  views  would,  no  doubt,  govern  the  chiel 
men  among  the  Normans  left  in  England,  as  to  the  greater  or  less  degree 
of  severity  they  should  exercise  during  his  absence  in  keeping  the  Nor- 
man soldiery  in  order;  and  the  latter  would  bo  abundantly  ready  to  avail 
themselves  of  any  relaxation  in  the  strictness  of  discipline  to  which  they 
had  been  accustomed,  without  greatly  troubling  themselves  to  dive  into 
the  politic  motives  in  which  that  relaxation  had  its  origin.    And  this  view 
of  the  case  is  the  more  reasonpble,  because,  while  policy  obligfjd  William 
to  conciliate  the  Saxons  at  the  ^immencement  of  his  reign,  the  vastnesa 
and  the  number  of  the  Norman  claims  upon  him  must  have  made  him 
much  in  want  of  more  extended  means  to  satisfy  them  than  his  early 
ostentation  of  lenity  had  left  him;  aul  certainly  the  Norman  knights  and 
leaders,  who  were  so  sure  to  profit  by  ,jew  confiscations  of  Saxon  prop- 
erty, would  not  be  slow  to  provoke  the  Saxon  population,  by  every  insult 
and  injury  in  their  power,  to  such  conduct  as  would  lead  to  confiscation. 
This  view  of  the  case,  finally,  is  much  strengthened  by  the  improbability 
that  so  suspicious  and  politic  a  person  as  William  would  so  early  have  ex- 
posed his  new  conquest  to  danger,  however  guarded  against  by  the  trusti- 
ness of  those  left  to  rule  for  him,  in  mere  childish  impatience  to  dazzle 
the  eyes  of  his  ancient  subjects  with  his  new  splendour,  and  witliout  some 
deep  and  important  ulterior  view. 

From  whatever  cause,  however,  it  is  quite  certain  that  very  soon  aftei 
the  conqueror's  (1<    irture  from  Normandy  the  English  began  to  exhibit 
symptoms  of  impatience  under  their  yoke.     Kent,  which  had  been  the  first 
to  submit  to  him  after  the  great  battle  of  Hastings,  was  now  also  the  first 
to  take  advantage  of  his  absence  and  rebel  against  his  authority.     Headed 
by  Eustace,  count  of  Boulogne,  they  not  only  did  much  damage  in  the  open 
country,  but  even  had  the  boldness  to  attempt  the  capture  of  D()ver  castle, 
and  almost  at  the  same  time  Edric,  the  Forester,  whose  possessions  lay 
towards  the  Welch  border,  leagued  himself  with  some  discontented  Welch 
chioftains,  being  induced  to  do  so  by  the  wanton  insolence  with  which 
some  of  the  Norman  leaders  in  the  neighbourhood  had  spoiled  his  proper- 
ty,    rhese  attempts  at  openly  opposing  the  Normans  were  too  hastily  and 
looMly  made  to  be  successful,  but  they  lerved  to  fan  into  a  flanu!  the 
■mouldermg  fires  of  discontent  which  secretly,  but  no  less  stoiidily,  burned 
in  the  hearts  of  the  people.     Not  merely  to  revolt  against  tlie  Nurinan  rule 
but  to  rise  on  the  same  day  in  every  village  and  town  in  tho  nalion  ano 
massacre  the  Normans  to  a  man,  was  now  made  the  object  of  a  general 
conspira(7  "mong  thu  Saxon  population ;  and  so  general  and  so  tlelennined 
was  the  frenzied  (U'sirn  to  carry  this  object  into  effect,  that  Karl  (Joxo 
having  refused  to  place  himseir  at  the  head  of  his  numerous  serfs,  was  »c 
tually  put  to  death  as  an  enemy  to  his  country  and  an  ally  of  the  Norman 
oppressors. 

Information  of  the  rebelliouH  state  t.f  !*is  new  kingdom  wns  speedi;; 
conveyed  to  Wiiliain,  who  hastonod  ov«j  »ti4  applied  himself  to  the  tasK 


/ 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  '     j^j 

of  puiiisliiiig  tliose  who  had  opeiilv  rPvnltpH    a»^  «f  •*•.,• 
v^ho,  though  Biill  i„  outward  apWance  Wl  miit  h '"*""'?*" ".'^  ?•>««« 
^imi  ar  course.    The  esr-»tP« Tf  ♦»,/        i    i*''  ""&"*  ^^  coiitemplat  na  a 
confiscated  ;  and  WUh?m  thus  obt!:'"?^'",'^  ""^''^  ^«  ^  '»«"«'•  otcouL 
gratify  the  rapacity  of  Cmv^raWonsn^Hf.''^*  '"''t"^  °^»"^  ™«an«  to 
But  while  he  thus  avauSSTelfTn  .hp  „.   'T'^r  '''^'f  ^^^^  «"'!  ^^elity. 
confiscation  or  plunder  ^dSthi  v«ii™'°°'l ''^^  plausible  reason  for 
and  oppressed  tL  Saxon^oole  hv  rZ  ™°™*"  k"^***"  •**  «*«»««  *n«"lted 
peciaUy  onerous  and  odTou^S  them  hi  w^^h'^?^  *'*"  ^^^  "^  ''''"'^'^''  ««  «» 
appearance  of  moderation  and  nt^ti.    au  <'»"8"™mate  art  preserved  an 
the^estoration  to  thefr  ZLssioL  nf  s '''^**^''^"^'  1°  i"«"<=«'  ''^  ordering 
unjustly  dispossessed  dS??nah«"h    ^  ^^'^^l?  ***"  ''***  ''««"  violently  a>.d 
measure  he  at  S  taSt  L  suboS  .  "y'^is  plausible 

to  be  done  but  with  his  own  sanotinf,  r'^'  ^^f  ^^  ""'"'^  *"o«^ "»  wrong 
the  Saxons,  and  Gained  a  sort  0^;^^°*'^'*  *  '^^'■'*'"  popularity  amoni 
complaints  that  m.S  be  made  o/huSf''^*  f-""'^^  P'«^  "g"'"*'  thf 
should  be  displayed  toward  tL..?rf,"'"^^".^"*  injustice,  even  though  it 
A.D.  1068.-l%ractrvitv  WR  ohf  ^  Proprietor,  whom  he  now  restored 
dered  the  general  riJinToAhrSaiS^^^^^^  '"^""*y  «/  William  rea- 

sire  for  it  had  spread  tfowidelv  to  nL-"^  impracticable;  but  the  de- 
arms,  however  ill-cierted^andLwi^r  -^JT^^  ^^"^^^  ^^"^  »PP«al8  to 
which  had  aJvvavs  been  amnn,?  fh J  '*  »  ^^^  '"habitants  of  Exeter,  a  city 
m  which  grei^^^lffiuence  warD^o«5pir,*t''n?v.'^''""  •"''«'^«^.  ""d 

Harold,  vintured  oSlv  tThr^v^  ,h„  ^^  P*'*"^'  T''^^'"  «<■  '^e  deceased 
to  admit  a  Nrma?^^i  Lon  wi^Ln  w/w  ««;  WiUiam  by  refusing 

armed  in  support  of  tMsdet^rmnM  *^k'  '  ''"'*  '^'?«"  '*»«  menof  Exete? 
/ast  number  of  Devonshirfan^p""'  n  ^^  were  instantly  joined  by  a 

among  their  lLers!grealy  influoucerno  dS* h  ^"!«"lf  """'''  P'"^^'" 
no  sooner  heard  that  WiS    w^^^^^^^ 

his  disciplined  and  unsparrtr^SL^Ef  J'"*  ^**'""  IT"]'  ^  ^«^'  ^^«dy  of 
induced  their  followersKnd  UiJkinrhn^^^  counselled  submission,  and 
But  as  it  is  ever  far  ejsier  ?ot^r!f»7if  *'°"\^?«« /«>•  their  good  behaviour. 
«pirit  of  violence  when  oilceraS    h«  T'".'"? ^  ^^  '"''*'"  ""*» '« '^y  the 
the  delivery  of  the Tos  a  jes     '£;  »n!,'^r"P'^''.'■."''*  ?"i  ""^^'^  «^«n  «ft«r 
who  had  little  inclinatimuo  hah  a^,:T"  '^""'"^  "'^^o'*'*.^  '°  ^«  "^'th  one 
up  his  force  ut    er  S  wa  Is  of  h.  Ill  ™^'"'"k^''*     "« immediately  drew 
molted  people  how  lUUe  mprovVif/i'  ?.'  ^"'^  ''^  'T'^^  ""^  «'"'»'i..g  the  re. 
ly  caused  the  ejes  of  onT!.f T..i  P^  l'*'^  to  expect  from  him,  he  barbarous- 
Bavage  severil^had  air  he  eff«^.  ?f  "*"  T^^r^"'  ?"''    '»'''*«  «'«"»  and 
ly  HuUitted  themselves  oh'fmen^K^'*  ^'T  "  L*^  P«"P'«  '"'taat. 
ing  a  strong  guuS  ii  X  Ht  J     mi^'  ""^  ''^  contented  himself  with  plac 
a  rich  boo  5  Cwi    am  a,  /hi«?    '"'  "^''""^  *^/'"'  ^""''^  ''av«  '""'•nished 
to  Flanders  wKe  whoX  of  hS  r'''''  '^'*'  fe^'""*"'  «"""8^' »»  «"cape 
of  Exeter  was  speed'ly  foi  owL  bvCor'niau'  .n^w.T'^^'r''^^  «**'"P'« 
ly  garrisoiKd  it,  returned  wUhhli^  «rmr»n  i;^"*^  William,  having  strong 
held  his  ccurt,  and  bl.  g  novv  Jo   Jd  by  qL^  ""  '""" 

vious  y  Ihouirht  it  safe  to  vi.it  W  .,^   ^i  "    ,""  ^»tilda,  who  had  not  pre- 

to  be  solenSd  w?£  l^h  ,ol  S.L'm'!:  ?'"'n  '  '""'"'^  ''^'"  coronation 
presented  her  husbard  whh'  tTfr"  fotth  Inn  H  "  '""'"^L'''^  l^'^  ^"««'» 
UthennfthisDrince  m.l^rt  ii7.i  I  ?lv,^'""'y»  ""•  three  elder 
remained Tn  Norm  S  'l^riS"!::':  ''"'^  ^i"''""'  ^T  ^«">  »-'^-  -till 
had  quelled  the  revok  in  the  wfm*^  h  1  I'""  '"'''^^^  *''^  ^^'^^t  the  king 
other  parts  of  U.e  no  m  r^''^  lT?ict  -uol  r/^II*  di'turbanoea  arising  i5 

W..i  resistance  of  .f!"'i''^'lfc.r„l?ei'i'.'f'''''«  ^.^if'^  the  discontent 

, — ,^,„  „„^^  vrxizny  people  tnau  ihu  Saxoiw. 


172 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


In  the  north  where,  being  remote  from  the  kind's  immediate  authority,  the 
Norman  nobles  had  probably  carried  their  license  to  an  intolerable  extent, 
the  people  were  enraged  to  so  bold  a  temper,  that  Edwm  and  Moroar 
thought  it  not  impolitic  to  place  themselves  at  their  head ;  anticipatinr,  it 
would  seem,  an  effectual  opposition  to  the  hated  rule  of  the  invader.  Their 
cause  seemed  the  more  likely  to  be  successful,  because,  in  addition  to  the 
number  and  resolution  of  the  Saxons  in  revolt,  thoy  had  the  promise  ot 
support  from  Malcolm,  king  of  Scotland,  Blethyn,  prince  of  Wales,  who 
was  related  to  them,  and  Sweyn,  king  of  Denmark,  who  had  a  personal 
and  peculiar  interest  in  the  success  of  the  Saxon  cause. 

The  conduct  of  Edwin  and  Morcar  on  William's  first  invasion,  when 
they  only  withdrew  their  opposition  on  perceiving  that  they  could  no  lon< 
ger  rely  upon  the  zealous  co-operation  of  the  people,  sufficiently  attests 
their  smcere  love  of  country.  But  we  must  not  omit  to  state  that  on  this 
occasion  of  rising  in  the  north  the  noblemen  in  question  were  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  influenced  by  private  animosity.  How  seldom,  alas! 
is  even  the  purest  patriotism  free  from  all  taint  of  selfish  and  personal 
feeling ! 

To  nigh-spirited  nobles  like  Edwin  and  Morcar,  the  mere  mdications  of 
distrust  which  William  could  not,  with  all  his  policy,  wlioUy  avoid  giving 
would  have  been  highly  offensive  in  themselves.  But  as  regarded  Edwin, 
the  distrust  manifested  by  the  king  assumed  a  deeper  tint  of  offence,  inas- 
much as  he  ir""''""sted  it  by  an  arbitrary  and  capricious  refusal  to  perforin 
the  promise  he  had  made  on  ascending  the  throne,  to  give  to  that  noble- 
man the  hand  of  his  daughter  in  marriage.  This  affront,  implying  so  much 
distrust,  and  certainly  giving  the  rejected  suitor  and  his  brother  good  reason 
to  infer  the  foregone  determination  of  still  further  and  more  direct  proofs 
of  the  king's  ill-will,  undoubtedly  had  its  influence  in  causing  the  brothers 
openly  to  put  themselves  at  the  head  of  the  present  revolt. 

However  little  reason  William  had  to  expect  a  new  outbreak  so  soon 
ader  the  example  he  had  made  in  the  west,  he  was  not,  in  the  military 
sense  of  the  word  at  least,  surprised.  His  troops  were  constantly  kept  ir 
marching  order,  and  though  from  their  vast  number  they  were  distributed 
over  a  large  space  of  country,  their  lines  of  communication  were  so  ar 
ranged  that  a  vast  number  could  on  the  shortest  notice  be  assembled  in 
one  compact  body.  The  instunt,  therefore,  that  he  was  informed  of  this 
new  revolt,  he  set  out  for  the  north  by  forced  marches,  caused  Warwick 
and  Nattiiigham  castles  to  be  strongly  ganisoned  under  the  respective  com- 
mand oflienry  do  Beaumont  and  William  Peveril,  and  reached  York  with 
such  unexpected  celerity,  that  he  appeared  in  front  of  the  astonished  in- 
surgents before  they  had  received  any  of  the  foreign  aid  upon  which  thoy 
had  so  greatly  reckoned  when  forming  their  plans.  Edwin  and  Morcar. 
together  with  another  very  powerful  noble  -vho  had  taken  part  with  them, 
wisely  gave  up  all  thought  of  making  any  resistance  with  their  very  in- 
ferior force,  and  were  received  into  the  kmg's  peace  and  pardon.  He  not 
only  spared  them  in  person,  but  in  their  possessions  also ;  still  confisca- 
tions were  too  essential  a  part  of  his  means  of  consolidating  and  perpetu- 
ating his  power,  to  be  generally  dispensed  with.  While  the  leading  men 
were  thus  allowed  to  escape  impoverishment  as  well  as  the  more  severe 

{lunishment  of  rebellion,  their  numbler  and,  comparatively,  unoffending 
bllowers  were  mulcted  with  the  most  merciless  severity,  fhe  whole 
■ccret  of  his  clemency  to  the  three  powerful  leaders  whom  we  have  named 
■eems  to  have  been  his  doubt  whether  he  could  just  then  crush  them  with- 
out a  ri^k  more  than  proportioned  to  the  gain. 

The  failure  of  this  rebellion  at  the  norlfi,  and  the  peace  made  between 
William  and  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  which  seemed  to  cut  off  all  hope  of  fti- 
ture  aid  from  that  monarch,  impressed  the  whole  nation  with  a  hooelesa 
sense  of  complete  and  unfriended  subjection.    The  multitude  multorrd  the 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD.  '    m 

orice  or  the  Nicy  of  their  ^iant-  mi ^h^^  °' '««»  oPPrfMlon  as  the  ca- 
ness  of  braver  anJ  more  DassSrfi  -^  ? f  d«'wmine.  But  the  hopeless- 
able  to  free  their  laTfroTZrSeTfthrn  °^  *  ^*"  P^ '^^  '''"<»•  "«- 
philosophy  enouffh  to  abandon  it  anH  «LV  r  "PPfessor.  they  at  least  had 
whence  tl!iey  coSid  retu?S  sSouM  J  ffri  Jh?*^'/°T'  '"  '"-anger  climes. 
Among  those  who  thus  voluntari  J  len^^ntn'i^  beam  upon  England.' 
who,  with  his  sisters  MarS  3  ChHsH^l*'^  ^'^^^'  Aih«'ing. 

Malcolm  not  only  showed  IvervkS?,.;  «°"?»-*t  P«ace  in  Scotland 
married  Margaret  •  ai^d  oartlv  n„  L^«„  .  ?  1°  **'®  unfortunate  eiiles,  but 
with  the  most  mu;tr?ouf otelS  kl  r"  "T^'^'i""  »>« ''»'"  ^^'"'^'^ 
with  the  politic  view  of  8trenath.Sn2  hiT''^''  *''°u"«'*  '"**"^y'  P"haP». 
to  all  Saxons,  of  whatever  SkXo^sofaW^^ 
If  many  of  the  Enrfiah  JTiL  ^.^       ?"^"^  ".'"  h'»  dominions. 

to  free  thJi?Uunt7y?notaTw  o  trCm^n'  'h^  ^"'^'''  "^  ''«'"?  *'>'« 
living  in  a  land  so  ireauentlv  Hi-tnrK^J^    ?^"'  ^^^^"  ^°  ^fo*  weary  of 

felt  ttat  they  we?e  sXroJgfc"hatefuT^^^^^^       T""^^'  '°  ^\}''»'"  '^^V 
sessions  would  infallibly  brforfJifi^ -i!    m  .u  "'^'"^ '■^««  «*  ^e"  as  pos 
of  them  even  for  a    ingV^^  'V*  People  get  the  upper  hand 

means  exclusively  cSldt7t'h.,m5i''''®"'"*';i'"0'««v«f'  was  by  no 
tains,  and  amonKm  fiShreyTeTelio^^ 

quested  their  dismissal  rndnermU-iL  *!v  \*"^  ^^^^  <*®  Gratesmil,  re- 
scarcely  refuse  coinDUance  Kh  if,  h"  *°  'e'"™  home.  The  king  could 
in  the  case  of  airX  madeTt  MUn.  fh'^^T'' ?u"',''«  ''«^°'^«'^  his  grants 
must  go  together.  And  ?houih«om?  ^^  k  "  "'^  l*""*  »"^ '»«  defenders 
these  unfrifadlyerl,  he  Hii^ZLl^  ^f"*'*  ^'''i"«  '«"  him  upon 
ality  and  ample^means  of  dispiav  r^  hi,ZrVV'^'^^  '.^""'  ^""l  *""  ''her- 
venturers,  not  merely  willinXrXeroJni^f'"  ^^""u'^''^^  °^  "«^  «'J- 

A.  D.  1069.-The  d»Dar  nrf  nf  ««  lo„       "  '**  ""''®'"  t"  haimer. 
by  no  means  the  effeX as  ?  miZ?ee,X  cI^^ZT^  from  England  had 
the  chances  of  disturbances     "K  Inl^nf         "  ■?  ''*''*•  °^  d'minishing 
and  their  rancour  wUh  "hem  and  Cnn^"^  *f''^'  e^ied  their  griefs 
for  England  and  foes  for  Sand's  NarZ^T'^T'^ iS^  T^'^'S  f"«nd«' 
for  a  ^Suying  point.    Wheii  Hamld  fouT"  ^VTV.  ^°'  ^'^  »hey  want 
ders,  his  thrle  eons,  gK  F j2m? Lh  m''^  ''""''"*  S^'*'""*  »he  inva- 
land.    Tney  were  well  reisWpdTv  li,!  n  >*'*»'»'«' «0"«ht  shelter  in  Ire- 
country,  an^  soon  became  ^ery  p%J  ar  En';  T.r^^'f  °^  '5'^*  ^^^^ 
cause  of  their  exile  from  EnolLS   a„^         T^  ,^-    Enraged  at  the 
practical  lovers  of  strife  as  tl.fiH^'.,  ""^  constantly  surrounded  by  such 
Began  to  coSplaJe VdeJceS  unonPp"'f  f  "'.«'  ''■"«'  »hey  naturally 
they  could  rely  uMnbevoM  •».«?->  •  u 'J*'?"^',,^"*^ '»  calculate  what  aid 
-trife-lovinri^JrrcouKrd  them     n^''""  w         ^'H  ''^ieftains  and 
certainty  depend  upon  •  a  id  thilTnn  .^Vk^'^'u  "l^^  *=°"'''  "'"'h  tolerable 
would  l4  induced "rj/i  them  whLt?f'/^f^*  both  Scotland  and  Wales 
Encouraged  by  theso^SnnZt^int  1^*"'^°/^^^^^^    ""'^^  ^"''^y  ^e  afoot, 
alderable  but  Lord  "r  v  A)ree  ^S  thl^^^^  they  landed  with  accn- 

of  finding  the  KniliBh  De^ntT  fli«b-^'  '''*  °^  Devonshire.  But  instead 
coming  and  eaief  o  io^n  in  tS.  «  f'"**  "™"'!'^  '•'"'"•  P^''«t«'""'  '""r  their 
scarcely  set  fift  ,iJon  the  shoS  wS't?"""'^  "'7  u°"  '^^  ''""^'"y'  had 
assailea  by  the  trailed  LSi^fU  J  '^"""'^  themsolvea  vigorously 
Brian,  son  of  the  count  of  n  »«„„  u  Gorman,  under  the  command  o'f 
battleUnd.tlenRtMrovet^.Zh^;i'^''^r'''?'^,'''*^  in  several  petty 
to  their  vc«H«l8    ^       ^^  "'*'"  ''"<'''•  *'*h  much  loss  and  some  disgrace^ 

the  kingJom  tL  Non^Sf  ""'"*^''  ««P«V'''"y  '»  »he  northern  part  of 
«1«wup*w.S;  Of';v«'St7":r':LL"l^  O-ham  by  surprise,  and 

'  ~""'"'S   ■"fijwin  was  iu6  gOVeriiur 


174 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


Robert  de  Comyn,  to  whose  negligence  the  Saxons  were  said  to  havf 
been  mainly  indebted  for  their  success.    From  Durham  the  inclination  to 
revolt  spread  to  York.    There  the  governor,  Robert  Fitz-Richard,  and 
many  of  his  people  were  slain ;  and  the  second  in  command,  William 
Mallet,  secured  the  castle,  to  which  the  rebels  promptly  laid  seige. 
They  were  aided  in  this  bold  attempt  by  the  D=»^f^.  ^"ho  now  landed  from 
three  hundred  ships,  and  by  the  appearani      .  r  osjjt  ii  .>  a  of  Edgar  Athe- 
ling,  who  was  accompanied  by  several  S  ,  rtn  e.sjjcs  of  rank  andsorae  in. 
lluenti&l  Scots,  who  promised  the  ai(i     f  iarfje  jun;  jersof  their  country. 
^®"'  .The  castle  of  York  was  so  stro  ug  and  so  well  garrisoned,  that  it 
IS  probable  it  might  easily  have  held  oj^t  against  all  the  rude  and  unscien- 
tific attacks  that  the  revolted  Northumbrians  and  their  allies  could  have 
made  upon  it,  but  for  an  accident.    William  Mallet,  the  gallant  defender 
of  the  castle,  perceiving  that  some  houses  were  situated  so  near  as  to 
command  a  portion  of  the  walls,  ordered  them  to  be  fired  lest  '^i  v    ; .  ?'ld 
serve  as  works  for  the  besiegers.    But  fire  is  a  servant :     uncertain  Riid 
uncontrollable  as  it  is  swift.    A  brisk  wind  carried  the  flames  beyond  the 
nouses  which  were  specially  devoted  to  their  destroying  ministry ;  every- 
where  the  flames  found  abundant  fuel,  nearly  all  the  buildings  being  of 
wood,  and  the  conflagrafion,  defying  the  inadequate  means  by  which  the 
people  tried  to  stop  it,  destroyed  nearly  the  whole  of  the  city,  which  even 
at  that  tune  was  very  populous.    The  alarm  and  confusion  which  were 
caused  by  this  event  enabled  the  rebels  to  carry  the  castle  by  storm ;  and 
scarcely  a  man  of  tho  garrison,  numbering  nearly  three  thousand,  was 
spared  alive.    Hereward,  an  East  Anglian  nobleman,  at  the  same  time 
wrought  much  confusion  and  difllculty  to  the  Normans  ;  'tutting  off  their 
marching  parties  and  retiring  with  their  spoils  to  the  Isle  of  Ely.     Some^ 
set  and  Dorset  were  m  arms  to  a  man,  and  Devon  and  Cornwall  also  rose, 
with  the  exception  of  Exeter,  which  honourably  testified  its  sense  of  the 
"^  i" »f1j^-  ^^'^'^  ^^own  to  all  its  population,  save  one  unfortunate  hostage 
and  held  its  gates  closed  for  the  king  even  against  its  nearest  neighbours 
n-drio  the  it  oresler,  who  had  many  causes  of  quarrel  with  the  Normans 
allied  himself  with  a  numerous  body  of  Welsh,  and  not  only  maintainec 
himself  against  the  Norman  force  imder  Fitzosbome  and  Earl  Briant.  bu 
also  laid  seige  to  the  castle  of  Shrewsbury. 

When  to  these  instances  of  open  and  powerful  rebellion  we  add  innu. 
merable  petty  revolts  in  other  parts  and  the  universal  hostility  and  rest- 
lessness of  the  Saxons,  it  will  be  admitted  that  there  was  enough  in  the 
state  of  the  country  to  have  made  the  boldest  of  manarchs  anxious.  And 
William  was  anxious,  but  undismayed.  To  his  eagie  eye  a  single  glance 
revealed  where  force  was  absolutely  requisite,  and  where  bribery  would 
still  more  readily  succeed.  To  the  Danes,  who  were  headed  by  Osborne, 
brother  of  the  kins  of  Denmark,  and  by  Harold  and  Canute,  sons  of  that 
monarch,  he  well  knew  that  the  freedom  of  the  country  was  a  mere  pre 
text,  and  that  their  real  incentive  to  strife  was  desire  of  gain.  These  he 
at  once  resolved  to  buy  off;  and  he  quickly  succeeded  in  getting  them  to 
retire  to  Denmark,  by  paying  them  a  sum  of  money  and  giving  them 
leave  to  plunder  the  coast  on  their  way.  Deserted  by  so  considerable  an 
ally  the  native  leaders  became  alarmed,  and  William  found  no  difficulty 
In  persuading  Waliheof,  who  had  been  made  governor  of  Yort  by  the 
Saxons  on  their  taking  the  casile  by  storm,  to  submit  on  promise  of  fa- 
vour ;  a  promise  which  the  king  strictly  kept.  Cospatric  followed  the 
example  and  was  made  earl  of  Northumberland ;  and  Edri-j  the  Forjstei 
also  submitted  and  was  taken  into  favour.  Edgar  Atheling  had  no  course 
open  to  him  but  to  hasten  back  to  Scotland,  for,  while  the  loss  of  all  his 
allies  rendered  any  struggle  on  his  part  so  hopeless  that  it  ^vould  have 
peeii  ridiculous,  U  feared,  and  with  great  apparent  reason,  that  his  Saxon 
tilood  royal  would  incite  William  to  put  liiin  to  death.    The  king  of  Scof- 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD.  1^5 

ffiSeTira^^^^^  i"  -me  <Wo  owed  their 

ed  his  troops  hnl  again     The  Sfure  ?i  fhTnL'^'''.  ^'f^''  "P'  '""«h. 
rebels  throughout  the  kingdom   „„h  wmi-      "°'"^  ?'■""''  ^^"°^  '"to  the 
subject  to  hi1„,8ave  HeZard/wSo  7imZSnf  t'-' ^^'^  "PP""*"" 
fare-notquite  exclusively  previJffnn^nlhTM'"^'^  ^'^  partizan  war 
.Wing  his  protection  to  th^  SZgyTac^^^rrCiV^^^  '^I^^T 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

THE  REION  OF  WILLIAM  I.   (oOWTINUKD.) 

wWch-hiS?h;;a"enThim^  WiSlim 'noS^'H^r  '"'"Pf' f^  V^«  confederacy 
ever  kindness  and  favouThemiSr^vtl^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^hat  what- 
from  genuine  good YeeUng  or"  ,1  deen  riH^v"?h"'^"'^  \"^°""'  ^'^^'h" 
pie  had  no  mercy  to  ho"!  from  h  m    ^a^h    ^' /k^  ^'^at  body  of  the  peo- 

tiallytroublesomVtohS  8oheSrtP^,hof  *''?r°';!''*L*'^  ''^^n  «V 
how  terrible  his  wrath  cSiHhn     uJ      ^*'*u  P*"  ^**  ^  "'«  ""^  »<>  feel 

a  vast  expansTof  S?y  Ses  of  '•"""^-"  ^  ^^  "'^"  ""'"^^'  ^"'^  '^'''' 
was  by  his  stern  oXr\TSy  laid  "Se'^rrlft?  "  T'  ^^'^""f"' 
property  as  could  be  convevPd  ^JluJ'll        Vu     u*'*"'®  ^"<*  «"«*»  o'her 

soldiery;  the  houses  werSrnedto^fhp!!'"^  'i"  5°°^^  ''^  *h«  Gorman 
tants  left  to  perish  uln  their  dlnl^frH^'^^"'*  ""^"^u^^^  wretched  inhabi- 
food  and  witLut  hopeTrSv  vl.  n  ^"l!'^''  ^i^'l""'  »^«''«'-'  '^'thout 
into  the  lowlands  of  ScotLn  m".„.  '  ""mbers  of  them  made  their  way 
or  were  so  attached  o  So  Li  of  tr"^  there  were  who  could  not  do  so, 
mained  in  the  wSs  aid  nerfshL  -in  ^  ''^PP^  ^•""««'  ^^at  they  re- 
eases  produced  irex;osnrptolf«i'°'^'^  by  hunger  or  the  terrible  d is- 
one  act  of  mere  feSsC/rltl  nnf  ;^«""«!"«-  ",  *«  calculated  that  by  this 
miserably  pSed-  ^  "  ""*"  *  ^""^'^^  ^'^^"•^nd  Saxona 

m^^t  STet^:Tiu7:T!!f'r'''''  °"'  '««•  »»•«  ^terminat 
lowed  to  escape.     'ZuZ'ee^^^^^^^^^  »!• 

great  landholders  of  the  Tt ion  a^l 'S,?.!  5  ^  S«''«f  P«"ly  «"  the 
interested  in  tiirowinff  off  S  vnk«  hn  1  J''/'""  ^^^^  ^^"^S  especially 
either  by  persZaT  appearance  in\hr^^  S^^^^^^^ 

Hitherto  the  king,  as  r  ma  ter  of  Dolcv  hf/  ^'  ?^  furnishmg  supplies, 
eration  and  mercy  in  pmUnTthe  w/of  i^^f  ^"^  somethmg  like  mod- 
feet.    But  now  he  no  lonS  nil  7.       attamder  and  ferfeiture  into  ef- 

their  terrible  power  of  thrsworH  wf  .  ^^  Normans  in  addition  to 
of  character,  Jven  roi.ld  sSr[  «  s^v  '''^""^  "^  '^"'"y-  •«>  excellence 
of  his  possessions'     T  e  ?nor«nnl    rT  P:;°P"«t«r  from  being  despoiled 

necessSrjr  w«T?ts  aba  emeut  a'^^  imnn  *"■  kP°P"'"  "^«  '"«'""*'  '^Jmore 
William's  purpose    he  X  hJ^i""P°''^  'he  complaion  of 

ed  of  his  Kertv'  nn '  ?-«!  VfK^!",*"^  *''*'"®  *"  »h«  ^^^oits  was  m-ilct- 

_.„.sjnttv::  ui  jiic  noDiu  (tini  Vvuaithy  fifai 


176 


HISTORY  OF  THE  "WORLD. 


OHS,  William's  next  care  was  to  dispose  of  the  lands  of  England  in  sucli 
wise  as  to  give  himself  the  most  absolute  power  over  them  ;  and  here  he 
had  no  need  of  any  inventive  genius;  he  had  merely  to  apply  to  England 
the  old  feudal  law  of  France  and  his  native  Normandy.  Having  largely 
added  to  the  already  large  demesnes  of  the  crown,  he  divided  all  the 
forfeited  lands— which  might  almost  without  hyperbole  be  said  to  be 
all  the  lands  of  England— into  baronies,  which  baronies  he  conferred 
upon  his  bravest  and  most  trusty  leaders,  not  in  fee  simple,  but  as 
fiefs  held  upon  certain  payments  or  services,  for  the  most  part  military. 
The  individual  grants  thus  made  were  infinitely  too  vast  to  be  actually 
held  in  use  by  the  individual  grantees,  who,  therefore,  parcelled  them 
out  to  knights  and  vassals,  who  held  of  them  by  the  same  suit  and 
service  by  which  they  held  from  their  lord  paramount,  the  king.  And 
that  the  feudal  law  might  universally  obtain  in  England,  and  that  there 
might  be  no  exception  or  qualification  to  the  paramount  lordship  of  the 
king  over  the  whole  land,  even  the  few  Saxon  proprietors  who  were 
not  directly  and  by  attainder  deprived  of  their  lands  were  compelled  to 
hold  them  by  suit  and  service  from  some  Norman  baron,  who  in  his  turn 
did  suit  and  service  for  them  to  the  king. 

Considering  the  superstition  of  the  age,  it  might  have  been  supposed 
that  the  church  would  have  been  exempted  from  William's  tyrannous  ar- 
rangement. But  though,  as  we  shall  presently  have  an  occasion  to  show, 
he  was  anxious  to  exalt  the  power  of  Rome,  he  was  not  the  less  de 
♦ermined  that  even  Rome  should  be  second  to  him  in  power  in  his  own  do- 
minions. He  called  upon  the  bishops  and  abbots  for  quit-rents  in  peace, 
and  for  their  quota  of  knights  and  men-at-arms  when  he  should  bo  at  war, 
in  proportion  to  their  possessions  attached  to  sees  or  abbeys,  as  the  case 
might  be.  It  was  in  vain  that  the  clergy  bewailed  the  tyranny  of  the 
king,  which,  now  that  it  affected  themselves,  they  discovered  to  be  quite 
intolerable ;  and  it  was  equally  in  vain  that  the  pope,  who  had  so  zeal- 
ously  aided  and  encouraged  William  in  his  invasion,  remonstrated  upon 
his  thus  confounding  the  clergy  with  the  laity.  William  had  the  powei 
of  the  sword,  and  wailings  and  remonstrances  were  alike  ineffectual  to 
work  any  change  upon  his  iron  will.  As  by  compelling  the  undeprived 
lay  Saxons  to  hold  under  Norman  lords  he  so  completely  subjected  thera 
as  to  render  revolt  impracticable,  so  ho  took  care  that  henceforth  all 
ecclesiastical  dignities  should  be  exclusively  conferred  upon  Normans, 
who,  indeed  were  by  their  great  superiority  in  learning  far  more  fitted 
for  them,  as  was  shown  by  the  great  number  of  Norman  compared  to 
Saxon  bishops  even  before  the  invasion. 

But  there  was  one  Saxon,  Stigand,  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
whose  authority  was  too  great  not  to  be  obnoxious  to  the  suspicions  and 
fears  of  William,  the  more  especially  as  Stigand  had  both  wealth  and 

Eowerful  connections  in  addition  to  his  official  dignity,  and  was  a  man  ol 
oth  talent  and  courage.  These  considerations,  while  they  made  Wil- 
liam desirous  of  ruining  the  primate,  at  the  same  time  made  him  dissemble 
his  Hitentions  until  he  could  securely  as  well  as  surely  carry  them  into 
effect.  He  consequently  seemed,  by  every  civility,  to  endeavour  to  ef 
face  from  the  primate's  recollection  the  affront  offered  to  him  at  the  coro- 
nation ;  and  a  superficial  observer,  or  one  unacquainted  with  the  king's 
wily  as  well  as  resolute  nature,  would  for  a  long  time  have  imagined  Sti- 
gand to  have  been  one  of  his  prime  favourites— for  a  Saxon.  But  when 
William  had  subdued  the  rest  of  the  nation  so  completely  that  ho 
had  no  fear  of  his  attempt  upon  Stigand  eliciting  any  powerful  or  perilous 
opposition,  the  ruin  of  the  primate  was  at  once  determined  upon  and 
wrought.  And  circumstances  furnished  him  with  an  instrument  by 
whose  means  he  was  able  to  accomplish  his  unjust  work  with  at  least 
Botne  appearance  of  Judicial  regularity. 


HISTOBY  OP  THE  WOBLD.  i„ 

e/w^Uitm'^otVer'iSTn^rrn^^^^^^^^^  and encoun^ement  had.ender- 
fned  of  .acreasing  the  ptpal  inleTce  rfen^Jf*""/ i°i«*^«  »°  mean,  m- 
iiam'sseemiiiy  perfect  ffilihmfnt  L    ^"S'^nd.  had  onlj'  awaited  m 

Ermenfroy.  aVvo^riLt8toJ^TlTeTate'  S  henowaentoV'i 
first  legate  ever  sent  to  Ensland  nnH  tivf  ^^  ^""^Prelate,  who  was  the 
admiration.  WilliamV by  ?eceivfn.r  .ht  V"^  ^^'""'^  «''**''^  others'  ends  to 
riendly  feeling  of  theVaVSrandsecSfeTth"^^  °"'^"'  confirmed  the 
ly  competent  to  deal  with  the  primage  «n^  of  hi  1*'"''"'*''  °^»"  *"t'»0"- 
form,  and  nominally  upon  eccI?SS»l  al?^f  P'"*.^?,'^"  '^  ecclesiastical 
creaking  the  veng/^nce  of  th«  »i-  i^  "*'*'  ^''''®  '"  reality  merelv 
serving  Is  an  insfru-rm^VflheTK  „XTdu^^^^  le^'S 

h.8  own  power  and  that  of  the  pope  fn  the  ^vp-  0^^^°'^*'  ^^^''^'^ '«»»'» 
formed  a  court  of  bishop  and  abfciS    ^./wi,^*'*'  ^'  ^^^  people.    Having 

John  and  Peter,  he  c.3lSgand^^an^w5rt  tCf'^'  ""^'^f  «««1*°^ 
ingthe  bishopric  of  Winchefter  toJetEwith  tfc^'''''"^^';;^'^^-*"'"  hold- 
of  havmg  officiated  in  the  pall  of  his  oreSJ-S!  Pnmacy  of  Canterbury; 
his  own  pall  from  Benedict  IX. ?  who  wZllSl^  fT^  ^^  ^^y'^'S  received 
self  into  the  papacy.    The  sub^tancfl  nf  th  l  J^*,*^  'u  '**''"•?  '"U-uder^  him- 
doubt  ess  recoffi'  ie  ««  Ihn  ^,  .    ?    ^'  ^"'^  '^st  charge  the  reader  wi  1 
crowned  by  sSgand.  and  allE'.?  "P°"  which  WiUi^am  refSed  to  S 
tion  of  them  mis?  suffidentlJ  show  fh^"'  •''  '°.*"'''*'  '^at  the  mere  men 
Even  the  most  serSs  X[L  £  of  hS"'  ?  "^^''^  '^^y  ^^^  S 
atively  trivial ;  the  practice  ©nlfi.       "*  *  pluralist,  was  then  compar. 

visiteiby  anv  morfS^vere  confeSSV^^^^^^^^  «"•  ^"^  ««'" 

sign  one  of  the  sees.  conaemnation  than  of  being  compelled  to  re. 

upo?tre  ruiS'or^'tScrto"^  *  ™°""*'''  ««  William  had  determined 
oe  the  charge  or  how  nconI7  • ''^  V  '"^'/«"  ''"^  "«I«  how  Jriviafm  Jv 
from  his  dig^nitrbX XeatoriSn,''''^T;t'  ^"^"^"^  ^««  SS 
the  hands  of  the  l^ina  S^not  Jff? ^'  «"d '^us  thrown  helpless  into 
but  also  committed  hfra  To  priTonwher^  confiscated  all  his  poLes.iiS? 
sufferingand  neglect  for  the  rest  Jfhislife      ''"*""***  '"  ""^'^  ""deserved 

SarfpfrXr,;!^thr£rc^^^^  ^^^-^^3^  f-the  most  importam 

same  hard  treatment  upon  bSfi^elrioZTT^*'^  '°  ^««'o«^   'he 
mally  deposed  by  the  obspmS  ff  »  °  '"^  Agelware,  who,  being  for- 

Egelwi,^  bishop  of  Durham  w«-  l«fate.  were  imprisoned  by  the  ting 
had  timely  warLg  aS  escaoed  from  If  1?"*  J"**  ""'  """^  '^'^'  "ut  h^e 
of  York,  was  so  grieved  thaHn  h«2in«''r'"^*^T\  ^'^^«^'  archbishop 
liam's  coronationL  had  even  incilnJt^-^'?^^  '^*  ceremony  of  Wif. 
•ngr  an  enemy  of  his  brethren  of  fh«  Li  ^  *'?*'*  1"  '?'''"?  "P  «»  "nspar. 
produced  a  niortal  dfsS  a„d  it  f^^l'T'i^'  '^^V^i'  ™«»'al  sufferfngs 
called  down  Heaven^s  venyaSJe  Lion  WilSm  T'^^'"  ^y''"«  ^'^^'^  ^ 
and  for  his  especial  misconduct  toSs^hiohnl^h  ^''J^^^'^}  'yanny, 
of  his  coronation  oath         ""*^*  towards  the  church  m  direct  violation  ol 

hafrSSTt  KiTnletarSa^f.  ^s^e  l^""'''''  ^  °^  ^''«  '^-P 

He  took  care  to  fill  all  ecclf8ia8[f,  ^i  „ii   "•  «'«»d''y  Pursued  his  course. 

oing  their  utmost  to  pJomoKrpapa    auThorS''  ^°f '.«?"«".  ^ho,  wh^ 

land,  were  at  the  same  tim«  Inti^  '^     authority  and  interests  in  Eng- 

•■  ■  luid  Edwin  G  SeXX"%:,f„"r".h'°.'  .r°i"' '"»  •"'"  >*<»■ 

iiicso,  Utv  aituaiiun  of 
Their  very  linr age 


car  and  Edwin  UTt^i         "ignaiiy  unsuccessful  re 
longranytemouinfn?""P"';    ?"*  »°^  'hat  thi 

.u_*         .V  '•'mptatlontollVDneiritica!  anAr^f.n !ij. 

•-3e^noDie,„en  was  a  truijTperilous  aMcJSS 


178 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  the  popularity  they  enjoyed  among  the  men  of  their  own  race  mate 
♦hem  hateful  to  the  king,  who  felt  that  they  were  constantly  looked  up  to 
as  leaders  likely  at  some  period  to  aid  the  Saxons  in  throwing  offhis  yoke. 
Their  wealth,  on  the  other  hand,  exposed  them  to  the  envy  of  the  needy 
and  grasping  among  the  Norman  nobles,  who  eageriy  longed  to  see  them 
engaged  in  some  enterprise  which  would  lead  to  their  attainder  and  for^ 
feiture.  Being  convinced  that  their  ruin  was  only  deferred  and  would  be  com- 
pleted upon  the  first  plausible  occasion  that  might  present  itself,  they  de 
termined  openly  to  brave  the  worst,  and  to  fall,  if  fall  they  must,  in  the 
attempt  to  deliver  both  themselves  and  their  country.  Edwin,  therefore, 
went  to  his  possessions  in  the  north  to  prepare  his  followers  for  one  more 
struggle  against  the  Norman  power ;  and  Morcar,  with  such  followers  as 
he  could  immediately  command,  joined  the  brave  Hereward  who  still  main- 
tained his  position  among  the  almost  inaccessible  swamps  of  the  Isle  of 
Ely.  But  William  was  now  at  leisure  to  bring  his  gigantic  power  to  bear 
upon  this  ch-ef  shelter  of  the  comparatively  few  Saxons  who  still  dared  to 
strive  against  his  tyranny.  He  ( aused  a  large  number  of  flat-bottomed 
punts  to  be  constructed,  by  which  be  could  land  upon  the  island,  and  by 
dint  of  vast  labour  he  macfe  a  practicable  causeway  through  the  morasses, 
and  surrounded  the  revolted  with  such  an  overwhelming  force,  that  a  sur- 
render at  discretion  was  the  only  course  that  could  be  taken.  Hereward 
however,  made  his  way  through  the  enemy,  and  having  gained  the  sea, 
lontinuod  upcn  that  element  to  be  so  daving  and  effective  an  enemy  to  the 
Normans,  tbui  William,  who  had  enough  generosity  remaining  to  value 
even  in  an  enemy  a  spirit  so  congenial  to  his  own,  voluntarily  forgave 
him  all  his  acts  of  opposition,  and  restored  him  to  his  estate  and  to  his 
standing  in  the  country.  Karl  Morcar,  and  Egelwin,  the  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, were  taken  among  ihe  revolted,  and  thrown  into  prison,  where  the 
latter  speedily  perished,  either  of  grief  or  of  the  sevv-irilies  inflicted  upon  him. 
Euwin,  on  the  new  success  of  Uie  king  in  capturing  the  fiarrison  of  the 
Isle  of  Ely,  set  out  for  Scotland,  where  lie  wbb  certain  of  a  warm  wel 
come.  But  some  miscreant  who  was  in  the  secret  of  his  route,  divulged 
it  to  a  party  of  Normans,  who  overtook  him  teforo  he  could  reach  tlie 
border,  ana  in  the  conflict  that  ensued  he  was  bluin.  His  gallantry  had 
made  him  admired  even  by  his  enemies,  and  botl,  Normans  and  Saxons 
joined  in  lamenting  his  untimely  end.  The  king  of  Scotland,  who  had 
lent  his  aid  to  the  revolted,  was  compelled  to  submit  to  the  victorious 
William  ;  and  Edgar  Atheling,  no  longer  able  to  depend  upon  safety  even 
in  Scotland,  throw  hiuself  upon  William's  mercy.  The  Conqueror,  who 
•eems  to  iiave  held  the  character  of  that  prince  in  the  most  entire  coiv 
tempt,  not  only  gave  him  life  and  liberty,  but  allowed  him  a  pension  to  en- 
able him  to  live  in  comfort  as  a  subject  in  that  land  of  which  he  ought  to 
have  been  the  t  'vereign. 

Upon  this  occasion,  as  upon  all  others,  William's  policy  made  clemency 
and  severity  go  hand  in  hand.  Wiiile  to  the  leading  men  of  the  revoltetl 
he  showed  either  comparative  or  positive  lenity,  he  visited  the  common 
Ijerd  with  the  most  frightful  rigour,  putting  out  the  eyes  and  culUng  ofl 
the  hands  of  many  ofthem,  and  sending  them  forth  in  this  horrible  con 
dition  an  a  warning  to  their  fellow-countrymen. 

A.I).  1073.— From  England  William  was  obliged  to  turn  his  attention  lo 
France.  The  province  of  Maine  in  tliot  country  had  been  willed  lo  iiim 
before  he  became  king  of  Engliind,  by  t:;ouiil  Herbert,  tteceiilly  the  peo- 
ple, encouraged  by  Wiliiani'H  residence  in  England,  and  rendered  discon- 
tented  by  the  voxalioun  opppr.tssion  of  the  Noniians,  to  whom  he  had  eit- 
trusted  the  government,  rose  and  expelled  them;  to  which  d  clBivp 
t'ourse  they  were  encouraged  by  Fulke,  count  of  Anjou,  who,  but  for  ('ounl 
Herbert's  will,   would  have  suceetuled  to  the  province.     The  ooinplele 

■    stjii^  (he  j.tL- 


.1 I  /. i_i I 

;!a:iu  sus:i:3::tnj 


rrjtii  ic:: 


.*M  *«« 


HISTORY  OP   THE   WORLD.  179 

pie  o(  Maine,  and  he  accordinirlv  went  nv^r  i»i>h  „  1 
composed  of  English  from  the  d  siZ^- m«-  "^  *  ''*'^®  ^'"''«=«'  «hiefly 
troopV,  who  exerted  IhemTelves  Sj  rthi"i°"^  '°/«"°"-  ^ith  thesj 
of  a  monarch  whose  poww  thev^ad  io  on^L^'^P**  °^  "^'""'"^  *''«  '■'»^"' 
and  with  a  sufficient  number  of  na?Pvi«^fM''"y  ™^J'"'' ^^^  «''«'^in«  «ff. 
against  any  treachery  oSepaJtorthrpl.r^r?''"^^  to  insure  him 
compel'^d  the  submission  of  tWnmvin.«^fin''  ''^  r"*^':^^  **«'»«'  «"*! 
earl  of  Anjou  of  all  pretensions  10^7'"*=*'  "'"^  ^'''  rehnquishraent  by  the 

favourite  NormLs.  ObEt  to  th^ei^leade  nTe'S^M"  »!'^%'''"«'«  «*" 
rons  were  accustomed  in  civil  life  oHp^lfk  .  ''®''''  *^®  Norman  ba- 
dent;  and  these  feudal  chiefs  havlnafnfi  ^''*'"'*'''^''P^''^«^-*'y  " 
er.  even  to  the  inflSno?  death  u^oinoZn?""  '"""""'"y  '•'^«"'"'«  P«^v- 
brook  without  reluctance  U.eSraTwafh,w5i..rwn°°  ''°'^'«'»"  *° 
tomed  to  issue  and  enforce  hisonlerZ  ^pL  ''  ^'"'«™  was  accus- 

eral,  though  hitherto  a  secret  H^^nn,;.,/^^  consequence  was  a  very  gen- 
England.  S'hclo[/g;rou?deV?,r^^^^  ^J!''"^  baron!  Sf 

arbitrary  interference  of  the  SL^in  ho^  *"'  '!•*'•  ^i^'.^^''^ '»  "«ht  by  the 
his  favourite  Fitzo  bornL    iS^Jfr  whohadT^^  affairs  of  Roper,  ,ln  of 
wished  to  give  his  sister  i^  mSje^o  nSnh  Hrr.''^'"'^  ^"l  of  Hereford, 
and,  rather  as  a  respectfu  SrmS  th«n  S  .h    Guader,  earl  of  Norfolk 
would  interpose  any  obiacle    ha  1  Jj"-  »^^     expec  ation  that  the  king 
arbitrarily  a^d  witLutassig^urrg  a  reason  ^rets^'^E  ^^"h"  ^j"'''™ 
more  nidignant  at  the  king's  refusal  both  •».«  „         ,  ®"'^P'".'»«'J.  and  still 
marriage  should  proceed  LtS.standiT^.„v'  determined   that  the 
the  friends  of  their  respective  houses  ,^^^^^  „»T1^^  accordingly  assenibled 
the  ceremony  they  opSfaS  wSv    !»  '^e  banquet  which  followed 
the  king,  and  especiSllv  a^«i„u  u.?  ^'  '"^^'»^«d  ag«'nst  the  caprice  of 
feemed^so  much  SeuSneS^t^^^  '^'  ""'.''"'•''y  ^'>i-l'  "« 

antry  heowed  the  rich  st  nf  r*.  "^^^f^  "o  over  those  nobles  to  whoso  gal- 
linctLs.     'Zco^^p^^^^^^^^^^^  proudest  of  hio  £ 

Bnd  to  men  warmed  with  wine  anv  a.vn  n"  ."''T'  'i"'«  ^runk  deeply ; 
certainly  many  .,f  thoTrgumems  wL//wI"'"''  '"''  T'""  *="««"'•  And 
the  most  powcrfid  of  tff  Nom/a.r  nobil?  SL""  h  T"^  '^  "'^T^  ""•"«  "^ 
3"ired  all  the  aid  of  wine  .u.Twas,?i  1  .hif  i**'  "'^"""^  '*'"  ^"'K  re 
foreeven  the  most  superri  1  iX,  mm^'V  «» J'»«8  "'Unter  bo- 
owed  ..II  that  he  hatlJ^rZhi^efLrV  ?",'?'', '''"'?  ^"'•'»»"  P"'»f"t 
rightful  Saxon  owners  2  ./,,,  Hv  f\?  Z"'^''''''  ""'^  '»  »''«  ''"'"of  the 
Inveighed  agninsrw  ^U  e  morbvU/H  ''  V"^/r^".'"^«  ^^^  «»''»"''  was 
becH.V  Walheof.^a  o  \.?rX  IK,  "'  '"'*  '»"""'""'«  '''.nt,  merely 
by  birth  and  wel  k.Sv;  u,    «  S  wa.aSaxoJ 

favourite  of  the   ki  rwh       1^  I?,!*  "  "V^""*"'  """'?'' »'«  was  a  prime 
Again,  the  IeS,,;uy^;,7wi  I ia  n^lS  t^  "T"  ■"''"'''  '"  '"""*"«" 

rev.HtingagHln^thiZ    Imri  V  thlih'lSr  V'*'"^"P"^   ""  "  r*-"-- <or 
not  the  s1igf„„st  bar  f"  birsu^rnlS.  ... .     '?".'."  'V  y^'y  '^•"Idl'ood  been 

other.,  t„  hi,.,  he  b!  I  be  n  .  ,n  «.  r„"  ;  '  '"■"'"  *''"'"'^''  W''"«"«  was  to       • 

thr  w«.  dan;:r:z^"t!;;;  ;rL;::riL"=.''_*-'  -•'>-«'  frie...i, 


-««  go  ji0Wf>rf.i 


■JU^M^ 


i  l 


4 


180 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  finally,  setlit.g  aside  both  personal  gratitude  and  personal  fears,  was 
it  not  probable  that  in  aiding  to  overthrow  William,  he  would,  in  fact,  be 
aiding  to  overthrow  a  single  and  not  invariably  cruel  tyrant,  only  to  set 
up  a  multitude  of  despots  to  spoil  and  trample  the  unhappy  people  1  Which. 
«ver  way  his  reflections  turned  he  was  perplexed  and  alarmed ;  and  hav< 
ing  confidence  equally  in  the  affection  and  in  the  judgment  of  his  wife 
he  entrusted  her  with  the  secret  of  the  conspiracy,  and  consulted  her  aa 
to  the  course  that  it  would  best  befit  him  to  take.  But  Judith,  whoso 
marriage  had  been  brought  about  with  less  reference  to  her  inclination 
than  to  the  king's  will,  had  suffered  her  affections  to  be  seduced  from  her 
husband,  and  in  the  abominable  hope  of  ridding  herself  of  him  by  exposing 
him  to  the  fatal  anger  of  the  king,  she  sent  William  all  the  particulars 
which  she  had  thus  confidently  acquired  of  the  conspiracy.  Waltheof,  in 
the  meantime,  growing  daily  more  and  more  perplexed  and  alanned,  con- 
fided his  secret  and  his  consequent  perplexities  to  Lanfranc,  whom,  from 
being  an  Italian  monk,  the  Conqueror  bad  raised  to  the  archbishopric  of 
Canterbury,  on  the  degradation  and  imprisonment  of  the  unfortunate  Sti- 
gand.  Lanfranc  advised  him  faithfully  and  well,  pointing  out  to  him  how 
paramount  his  duty  to  the  king  and  his  own  family  was  to  any  considera- 
tion he  could  have  for  the  conspirators,  and  how  likely  it  was  that  even 
by  some  one  uf  them  the  conspiracy  would  be  revealed  to  the  king,  if  he 
did  not  by  speedy  information  at  once  secure  himself  from  punishment, 
and  obtain  whatever  merit  William  might  attach  to  the  earliest  informa- 
tion upon  so  important  a  subject.  These  arguments  coincided  so  exactly 
with  Waltheofs  own  fuelnigs,  that  he  no  ionger  hesitated  how  to  act,  but 
at  once  went  over  to  Normandy  and  confessed  everything  to  the  king. 
With  his  usual  politic  tact,  William  gave  the  repentant  conspirator  a  gra- 
cious  reception,  and  professed  to  feel  greatly  obliged  by  his  caro  in  giving 
him  the  iufornmtion  ;  but  knowing  it  all  already  by  means  of  VVallTii'of'H 
treacherous  wife,  William  inwardly  determined  that  Waltheof,  especially 
as  he  was  an  Hnglishman,  should  eventually  profit  but  little  by  his  lardy 
repentance. 

Meanwhile,  WaltheoPs  sudden  journey  to  the  king  In  Normandy  alarmed 
the  conspirators  ;  not  doubting  that  they  were  betrayed,  yet  unwilling  to 
fall  unn.'Misting  victims  to  the  Icing's  rage,  they  broke  into  ojien  revolt  fai 
more  prematurely  than  otherwise  Ihoy  wouUi.  From  the  first  dawning 
of  the  conspiracy  it  had  been  a  loading  point  of  their  ;igroemont  that  they 
should  make  no  open  demonNtration  of  hostility  to  the  king  until  the  ar- 
rival of  a  large  fleet  of  flic  Danes,  with  whom  they  had  secretly  nllicii 
themselves,  and  whoM»  aid  whs  quite  indispcnsible  to  their  combHting, 
with  any  reasonable  chance  of  success,  the  great  majority  of  the  nobility, 
who,  from  real  attachment  to  the  king  or  fiom  mon^  selfish  motives,  woulcl 
be  sure  to  defeAd  their  absiMit  sovereign.  Hut  now  tliat  they  wore,  as 
they  rightly  conjectured,  brtrayed  by  Wallh  "of,  they  could  no  longer  rog- 
iilato  their  conduct  by  the  strict  maxims  of  prudence.  The  earl  of  Here- 
ford, as  he  was  the  first  of  the  conspirators,  so  also  was  the  first  o|)(Mily 
to  raise  his  standard  agiunst  the  king.     He,  however,  wnu  henuned  in,  mid 

Ereveiitcd  from  paHsiihj  the  Severn  to  carry  rebt'llion  into  the  heart  of  the 
ingdom,  by  the  bishop  of  WoroestJir  and  the  mitred  abbot  of  Eveshuni  in 
that  county,  aided  by  Walter  de  Lacy,  a  jiowerful  Norman  baron.  The 
earl  of  Norfolk  was  defeated  at  'rnigadiis  in  (-anibridgeshire,  by  Odo,  the 
kinii**  halfbrothrr,  who  was  left  as  regent  of  the  kingdom,  and  Uicliiird 
de  Hi'Mifaite  and  William  de  Wareiiiio,  the  Umh  justiciaries.  The  earl  of 
Norfolk  was  fortunate  enouf^h  to  esc!i;)e  to  Norfolk,  but  those  of  his  ronto'l 
followers  who  were  so  unfortunate  as  to  be  made  prisoners  and  not  slain 
iitiinndiately  after  the  action,  were  barbaroualy  condemned  to  lose  their 
.ight  feet.  When  news  of  this  rigour  rnaohnd  the  earl  in  his  Danish  ro- 
iruat.  he  gave  uu  all  hooe  uf  bvitiff  able,  aa  It  would  Bcein  ho  had  still  in 


HISTORY  OP  TUE  WORLD.  j-qv 

;^3:J^K -^-S^^^-^-„^  England;  he  the.^re  ,„,. 

..cumii;Ek~n'?uT\l%"pTn%;?^^^^  '^'  --Pi-V  having 

however,  so  speedily  was  ?he  nrema  1  «.,h  "if  "''"  '"1  ^'"^1^1  wherel 
end  to,  he  only  arrived  in  Ume  to  SZ.«  h'""'"^"*^^''  ''"'^"'^'^  P"t  an 
pmiishments  which  he  inflicted  nnonttt^^''  T^^V^^r  V'""^  "i^™  by  the 

of  these  unhappy  wretc;t'a^rie;S7t"o"ut"ijl!m  '^T 

prived  of  their  right  hands  or  feet  mH  ih../^  5  '  ^  ^"''  ""*'"®  '^^''e  de- 
warning  against  iro,,sing  the  terr  bio  »„l^^^^^  perpetual  and  terrific 
ford,  who  was  taken  SnerSi^Sn^rhl'''^  ^l!"^'  ''''»''  "»••'  "<"  »«'«- 
revolt  and  the  consequenrmi^erv  and  s.  ff^r^' *'♦  P^'T'^'-y  cause  of  the 
ipated  that  the  king's  ^vrath  Sd  h„v«  ?»  i"^'  "  ?1!^'l'  ^"^«  b««"  ""tic 
caped  far  better  thali  thTwreS^pearit  wZ.n^!'^  ^""^'y.  ^''^'^^'y'  «»■ 
into  ruin.  He  was  deprived  of  his  K^  inH  ", '""  ""P'-»'^«"ce  had  led 
during  the  king's  pleasu  e?  But  the  kin.,  -v-"*  T?^'"  ''"P"«o'"nent 
tion  to  release  thJ  prisoner,  whoin  he  in^h«7  '''"'^"'  V^^  ^^  =*"  '»'«"■ 
have  restored  to  his'  estate  ^nd  to  favour  hm  t^'-^'  '^V^'^  '"""'  P^^'^^^iy 
itl-timed  hauteurof  the  earl  ffL^/r„?h    V         *  'mP"l'tic  and  peculiarly 

no  overt  act  of  treason,  and  he  ha^not  ;,S™nte?o  ,h  ^^"'  ^"'i'^  «^ 
spiracy  almost  as  soon  as  lie  had  vommiuZ  w^h  !  i  ^'^i"'*'  "^"^^  ^^ «on. 
the  king,  who  had  received  his^if™-  '  'u"'  '"*''  f'^^tf^'ed  to  warn 
ne«8.  IJut  WaltheJJ'eft  oiit  of  h  s  JSr  I  H '""'  ^'''''  "PP"'"*'"*  '"ankful 
lie  forgot  to  take  into  conSe  atioj  Se  fS'LTnfr'^K"?'''"'"'""'  P«"'» « 
man.     Moreover,  he  had  tl  rnlr.  ?i?n„         •  '  .  f*  "'^  ^'"'  ^""'ff  «»  Knglish- 

iudith.    The  iniuencelhfh^r  '^^v    W;;;Se'Zu^'  '^r'r"\''''' 
have  sufficed  to  save  her  hiisba.iH  nnli»I  "'"^'^  ^ou  d  scarcely,  perhaps, 

circumstances ;  but  it  was  oS"  no wlrfnl^r'"'^!'''''  ^'^'''"'  ^^  «"'"«  «'l>«r 
the  numerous  courtiers  who  SSliM  I  ^'*'''  '^^'^"  "''''*"'  I"  'hat  ot 
«rty  of  Waif  hcof,  to  XsTihe  S  i  ea  s'^.o  S^  T'  "P?"  "'"  «''"'  ^'"'^ 
unhappy  Waltheof  was  trie  1  an  exec,  ted  W.T"  "^  '"""'>'•  *"'"  "'« 
was  condemned ;  having  S  that  hnS.,i  ^"u'"''''  ""'  "*'''  ^''^t  ho 
not  ho  mentioned  ;  fo  Si  o  whe,  ,t  kimr  wS  j"r  •^"'"''""'"♦"«'»  "<-« 
Of"  1.0  tried  and  not  ••ondemS  **     "'""'  '""  •■"'"•  ''«"''*  '»  t'««t 

imeli<,ratio»  of  their  suCWs.  7aH  Zlt^l  l'"','''  '"''"^  ''"P«''  ^'''  «''y 
«.<tent  was  the  pomilar  Lr  of  f  Juried  fTl^  ^■^mnnvd;  „«y,  t„  ,„ch  an 
tlie  miperstition'o  the  ag^  that  nsnmii^-  T"^'  '""'  '*  '."'*''^'  "P  «'"h 
with  the  pownr  of  workS  , ,?  c'les  ZZnZ''  'a'^^T^  '"  ''«  '""'"«'l 
"if  lestin'iony  to  his  Hanctfiy  a  to  tC  n  j  i  off.!''"'"'''''  "[  '*""•*'  *•«"■ 
fHMii.u  to  the  regret  felt  for « 1  d^.  11  i'  i  ^  "L"  ''«"<'»"»"•  «'«  pro- 
"fins  widow,     l^rthat  dmes^H  i,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ''^''•"''  rf"t<"''tHl<on 

of  the  king's  favour  aXrwIon  IT'i  ''""  fl'!:'""r;«'»»  "<Jrfod  the  log. 
"Hire  and  unpitied  misery  '^•""'•"Jt  «f  her  life  was  8,m,,u  in  „b 

nowtsiiS!;;::;;:^.^^;;;;;;;;' ♦^^  lil.^  "[""'"^''  ;■'  .•^"«'-"'  ^":'^"" 

«"lph  de  (Jauder.  e«  I  0X3^^^  "'"  P"""""'''""-  "' 

P'lrlcl  l.y  the  P..ri  of  Hn  ««,..;„    1  .1     .    '"**  ""Wenian  was  no  w(^ll  suii- 

j;;rma«ont  orlerio,« .rMwilhThi!"     ^  .^'  ^'At^^'tf  ?  r""  1"^ 

hoth  tlMt  innrinrrli  and  Ihe  eail  of  Rritti..  v  u-i  L  -L'l  1  /  •   "j'  ^'"''"^  "'"• 

P"rtM!g  Kalph  de  (Jruider  at  w  1  ILi   ^       ^  res.ilutely  bent  upon  sup. 

<«•"<•"  with  all  three  « '"«l<'v«>r  eon.equencei,  he  wisely 'made  a 

.»  o.  J07«.-Unff«,H..  rgjiied  bv  WiJiJ.M  to  t\u^  .rehbl.)u,„w..  „r/. 


^'M 


s^ 


'|j;.lfci*; 


182 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


bury,  was  at  once  an  ambitious  man  and  a  faithful  and  zealous  servant  o' 
the  papacy.  Though  he  had  been  raised  to  his  high  station  by  the  favour 
of  the  king,  to  whom  iie  was  really  and  gratefully  attached,  he  would  nut 
allow  the  rights  of  the  church  to  be  in  any  wise  infringed  upon.  On  the 
death  of  Aldred,  by  whom  it  will  be  remembered  that  William  hi"!  chosen 
to  be  crowned,  Thomas,  a  Norman  monk,  was  appointed  to  succeed  him 
in  the  archbishopric  of  York.  The  new  archbishop,  probably  presuming 
upon  the  king's  favour,  pretended  that  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  York  had 
precedence  and  superiority  to  that  of  Canterbury.  The  fact  of  Aldred, 
his  predecessor,  having  been  called  upon  to  crown  the  king,  most  prob- 
ably weighed  with  the  prelate  of  York;  iu  which  case  he  must  have  for- 
gotten or  wilfully  neglected  the  circumstances  of  that  case.  Lanfranc  did 
neither  one  nor  the  other ;  and,  heedless  of  what  the  king  migiit  think  or 
wish  upon  the  subject,  he  boldly  commenced  a  procession  to  liie  papal 
court,  which,  after  the  delay  for  which  liome  was  already  proverbial,  was 
terminated  must  triumphantly  for  Lanfranc.  It  will  readily  be  supposed 
that  under  such  a  prelate  the  people  of  England  were  not  allowed  to  lose 
any  portion  of  their  exorbitant  respect  for  the  papacy.  William,  indeed, 
was  not  a  monarch  to  allow  even  the  church,  potent  as  it  was,  to  master 
him.  Very  early  in  his  reign  he  expressly  forbade  his  subjects  from  ac- 
knowledging any  one  as  pope  until  authorized  to  do  so  by  the  king ;  he 
required  all  canons  of  the  synods  to  be  submitted  for  his  approval ;  and 
though  even  he  did  not  deem  it  safe  to  dispute  the  right  of  the  cliurch  to 
exconununicate  evil-doers,  he  very  elfectuiilly  curbed  that  right,  as  applied 
to  his  own  subjects,  by  ruling  that  no  papal  bull  or  letter  should  be  held 
to  be  an  authoritative  or  even  an  authentic  document,  until  it  should  have 
received  his  sanction.  It  was  rather,  therefore,  in  imbuing  the  minds  of 
the  people  with  a  solemn  awe  and  reverence  of  the  pope  and  the  church, 
that  Lanfranc  was  tiiigaged  duringthis  reign;  and  in  this  he  was  so  suc- 
cessful, that  subsequent  inonarclis  of  less  ability  and  firmness  tlian  WiU 
liam  were  grievously  incommoded. 

Gregory  VII.  probably  pushed  tiie  powerof  the  papacy  over  the  tempo- 
ral concerns  of  the  kingdoms  of  Kuropo  further  than  any  previous  po|H3. 
Ho  excommunicated  Nicophorus,  the  emperor  of  the  east,  and  Robert 
Guiscard,  the  Norman  conqueror  of  Naples ;  he  took  away  from  Poland 
her  very  rank  as  a  kingdom ;  and  hn  protended  to  the  right  of  parcelling  out 
Hie  territory  of  Spain  among  those  adventurers  wiio  should  conquer  it 
from  the  M.uirs.  Though  he  was  boldly  and  ably  opposed  by  the  c lupt) 
ror  Henry  IV.,  ho  was  not  a  whit  deterred  in  his  ambitious  course ;  and 
even  the  warlike,  able,  and  somewhat  fierce  character  of  Williuuj  did  not 
shield  him  from  being  assailed  Ijv  the  extravagant  demands  ut  Rome. 
Gregory  wrote  to  him  to  demand  tlie  payment  of  Peter's  pence,  whivli 
R(»me  had  converted  into  a  rightful  tribute,  thiMigh  a  8«xon  prince  had 
originally  given  the  contribution,  so  (tailed,  merely  as  r,  voluntary  dona- 
lion  ;  and  lie  had  at  the  hiuim)  nine  averred  that  WiUium  had  prouiistid  to 
do  homage  to  Rome,  for  his  kingdom  of  England.  William  sent  the 
money,  but  he  phunly  and  somewhat  tartly  told  the  pope  at  the  same 
time,  that  he  had  neither  pi-oinised  nor  ever  intended  to  do  homagf 
to  Rome.  The  pope  wmely  forbore  to  press  the  subject;  but  thougli 
in  addition  t(»  this  plain  refusal  to  comply  with  an  unreasonable  de- 
numd,  William  still  further  showed  his  iiui«|)tiuloncH  by  forbidding  thf 
Kiiglish  to  attond  n  council  which  (Jngory  had  siinunoniM!,  he  had  iic 
MieaiiH,  even  hud  he  ^inmelf  been  more  free  from  su|)erstiti(Ui  than  he  ap 
p«»»rs  to  liHv«  b«H«n,  of  provoniing  the  progicus  of  the  clergy  in  subject 
uig  the  minds  «if  th«  oeopU  Tlu)  greatfNl  nfforts  were  made  to  rwiiiln 
Ihn  rehbacy  of  the  riergy  general,  and  to  give  ihn  app»>aranee  :»f  additioi.a. 
suiictitiionKiusiiesA  to  their  outward  life,  in  onhfr  the  more  deeply  tf 
inpresstho  iwopjo  with  the  notion  of  the  genuine  Miielity  of  the'rcharacH'i 


i  1  m  (. 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  .183 

Prosperous  an  William  was  in  his  oublip  Affairs   hi^u^A  ^    ,  ^ 
trouble.     He  was  obliged  to  remain  fSr«nm»„i'    •    ^^  '^'"'''  domestic 
as  a  residence  he  gre^  P^efeS  EnS   ^17  h^ATT^^^' ^^l^^^ 
Purnamed  Courthoie,  on  ancouiu  of  thf  shnrtn?,.  «^- 1- ''^f ''  "''"  ^"^^'^ 
father  fear  for  the  safety  of  Normandy     «>^»^^^^^^    his  legs,  made  his 
submitted  to  William,  he  promised  Ih^n^nn  1  ^PTJ  '^**.  ^''«"  ^""^^ 
should  have  Robert  for  tCTrfneeaKih.^t  *' ^l^'''""^ 
England,  he,  in  compliance  wRh  the  Vish  of  thrPr^^^^        to  conquer 
was  just  then  his  especial  interest  and  rf!,?!  t^     *-t^^  king,  whom  i{ 
as  his  successor  in  the  LhT S"  NormlnHv    \«'*"«fy.  "amed  Robert 
doing  this  was  his  sole  meanLf  reeSh,/V>»?.«TH^      '*"'"•■"  '^^' 
England,  but  he  had  not  the  slightesUnten  mn  of  n.rfn     •"  ,?."'«1"«''?  » 
Indeed,  when  he  was  subseqS  ^S  brhis  sm^^,.Tf  J-' P™"""'' 
session  of  Normandy,  he  ruliri  led  th«  v,.„L  to  pu    him  in  pos 

by  his  intrigues,  confirS  tSe^l'in^'  of^FrTnce  mS"th'e"rri  of  Br  .^'""^' 
their  support  of  his  rebellious  vassal,  the  eaTof  Nor?o?k'^  of  Bnttany  m 

ammmi 

IU(1  no  iliraciiliy  ,„  raisuij  forces  .ulHcieiu  lo  lliroiv  his  rather'.  lSli«! 
rydo,„„„oi„  mlo  Irouble  «ndeo„r„»io„  for  several  ycnr. 
So  lro„l,le,„,„e  did  Roller!  and  l,i,  adherents  »X,«,  beeome    Ihu 

tiS*    C?.1V'*m"  '"•"^"'•"'•iho  rcsi^tancn  was  .bsti.mte  in  ™," 
ion.     |.  r«<,u,rit  SHlhns  w«r«  mad.!,  aii.l  „„  o„„  of  those  oo.^asiot  »  R  Ci 
w  iH  per^omiily  „p,„,„„d  i,,  f,i,  f„,hnr.  whom,  from  the  k  nff'^  vTHnr  S 
rf  wn,  h.,  ,i,rt  „o,  recognize.     The  flghl  was  fierce  onbothSdes   and  R 

rnthor      1 1„.  k,„y  shouted  to  one  of  his  oftl.     ,.      ,  aid  to  rn.        it     «nH 
Robert  ro,;ogn.i!ing  his  parent',  voice,  wr.  m,  ».nirk  wi      Cr        .t  ^  .1 

n.msoii  upon  'ii*  kiiHRH  HI,,   fnirfnted  fnrgiv.',j,  .■  s  f(.r  his  miscoiidiict     lini 
-  k.Mij  w««  too  deeply  .    ,„ded  to  he  r.Lnciled  ot     ,V    .  n  t  to  his  t^ 

'Win..     I  he  „ege  w»s  shortly  afterwards  raised ;  and  Queen  Wat  da  mJ 


m-t 


M^M 


ntn^ 


184 


HISTORY  OF  THE  W6rLD. 


ing  succfeded  iii  briiigiiifir  about  a  rec<)ii(!i!iation,  the  kin-r  no.  only  al 
lowed  Robert  to  accompany  hiin  to  England,  but  also  entrusted  him  with 
an  army  to  chastise  the  Scotch  for  some  incursions  they  had  made  noon 
the  northern  parts  of  Eneland.     The  Welsh  who,  as  well  as  the  Scotch 
had  taken  advantage  of  the  king's  absence  to  make  incursions,  were  now 
ilflo  chastised  and  brought  into  submission. 

A.D.  1081.-— Having  both  his  Norman  and  English  dominions  now  in  a 
state  of  profound  quiet,  William  turned  his  attention  to  the  important  ob- 
Joct  of  a  survey  and  valuation  of  the  lands  of  England.  Taking  for  his 
model  the  survey  which  had  been  made  by  order  of  Alfred,  and  which 
was  deposited  at  Winchester,  he  had  the  extent,  tenure,  value,  and  kind 
or  the  land  m  each  district  carefully  noted  down,  together  with  the  names 
of  the  proprietors,  and,  in  some  cases,  the  names  of  the  tenants,  with  the 
niimber,  age,  and  sex  of  the  cottagers  and  slaves.  By  good  arrangement 
this  important  work,  in  despite  of  its  great  extent,  was  completed  within 
SIX  years,  and,  under  the  name  of  the  Domesday  Book,  it  to  this  day  re- 
mains to  give  us  the  most  accurate  account  of  England  at  that'time,  with 
*?,^,f.'f<'«P''on  Of  ''»o  northern  provinces,  which  the  ravages  of  war  and 
William  s  own  tyranny  had  reduced  to  such  a  wretched  condition,  that  an 
account  of  them  was  not  considered  worth  taking. 

The  king's  acts  were  not  always  of  so  praiseworthy  a  character.  At 
tached,  like  all  Normans,  to  the  pleasures  of  the  chase,  he  allowed  that 
pleasure  to  seduce  him  into  cruelties  more  characteristic  of  a  demon  than 
a  man.  Ihe  game  in  the  royal  forests  was  protected  by  laws  far  more 
severe  than  those  that  protected  the  lives  of  human  beings.  He  who  kil- 
ed  a  man  could  aton«  to  the  law  by  tlie  paymoni  of  a  pecuniarv  fine ;  but 
he  who  was  so  unhappy  as  to  be  detected  in  -killing  a  deer,  a  boar,  oi 
even  an  insignificant  hare,  in  the  royal  forest,  had  his  eyes  put  out  ' 

A.D.  1087.— The  royal  forests  which  William  found  on  comin<r  to  Ens- 
land  wore  very  extensive  ;  but  not  sufficiently  so  for  his  more  tlian  roffal 
passion  for  the  chr«;je.  His  usual  residence  was  at  Winchester ;  and  de- 
siring to  hAvr>  a  spacious  forest  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  he  mercilessly 
caused  no  less  an  extent  of  country  than  thirty  miles  to  be  laid  waste  tc 
form  one.  Houses,  whole  villages,  churches,  nay,  even  convents,  were 
destroyed  for  this  purpose ;  and  a  multitude  of  wretched  people  were 
thus  without  any  compensation  deprived  of  their  homes  and  property 
and  cast  upon  the  world,  in  many  cases,  to  perish  of  want.  '''■'■ 

Besides  the  trouble  which  William  had  been  caused  by  the  petulance 
of  his  son  Robert,  he  towards  the  end  of  lis  reign  had  two  very  jireal 
irials;  the  ungrateful  conduct  of  his  half  brother  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeu.x!  ami 
the  death  of  Queen  Matilda,  to  whom  throughout  he  was  most  fervently  at- 
tached, riio  presumption  of  Odo  had  led  him  not  only  to  aim  at  the  pa- 
pal throne,  but  also  to  attempt  to  seduce  some  of  William's  noblet.  from 
tlu'ir  ailogiancn  and  accompany  him  to  Italy.  William  oidero-i  the  proud 
prelate  to  bo  arrested ;  and  finding  that  his  offir-urs,  deterred  by  their  fear 
or  the  church,  were  afraid  to  seize  the  bishop,  ho  went  in  person  to  arrest 
nim  ;  and  when  Odo,  inistakingly  imagining  that  the  king  shared  the  pop- 
ular prejudice,  pleaded  his  sacred  charactKr,  William  drily  replied,  -'I  do 
not  arrest  the  Bishop  of  Baveiix,  but  who  earl  of  K«nt"-whi(!h  title 
WiHiain  had  bestowed  upon  him.  He  then  sent  him  to  Normandy,  and 
Uore  kept  liim  in  confinement.  William's  end,  however  now  approached. 
Some  incursions  made  •.ipon  Normiuuly  by  French  knights,  and  a  coarse 
joke  ptissed  upon  ln»  corpulence  by  the  French  king,  so  much  provoked 
him,  that  he  proceeded  to  1-iy  waste  the  town  of  Manlos,  with  Ihn  avowed 
intention  of  carrying  his  rage  still  further.  But  while  he  watched  thf 
hurmii|  of  i^o  town  his  horse  started,  and  the  king  was  so  severely 
bruited  tliat  no  died  a  few  days  afterwards  at  the  monastery  of  Nt.  Ger- 
\M.     During  hia  mortal  illness  he  made  great  gniiits  to  chiin-'ies  aiu' 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD.  igg 

length,  however,  though  with  a  reluctanop  thlt  AiAvJ  .•        "®  ^' 

ed  to  release  and  forgive  Odo  and  h^at  t»         ^T  "*"  '''*'^"'  *'°"*«"'- 
the  release  of  Morca?  and  oSer  emfnJnt  LTk  *'™^  ^''''^  "'•*^«"  '""'■ 

Now  that  we  have  arr  ved  at  the  close  of  Wiiii/m  fK  ,       • 

it  may  bo  as  well  before  we  procLd  furthp/w  h  ""  ^""'J^'e-'O'- «  reign, 
a  short  d.gre.8ion  relative  We  geneSic  a    LThf"h^  r""^^' 

monarchs  of  England  success!  vel/cSed  the  thm,  e  %h«  ^  '''  '^"'"™ 
quest,  as  we  have  seen,  introduced  are.S  chZ;  Ifu^u'^^'T' 
guage,  manners,,  and  customs.     Cndand  beian  tn^^t  ''*"'^'  i**"" 

ablo  figure  among  the  nations  of  Europe  ?han?t  h.rt  f«  *  "7'^  *'''•"'"^"■- 
this  important  event;  and  it  received  a  "pw  11  assu'ned  previous  to 
either  by  the  male  or  female  EJas  cont?nlH,»^  "^  f  "yf  «'g"«.  which 

«Ajs  began  „ilh  William  thrSUrS  The  S'S  „"'"l"f'  ''''"• 
Blois.  from  the  m;,rri»ap  .f  aL  r.V^'^l  "'^  °"  ^  i"'«  .'^f  '''e  house  of 


Ujchard  II.,  inclusive.    Tiiese  were"  aftV.Vw-iVH7"',liviHn'r"?  "''""".''«'J  ^« 


The  family 


™.el,U,ir,l.„i,  of  .„e  aaiJ  king Van.l'.S    'i ,"r  . ulmf 

mond;  and- ended  with  Oueen  EhrnhPth      a   !^         ^  "tJor,  - ,arl  of  Uich- 


CHAPTER  XV. 

THE  IIK'ON  or  WU.HAM  II. 

l«ft  only  his  mother's  possess,,;   ,,  buVcZ   eU  Ium  Ir  S^       "^'1'"^'"' 

."far'Jn':  r",f  '"  '"r  «"vi  '^  ^'''  -»'-  i'-niwo'  ,.r,a''^; 
'  lar  of  li,«  l.rolhers;  and  to  Willum  was  l«i\  the  moNt  nd'.  iidi.i  nf  li   hi 
ttlher's  possfssions,  the  crown  of  Rngland    w hi.      thVnnt^n  L       '    '" 
I'tiiT  wruton  on  hw  ,Jeath-bod,  enic-irS  I   nfr  m     .rhiJ.?^    ''.''*  ".*  * 
b".y.  10  place  upon  his  head.    Thi  younJiSc  NvlIhl^'X-' C '^L 


'■•ti^^fi^' 


J-'    .iifif 


*-i:i^li.'' 


k8& 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


f  55 


colour  of  his  hair,  was  surnamed  Rufua,  was  so  anxious  lo  avail  himself 
of  this  letter,  that  he  did  not  even  wait  at  the  monastery  of  St.  Gervas 
long  enough  to  receive  his  father's  last  breath,  but  hastened  to  England 
before  the  danger  of  the  Conqueror  was  generally  known,  and  obiained 
possession  of  the  royal  treasure  at  Winchester,  amounting  to  £60,000 
— a  large  sum  at  that  time.  He  also  possessed  himself  of  the  importHnt 
fortresses  of  Pevensey,  Hastings,  and  Dover,  which  from  their  situation 
could  not  fail  to  be  of  great  service  to  him  in  the  event  of  his  right  to  the 
crown  being  disf  uted.  Such  dispute  he,  in  fact,  had  all  possible  reason 
to  expect.  The  manner  in  which  Robert's  right  of  primogeniture  was 
completely  set  aside  by  an  informal  letter  written  upon  a  deathbed,  when 
even  the  strongest  minds  may  reasonably  be  supposed  to  be  unsettled, 
was  in  itself  sufficient  to  lead  to  some  discontent,  even  had  that  prince 
been  of  a  less  fiery  and  fierce  temper  than  his  disputes  with  his  father  and 
brothers  had  already  proved  him  to  be.  Lanfranc,  who  had  educated  the 
new  king  and  was  much  attached  to  him,  took  the  best  means  to  render 
opposition  of  no  effect.  He  called  together  some  of  the  chief  nobles  and 
prelates,  and  performed  the  ceremony  of  the  coronation  in  the  most  im- 
plicit  obedience  to  the  deceased  Conqueror's  letter.  This  promptitude  had 
the  desired  effect.  The  partizans  of  Robert,  if  absence  from  England 
had  left  him  any,  made  not  the  slightest  attempt  to  urgo  his  hereditary 
right ;  and  he  seemed  to  give  his  own  sanction  to  the  will  of  his  father, 
by  peaceably,  and  as  a  matter  of  course,  assuming  the  government  of 
Maine  and  Normandy  which  it  conferred  upon  him. 

But  though  no  opposition  was  made  to  the  accession  of  William  Rufus 
at  the  time  when,  if  ever,  such  opposition  couM  reasonably  have  been 
made,  namely,  previous  to  his  coronation,  he  was  not  long  seated  upon 
his  throne  before  he  experienced  the  opposition  of  some  of  the  most  pow- 
erful Norman  nobles.     Hatred  of  Lanfranc,  and  envy  of  his  great  power, 
actuated  some  of  them  ;  and  many  of  them  possessing  property  both  in 
England  and  Normandy,  were  anxious  that  both  countries  should  be  uni 
ted  under  Robert,  foreseeing  danger  to  their  property  in  one  or  the  other 
country  whensoever  the  separate  sovereigns  should  disagree.    They  held 
that  Robert  as  eldest  son,  was  entitled  to  both  England  and  Normandy ; 
and  they  were  the  more  anxious  for  his  success,  because  his  careless 
and  excessively  generous  temper  promised  them  that  freedom  from  inter- 
ference upon  which  they  set  so  high  a  value,  and  which  the  haughty  and 
hard  character  of  William  Rufus  threatened  to  deprive  them  of.     Odo, 
bishop  of  Bayeux,  and  Robert,  earl  of  Mortaigne,  another  half-brother  ol 
the  Conqueror,  urged  these  arguments  upon  some  of  the  most  eminent  oi 
the  Norman  nobility.     Eustace,  count  of  Boulogne,  Roger  Bigod,  Hugh 
de  (treatsmil,  William,  bishop  of  Durham,  Robert  de  Moubray,  and  other 
magnates,  joined  in  the  conspiracy  to  dethrone   William  ;  and  they  sev- 
erally put  their  castles  into  a  state  of  defence.    William  felt  the  full  value 
of  promptitude.  Even  tlui  domestic  conspirators  were  powerful  enough  to 
warrant  considerable  alarm  and  anxiety,  but  the  king's  danger  would  be 
Increased  tenfold  by  the  arrival  of  reinforcements  to  Ihem  from  Nor- 
mandy.    The  king  therefore  rupiflly  got  together  as  strongr  a  force  as  he 
could  and  marched  into  Kent,  where  Rochester  and  Pevensey  were  seized 
and  garrisoned  by  his  uncles  Odo  and  Robert.     He  starved  the  conspira- 
tors at  both  places  into  submission,  and  he  was  strongly  inclined  to  put 
the  leaders  to  death ;  but  the  more  humane  c(unisol  of  William  do  W:ir- 
enne  untl  Robert  Fitzhammond,  who  had  joined  him,  prevailed  upon  him 
to  content  himself  with  (Confiscating  the  property  nl  the  offenders  and  ban- 
tfihintr  ihpm  from  the  kingdom.      His  buccpsh  ovnr  thn  foremost  men  of 
the  r«<bel  [)nrty  decided  the  struggle  in  his  favour.    His  powerful  fieot  had 
l.y  this  time  stationed  itnclf  upon  the  const,  so  that  Robert  no  longer  had 
any  opporluniiy  to  land  the  reinforcements  his  indolence  had,  so  fatally 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  •    ]87 

tor  his  cause,  delayed.    The  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  upon  wh.  .m  the  ron,ni 
rators  had  greatly  depended,  was  skilfully  won  over  bv^  e  ki,,a    «uH  .P- 
rest  of  the  traders  became  hopeless  of  success,  and  eithef  ledhZ  Z 
country  or  made  their  submission.    Some  were  MiYrmpri   Ifi  ^»i 

cTwn'^JlryelrnTangeT  '"""'  ""*  ""'^  ^''«^  ^'^'^ »»»«  '^'"8  ^*»'le  '"' 
ear1?  Sat^e'n^S  S  tZnt^JfrtnVo'^rK^^^^^^^  ^" 

sor.  Now  that  he  was  secure,  he  not  merely  failed  to  mitigate  the  tT 
,W^li"v'i?';h''''''^  ^f'^, P««Rle  g'«aned,  but  hi  u.creased  U  While  lin- 
ira  ic  lived,  the  zeal  and  ability  of  that  prelate,  added  to  the  suoers'tition 
of  the  age,  rendered  the  property  of  the  church  saorpH  '"«  f  "Perstition 
died  soon  after  the  access'ion'of  Wliam  RuS  Xmadehsiwn  wm 
t«  A^ilZ  ^Z  f  ^^^^^  «f  his  subjects,  whe'ther  lay  or  c?eriS  o" 
the  death  of  a  bishop  or  abbot  he  either  set  the  see  or  abbey  up  for  onen 
sale,  as  he  would  any  other  kind  of  property,  or  he  delayed  th?  aoVS 
ment  of  a  new  bishop  or  abbot,  and  so  kept  the  temporSs  in  K  for 
h.s  own  use.  Such  conduct  produced  much  discomeran^J  murmuring 
but  the  p.»wer  of  the  king  was  too  great,  and  his  cruel  and  violent  temDet' 

^hf«^»^;'H^"  ''"°''"'  J°  ^""^  *^«  S^"«^«J  discontent  to  assUe  a  more  tan 
gible  and  dangerous  form.    So  confident,  indeed,  did  the  khig  fe2?  of  hi 
power  in  England,  that  he  even  thought  it  not  unsafe  to  diWrb  the  ^ace 
of  his  brother  Robert  in  Normandy,  where  the  licentious  Sons  we?^  al 
ready  ma  most  disorderly  state,  owing  to  the  impruden?  ind  26^0  and 
lenity  of  their  generous  and  facile  dule.    Availing  himseTf  of  S  state 

'T'-  ^^""*'"  ^"^"^  *^«  governors  of  Albemarie  and  St  Valori,  and 
".us  obtained  possession  of  those  important  fortresses. 

♦ho.  J•"^^  °  .u*"**"-  obtaining  possession  of  Rouen,  but  was  defeated  in 
that  object  by  the  singular  fidelity  of  his  brother  Henry  to  RoS  under 

Henry,  though  he  had  inherited  only  some  money  out  of  all  the  vast 
possessions  of  h.s  father,  had  lent  Uuke  Robert  three  thousand  marks^o 
aid  h.m  1.1  h.8  attempt  to  wrest  the  crown  of  England  fmm  Wl  lilm 
By  way  of  security  f.>r  this  money,  Henry  was  put  in  possession  of  con' 
siderable  erntory  in  Normandy :  yet  upon  some  real  S?  proSod  ml 

K'ZuT''  ""' ''"'?;  '^'f  "^'^  ]}''"'  ''^  "'is,  but  also  threw  him  in"  .prison 
Though  he  was  we  I  nware  that  Robert  only  at  last  liberated  him  in 
consequence  of  requiring  his  aid  on  the  threatened  invas  ^of  EniSnd 
f.  rZ.  '?«hHvedm<.8t  loyally.  Having  learnt  that  Conan,  a  very  SJ: 
ful  md  influent.a  citizen  of  Rouen,  had  traitorously  bargained  tV  Jive 
up  the  city  to  King  William,  the  prince  took  him  to  the  top  of  a  llZ 
tower,  and  with  his  own  hand  threw  him  over  the  battlements.  ^ 

stuin  «f  IH^  "'  l*"'^"'  '""''?'' ""  nuinerous  army  in  Normandy,  and  the 
tt  Uu!T  T'""^  '•'"**""  ""*'  'hieatening  indeed  as  re^rded  t  e 
mn,  "'" 'he  int.n.ate  .connection  and  mutual  interests  of  tL  lead  ns 
men  on  both  sides  favouepd  him,  and  a  treaty  was  made,  by  which  h? 
English  king  on  one  hand  obtained  the  territory  of  Eu.  and  some  other 
torritorml  advantages,  whil.s  on  the  other  hand,  he  e,;iraged  to  restore 
losebarons  who  were  banished  from  England  for  ospmislng  the  ca  se 
of  Roherl  in  the  ate  revolt,  and  to  assist  his  brother  agains  the  people 
nf  Maine  who  had  revolted.    It  was  further  agreed,  under  the  witness  and 

^lll;'Sr":f '''"r  ?l  "'""'"'"'  '""■"»''""  nther  side,  th«t  whoever  "1 
the  t\vo  brothori  should  survive  should  inherit  th»  ..o«s««»!nn-  of  ibi%..„. 


ka.    •.,*.» .- 


J:li    •' 


188 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD, 


In  all  this  treaty  not  a  word  was  inserted  in  favour  of  Prince  Henry 
who  naturally  felt  indignant  at  being  so  much  neglected  by  his  brother 
Robert,  from  whom  he  certainly  had  merited  better  treatment.  With 
drawuig  from  Rtuen,  he  fortified  himself  at  S?,  Michael's  Mount,  on  the 
Norman  coast,  and  sent  out  plundering  parties,  who  greatly  annoyed  the 
whole  neighbourhood.  Robert  and  William  besieged  him  here,  and 
during  the  siege  an  incident  occurred  which  goes  to  show  that  Robert's 
neglect  to  his  brother  was  owing  rather  to  carelessness  than  to  any  real 
want  of  generous  feeling.  Henry  and  his  garrison  were  so  much  distres- 
sed for  water  that  they  must  have  speedily  submitted.  When  this  was 
told  to  Robert,  he  not  only  allowed  his  brother  to  supply  himself  with 
water  but  also  sent  him  a  considerable  quantity  of  wine.  William,  who 
could  not  sympathize  with  this  chivalrous  feeling,  nsproached  Robert  with 
being  imprudent.  "What!"  replied  the  generous  duke,  "should  1  suffsi 
our  brother  to  die  of  thirst  ?  Where  shall  we  find  another  when  he  is 
gone  1 '  But  this  temporary  kindness  of  Robert  did  not  prevent  the  un- 
fortunate  Henry  from  being  pressed  so  severely  that  he  was  obliged  to 
capitulate,  and  was  driven  forth,  with  his  handful  of  attendants,  almost 
destitute  of  money  and  resources. 

A.D.  1091,— Robert,  who  was  now  in  strict  alliance  with  the  king  and 
brother  who  had  so  lately  invaded  his  duchy  with  the  most  hostile  inten- 
tions, was  entrusted  with  the  chief  command  of  an  English  army,  which 
was  sent  over  the  border  to  compel  Malcolm  to  do  homage  to  the  crown 
of  England.     In  this  enterprise  Robert  was  completely  successful. 

A.D.  1093.— But  both  peace  and  war  were  easily  and  quickly  terminated 
in  this  age.  Scarcely  two  years  had  elapsed  from  Malcolm's  submission 
and  withdrawal  of  the  English  troops,  when  he  invaded  England.  Having 
plundered  and  wasted  a  great  portion  of  Northumberland,  he  laid  siege  to 
Alnwick  castle,  where  he  was  surprised  by  a  party  of  English  under  the 
earl  de  Moubray,  and  in  the  action  which  followed  Malcolm  perished. 

A.D.  1094.— William  constantly  kept  his  attention  fixed  upon  Normandy 
The  careless  and  generous  temper  of  his  brother  Robert,  and  the  licentious 
""j"i?r*?f-  ^^^'  ^^^"^^^  barons,  kept  that  duchy  in  constant  uneasiness 
and  William  took  up  his  temporary  abode  there,  to  encourage  his  own 
partizans  and  be  ready  to  avail  himself  of  anything  that  might  seem  to  fa- 
vour  his  designs  upon  his  brother's  inheritance.  While  in  Normandy  the 
king  raised  the  large  sum  of  ten  thousand  pounds  by  a  roguish  turn  of  in- 
genuity. Being,  from  the  nature  of  the  circumstances  in  which  he  was 
placed,  far  more  in  want  of  money  than  in  the  want  of  men,  he  sent  or- 
ders  to  his  minister.  Ralph  Flambard,  to  raise  an  army  of  twenty  thousand 
men,  and  march  it  to  the  coast,  as  if  for  instant  embarkation.  It  is  to  be 
supposed  that  not  a  few  of  these  men  thus  suddenlv  levied  for  foreign 
service  were  far  more  desirous  of  staying  at  home  ;  and  when  the  army 
reached  the  coast,  these  were  gratified  by  the  information  that  on  the  pay- 
ment of  ten  shillings  to  the  king,  eaeli  man  was  at  liberty  to  return  to  his 
home.  With  the  money  thus  obtained,  William  bribed  the  king  ol 
France  and  some  of  those  who  had  hitherto  sided  with  Robert,  but  before 
he  could  gain  any  decisive  advantage  from  his  Machiavelian  policy,  lie 
was  obliged  to  hasten  over  to  England  to  repel  the  Welsh,  who  had  made 
an  incursion  during  his  absence. 

A.D.  1095.— While  WiUiiim  had  been  so  discreditably  busy  in  promoting 
discord  in  the  ducliy  of  his  brotlier,  his  own  kingdom  had  not  been  free 
™  '""""giies.  Robert  de  Moubray,  earl  of  Northumberland,  the  Count 
V  ,'  iF^'"  "*'  I^ftJey,  and  many  other  powerful  barons,  who  had  been 
deeply  offended  by  the  king's  haughty  and  despotic  temper,  were  this 
ymr  detected  in  a  conspiracy  which  had  for  its  object  the  dethronement  oi 
favour  of  Stephen,  count  of  Aumale,  and  nephew  of  Willian. 


the  king  in  . 
I|)0  <^onqueror. 


With  his  usual  promptitude,  William,  oi  gaining  inlelli 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  '  igg 

gence  of  the  conspiracy,  took  measures  to  dpfpit   it      n^  nr     u 
surprised  before  he  hal completed  his  preCaraS^LLn^  ^^*  "^'^^  'J'" 

tence  upon  him  was  castratJoa  and  dep^vatltfe?''  '-Ph^hil^  '""- 
speak  of  Wi  am  de  Aldcri  another  of  th«  twi^i  ■  V^  ^  *^"®  hislori.ina 
as  having  been  more  sSineaU  with  •  hm  2'fvT'  ''^°  ^^^s  hanged, 
consider  that  death  was  amonrthe  most  mS  pTn.i  nV"?.,"""''  P^°P'^  ^""^^^ 
cruel  and  semi-barbarous  age  '  "'  °^  '^^  sentences  of  this 

skLTs";s"ofs^'otLn"f  and"  Wale"'  aSd"  NorT^"/^'' *°  "'^''^^  ^»  »''« 
mere  child's  play  in  comnSonw/iH.'^f'^J'  T'^  '°  P^^^  as 

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190 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


point  of  death,  he  was  at  length  induced  to  fill  up  the  archbithoprie  oi 
Canterbury,  which  he  had  kept  unfilled  Trom  the  death  of  Laiiftranc. 
In  terror'  of  his  supposed  approaching  death  he  conferred  this  dignity 
upon  Anselm,  a  pious  and  learned  Norman  abbot.  Anselm  at  first  re- 
fused the  promotion,  even  in  tears ;  but  when  he  at  length  accepted  it, 
he  abundantly  proved  that  he  was  not  inclined  to  allow  the  interests  of 
the  church  to  lack  any  defence  or  watchfulness.  His  severity  of  demean- 
our  and  life,  aad  his  unsparing  sternness  towards  every  thing  that  either 
reason  or  superstition  pointed  out  as  profane  and  of  evil  report  were  re- 
markable. He  spared  not  in  censure  even  the  king  himself,  and  as  William, 
on  recovering  from  the  illness  which  caused  him  to  promote  ■  Anselm, 
very  plainly 'showed  that  he  was  not  a  jot  more  pious  or  just  than  before, 
disputes  very  soon  grew  high  between  the  king  and  the  archbishop  whom 
he  had  taken  po  much  trouble  to  persuade  into  acceptance  of  dignity  and 
power.  Tlie  church  Was  at  thl3  time  much  agitated  by  a  dispute  be- 
tween Urban  and  Clement.  Each  maintained  himself  to  be  the  true,  and 
his  opponent  the  ami- pope.  While  yet  only  an  abbot  in  Normandy,  An- 
selm had  acknowledged  the  authority  of  Urban ;  and  he  now  in  his  higher 
dignity  and  wider  influence,  still  espoused  his  cause,  and  resolved  to 
esiablish  his  authority  in  England.  As  the  law  of  the  Conqueror  was 
still  in  fonre  that  no  pope  should  be  acknowledged  in  England  until  his 
authority  should  have  received  the  sanction  of  the  king,  William  deter- 
mined to  make  this  disobedience  the  pretext  upon  which  to  endeavour  tc 
deprive  the  archbishop  of  his  high  ecclesiastical  dignity.  The  king  ao 
cordingly  summoned  a  synod  at  Rockingham,  and  called  upon  it  to  depose 
Anselm.  But  the  assembled  sufi'ragans  declined  to  pass  the  required  sen- 
tence, declaring  that  thev  knew  of  no  authority  by  which  they  could  do  so 
without  the  command  of  the  pope,  who  clone  could  release  them  from  the 
respect  and  obedience  which  they  owe*  to  their  primate.  While  the 
case  ivas  in  this  state  of  incertitude  and  pause,  some  circumstances  arose 
which  rendered  it  expedient  for  William  to  acknowledge  the  legitimacy 
of  Urban's  election  to  the  papal  throne,  but  the  apparent  reconciliation 
which  this  produced  between  the  king  and  Anselm  was  but  of  short  dura- 
tion. The  main  cause  of  grievance,  though  itself  removed  by  the  recon- 
ciliation of  William  and  the  pope,  left  behind  an  angry  feeling  which  re- 
3 Hired  only  a  pretext  to  burst  rorlh,  and  ihat  pretext  the  liaughty  state 
espolism  of  William  and  the  nf>  less  haughty  church  zeal  of  Anselm 
speedily  furnished. 

We  mentioned  among  the  numerous  despotic  arrangements  of  (he  Con 
qucror,  his  having  required  from  binhoprics  and  abbeys  the  same  feudal 
service  in  the  field  as  from  lay  baronies  of  like  value.  William  Rufiis 
ill  this,  as  in  all  despotism,  followed  closely  upon  the  track  left  by  Ins 
father ;  and  having  resolved  upon  an  expedition  into  Wales,  ho  called  upon 
Anselm  for  his  regulated  quota  of  men.  Anselm,  in  common  with  nil  the 
churchmen,  deemed  iIiin  species  of  servitude  very  grievnns  and  unbecom- 
ing to  chun'hmen ;  hut  the  despotic  nature  of  William,  and  that  feeling  ol 
feudal  submission  which,  next  to  submission  to  the  church,  seems  to  have 
been  the  most  powerful  and  irresJHtible  feeling  in  those  days,  prevented 
him  IVom  giving  an  absolute  refusal.  Me  therefore  took  a  middle  course; 
he  sent  his  quota  of  men,  indeed,  but  so  insufficiently  accoutmf  and  pro- 
vided that  they  were  utterly  useless  Hiid  n  disgrace  to  the  well-np|Mihiied 
force  of  which  they  were  intended  to  form  a  part.  The  king  threatened 
Anselm  with  a  prosecution  for  this  obviously  intentional  and  insultin|i 
evasion  of  the  spirit  of  his  duty  while  complying  with  its  mert  'ciier,  ana 
the  prelate  retorted  by  a  demand  for  the  restoration  of  tho  revenue  ol 
which  his  see  had  bfen  arbitrarily  and  unfairly  deprived  by  the  king,  ap 
pealing  to  the  p«>|)0  at  the  asine  time  for  protection  and^^a  Just  decision 


MKk.M&«        l..ilM.M**l     l.a.>     *I.A     M- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  jji 

Sa^'pIicaU^^^^^^^^^^^  (or  his  personal  safety, 

leave  the  country,  a  Mrmiss  oS  whfoh  h^^T^S"*'"  ^"^  *^f  ?•"«'"»«  »" 

at  once  to  rid  hiSielf  S?„' oppSn^n  those'^jS^^^^^^  ^'^ 

Rcter  made  him  both  troublesomeanH  H^n^iL  j*.  *".  »«I«gtows  char- 

temporarily,  at  the  verv  least  nfthPit^^^^^^u'  "^l  ***  <»'»^«'n  Fs-ession 
8ee  Sf  Canterbury?  uJonSse  he  sS^i  -on'^J  "f  temporal/tie,  of  the 
the  papal  court  looked  UDon«««m!w.f  *«t""''n«'y.  but  Anselm.  whom 
with  flSch  a  splSd  recSion  JtT^^^^^^  '';^  k- "'^."^  the  church,  met 
worldly  point  of  view^^  """^  "'  '*"  '"'"  ""»«  »<>  regret  in  a 

rtaWe'aJS'uSSMSal'wilul^^^^^^^^  °f  »»>e  ^ndom- 

pose ;  if.  indeed,  reposeVo^d  have  ftn  a  l.i^l  even  now  to  enjoy  re- 
pet  80  fierce  aAd  turbulent  ThonShu  "^*  "^^^"•'"y'"^"*  t°  «'«"'• 
him  to  obtain  Normindy  and  Ma^ne  frZ  h'^'''7J"''??«"'  """^  «»»^'«»d 
brother,  it  did  not  elbThfrn  to  keen  m  sub^eJti !"".? "f".  T^  P*""^'^' 
most  independent  barons  onioseSrovlncerT^^^^        '•""''"'«"»  ""'J  »>■ 

a^rilS;s^vrkirofS'^^^ 

ly  small  town  and  terr  t^r^irthe  ptv^Lceof  ho^  '' h'A^ 
^^n^^'X'Trtt  ^iP^^^  se^erSeTw^-n^ 

constamirretun^d  to  his'^oM  .SrH**^  P""       ^l^  ^°"'"'  »«"«  «" 
turned  home.     William  it  1p Ih  .    \® 'u'f-  '""?"'*"'  "'«  monarch  had  re- 

lessncss  and  scorn    a88,?rff  Lm  .1..  i,"*'  '"'^^  '^  ffood-humoured  reck. 

compelled  them  to  .et  snU     tZ  n^nJ^lll'^A  '*""^  "T*"  '^™^'^'"'d'  ^"^ 
time  to  raise  tl^  si«D.r,nrM    ^  "'•  P'ompt'^de  ennhlod  him  to  arrive  in 

«v.™  a  „„.„a  ,h..  u  „„je„j  S  „l;X ft  him 'S  IStun^tln" 

..  r"  i:"*"  *'"ro«i,  planted  by  the  most  ininnitnu.  e«..i.„  -, ^.-. 

«^nv  -v^uijurrur.  family ,  io  much  w.  MVoTeavVV/ UttF* 'reSoTS 


102 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


wonder  that,  in  so  Buperstitious  an  age,  ii  was  deemed  that  there  was  a 
special  and  retributive  fate  in  tlie  royal  deaths  which  occurred  there. 
Kichard,  elder  brother  of  King.  William  Ilufus,  was  killed  there,  as  was 
Uiohard,  a  natural  son  of  Duke  Robert  of  Normandy.  William  Rufus  was 
now  a  third  royal  victim.  He  was  hunting  there  when  an  arrow  shot  by 
Walcsr  Tyrrel,  a  Norman  favourite  of  the  monarch,  struck  a  tree  and,  glan- 
cing off,  pierced  the  breast  of  the  king,  who  died  on  the  spot.  The  unin- 
tentional homicide  dreading  the  violent  justice  which  the  slayer  of  a  king 
was  likely  to  experience,  no  sooner  saw  the  result  of  his  luckless  shot, 
than  he  galloped  off  to  the  sea  shore  and  crossed  over  to  France,  whence 
he  with  all  speed  departed  for  the  Holy  land.  His  alarm  and  flight, 
though  perfectly  natural,  were,  in  fact,  quite  needless.  William  was  little 
beloved  even  by  bis  immediate  attendants  and  courtiers;  and  his  "body 
when  found  was  hastily  and  carelessly  interred  in  Winchester,  without 
any  of  the  gorgeous  and  expensive  ceremony  which  usually  marks  the 
obsequies  of  a  powerful  monarch. 

London  Bridge— taken  down  only  a  very  few  years  since,  and  Westmin- 
ster Hall,  were  built  by  this  monarch.  For  the  last-named  structure, 
which  has  the  largest  roof  in  the  world  unsupported  by  pillars,  he  obtain- 
ed the  timber  from  Ireland,  which  at  that  time  was  very  celebrated  foi 
its  timber  of  all  kinds,  but  especially  for  the  very  durable  and  beautiful 
sort  known  by  the  name  of  bog  oak. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

THE  REION  OF  HENRY  I. 

William  Roros,  who  died  on  the  second  of  August,  1100,  in  the  forti 
eth  year  of  his  age  and  the  thirtieth  of  liis  reign,  left  no  legitimate  issue. 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Henry,  who  was  of  the  hunting  party  a( 
which  the  king  lost  his  life. 

Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  who  as  the  elder  brother  of  the  deceased 
king  had  a  preferable  claim  to  that  of  Henry,  was,  as  has  already  been 
related,  one  of  the  chief  and  most  ze.ilous  leaders  of  the  crusaders.  Af- 
ter slaughter  terrible  merely  to  think  of,  and  sufferings  from  famine  and 
disease  such  as  the  pen  of  even  a  Thucydides  nould  but  imperfectly  de- 
scribe, the  crusaders  had  obtained  po8«ie8sion  of  Jerusalem.  Solyman, 
the  Turkish  emperor,  was  thoroughly  deft^ited  in  two  tremendous  bat- 
tles, and  Nice,  the  seat  of  his  government,"  was  captured  after  an  obsti 
nate  siege.  The  soldan  of  Kgypt,  however,  succeeded  the  Turkish  em- 
peror iu  the  possession  of  Jorusiilcm,  and  he  offered  to  allow  free  ingress 
and  egress  to  all  Ghrisliun  pilgrims  who  chose  to  visit  tlie  holy  sepulchre 
unarmed.  But  the  rcligiuus  zeal  of  the  champions  of  the  cross  was  fat 
too  highly  inflamed  by  their  recent  triumphs  over  the  crcscfiit  to  allow 
of  their  actcupting  this  compromise;  they  haughtily  demanded  the  cession 
of  the  city  altogether,  and,  on  his  refusal,  siege  was  laid  to  it.  For  five 
weeks  the  soldan  defended  himself  with  the  utmost  coolness  and  voIohi 
against  the  assaults  of  highly-disciplined  and  veteran  troops,  whoso  mill 
tary  anlour  was  now  ex(!ited  to  the  utmost  by  fanaticism.  But  at  the  end 
of  that  lime  the  zeal  and  fury  of  the  Christians  prevailed ;  Jerusalem  whp 
carrinil  by  Hssanlt,  and  a  scene  of  carnage  ana  suffering  ensued  whinb 
might  alnu»st  l)eHr  coniparison  with  that  earlier  and  dread  scene  in  Ihf 
same  city,  of  which  we  !>we  the  undying  narrative  to  Jospphus.  Nor  wns 
the  caniHge  confined  ovrn  to  the  furious  and  maddened  first  hours  of  sue- 
cess.  Long  after  the  streets  of  the  holy  city  were  strewed  with  carcasses 
ami  upon  every  hoarth  lay  the  dead  (orms  of  those  who  had  vainly  en- 
deavoured to  flufend  ihein— long  after  the  pwlses  of  the  warrior  had  censo«' 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  193 

of  both  sexes  and  all  a/esrto  whoTnn-rf?,''^^^^ 
reward  of  submission,  wer^reacherouJlv  InT  t'\  ^If*"  P'T*''"^  ««  '^e 
blood  by  ruffians  who  soon  after  SuL^;Jrf„"'''\'^  murdered  in  cold 
of  him  who  died,  lamb-like,  for  the  Siat  ^of  «n  f  "  a'  ""r  I**?  fP!!'*"*''* 
contrast  between  the  Drofessed  mnUvl^eT  i  "," '  ^'*'^"'  '"^ee'J.  the 
of  the  warriors  !         P'°'*''«^  ™ot»ve  of  this  holy  war  and  the  conduct 

Jd^rh^o?yimam  tuTaift^  T'^'  T"'"'  Previous  to 

Boulogne  king  of TrSem  and  sett  eHn?i;''  ^^V  ^''S*^'^  ^"'^'■^y  "^ 
Holy  Land,  returned  to  Cope  Had  RohPrfri''^%'''i?  ''"'«'''«  '»  the 
tened  home  direc'..  he  prXX  would  hfvA'i'^t,*'  ?^  Normandy,  has- 
pation  of  England  by  his  vSerbml.r  S-^".'*'''*  .'°.P™^«"'  the  usur- 
terof  William  RuiXs  S^n^rtuSX  EaV«  hf ''"°'^'''^»«. ''^  the  charac- 

home  by  anxieiy  abrutTo!j,a"ndrbJtToLrtTar^^^^^^^^^^  ^'^  ?''" 
as  he  was  brave.  Passinir  throiiffh  Itni  Al  rlii  •  ,  *"®. '""  *"  careless 
a  noble  lady,  Sibylla,  daSter  of  the  ^nf  If  p  '"''*  '^"^  and  married 
a  whole  year  in  her  native  chmp  ^uS'a^  of  Conversana,  and  remained 
love  and  that  most  d?SusS^^^^  ^he  delights  of 

his  natural  character,  as  weU  as  theTiZi?  h"  '^"k" '^^  '"  England-and 
made  them  very  numerou^-were  in  vZ  hi  ^"'  ^^hievments  in  the  east, 

sovereign  for  beini  absent     B  .t  H«„    '"^^^  '"'"'l'^'"'  Y^"  ^as  no  less  his 

|x.rthim^hreatene^d;op'itDe  B4t"uS7o'dea^  ^TT"^  '^  «"P 

aiice  to  his  will,  and.  hastening  to  7n„Hn„-.i      '"  «"«>np'ecl  any  resist- 

iudiciouslyprodiffTaiiseT^t^im^-^^^^^^       'i^^^  "'.^  '"'*"®y'  he  made  so 
Inclination' Ztl?eeLr"btaLdL;^^^  =*"''  f"""  hy 

tic...  and  he  was  crowned  by  £„rcelho„  '"^ 
days  of  his  brother's  sudden  and  Sent  c£E     T^Sf^Z)  "';^""  '^'"' 
quite  plain  that  Henry  had  none      H     h„  1    1    '""  ^°  'he  throne  it  is 

judicious  bribery  had  procured  him  «  f.?« 7 "^  >»'  possession;  »nd  as  his 
all  the  inostpminentand  novvflrfi  I  ha!  '"  'east  the  ostensible  support  of 
ou,  friends  of  ThSsent  K  t  were 'SliZ;'t?V"T'  ''V""  «"^  ^"«'- 
rowfully,  that  his  own  indoEfiT-T  ^  1  ^*'""'^:?''^'  hovv«ver  sor- 
oblniningthelhLrf?omhismnw^^  ''""  "^ ''"  P0«8'l'ility  of 

«l  the  feLful  exprseTa  civU  war        '  '"'^  ^"te'-pnsing  brother,  u.Jess 

•«^„"'by^lre'l"rc^tt';.„'J'r/„!;„^'v'!"*'  ""'''"^^'^  - »"« "«-« had 

mitsot  of  his  reiin  af  IP  -t  h«  ""'l^^hfle.l  usurpation,  he  would,  at  the 
in  ".ere/despSraShis  Kh  r  mSu'Z^^^    'T,T  »7.«""'"Pl»  which 

10  remedy  many  of  he  jSo  -  ^..n/     "     "^l^"?  *"hich  was  calculated 

m  orabb;  /  dKg  thS  'v':n.t"v  in.;':;::.:?""  "Vl'"'  ^he  revenues  oVlhe 
hy  the  successor  L,hHrhrS;u„^^^^^^^^  ^^hole  to  be  reaped 

Iwnoftce,  nor  dispose  of  it  fcVriT^Sv      In     ?k'°  '^*""  ""y  e'^cle-iaMlcHl 
'Vhose  fivour  X  '.r  .„  .  HH^^Th.^^^'  {hiii  concsssion  to  the  chur.h 
i  __jg  ••    ~*  :::ii---«-=ss-^v  SO  oj  ii,  ufi  |>n>ct)eded  i'j  eiiumor 


lU 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


ate  tl'e  civil  grievances  which  he  purposed  to  redress.  He  promised  that 
upon  the  death  of  any  earl,  baron,  or  military  tenant,  his  heir  should  be 
admitted  to  the  possession  of  his  estate  on  paying  a  just  and  lawful  relief, 
without  being  exposed  to  such  violent  exactions  as  had  been  usual  during 
the  late  reigns — M  remitted  the  wardship  of  minors,  and  allowed  guar- 
dians to  be  appointed  who  should  be  answerable  for  the  trust — he  prom- 
ified  not  to  dispose  of  any  heiress  in  marriage  but  by  the  advice  of  all  the 
barons,  and  if  any  baron  intended  to  give  his  daughter,  sister,  niece,  oi 
other  kinswoman  in  marriage,  it  should  only  be  necessary  for  him  to  con- 
sult the  king,  who  promised  to  take  no  money  for  his  consent,  nor  even 
to  refuse  permission,  unless  the  person  to  whom  it  was  purposed  to  marry 
her  should  be  his  enemy.  He  granted  his  barons  and  military  tenants  the 
power  of  bequeathing  by  will  their  money  cr  personal  estates,  and  if  they 
neglected  to  make  a  will,  he  promised  that  their  heirs  should  succeed  to 
them.  He  renounced  the  ri^ht  of  imposing  moneyage  and  of  levying  taxes 
at  pleasure  on  the  farms  which  the  barons  retained  in  their  own  hands, 
and  he  made  some  general  professions  of  moderating  fines,  offered  a  par- 
don for  all  offences,  and  remitted  all  the  debts  due  to  the  crown.  He  re- 
quired that  the  vassals  of  the  b-arons  should  enjoy  the  same  privileges 
which  he  granted  to. his  own  barons ;  and  he  promised  a  general  confirma- 
tion and  observance  of  the  laws  of  King  Edward.  This  is  the  substance 
uf  the  chief  articles  contained  in  that  famous  cbarter^^" 

Though,  to  impress  the  people  with  the  notion  of  his  great  anxiety  fo; 
the  full  publicity  and  exact  performance  of  these  gracious  promises,  Henry 
caused  a  copy  of  this  charter  to  be  placed  in  an  abbey  in  every  county, 
his  subsequent  conduct  shows  that  he  never  intended  it  for  anything  but  a 
lure,  by  vrhxch  to  win  the  support  of  the  barons  and  people,  while  that  sup- 
port as  yet  appeared  desirable  to  his  cause.  The  grievances  which  he  so 
ostentatiously  promised  to  redress  were  continued  during  his  whole  reign; 
and  as  regards  the  charter  itself,  so  completely  neglected  was  it,  that  when 
in  their  disputes  with  the  tyrant  John,  the  English  barons  were  desirous 
to  make  it  the  standard  by  which  to  express  their  demands,  scarcely  a 
copy  of  it  could  be  found. 

The  popularity  of  the  king  at  the  commencement  of  his  reign  owed  not 
a  little  of  its  warmth  to  his  just  and  politic  dismissul  and  imprisonment  of 
Ralph  Flambard,  bishop  of  Durham,  who,  as  principal  minister  and  favour- 
ite of  William  Kufus,  had  been  guilty  of  great  oppression  and  cruelty,  es- 
pecially in  i-aising  money.  The  Dudley  and  Empson  of  a  later  reign  were 
scarcely  more  detested  than  this  man  was,  and  nothing  could  tie  more 
sgreeable  to  the  people  than  his  degradation  and  punishment.  But  the 
kmg,  apart  from  nis  politic  desire  to  gratify  the  public  resentment  against 
his  Drother's  chief  and  most  unsrrupuluus  instrument  of  oppression,  seeing 
to  have  had  his  own  pecuniary  advantage  chiefly  in  view.  Instead  of  im- 
mediately appointing  a  successor  to  the  bishopric,  he  kept  it  vacant  for 
five  years,  and  during  all  that  time  he,  in  open  contempt  of  the  positive 
promise  of  his  charter,  applied  the  revenues  of  the  see  to  his  own  use. 

This  shameful  invasion  of  the  rights  of  the  church,  however,  did  not 
prevent  him  from  otherwise  seeking  its  favour.  Well  aware  of  the  high 
rank  which  Anselm  hold  in  the  affections  of  both  the  clergy  and  the  peo- 
ple, ho  strongly  invited  him  to  leave  Lyons— where  ho  now  livd  in  greai 
state— and  resume  his  dignity  in  Knghmd.  But  the  king  accoiipnniiul  tliift 
Invitation  with  a  demand  that  Anselm  should  renew  to  him  the  hoinnije' 
ne  had  formerly  paid  to  his  brother.  Anselm,  however,  by  his  residoncr 
at  Rome,  had  learned  to  look  with  a  very  different  eye  now  upon  that  ho- 
mage which  formerly  he  had  considered  as  so  mere  and  innocuous  a  furm, 
ana  he  reliirncd  for  anstvor,  lliut  he  not  only  would  not  pay  homiige  liini- 
solf,  but  he  would  not  even  communicate  with  any  of  the  clergy  who  shoulil 
do  so  or  who  would  accept  of  lav  invostiture.     However  much  in(»rtifleo 


HISTOET  OF  THE  WORLD.  195 

f^eTJJ^^n'SVotfett^^^^^^^^  ^?  -'  ^00  anxious 

scale  for  kobett  might  at  some  ?anm.^rm  '""'^''"'J  '^  '"^^'^n  ^n^  the 
upon  his  own  propoS  .  ^therefore  L^r^^Hf J^'^°''"'^^^^  '»«'«» 
subjects  should  be  referred  to  Rome  ani  A  nlm  *"  ^""t'oversy  on  the 
'lity,  and,  undoubtedly,  all  the  mo^P  nZl  r  ?k  ^^  ?"*"  fesiored  to  his  dig- 
which  led  to  hl8  exiK  hos^hif  Hccoin^?  ^"iT  '^^  ^"^^"^^^nols 
thority  was  scarcely  re-establfshrr!  ^h„r.  ?'"P*"'®''  ^'*  •"^^"''n-     His  au- 

lectohhe  highest  i^terestl^  the  ki,^^^^^^^^  "P°»  «  «""- 

irolrn  III.,  king  of  Scotland^  niece  of  SIv  .^.^V'^"'  laughter  of  Mal- 
ted in  the  nunnery  of  Ramsav  WpIi  in  ^  Atheling,  had  been  educa- 
lineage  of  this  lady  made  heJ 'to  «^e  EnirL'j"*"  ^1^'  '**''  '^^^  Saxon 
espouse  her.  It  is  a  strikinff  instance  nf'^Ll  f""?'  "^""^  Proposed  to 
mind  was  enslaved  by  Rome  nth?.''J?f*''«  *f®'"  '«;''»»ch  the  public 
princess  in  a  convent^  th?™Vre  ^'e^S  and  education  Sf  this 

taken  or  intended  to  take  the  vlwa  IJIVS  t  ^''  "^'"1°"'  ^"^^  ha'^'ng 
she  could  lawfully  contract  maJrTmonv.  So  i.  TnJ  '*  ^""'^"""^  "'hethe? 
emn  council  of  prelates  and  Sles  was 'helH  .  i  ^TTl  ^''» '  """i »  «ol- 
point.  This  council  was  held  so  so^n  af^iJ  uh.  .'"'.'"  ^«l«'-'nine  the 
hi8  dignity,  that  we  may,  witLut  great  breJhnfV°''^V°"  °^  ^""^'n'  to 
desire  to  secure  the  support  of  Ans Jim  nnrf„?h-  °  ''^*"^^.'  ^""P*"'  'hat  a 
one  of  the  motives,  if  nSt  the  chS-f  m^T  l*-^  uV  '."^J''*=*  «^*»  »'  least 
in  recalling  him.  Before  this  po  .l-n  ^'1^,7^'''^  ^^^  "'•"S  '^a*  actuated 
contemplafed  taking  tie  v^w    and  fhu  sl^'t^o'f  '^'*'  «!i«  ^»^  "«v«' 

was  quite  connnonl5wornTythfEnXhl5rl^'^^^^^^        ''«''•  «'  '^ 
Wolence  of  the  Norman  soldierv      x.i^t      '^ll  T^  ^  safeguard  from  the 

violence  even  an  E.Xh  princ&s  fea  Iv  h«7nn  ^"ir"  '^"^  «?a'n<»t  "ucb 
council  determined  that  thrwearing  of  tL  veilS.tirrS  ^'""'^'  "'« 
pledged  her  to  or  connected  her  vi»h  on.  i  ■'  Ma  ilda  had  m  no  wise 
shewasasfreetomarryasthoul  shpTH'**^'^'"""  «*«'«''hood,  and  that 
Matilda  were  marriS  The  P«rpmJ  ^''^  T^^  *«■•"  ''•  Henry  and 
accon,panied  wiirg  eat  and  ™oL''r'P''''^"'"™'l[:y  ^"««J™' and  was 
than  a^y  other  of  hfs  HiJcirS^ment^^tTa'ctd  2'v  ""fT"'  '"»«' 
'.^reateTrX^X^rrr^^^^^^^^^^^  -ft  ^qtt 

.endation.;cou,d  d^^  XSZSS.^*'''""'  '^^  -- 

forU?yJ?mi;l?'i;.TeVerr"tHnorrnrn."";?'^''^™  '"^'^  b-"  '0 
necessary  nor  excess! veRoeJtwLf«5'^'!'i'  '"*''  ''^""  "^''^er  un- 
returned  to  Normai,.inbouraSnS  «f  Lr  ,^  ""•«'"  't«ly. 

Henry  had  given  no  orders  aJdmS  ,1  ^'^  '^''^"'  ""^ '"«  ^'"'^er  Rufus 
resumption  ^f  the  ?ucl  y  of  Normand v  %?"T'T  ^  ."PP"''^  ""^ert'a 
and  being  much  endeared  otheTHrlL  ^"'^'"■^^'d  of  that  point  d'appui, 
ments  in  the  Holy  Land  Hobert  imml  r %  i'''"'"*"  *"""""«  »'>'  »»*«  achiW- 
invading  Englancj;  an  1  ^resti  g  I  rb  rthStZTfr "'^  Preparations  for 
his  brotlier.  Nor  were  the  Ses  fnr  hi.*.../'"'"  '^'« '»"rP'"g  bands  of 
01.8  who  chiofly  or  whol  riimlin  NormlH'''^*''^'  ^""''"^'d  '«  those  bar- 
;^o  F«Ht  baron's  of  l-"°glLd  d  dde^dJJ'S^e.Mlot^^  '"""y  »' 

fee  H,g  the  same  dislike  to  holding X?rSl7«h  J!  '"  "®'""y»  *"'' 

under  two  sovereigns  which  ZK'en  so  «tmS„'  '^'"■'"?"  P«"eMion> 
•ion  of  William,  they  seoretiv  1,™!  "f7?",«'y  "xprossed  at  the  acces- 
cfs  ihnt  they  would^ohfMm  wXS  Wils 'r"*  "'^'^  ""i'  """  «'»'»••'?"- 
in  England.  Among  thes^  Sbs  were  R..KLrT  "«  'j*'  ''"»''''  'and 
Shrewsbury.  William  de  Warenne  p^H  nf  ^^  "" .?"  Belesrne.  earl  of 
Kobert  de  Mallet,  and  mhors  of  Z  ve  v'^L^."'"''?'''  *i"«^^  "«  «r«atmesuil.  ' 
in  England.  The  enl  ,usii,.n?i..  hi  r  "^  ^''*'"'  ""''  '"""t  powerful  men 
"hen  llciuy  had,  wiU  greJt  e  "^^  to  the  navy     aJd 

opiK-e  hi.  b'rotheV'aln;!  :T:Z:::'/JZ'!!!.''lT^t^J^  -acly  to 


196 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


of  the  ships,  and  put  themselves  and  their  vessels  at  the  dia^sal  of  Robeit 
This  incident  gave  the  king  great  alarm,  lest  the  army,  too,  shoulo  desert 
him,  in  which  case  not  only  his  crown  but  his  life  would  be  in  the  most 
imminent  danger.  Henry,  notwithstanding  this  peril,  preserved  his  cool- 
ness, and  did  not  allow,  as  men  too  frequently  do,  the  greatness  of  the 
danger  to  turn  away  his  attention  from  the  best  means  of  meeting  and 
overcoming  it.  Well  knowing  the  superstition  of  the  people,  he  consid- 
ered nothing  lost  while  he  could  command  the  immense  influence  which 
A.nselm  had  over  the  public  mind.  Accordingly  he  redoubled  his  court  to 
that  prelate,  and  succeeded  in  making  him  believe  in  the  sincerity  of  his 
professed  design  and  desire  to  rule  justly  and  mildly.  What  he  himself 
flrmly  believed,  Anselm  diligently  and  eloquently  inculcated  upon  the 
minds  of  others ;  and  as  his  influence  and  exertions  were  seconded  by 
those  of  Roger  Bigod,  Robert  Fitzhammond,  the  earl  of  Warwick,  and  other 
powerful  nobles  who  remained  faithful  to  Henry,  the  army  was  kept  in 
good  humour,  and  marched  in  good  order,  and  with  apparent  zeal  as  well 
IS  cheerfulness,  to  Portsmouth,  where  Robert  had  landed. 

Though  the  two  armies  were  in  face  of  each  other  for  several  days,  not 
a  blow  was  struck  ;  both  sides  seeming  to  feel  reluctant  to  commence  a 
civil  war.  Anselm  and  other  influential  men  on  either  side  took  advantage 
of  this  pause  to  bring  about  a  treaty  between  the  brothers ;  and,  after  much 
argument  and  some  delay,  it  was  agreed  that  Henry  should  retain  the 
crown  of  England,  and  pay  an  annual  pension  of  three  thousand  marks  to 
Robert ;  that  the  survivor  should  succeed  to  the  deceased  brother's  pos- 
sessions; that  they  should  mutually  abstain  from  encouraging  or  harbour- 
ing each  others  enemies ;  and  that  the  adherents  of  both  in  the  present 
quarrel  should  be  undisturbed  in  their  possessions  and  borne  harmless  for 
all  that  had  passed. 

A.  o.  1102.— Though  Henry  agreed  with  seeming  cheerfulness  to  tliis 
treaty,  which  in  most  points  of  view  was  so  advantageous  to  him,  he  signed 
it  with  a  full  determination  to  break  through  at  least  one  of  its  provisions, 
The  power  of  his  nobles  had  been  too  fully  manifested  to  him  in  their  ei.- 
couragement  of  Robert  to  admit  of  his  being  otherwise  than  anxious  to 
break  it.  The  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  as  one  of  tlie  most  powerful  and  also 
the  most  active  of  those  who  had  given  their  adhesion  to  Robert,  was  first 
fixed  upon  by  Henry  to  bo  made  an  example  of  the  danger  of  oflfending 
kings.  Spies  were  set  upon  his  every  word  and  action,  and  his  bold  and 
hauffhty  cnaractor  left  them  but  little  difllculty  in  finding  mutter  of  offence 
No  fewer  than  five-and-forty  articles  were  exhibited  against  him.  He  was 
too  well  aware  both  of  the  truth  of  some  of  the  charges,  and  of  the  rigid 
severity  with  which  he  would  be  judged,  to  deem  it  safe  to  risk  a  trial. 
He  summoned  all  the  friends  and  adherents  he  could  command,  and  threw 
himself  upon  the  chances  of  war.  But  these  were  unfavourable  to  him. 
In  the  influence  which  Anselm  possessed,  and  which  he  zealously  exerted 
on  behalf  of  the  king,  Henry  had  a  most  potent  means  of  defence,  and  he 
with  little  difliculty  reduced  the  earl  to  such  straits,  that  he  was  glad  to 
leave  the  kingdom  with  his  life.  All  his  great  possessions  were  of  course 
confiscated,  and  they  aflbrded  the  king  welcome  means  of  purchasing 
new  friends,  and  securing  the  fidelity  of  those  who  were  his  friends  al- 
ready. 

A.  D.  1103.— -The  niin  of  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury  produced  that  of  his 
brothers,  Roger,  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  Arnulf  do  Montgomery.  But  ihs 
vengeance  or  the  policy  of  the  king  required  yet  more  victims.  Robert 
de  Pontefract,  Robert  de  Mallet,  and  William  de  Warenne  were  prose- 
cuted, and  the  king's  power  secured  their  condemnation ;  and  William, 
carl  of  Cornwall,  though  son  of  the  king's  uncle,  was  deprived  of  all  his 
large  property  in  England.  The  charges  against  these  noblemen  were 
Artfully  made,  not  upon  their  conduct  towards  the  king  in  hia  dispute  with 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  jgy 

\m  brother,  but  upon  their  miaconduct  towards  theit  vassal*     r^  »».  • 
spect,  indeed,  they  wore  guilty  enoueh  as  «ll  th«  m„  u    ^  *^'*  '®- 

butitwas  not  this  guilt,  Xch  was  emf„ut  I  «^  ^l',"""*  ''"°"«  ^^">i 
firmest  and  most  power  J  defeXs  for  ife?***^  "P*'"  "'«  '''"?'« 
and  ruined.  Robert  of  Normandv  wf/h  hL  u'^^  '^^^ •'^'^''^  prosecuted 
imprudence,  was  so  indigna^rat  t^«  nil«  *'f'"'''''^lr'l'  '^  ff«n«'"«ty  and 
chief  crime  in  the  king's  lye"  he  weU  k^n/w?fi°'l^^  I"*'"'^''  ^hose 

shown  to  himself,  that  he  crossed  ovLtnV"  f^  ^i*®  friendship  they  had 
his  brother  with  the  shamefS  aSd  Slv.i  ^H?"^'**!!**  ?"^  «*'"P'y  ^^uked 
their  treaty.  ConfidentTn  his  kL  !"n^  u  ^''^  "^  «  principal  part  of 
by  the  just  and  eloquent  reproachfi^o?  hTfh*  ^^'^  "^A'  ^"' ''"'«  «ff^«'«d 
80  clearly  gave  him  to  lErst-^^  i^^^^  On  the  contrary,  he 

venturing^ tS  EnSaVhaTcomimiLTK'^''"  ^"  '^P^^ent  rashness  in 
glad  to  get  libertAo  return  to^Cm«li'''  ""^l?  ^^'^^'y-  ^'^^t  Robert  was 
Ual  rfsignatiJnVf  hTs  pe".Jion  "'^^  *'  '^^  '*P«"««  of  making  a 

.Z  t'i:d'a"lre1dTdeTpo"e7of'3,.'rP'r  ?«  "•'»  ''  '^^  brother 
of  his  inheritance  %rim^udenttS  ^""^  """'i  P''''^'""'  P«^"«« 
not  merely  affected  hircrdS  as  far  a.^  hiT"*''',r^"'^  '^'''^^  °^  ««t^" 
made  him  wholly  unfit  to  nde  and  on^,i^^rh""'^'^'*^  concerned;  it 
the  needy  and  the  profl  ffate  hp  a^i;?  ^  ^^^  .'^^"^  P«««'We  doors  to 
turbulent'^and  u^ncipTei  barons  tTZn'/^r^^^^  '^'■""'ir*'  among  hiS 
then  ill-treat  his  unfortunate  subiects^Tmn^''"^'"  T^"  *'  '°  ™^  *nd 
careless  that  his  domestic  servanKundplnh"*'^  ^^  «°  ""«''y 

money  which  his  prodigal  haW?slpn>HrK'''/"'  "''^  Tr^'^  '''"^he  little 
furniture,  was  but  illfi  fed  fo  oJeservp  hi,  I^;h'^"\^''?"  "^  ^'*  <='"*hes  and 
of  the  most  licentious  nob  ik?Tn  all  F^rZ-''^  fT  ^^e  ill-treatment 
that  when  the  more  thouffh2l  anrf  nhl  ^  ♦  ^""^  "  ^^^  ^^'^  "atural, 
trasted  the  loose  government  of  ul^r,  T^\^"l°-V^^  '^°""^»«  «»"• 
of  a  government  at  all-wiL  ?hes?eadrfil '"''"!?  H  deserved  the  name 
over  a  much  Hro'«ra„^    wun  tne  steady,  firm,  and  order  y  ru  e  of  Henrv 

ZlVo  rh?'peX.'rhat7v™n  7r;r^  shoul/begin  ti  tS, 

for  the  welfare  of  his  alhilll  than  Tnch  ^jLv  "f  "7'  "'^^  ^'•''  '^"" 
pable,  ruler  as  the  good-natured  am  Sro.iT.I"'''';  ^"'  """''y  '"««' 
bauched  Robert.  Disorders  at  lenJh  ?oi«^?  '  I"'  ?*T»8^^"'  a»d  de 
as  to  give  Henrv  a  nretPvf  fnr  !."*  ^^  '"  ^"'^^  ^  '^'^'S^ht  in  Normandy, 
the  opposing  SiPs^birnrL^l"*  °''^'"'  "r""*"y  t«  mediate  between 
«ere?S  train  To  Ld,;,u  o  "h  «  deJ^iv^fn'rh"''^  to  observe  how  far  affair! 
pethpr     sifiiioH  ;>.  oeprivmg  his  brother  of  the  duchv  altn 

fStil  to  b   be'  Tsr^o?;  OK  Srsodn'f'"^'"?  •'"*"  the  m"eaL";S 
liavinff  returned  tVi  i<',.^io ,/  ^ 'j      •  "^y,®?""  formed  a  strong  party  :  and 

the  siege.  ^'  *  ^^  "'"'"»  *"  ""^  **»«  ^'"nt«r  compelled  him  to  raise 

No\m"andy  aii^^corime^^^^^^^^  "«'''»'«^  "«"ry  '"'"".ed  to 

the  siege  of  TinchZrwUh  a  f..r^«  »i  ''•.?r"'u''«f  '''«  ca'np«ign  with 
he  contemplated  notS  *hort  J  thV  ».?."^^'^  /^"'  ''•  *"«  ^"''«  «^'denl 
tt  required  all  the  success  tha  Heirv  ZT  ""'^^^^L'?"  •»'"  Normandy. 
Persuasions  of  his  ^wn  friends  Vo  aTn,?»«  »' J''.'  ?«»"«':«<1.  ««'d  «il  the 
aalural  indolence  a.7,e„suftoa,urS,.?o^^^^^^^  ^'"""a  "J''  l''''''"-»y  «' 
'he  warrior  had  slumbered  ?i£«r?n  hi-  S     ?f®  ™'"'®'^' ''«  '^'^^^e''  ""»» 


198 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


who  was  inveterately  opposed  to  Henry  on  account  of  his  treatment  ot 
Mortaigne's  son,  William,  earl  of  Cornwall,  Robert  speedily  raised  a 
powerful  force  and  marched  against  his  brother,  in  the  hope  of  putting  an 
end  to  their  controversies  in  a  single  battle.  Animated  at  being  led  by 
the  valiant  prince  whose  feats  on  the  plains  of  Palestine  had  struck  terror 
into  Pagan  hearts,  and  won  the  applause  of  Christian  Europe,  Robert's 
troops  charged  so  boldly  ai^l  so  well,  that  the  English  were  thrown  into 
confusion.  Had  the  Norman  success  been  well  followed  up  by  the  whole 
of  their  force,  nothing  could  have  saved  the  English  army  from  defeat 
and  destruction.  But  the  troops  of  Roger  do  Belesme  were  suddenly  and 
most  unaccountably  seized  with  a  panic,  which  communicated  itself  to 
the^st  of  the  Normans.  Henry  and  his  friends  skilfully  and  promptly 
availed  themselves  of  this  sudden  turn  in  the  state  of  affairs,  charged  the 
enemy  again  and  again,  and  entirely  routed  them,  killing  vast  numbers  and 
making  ten  thousand  prisoners,  among  whom  was  Robert  himself. 

This  great  victory  gained  by  Henry  was  soon  after  crowned  by  the 
surrender  of  Rouen  and  Falaise ;  and  Henry  now  became  completely 
master  of  Normandy,  having  also  got  into  his  power  Robert's  son,  the 
young  prince  William,  who  was  unfortunately  in  Falaise  when  that  im- 
portant p<ost  surrendered.  As  though  there  had  been  nothing  of  violence 
or  unfairness  in  his  conduct,  Henry  now  convoked  the  states  of  Normandy 
and  received  their  homage  as  though  he  had  been  rightfully  their  duke ; 
after  which,  having  dismantled  such  fortresses  as  he  deemed  dangerous 
to  his  interests,  and  revoked  the  grants  which  Robert's  foolish  facility  had 
induced  him  to  make,  he  returned  to  England,  taking  his  unfortunate 
brother  with  him  as  a  prisoner,  and  committing  young  William  to  the 
custody  of  Helie  de  St.  Laen,  who  had  married  Robert's  natural  dangh- 
ter,  and  who  treated  the  captive  jr\nne  with  a  tenderness  and  respect 
which  do  him  the  highest  honour  *  Robert  himself  was  committed  to  the 
custody  of  the  governor  of  Cardiff  castle  in  Wales,  where  for  twenty- 
eight  years,  the  whole  remainder  of  his  life,  he  remained  a  melancholy 
spectacle  of  fallen  greatness,  and  a  striking  example  of  the  uselessness 
of  courage  without  conduct,  and  of  the  danger  of  generosity  if  unregu- 
lated by  prudence. 

At  the  battle  of  Tinchebray,  so  fatal  to  Duke  Robert,  his  friend  Edgai 
Atheling  was  taken  prisoner.  Though  on  more  than  one  occasion  this 
prince  gave  signal  proofs  of  bravery,  both  his  friends  and  his  enemies 
seem  to  have  held  his  intellect  in  considerable  contempt.  The  two  Wil- 
liams and  Henry  I.,  princes  of  such  different  qualities,  yet  so  perfectly 
agreeing  in  despotic  and  jealous  tempers,  equally  held  his  powers  of  ex- 
citing the  English  to  revolt  in  the  utmost  scorn.  Though  his  Saxon  de- 
scent could  not  but  endear  him  to  the  English  people,  and  though  both  at 
home  and  in  the  Holy  Land  he  had  proved  himself  to  possess  very  high 
courage,  there  was  so  general  and  apparently  go  well  founded  an  opinion 
of  his  deficiency  in  the  higher  intellectual  qualities,  that  neither  did  the 
Saxons  look  up  to  him,  as  otherwise  they  gladly  would  have  done,  as  a 
Q  rallying  point,  nor  did  the  Normans  houour  him  with  their  suspicious 
fean  Even  now  when  Henry,  whose  treatment  of  his  own  brother  suf- 
ficiently proves  how  inexorable  he  could  be  where  he  saw  cause  to  fear 
injury  to  his  interests,  had  so  fair  an  excuse  for  committing  Edgar  to  safe 
custody,  he  showed  his  entire  disbelief  of  that  prince's  capacity,  by  al- 
lowing him  to  enjoy  his  full  liberty  in  England,  and  even  granting  him  a 
pension. 

A.  o.  1107. — Henry's  politic  character  and  his  judgment  were  both  em- 
hiently  displavud  in  matia^nng  his  very  delicate  dispute  with  the  nope  on 
the  subject  of  ecclesiastical  investitures.    While*  showing  the  moat  pro 
found  external  respect,  and  even  affection,  to  both  the  pope  and  4rch 
ikishup  Anseltn,  Henry  proceeded  to  fill  the  vacant  sees  concerniuR  whicb 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  199 

there  was  dispute.  But  Anselm,  though  he  had  been  on  many  important 
occasionsastaunch  and  useful  friend  to  the  king,  was  far  too  Sod  a 
churchman  to  brook  disobedience  to  the  papal  aut^rity,  even  when  that 
disobedience  was  veiled  by  smiles,  and  couched  in  gentle  and  holiday 
terms.  He  refused  to  communicate  with,  far  less  to  consecrate,  the  Sops 
invested  by  the  king;  and  those  prelates  saw  themselves  exposed  to  so 
much  obloquy  by  their  opposition  to  so  revered  a  personage  as  Anselm" 
that  they  resigned  their  dignities  into  the  king's  hands.  ThrcomDlete 
defeat  of  a  scheme  which  he  had  prosecuted^ith  such  dexteroTs  ani 
i)ainful  art,  deprived  the  king  of  his  usual  command  of  temper,  and  he  let 
rail  such  significant  threats  towards  all  opponents  of  his  Sthority"  thS 
Anselm  became  alarmed  for  his  personal  safety,  and  demanded  nermis 

ifV^TV"  ^"^  ''  "°"«"»^,  '^'  P°P«-  Weil'  k^owTng  the  lipSiy 
of  Anselm,  Henry  xvas  very  well  pleaded  to  be  thus  peaclably  rid  of  hiJ 
presence.  Anselm  departed,  and  was  attended  to  the  ship  L  hosts  of 
both  clergy  and  laity,  who,  by  the  cordial  respect  with  which  they  took 
Uieir  leave  of  him,  tacitly,  but  no  less  plainly,  testified  their  sense  Jf  the 
justice  of  his  quarrel  with  their  sovereign. 

As  soon  as  Anselm  had  left  England  the  king  seized  upon  all  the  tem 
por^ities  of  his  see  J  and  fearful  lest  the  preLnce  of  Anselm  arRome 
should  prejudice  him  and  his  kingdom,  he  sent  William  de  Warelwas"  as 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Pascal,  the  pope.    In  the  couVse  of  the  ar 
gument  between  the  pope  and  the'  king  of  England'!  eZy,  VltZ 

7^Xl^S!'Zt'^f-^''  "overeign  wUd  ratLr  part  wiT his  crown 
than  with  the  right  of  investiture ;  to  which  Pascal  as  warmly  reolied 

tt  '  r"'?  ""'^f^  Pf "  ''i'^  ^'  ^'""^  »han  allow  the  king  to  retafn  that 
SL  Ti."'?™  '*'^'!^^  11  ^y**"''  *"<!  thence  to  his  old  monastery  of 
S!;„vnii  '''"S; '•«8/o'-ed  hmi  the  revenues  of  his  sees,  and  great  anxiety 
Znofwf„"^ffi^  "'1  f ""u'^'  ?^  ™""  ^"'  his  return  to  EnglaiTd,  where  Ss 
the  lst?rL«  ,n'S^  ^'^  ^^  "^^^  "*"'"  "f  «"  imaginable  impiety,  and  of 

ireen  HeCTd  tt'^n'''"^  immorality.  The  disputes,  meantime,  be- 
iw),  V  ^^  ♦u  ***®  P**P*  ^'^"^  warmer  and  warmer.  The  emperor, 
E^ml'i?"^  *^f  pope  were  at  feud  on  the  same  subject,  and  the  pope 
being  made  an  actual  prisoner,  was  compelled  by  a  formal  treaty  to  grant 
the  emperor  the  right  of  investiture.  The  king  of  England  was  esl  ad- 
vantageous y  situated  than  the  emperor.  He  could  not,  by  gett  ng  the 
pope '"to  his  power,  cut  the  GordiL  knot  of  the  controvLTbetweei, 
t^^tJunZiyl  Mellent  and  other  ministers  of  Henrjrwere  already 
danvivL^?  r*^  the  pains  of  excommunication :  Henry  himself  was  in 

himLJf  Pfni  i^^^J'n  u  ""^*^^"^«  ^'•««^f"'  »^"'^"««  pronounced  on 
b2„]  hi!  nnM  *f  knew  that  he  had  numerous  and  powerful  enemies 
!f  k  to  hm^  Iff  .T*"?  '^""''*  ^°^}  ^'''^'y  *"^  promptly7vail  themselves 
L  V  n?«ir  "?  ""="■  ""^^'y  allegiance.  He  and  the  pope  were  mu. 
MDP  h»  Hh;  TlJ"  ,«'*'"?'•«""««  was  at  length  entered  into,  by  which  the 
S'demlii,!  l^  °^  ecciosiastical  investiture,  while  Henry  had  the  right 
m«{n5^^^  "*  homage  from  the  prelates  for  their  temporalities.  The 
?nd  H«^S'?«  ^  ^i"?  •  **"'  «e"led,  minor  points  presented  no  difficulties, 
and  Henry  now  had  leisure  to  turn  his  attention  to  Normandy. 

HAnr^*"""""'"?  I.'J®'',"^^'''*'  ^""  *''' '"«  brother  Robert  to  the  care  of  Helie, 
ac^Jr^nf  ^'h  P'"°h»Wy  desirous  to  show  tiie  world,  by  the  unblemished  char- 
veaiiolVthTr  °''*lT'l*'?"^':".''^'^'he  infant  prince,  then  only  six 
JSTLif  m?^  ^®  Tul"^  /'^"■'y.  hy  him.  But  as  the  young  prince  grew  up, 
amif  ^  remarkable  for  talent  and  gracefulness  of  person,  he  acquired 
2 mir^  '^^*?''  ^^''^  .*°  '""•'h  uneasiness  to  Henry,  that  he  ordered 
kL^^iJll'I"'  *"'*'  "P  ^'^  y?""»  w*'''-  "«"«•  probably  doubtful  of  the  • 
Srt  "?"'*'"''••  y^'  I*°''V8r  himself  unable  to  shdter  him  should  the  kin« 
3pn  kp  nnr*.  »'n™«diately  placed  young  William  under  the  protection 
01  *  ulke,  count  of  Anjou.    The  protection  of  this  gaUant  and  eminen*  no- 


'200 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


Me  and  his  own  singular  graces,  enabled  William  to  create  great  inteiesi 
on  his  behalf,  and  at  every  court  which  he  visited  he  was  able  to  excite 
the  greatest  indignation  against  the  injustice  with  which  his  uncle  had  treaU 
ed  him.  Louis  le  Gros,  king  of  France,  joined  with  Fulke,  count  of  An- 
jou,  and  the  count  of  Flanders,  in  disturbing  Henry  in  his  uniust  posses- 
sion of  Normandy,  and  many  skirmishes  took  place  upon  tiie  fronti«irs. 
But  before  the  war  could  produce  any  decisive  results,  Henry,  with  his 
customary  artful  policy,  detached  Fulke  from  the  league  by  marrying  his 
son  William  to  that  prince's  daughter.  The  peace  consequent  upon  this 
withdrawal  of  Fulke  did  not  last  long.  Henry's  nephew  was  again  taken 
in  hand  by  the  gallant  Baldwin  of  Flanders,  who  induced  the  king  ol 
France  to  Join  in  renewing  the  attack  upon  Normandy.  In  the  action 
near  Eu  Baldwm  was  slain  ;  and  the  king  of  France,  despairing,  after  the 
loss  of  so  capital  an  ally,  of  libehting  Normandy  from  the  power  of 
Henry  by  force  of  arms,  resolved  to  try  another  method,  of  which,  proba- 
bly, he  did  not  perceive  all  the  remote  and  possible  consequences. 

The  papal  court  had  always  manifested  a  more  than  sufficient  inclina- 
tion to  interfere  in  the  temporal  concerns  of  the  nations  of  Christendom ; 
and  Louis  now  most  unwisely  gave  sanction  and  force  to  that  ambitious 
and  insidious  assumption,  by  appealing  to  Rome  on  behalf  of  young  VH  1- 
liam.    A  general  council  having  been  assembled  by  t!ie pope  at  Rheims, 
Louis  took  his  proteg6  there,  represented  the  tyranny  of  Henry's  conduct 
towards  both  the  young  prince  and  his  father,  and  strongly  and  eloquent- 
ly  dwelt  upon  the  impropriety  of  the  church  and  the  Christian  powers  al- 
lowing  so  trusty  and  gallant  a  champion  of  the  cross  to  linger  on  in  his 
melancholy  irtiprisonment.      Whatever  might  be  the  personal  feelings  oi 
Cahxtus  II.,  the  then  pope,  he  showed  himself  strongly  inclined  to  inter- 
fere  on  behalf  of  both  William  and  his  father.     But  Henry  was  now,  as 
ever,  alert  and  skilful  in  the  defence  of  his  own  interest.     The  English 
bishops  were  allowed  by  him  to  attend  this  council ;  but  he  gave  them 
fair  notice  at  their  departure,  that  whatever  might  be  the  demands  or  de- 
cisions of  the  council,  he  was  fully  determined  to  maintain  the  laws  and 
customs  of  England  and  his  own  prerogative.    "Go,"  said  he,  as  they 
took  leave  of  him,  "  salute  the  pope  in  my  name,  and  listen  to  his  apostol- 
ical  precepts  ;  but  be  mindful  that  ye  bring  back  none  of  his  new  inveii- 
Uons  into  my  kingdom."    But  while  he  thus  outwardly  manifested  his 
determination  to  support  himself  even  against  the  hostility  of  the  church, 
he  took  the  most  effectual  means  to  prevent  that  hostility  from  beingex- 
hibited.     The  most  liberal  presents  and  promises  were  distributed ;  and 
so  effectually  did  he  conciliate  the  pope,  that  having  shortly  afterwards 
had  an  interview  with  Henry,  he  pronounced  him  to  be  beyond  compari- 
son the  most  eloquent  and  persuasive   man  he  had  ever  spoken  with. 
Upon  this  high  eulogy  of  the  sovereign  pontiff,  Hume,  with  dry  causticity, 
remarks,  that  Henrj  at  this  interview  "had  probably  renewed  his  presents." 
Louis,  finding  that  he  was  out-manoeuvred  by  Henry  in  the  way  of  in 
trigue,  renewed  his  attempts  upon  Normandy  in  the  way  of  arms.    He 
made  an  attempt  to  surprise  Noyen,  bnt  Henry's  profuse  liberality  caused 
him  to  be  well  served  by  his  spies,  and  he  suddenly  fell  upon  the  French 
troops.     A  severe  action  ensued,  and  Prince  William,  who  was  present, 
behaved  with  great  distinction.     Henry  also  was  present,  and,  penetrating 
with  his  customary  gallantry  into  the  very  thickest  of  the  fight  was  se- 
verely wounded  by  Crispin,  a  Norman  officer  in  the  French  army.    Hen- 
'^'jT  ,  uP**^^*'*'*^'^  ^'^'^^  personal  strength,  struck  Crispin  to  the  earth. 
und  led  his  troops  onward  in  a  charge  so  fierce  and  heavy,  that  the  French 
were  utterly  routed,  and  Louis  himselt  only  escaped  with  great  difficulty 
from  being  made  prisoner.    The  result  of  this  action  so  discourag*;d  Louis 
that  he  shortly  nilerwards  entered  into  a  treaty  with  Henry,  in  waich  tho 


Death  of  Prince  William  and  his  Sisteb. 


HISTORY   OF  TUE  WORLD. 


201' 


ihTquttl'''""'"  ""'  ^'""^''"y  °'"  I^obertwere  wLoUy  l.ft  out  of 

leare'd,  doomed  to  suffer;  JLry  terSe  Sort^^         l?^  '°   ^^^e  been 
fihty  with  which  he  had  usurped  the  S?^n  of  pL  '^*'  ^^■ 

Normandy,  that  similar  wrong-  as  LSseLnfn  S  '»?  '''P  ^""^^  °' 
would  surely  not  have  been-rnight  easi^v^iP  ^nJ}!  /  '  "'""^''  '^""""S  " 
proper  precautions  were  taken  he  HPrnmnli?^  '"  ^"^  "'^"  **"»•  ""'ess 
inandy.and  caused  hTm  to  be^ecoSe^f»"S'"^  ^\""""  '°  N^"- 
and  to  receive  in  that  cha meter  the  IS^fof  J  f^*'"^''^'''''"  ^^^  '*^«  «'>*'«». 
tantstep  being  taken  The  khiffand  hTnfinl  ''^''''JT  '^^'^  '"'P«r- 
their  return  tj"  England  The  weather '^a,^^^"''^':  ''  "»'■''«"'•  o« 
conveyed  the  kinglndhis  imdlate  attend  fnt^l^rr".?  ""  ""'''''  ^"*''«h 
something  caused  the  prince  trrPmLn^il  r    "."r  ^""^^  •"  safety, 

parted;  and  the  captairar'd  sailo  sTthe  ±^^^  ^'^  d« 

sailed,  in  their  anxiety  to  overtake  the  kinL^\vm^i''"''T  ""o'^i««'«d. 
ihan  skill,  that  they  ran  the  sSHd on  a  rnHJ  ««  mud.  more  haste 

t;an  to  sink.  WilLm  wassafeirgSun  thTlol.^'Lif !  'r.:"1^''^  ^^ 
(owed  some  distance  from  the  shio  wh^n  thn  -^?  '  "r'l^^"^  ®^'^"  ^een 
ler,  t!i8  countess  of  Perche  who  fnTh»  L,  I'^'fl'"'  '^'^  •"«  ""l"^"'  sis- 
pelled  his  boat's  crlw  to  elum  and  endeavT.L^'.'*  ''"""J'^'  ^,"n'""^'  '^"'"- 
that  the  boat  approached  the  shiD"8  sHpT?  ^"""^  ^^'\  '^''^  '"«'»«» 
the  boat  also  fl,5ndered  and  wSl  am  an3  aU  Z  ^T""?  '"'P^^  '"'  '■*'''» 
fearful  loss,  therebeinginboard  the  HI  f^ttl  ih  .^ .  '">•'"'»•"«  P«'-'«''e^;  » 
and  forty  English  and  Nor.nanennpmit,  ^  f^^  ""^^'V'^^rt'ian  a  hunrlred 

,"i7:„sr  -^^^  ^^^^^  =««-'-  o-ra 

lb.  full  cxicM  Of  the  oi  „rai  V  tJ  1.™  '""  "l"^  ''?"  '•"'«' '  '""  "!''" 
-iolem  w„,  hi,  grief"  tCRa.  IS™  .r'"   "',"'!'  ''"  '"'""■^  '  ""''  '" 

rise  to  much  civil  strifn      I      I*'  'at  onal  one,  m  so  far  ai^  it  gave 

been  a  very  severe  k'">,^  "'»«   VVilliam  would  have 

:-nmc  to  tle\fn,rh   \t     1  wLrth,^ir7  [•V["-'^»t''"  that  whenever  he 
riie  farly  N,,r,nnn  rulers?  i,^^".     -  '^  '"""  ^"""l"  "'"  h"r<lo.i. 

Jiii-e  ihem  to  disguise  it,  tlett: 
Pnnce  William,  son  of  the  ,v.„„| 

l'«i.v,lu.  i,„w,g„h,  >m,kii,Ml     cai,  i  Prine\v  I    ""'"'1'"""  A„. 

« .mod  to  the  ei  u,eri.r  Mwrv  V    2l     n  7"  'I'"'*'''™.  <»llil 

*iie  nobies  and  cl.rgy  of  both  Noriuamli;  and' EiSr^*  "'"  ''""""^'  "*' 


riiel'arly  Nornm,  ruin's  i.fr/.       '""■f"«","t«  '"oro  b<,ast8  of  burden. 
■'u.-e  them  to  iTg  Us    MlJte  t^d  an  rsn;nj:H';;'-''  "V,^''V'r''--"'' '"^  '" 

'•..tect,on   of  the   French  king,  ihougl,' 


202 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


In  the  meantime  Prince  William  of  Normandy  was  greatly  sireiigthunea 
Charles,  earl  of  Flanders,  was  assassinated,  and  his  dignity  and  possos< 
sions  were  immediately  bestowed  by  the  king'  of  France  upon  Prince 
William.  But  this  piece  of  seeming  good  fortune,  though  it  undoubtedly 
gave  greater  strength  to  William's  party  and  rendered  his  recovery  o( 
Normandy  more  probable,  led  in  the  result,  to  his  destruction ;  so  blind 
are  we  in  all  that  relates  to  our  future!  The  landgrave  of  Alsace,  deeming 
his  own  claim  upon  Flanders  superior  to  that  of  William,  who  claimed 
only  from  the  wife  of  the  Conqueror,  and  who  moreover  was  illegitimate, 
attempted  to  possess  himself  of  it  by  force  of  arms,  and  almost  in  the  first 
skirmish  that  took  place  William  was  killed. 

Many  disputes  during  all  this  time  had  taken  place  between  Henry 
and  the  pope ;  chiefly  upon  the  right  to  which  the  latter  pretended  of 
having  a  legate  resident  in  England.  As  legates  possessed  in  their  re- 
spective  provinces  the  full  powers  of  the  pope,  and,  in  their  anxiety  td 
please  that  great  giver  and  source  of  their  power,  were  ever  disposed  to 
push  the  papal  authority  to  the  utmost,  the  king  constantly  showed  a  great 
and  wise  anxiety  to  prevent  this  manifestly  dangerous  encroachment  of 
Rome.  After  much  manoeuvring  on  both  sides,  an  arrangement  was  made 
by  which  the  legate  power  was  conferred  upon  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  and  thus  while  Rome  kept,  nominally  at  least,  a  control  over  that 
power,  Henry  prevtnted  it  being  committed  to  any  use  disagreeable  to 
him,  and  had,  moreover,  a  security  for  the  legate's  moderation  in  the  kingly 
power  over  the  archbishop's  temporalities. 

A  perfect  peace  reigning  in  all  parts  of  England,  Henry  spent  pan  of 
U31  and  1132  in  Normandy  with  his  daughter  Matilda,  of  whom  he  was 
oassionately  fond.  While"  he  was  there  Matilda  was  delivered  of  a  son, 
who  was  christened  by  the  name  of  Henry.  In  the  midst  of  the  rejoicing 
his  event  caused  to  the  king,  he  was  summoned  to  England  by  an  incur- 
sion  made  by  the  Welsh  ;  and  he  was  just  about  to  return  when  ho  was 
seized,  at  St.  Dennis  le  Forment,  by  a  fatal  illness,  attributed  to  his 
having  eaten  lampreys  to  excess,  and  he  expired  Dec.  1,  113C,  in  the 
thirty-fifth  year  of  his  reign  and  sixty-sevenih  of  his  ago. 

Though  a  usurper,  and  though  somewhat  prone  to  a  tyrannous  exertion 
of  his  usurped  authority,  Henry  at  least  deserves  the  praise  of  having 
been  an  able  monarch.  He  preserved  the  peace  of  his  dominions  undei 
circumstances  of  great  difficulty,  and  pnitectod  its  interest  against  at 
tempts  under  which  a  less  firm  and  politic  prince  would  have  been  crushed. 
He  had  no  fewer  than  thirteen  illegitimate  children.  Other  vices  he  was 
tolerably  free  fnmi  in  his  private  capacity ;  but  in  protecting  his  resources 
for  the  chase,  of  which,  like  all  the  Norman  princes,  he  was  passionately 
enamoured,  he  was  guilty  of  every  unjustifiable  cruelty.  In  the  general 
administration  of  justice  he  was  very  severe.  Coining  was  punished  hy 
him  with  death  or  the  most  terrible  mutilation,  and  on  one  occasion  fifty 
persons  charged  with  that  offence  were  subjected  to  this  horrible  mode  of 
torture.  It  was  in  this  reign  that  wardmotes,  common-halls,  a  court  of 
hustings,  the  liberty  of  hunting  in  Middlesex  and  Hurrey — a  great  and 
honourable  privilege  at  that  time— the  right  to  elect  its  own  shorifT  and 
Justiciary,  and  to  hold  pleas  of  the  crown,  trials  by  combat,  and  lodging 
of  the  king's  retinue,  were  granted  to  the  oity  of  London. 


H 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

Tim  REION  ur  STCPHCN. 

A.  0.  1135.— The  will  of  Henry  I.  left  the  kingdom  of  England  and  thi» 
duohy  of  Normandy  to  his  duughler  Matilda.    By  the  orecautions  wluob 


HISTOKr  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Bnirland  bv  Henrv  r    vi'»»f  h!^l '  J^.  "1  *"**  Stephen,  were  invited  to 

.Zrit  ttSreTbofh'trr  °ud^^  t "' 

enormous  landed  property  in  EnXiH     Sl^,/  .1    ^u  ^"^^  "'  '"'f,"  "^^ 
her  enriched  Stephen  by  confS  J  um,nt^^^  f*"- 

.f  the  earl  of  MojJaigne.^r&aKnd'rf  tbrrterC 
M^  stplh  „  /"*  ^""^'y  .imagined  that  by  thus  honourinrand  a.  J  an<^  z- 

He^mLsed  himilf  Ih^f  "^fP-'^ose  efforts  from  the  king's  knowledge 
MutfiHl     ^   himself  the  fast  friend  Pnd  ready  champion  of  the  orincesa 
Matilda,  and  when  the  baron-  were  required  by  the  king  to  do t,mZ  ?o 
m^wit   L'berT3;;?/.i'  "T''  %?»>«"  ^«t»»Hy  ^ad  TviXeX. 

misBaril  f'''"."«'^«teful  design,  h.>  hurried  on  to  London,  where  he  had 

Jcli,.Il''11''''  Sr"'"*^  thus  made,  ho  next  busied  himself  in  obtaininir  the 

taSt.r.L  of'"^"  °^  ^^^  "'^'^^y-    ^"  "'»^''  ^«iKl^t  was  in    h"S  age 

Sin£     kolvtT„?';X„?  n  ""*'""//'  ''•''  f»'-«"»tio,l;  that  he  considers 

rnniH  .„  f  ^  *"?'  Matilda  would  ever  be  able  to  dethrone  him  if  hn 

S^mo  irw  H  «lr„i"''"'''  '^"^•""'■''•'^     »n  f'is  important  part  of  his  daring 
•cnemo  good  service  was  done  to  him  by  his  brother  Henrv  hishon  n7 
W.„,0,e8  or,  who  caused  the  bishop  of  Salisbury  to  Join  hrineZmd.  - 
ThVn  m  ?!' ,"' •''"'^"''  ""^  C«"t«r''"ry.  to  give  Stephen  the  roya    Sn 

»XKc: to  r.a '^r'"'""^7  ""  ^^'«  ""^-"ty.  t«ken^the  oati.  s 

butC  ?e  urt^Scl  u.  In  ""^"' "'"»  '«  '''""Ply  with  so  startling  a  step, 
t  who  hSfh'  .'**""""•  •*«!  «>•  awmeti;  gave  way  when  RogU 
Mtl?  hIVu  ^  ^\immnUim  office  of  steward  of  the  household  made 
xt  sThU  t.^'""V^"<'  ";"  «vi..oed  hi,  .lispleasure  wilh  MaSdt 
ti.  not^eZ  to  belirvl'^h!;'!  '  •^'^^''T""  "^  ^'"P"""  "-  ^'''  -uccessor 


204 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


its  authority  crowned  Stephen.    The  coronation  was  but  meagrely  atter 
ded  by  the  nobles ;  yet,  as  none  of  them  made  any  open  opposition,  Ste* 

f>hen  proceeded  to  exercise  the  royal  authority  as  coolly  as  though  he 
lad  ascended  the  throne  by  the  double  right  of  consent  of  the  people  and 
heirship. 

Having  seized  upon  the  royal  treasure,  which  amounted  to  upwards  o( 
a  hundred  thousand  pounds,  Stephen  was  able  to  surround  his  usurped 
throne  with  an  immense  number  of  foreign  mercenaries.  While  he  thus 
provided  against  open  force,  he  also  took  the  precaution  to  endeavour,  by 
the  apparent  justice  of  his  intentions,  to  obliterate  from  the  general  mem< 
ory,  and  especially  from  the  minds  of  the  clergy,  all  thought  of  the 
shameful  irregularity  and  ingratitude  by  which  he  had  outained  the  throne. 
He  published  a  charter  calculated  to  interest  all  ranks  of  men,  promising 
to  abolish  Danegelt,  generally  to  restore  the  laws  of  King  tidward,  to  cor- 
rect all  abuses  of  the  forest  laws,  and — with  an  especial  view  to  concili- 
ating the  clergy---to  fill  all  benefices  as  they  should  become  vacant,  and 
to  levy  no  rents  upon  them  while  vacant.  He  at  the  same  time  applied 
for  the  sanction  of  the  pope,  who,  well  knowing  what  advantage  posbes- 
sion  must  give  Stephen  over  the  absent  Matilda,  and  being,  besides,  well 
pleased  to  be  called  upon  to  interfere  ii  the  temporal  affairs  of  England, 
very  readily  gave  it  in  a  bull,  which  Stephen  took  great  care  to  make 
public  throughout  England. 

In  Normandy  the  same  8U0Q]$ss  attended  Stephen,  who  had  his  eldest 
son,  Eustace,  put  in  possessioaof  tho  duchy  on  doing  homage  to  the  king 
of  France ;  and  Geoffrey,  Matilda's  husband,  found  himself  reduced  to 
such  straits  that  he  was  fain  to  enter  into  a  truce  with  Stephen,  the  Intter 
consenting  to  pay,  during  the  two  years  for  which  it  was  made,  a  pen- 
sion of  five  thousand  marks.  Though  Stephen  was  thus  far  so  succesa- 
ful,  there  were  several  circumstances  which  were  calculated  to  cause 
him  considerable  apprehension  and  perplexity.  Robert,  a  natural  son  ol 
the  lato  ing,  by  wiiom  he  had  been  created  earl  of  Gloucester,  possessed 
considerable  ability  and  influence,  and  was  very  much  attached  to  Ma 
tilda,  in  whose  wrongs  he  could  not  fail  to  take  a  great  interest.  This 
nobleman,  who  was  in  Normnndy  when  Sleplien  usurped  the  tlirone  ol 
England,  was  looked  upon  both  by  the  friends  and  tlie  enemies  of  Stephen 
as  the  most  likely  person  to  head  any  open  opposition  to  the  usurper. 
In  truth,  the  earl  was  placed  in  a  very  delicate  and  trying  situation.  On 
the  one  hand,  he  was  exceedingly  zealous  in  the  chusc  of  Matilda;  on  the 
other  hand  to  refuse  when  required  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Ste- 
phen, was  inevitably  to  bring  ruin  upon  his  fortunes,  as  far  aa  Hngiand 
was  concerned.  In  this  perplexing  dilemma  he  resolved  to  take  a  middle 
course,  and,  by  nvoidins  an  open  rupture  with  Stephen,  secure  to  himself 
the  liberty  and  means  of  acting  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  conscienoe, 
should  circumstances  become  more  favourable  to  Matilda.  Ho  therefore 
consented  to  take  the  oath  of  iillegiaiice  to  Stephen,  on  condition  that  the 
king  should  duly  perform  all  that  he  had  promised,  and  that  he  should  in 
no  wise  curtail  or  infringe  the  rights  or  dignities  of  the  earl.  This  singu- 
lar and  very  unusual  reservation  clearly  enough  proved  to  Stephen  that 
he  was  to  look  upon  the  earl  as  his  good  and  loyal  nubject  just  so  long  as 
there  seemed  to  be  no  chance  of  a  succcsuful  revolt,  and  no  longer;  but 
the  earl  was  so  powerful  and  popular  that  he  did  n«>t  thuik  it  safe  to  re- 
fuse his  oath  of  fealty,  even  on  these  unusual  terms. 

Though  we  correctly  call  these  terms  unusual,  we  do  so  only  with  ref- 
erence  to  former  reigits ;  Stephen  was  obliged  to  consent  to  them  in  still 
more  important  cases  than  that  of  the  earl  of  Gloucester.  The  clergy, 
rinding  the  king  willing  to  sncriflce  to  expediency,  and  well  knowing  how 
inexpedient  he  would  find  it  to  quarrel  with  their  powerful  body,  would 
only  give  him  their  oath  of  allegiance  v«-ith  the  reservation  that  thuit 


ilSTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


t(n^ 


« legiance  should  endure  so  long  as  the  king  should  support  the  discipline 
of  the  church  and  defend  the  ecclesiasiical  liberties.     To  how  much  dTs^ 
pute,  quibble,  and  assumption  were  not  those  undefined  terms  capable  of 
leading  undei  the  management  of  the  possessors  of  nearly  all  the  learning 
of  the  age;  men,  too,  especially  addicted  to  and  skilled  in  that  subt"? 
warfare  which  renciers  th»  crafty  and  well-schooled  logomachist  abso! 
lutely  invulnerable  by  any  other  weapon  than  a  precise  definUion  of  terms 
To  he  reservations  of  the  earl  of  Gloucester  and  the  elegy  succeeded 
the  still  more  ominous  demands  of  the  barons.    In  the  aSv  of  Sh«n 
to  procure  their  submission  and  sanction  to  his  usurpatirtKroi  S 
an  admirable   opportunity  for  aggrandizing  their  already  grearpower 
at  the  expense  of'  the  security  of  both  the  people  and  the  crSwn    'rhev 
demanded  that  each  baron  should  have  the  right  to  fortify  his  castle  S 
put  himself  in  a  state  of  defence ;  in  other  words,  that  each  baron  shouW 
turn  his  possessions  into  an  imperium  in  imperio,  dangerous  to  the  author- 
.ty  of  the  crown  on  occasions  of  especial  dispute,  and  injurious  to  the 
peace  and  welfare  upon  all  occasions,  as  making  the  cha  ces  of  wrona 
and  oppressions  more  numerous,  and  making  redress,  already  difficStT? 
the  future  My  hopeless     A  legitimate  king,  confident  in  Ws  S  'and 
conscientiously  mindful  of  his  high  trust,  would  have  periled  boK  own 
and  life  ere  he  would  have  consented  to  such  terms;  but  in  the  case  of 
Stephen,  the  high  heart  of  the  valiant  soldier  was  quel  ed  and  spell-bound 
by  the  conscience  of  the  usurper,  and  to  uphold  Ls  tottering  throne    ,, 
present  circumsances  of  difficulty,  he  was  fain  to  consent  to  tfrms  which 

Tip  h".rir"'""y  f"?  'P'^^''y  '"'"'■■'''  '»»«««  difflculies  tenfold 

The  barons  were  not  slow  to  avail  themselves  of  the  consent  thus  ex- 
torted  from  the  king.  In  every  direction  castles  sprang  uS  or  were 
newly  and  more  strongly  fortified.  Even  those  baroKs  who  ^had  at  tl^ 
outset  no  care  for  any  such  privilege,  were  soon  in  thej  se^-defencl 
obliged  to  follow  the  example  of  tTioir  neighbours.  Jealous  of  each 
other,  the  barons  now  carried  their  feuds  to  the  extent  of  absolute  pTttv 
wars;  and  the  inferior  gentry  and  peasantry  could  on  y  hope  o  esSe 
from  being  plundered  and  ill  used  by  one  party,  at  the  expefise  of  siS 
Srearc^rr*  '"  '^"'"'''  ^''  ''''"^'''  «ide  of  ^;hichVe5'h;d  the  s^ft 
The  barons  having  thus  fur  proceeded  in  establishing  their  vuasi  sove- 
roignty  and  independence  of  the  crown,  it  is  not  to  bo  wondeffat  Z 
tliey  soon  proceeded  still  farther,  and  arrogated  to  themsdves  wUh^  tK 

s:;;fSSnSi^r ''''-'-  of  act5aisoverei;;^;^:ts,s:;;; 

antic  p=.ted  that  those  abuses  wouhi  issue,  h«  was  by  no  meaiS^nclS 
to  subuat  to  the  abuses  themselves  without  a  trial  how  fri^  was  ire 
■cable  to  take  back  by  his  present  force  what  had  br"nxtor  ;<rfrom7ii« 
former  weakness  And  thus,  as  the  nobles  abused  .ht  Sges  ho  had 
ffanto,  ho  now  by  his  mercenary  force  sot  himself  not  rnerefv  to  anni 
,  nu  ^«° .f-'^'o^e*!  privileges,  luit  also  to  make  vo  y  «cr"ou7e.  ?road  I 
meats  upon  the  more  ancient  and  legitimate  rights  of  the  suhiect  The 
perpetual  contests  that  thus  existed  between  tho\ing  „,     the  ban  n»  and 

r^rn   ?/„     i*"''y."^''''',P''"f''''  '^'"■«  '"  consequence  8Ub|oeted,  caiwod 
Kr         ^'^  »""»'«'".  tl'«l  tlifl  eurl  of  Gloucester,  deenincr  hai  tl  e 

^SS^^^^  1'?''  "'  '""«''«  "'•■•'veJ  for-tho  open 

Zl?^u^l  .""?".  ""^  i^fl'W".  "Uddonly  departed  fmm  Kajrland.     A* 

nZ  " ''f  ""''""  '"^^^y  "'"■«»<1'  h"  forwarderl  to  Stephen  a  sole  n  i  d« 
Uance  and  renunciation  of  faulty,  and  reproached  him  in  detail  and  in  ?!«, 


206 


HISTOEY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


stroncreflt  language,  with  his  breaches  of  the  promises  and  conditioni> 
upon  which  th  it  fealty  had  been  sworn. 

A.  D.  1138.— Just  as  Stephen  was  thus  doubly  perplexed,  a  new  enemy 
arose  to  threaton  him,  in  the  person  of  David,  king  of  Scotland,  who 
being  uncle  to  Matilda,  now  crossed  the  borders  with  a  larcre  army  to 
assert  and  defend  her  title.  So  little  was  SUephen  beloved  })y  the  tur- 
bulent barons,  with  not  a  few  of  whom  he  was  even  then  at  personal 
feud,  that  had  David  now  added  a  wise  policy  to  his  sincere  zeal  in  the 
cause  of  his  niece,  there  seems  little  reason  to  doubt  that  Matilda  would 
have  ousted  Stephen  almost  without  difficulty  or  bloodshed  ;  for  he  had 
by  this  time  so  nearly  expended  his  once  large  treasure,  that  the  foreign 
mercenaries,  on  whom  he  chiefly  depended  for  defence,  actually,  for  the 
most  part,  subsisted  by  nlunder.  But  David,  unable  or  unwilling  to  entei 
into  points  of  policy  and  expediency,  marked  his  p-^th  from  the  border  to 
the  fertile  plains  of  Yorkshire  by  such  cruel  bloodshed  and  destruction, 
that  all  sympathy  with  his  intention  was  forgotten  in  disgust  and  indigna- 
tion at  his  conduct.  The  northern  nobles,  whom  he  ml^ht  easily  have 
won  to  his  support,  were  thus  aroused  and  united  against  him-  William 
Albemarle,  Robert  de  Ferres,  William  Percy,  Robert  de  Bruce,  Rogei 
de  Mowbray,  llbtrt  Lacy,  Walter  TEpee,  and  numerous  other  nobles 
in  the  north  of  England,  joined  their  large  forces  into  one  great  army 
and  encountered  the  Scots  at  Northallerton.  A  battle,  called  the  battle 
of  the  Standard,  from  an  immense  cruciflx  which  was  carried  on  a 
car  in  front  of  the  English  army,  was  fought  on  the  22d  of  August, 
1138,  and  ended  in  so  total  a  defeat  of  the  Scottish  army  that  David  him- 
self, together  with  his  son  Henry,  very  nearly  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
English.  The  defeat  of  the  king  of  Scotland  greatly  tended  to  daunt 
the  enemies  of  Stephen,  and  to  give  a  hope  of  stability  to  hia  rule;  bu*. 
he  had  scarcely  escaped  the  ruin  that  this  one  enemy  intended  for  him. 
when  he  was  engaged  in  a  bitter  controversy  with  an  enemy  still  more 
zealous  and  more  powerful — the  clergy. 

A.  n.  1139. — The  bishops,  as  they  had  been  rated  for  military  service  in 
common  with  the  barons,  so  they  added  all  the  state  and  privileges  ot 
lay  barons  to  those  proper  to  their  own  character  and  rank.  And  when 
the  custom  of  erecting  fortresses  and  keeping  strong  garrisons  in  pay 
became  general  among  the  lay  barons,  several  of  the  bishops  followed 
their  example.  The  bishops  of  Salisbury  and  Lincoln  had  done  so;  the 
former  had  completed  one  at  Sherborne  and  another  at  Devizes,  and  had 
even  commenced  a  third  at  Malmesbury ;  and  the  latter,  who  was  his 
nephew,  had  erected  an  exceedingly  strong  and  stately  one  at  Newark. 
Unwisely  deeming  it  safer  to  begni  by  attacking  the  fortresses  of  the 
clergy  than  those  of  the  lay  barons,  Stephen,  availing  himself  of  some 
disturbances  at  court  between  the  armed  followers  of  the  bishop  of  Sal 
isbury  and  those  of  the  earl  of  Brittany,  threw  both  the  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury and  his  nephew  of  Lincoln  into  prison,  and  compelled  them,  by 
threats  of  still  wne  treatment,  to  surrender  their  fortresses  into  his 
hands.  This  act  of  power  called  up  an  opponent  to  Stephen,  in  a  person 
from  whom,  of  the  whole  of  the  clergy,  he  had  the  least  reason  to  fear 
anv  opposition. 

The  king's  brother,  Henry,  bishop  of  Winchester,  to  whom  he  owed 
so  much  in  accomplishing  his  usurpation  of  the  crown,  was  at  this  time 
armed  with  the  logantine  comniissiou  in  England;  and  deeming  hit  duty 
to  the  church  paramount  to  the  ties  of  blood,  he  assembled  a  synod  at 
Weatminsler,  which  he  opened  with  a  formal  complaint  of  what  he  termed 
the  impiety  of  the  king.  The  synod  was  well  inclined  to  acquiesce  in 
Henry  s  view  of  the  case,  and  a  formal  summons  was  sent  to  tne  king  to 
Account  to  the  synod  for  the  conduct  of  which  it  complained.  With  a 
strani;;o  neglect  of  what  would  have  been  his  true  policy — a  peremptory 


HI8T0RT  OP  THE  WORLD. 


207 


denial  of  the  neht  of  the  synod  to  sit  in  judgment  upon  the  sovereian  on 
fl  question  wh.cl  really  related,  and  related  only,  to  the  S  ?f  hi« 
kintjdom-Stephen  virtually  put  the  judgment  of  hU  case  Into  the  hands 
of  a  court,  that,  by  the  very  charge  made  against  l.im  by  Us  head  avoweS 
Itself  inimical,  partial  and  prejudiced,  by  sending  AJbevde'vere^o 
plead  his  cause.  De  Vere  set  out  by  charging  the^two  bShops  wUh  se 
ditious  conduct  and  treasonable  designs  •  but  the  svnnHVfnain  .-T^  » 
lain  that  charge  until  the  fortresses.^^hich  t  ifobse^td  ?hi  bisKoos 
^'tI  :Twnid\'oT  ?'^-?«V«.»'«"W  be'  restored  by' Uiekrug"'""' 

llie  Clergy  did  lot  fail  to  make  this  quarrel  the  occasion  of  exasner. 
atmg  the  m.nds  of  the  always  credulous  multitude  againsJ^he  khi  ^So 
general  was  the  discontent,  that  the  earl  of  Glouceste?,  constantly  ?n  the 
watch  for  an  opportunity  of  advocatinjr  the  caus^  of  Ma»  i  Jl  t.  u. 
that  princess  to  England,  ^with  a  retinue^f  a  hundred  and  firt^  VnXl 

itT  t^f SesterwS  'z  ':^'sjri^'^^r'K^'^ 

powerful  barons,  who  opeTi^^^^^^^^^^^^  rtv'oi;rrand"  x^  tS^rrv' 

energy  to  increase  her  already  considerable  force.  A  civil  war  sneed^K 
ragod  ine*ery  part  of  the  kingdom;  both  parties  were  Sv^ofth^ 
most  atro  lous  excesses,  and,  Is  is  usual,  or  rather  unTveml  in  sulh 
cases,  whichever  party  was  temporarily  triumphant'  The  SanDV  neas 

tr7«rel?=X^a""^^^*^^'  ''''^  -"^  «^  waUtrWhTh 
^'.°'a  V,^"•~^^''«  'f'e  kingdom  was  thus  torn,  and  the  neonle  thus  tor 

fu  Sett"  Of  Sienh'e*;r  w^^""  "'  ^'"'=^'"'  h'wevl^remled 'faS' 
hP  ra.il«  "I'L  i^r\\  '"^'^  ""nieuiately  proceeded  to  lay  siege  to 
lie  casile.     He  earl  of  Gloucester  hastened  to  the  supnor'  of   he  b« 

leaguered  garrison,  and  on  the  2d  of  February,  IH?  T  an  on  took 

uioucester,  and  though  he  was  at  first  treated  with  ereat  evtern-il  ro^n^..t 
some  real  or  pretended  suspicions  of  his  friends  h  .S'g  for.S  a  olaH 

10  he  nfr'l  ff  M  rl/'"'-''  V'T"^  ""  ffreat  accession  of  men  oi^^all  ranks 
to  the  p,irtyof  Matdda;  and  she,  under  the  politic  guidance  of   he  e-arl 

ISurwtch   inr«T*'"  .'''"'■''''/  \^  »f'""  '^«  good-will  of  IcLgt 
w  thout  which,  11.  the  then  state  of  the  public  mind,  there  could  be  but 

l-ttle  prospect  of  permanent  prosperity  to  her  cans;  jusTas  it  doubtless* 

ferPm.J"^i'lii"h''"7*  ^''^^""^  "f  ^''''^hester  and  papal  legate,  to  a  con- 
S,  ^'      ^^'"=^  «''«.  promised  evorythiiig  that  either  his  .ndividual  am 
biliot,  or  his  zeal  for  tlie  church  could  load  him  to  desire ;  and  is  J  1  t?« 

Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  also  swore  allegiance  tier 

ma'l  e  by 'lie '/v  1 1^^"  ""^  f"^'!"^'  '"^J"^^"^  '»  $I«Sd«  in  "speech 

Zl'l.'lT^lt'^lT^!!'^^^^^^^^  the  chief  nL  of 

.,  _„  „,,u,j„,^.p  jjg^gj-jj^.  jj,^_yg.j_y_  ^^^^  having 


I 


i     !^ 

i 

1^ 

H 

P 

H 

11 

>08 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


been  so  powerful  an  instrument  of  his  brother's  usurpation,  now  spake  ol 
uini  as  having  merely  filled  the  throne  in  the  absence  of  the  rightiul 
owner,  and  dwelt  witli  great  force  and  bilteniess  npoii  the  breach  by  Ste- 
phen  of  the  promises  he  liad  made  of  respect  and  protection  to  the  church. 

Matilda  to  a  masculine  daring  added  a  very  harsh  and  imperious  spirit 
a.id  she  had  scarcely  placeo  her  cause  in  apparently  permanent  prosper- 
ity when  she  most  unwisely  disgusted  some  of  those  whose  favour  was 
the  most  important  to  her. 

The  Londoners,  though  circumstances  had  compelled  them  to  submit  to 
Matilda,  were  still  very  partial  to  Stephen.  They  joined  his  wife  in  pe. 
titioning  that  he  might  he  released  on  condition  of  retiring  to  a  convent 
A  stern  and  laconic  refusal  was  Matilda's  answer  both  to  this  petition  and 
a  subsequent  one  presented  by  them  for  the  establishment  of  King  Ed 
ward's  laws  uistead  of  those  of  Henry.  An  equally  harsh,  and  still  moro 
impolitic  refusal  was  given  to  the  logate  who  requested  that  his  nephew 
Eustace,  should  inherit  Boulogne  arid  the  other  patrimonial  possessioiu 
of  Stephen ;  a  refusal  which  gives  one  as  low  an  opinion  of  Matilda's 
Bcnse  of  justice  as  of  her  temper  and  policy. 

Her  mistaken  conduct  was  not  long  in'  producing  its  appropriate  ill 
effects  to  her  cause.  The  legate,  whose  very  contradictory  conduct  at 
different  times  can  only  be  satisfactorily  explained  upon  the  supposition 
that  to  his  thoroughly  selfish  ambition  that  cause  ever  seemed  the  best 
which  promised  the  greatest  immediate  advantages  to  himself  or  to  the 
ohurch,  marked  the  mischief  which  Matilda's  harshness  did  to  her  cause, 
and  promptly  availed  himself  of  it  to  excite  the  Londoners  to  revolt 
against  her  government.  An  attempt  was  made  to  seize  upon  her  person, 
and  so  violent  was  the  rage  that  was  manifested  by  her  enemies,  that  even 
her  masculine  and  scornful  spirit  took  alarm,  and  she  fled  to  Oxford 
Not  conceiving  herself  safe  even  there,  and  being  unaware  of  the  under- 
hand conduct  of  the  crafty  legate,  she  next  flew  for  safety  to  him  at  Win- 
chester. But  he,  deeming  her  cause  now  so  far  lost  as  to  warrant  him  in 
openly  declaring  his  real  feelings  towards  her,  joined  his  forces  to  the 
Londoners  and  other  friends  of  Stephen,  and  besieged  her  in  the  castle  of 
that  city.  Here,  though  stoutly  supported  by  her  friends  and  followers, 
she  was  unable  long  lo  remain,  from  lack  of  provisions.  Accompanied 
by  the  earl  of  Gloucester  and  a  handful  of  friends,  she  made  her  escape, 
but  her  party  was  pursued,  and  the  earl  of  Gloucester,  in  the  skirmish, 
was  taken  prisoner.  This  capture  led  to  the  release  of  Stephen,  fo' 
wh(Mn  Matilda  was  glad  to  exchange  the  earl,  whose  «!ounige  and  judg 
.iieiit  were  the  chief  support  of  her  hopes  and  the  main  bond  of  her  party 
and  v'uii  the  release  o(  Stephen  came  a  renewal  of  the  civil  war,  in  all 
Its  viole.Mce  and  mischief,  (a.  d.  1143).  Sieges,  battles,  skirmishes,  and 
their  (rhastly  and  revolting  accompaniments,  followed  with  varying  sui 
I'oss;  but  the  balance  of  forinne  at  length  inclined  so  decidedly  to  the 
side  of  StopluMi,  that  Msililda,  broken  in  health  by  such  long-continued 
exertion,  both  bodily  and  mental,  at  lengtfh  departed  from  the  kingdom 
and  took  refuge  in  Normandy. 

A.n.  1M7.— The  retirement  of  Matilda  and  the  death  of  the  carlof  GIou 
eester,  which  occurred  about  the  same  time,  seemed  to  give  to  Stephen 
Hll  the  opportunity  he  could  desire  firmly  to  establish  himself  in  the  po». 
session  of  the  kingdom.  But  he  kindled  animosities  among  his  nobles  by 
demanding  tlie  surrender  of  their  fortresses,  which  he  justly  deemed  dan- 
perous  to  both  himself  and  his  subjects  ;  and  he  offended  the  pope  by  re 
fusing  t()  allow  the  Htlendance  of  five  bishops,  who  had  been  selected  bv 
the  pontiff  u.  attend  a  council  at  Ulieims,  llie  usual  practice  being  for  the 
Knglish  church  to  elect  its  own  deputies.  In  revenge  for  this  affront,  as 
he  deemed  it,  the  pope  laid  alliSteplien's  party  under  his  interdict ;  a  meas- 
ure which  he  well  know  could  not  fail  to  tell  with  fearful  effect  Rgainat 


THE  REI6N  OF  H 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  209 

llprd 'th^ne.'""^^  '''"'  "««  ''''''  -» -^y  "P-  a  usurped,  but  also 

the  public  mind  to  invade  Emlmd     He'dT^iZ^'^rS'^  ^'."l*!*?  ^^^'«  "^ 
and  they  again  met  before  Wafiford  when  a  n^Sfe-  ^^  M*''°««bury 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

wars  between  Englaid  and  Fra„ni  «  l"  ?"  *°  "'e^ongin  of  the  earlier 
have  rather  too  confidentlv  assumed  th^n  .•?P°".''*"".^  !"  •^"'"  historian, 
era,  whom  they  hav^tZff  trread  of  IpS^*  knowledge  of  their  read- 
processes,  and  to  induKe  the  r  im^^?n«»^  results  without  acquaintance  with 
rises  withou?  annata  uponX'h^  ^o  TuT^  SM''"''  ^^  ^^'""'^^  «"*"" 
with  which  those^enterpSSwere  undeitalfen       '*'  ^"""'^  "'  '"J"^^'*'^ 

sofe7ei^Sec?ml7.?e1eL\:5rno:S:;^^^  '^"«'-^'  ^^  'ts  new 

Up  t„  thai  perLd  EnglanS^s  coSnex^o"  with'ff '*"'  P""*""  "^  ^™"«"- 
the  invasio^  of  the  Northmen?  but  wkh  Wmilm^^"'"  •'"'"'^  ""'y  ^"""^ 
relation  sprang  up  betweenSanda^HH  evasion  quite  a  new 

the  connections  of  Normandv  Sn  ?n  h^^  •  I'T  '^'^  ""o^^n* 

or  with  any  of  his  pXcTfK.sals  P.Sr.H  7''*'^'|«'-T'th  the  French  king 
England.  With  ETenrv  11.  SronnJ  Hnn  ^eT^X  '"?  ^^^  concerns  ol 
the  continent  was  vSy  ncrels^^^^^  "^^i"  of 

possessed  Touraine  and  Aniou^  in  riaJ^n/f.  ^  ^.l^  ^'•^^^'  "''»'  monarch 
and  Normandy ;  and  in  S  of  h  fir  r  ?""'»'"„*'«  Possessed  Maine 
Auvergne,  PerigordrA™mol8  anH  .Z  t  •^"''""^'  P°j'='»"'  Xaintogne, 
became  really,  Srhe  wafalrMrt;  nni•''^^''"''"''"'  """^  ^^  subsequently 
of  Britlanv     If  ihn  ^„  V         ^  nommally,  possessed  of  the  sover^iintv 

L^popSs  t  r  t'oVwhthrralTeJl^rrf  ''V"'  '"^P  *>  "^«'  -«' 
thus  possessed  a  thi^  of  t  and  thl  ?hfrH  r^'  ''*'  ?""  P^''''^'^^  "'»'  "enry 
/.eft  unexplained  as  this  usualTv  s  bv  o  ,r  hL^' '^'''  f'""''^  ^''^  ^»'"«- 
ihe  minds  of  even  reXs  not  wholfv  1/  '""'"'"'^"S' »''«  'mpression  upon 
the  term  superficial  must  -UmcS  iLrr'T'"?  "^.u''""  ?"^"''«  ''"P'i«d  in 
by,and-by  Je  shall' Cv'lo  pel  twren  ftance^anVF';  T'.  "'  "'''^" 
ed  m  the  mere  greediness  and  ambition  of  kiVffs  of  thPnM"'''''''\°^^ 
dissatisfied  with  their  insular  nZ^P^inn-T'' ''*"'^'"*'°"'''''y' "'*'«. 
France;  whereas  tlTd  S  coZrTrtS  rLT?  :i^"'"''^  '"""'"''y  "' 
made  use  of  theii  Ens  sh  ronm  Is^^^^^^  the  case,  and  they  in  these  wars 
by  way  of  rcmlJSrJ.V^^^  '°  ™.'""'  Possession  of,  or  to  extern. 
nWy.^  Ther,glV  France'I^^^^  V  faiHy-inherited  French  tc  ! 

history,  were  nofkh nr/of  Fv'Jnnf  ;„  !u  "^  ^^''^'  *'  *'"«  ^'"•'y  P'"-iod  of  French 
TheyTad  a  ni  nal  ^rathe^  than  a"riS  f^/l"'  ^'^^'I'P'.''^*''"  «f  t».a.  title 
country:  there  weri  S  -„i?!",!!.f5?L^^V*l»^  sjiper.ority  over  tl,e  whole 
I. — 14  "     "■■-''""'="''**  i''''*^»«»6''i  OoBiueB  iho  six  ia\ 


4-i  ui 


I 


210  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

peerages  of  Burgundy,  Normandy,  Guienne,  Flanders,  Toulouse,  and 
Champagne.  Each  of  these  peerages,  though  nominally  subject  to  the 
French  crown,  was,  in  reality,  an  independent  sovereignty.  If  it  chanced 
that  the  warlike  designs  of  the  king  coincided  with  the  views  and  interest 
of  his  great  vassals,  he  could  lead  an  immense  and  splendid  force  into  the 
field ;  but  if,  as  far  more  frequently  happened,  any  or  all  of  his  great  vas- 
sals chanced  to  be  opposed  to  him,  it  at  once  became  evident  that  he  was 
only  nominally  their  master.  That  in  becoming  masters  of  our  insular 
land,  the  Norman  race  should  sooner  or  later  see  their  French  territory 
merging  itself  into  that  of  the  French  king  and  adding  to  his  power  was 
inevilable,  as  we  can  now  perceive;  but  in  the  time  of  our  second  Henry, 
the  king  of  France  feared—and  the  aspect  of  things  then  warranted  his 
fear— the  precisely  opposite  process.  By  bearing  this  brief  explanation 
carefully  in  mind,  the  reader  will  find  himself  greatly  assisted  in  under 
standing  the  feelings  and  views  of  the  sovereigns  of  England  and  France, 
in  those  wars  which  cost  each  country  rivers  of  its  best  blood. 

Previous  to  the  death  of  Stephen  Henry  married  Eleanor,  the  divorced 
wife  of  Louis  VII.  of  France.  She  had  accompanied  that  monarch  to  the 
Holy  Land,  and  lier  conduct  there  partook  so  much  Of  the  levity  and  im- 
morality which  marked  that  of  too  many  of  her  sex  in  the  same  scene, 
that  Louis  felt  bound  in  honour  to  divorce  her,  and  he  at  the  same  time 
restored  to  her  those  rich  provinces  to  which  we  have  already  alluded  as 
her  dower.  Undeterred  by  her  reported  immorality,  Henry,  after  six 
weeks'  courtship,  made  her  his  wife,  in  defiance  of  the  disparity  in  their 
years ;  having  an  eye,  probably,  to  the  advantage  which  her  wealth  could 
not  fail  to  give  him,  should  he  have  to  make  a  struggle  to  obtain  the  En- 
glish crown.  , 

A.D.  1165.— So  secure,  however,  was  Henry  in  the  succession  to  hng- 
land  at  Stephen's,  death  that  not  the  slightest  attempt  was  made  to  set  up  any 
counter-claims  on  the  part  of  Stephen's  surviving  son,  William ;  and  Henry 
nimself,  being  perfectly  acquainted  with  the  state  of  the  public  mind,  did 
not  even  hasten  to  England  immediately  on  receiving  news  of  Stephen's 
death,  but  deferred  doing  so  ur.til  he  had  completed  the  subjection  of  a 
castle  that  he  was  besiegir.a;  on  the  frontier  of  Normandy.  This  done,  he 
proceeded  to  England,  and  he  was  received  with  the  greatest  cordiality  by 
all  ranks  and  conditions  ol  uk  u.  The  popularity  that  he  already  enjoyed 
was  greatly  increased  by  the  first  act  of  his  reign,  which  was  the  equally 
wise  and  just  dismissal  of  the  hordes  of  foreign  mercenaries  whom  Ste. 
phen  had  introduced  into  England,  and  who,  however  serviceable  to  the 
usurper  in  question,  had  been  both  in  peace  and  in  war  a  burden  and  a 
curse  to  the  English  people.  Sensible  that  his  popularity  was  such  as  to 
enable  him  to  dispense  with  these  fierce  praetorians,  who,  while  mischiev- 
ous and  offensive  to  the  subject  under  all  circumstances,  might  by  pecu- 
liar circumstances  be  rendered  mischievous  and  even  fatal  to  the  sever 
eign,  he  sent  them  all  out  of  the  country,  and  with  them  he  sent  WiUiam 
of  Ypres,  their  commandor,  who  was  extremely  unpopular  from  having 
been  the  friend  and  adviser  of  Stephen,  many  of  whose  worst  measures, 
perhaps  untruly,  for  Stephen  was  not  of  a  temper  requiring  to  be  prompt- 
ed to  arbitrary  courses,  wRre  attributed  to  his  councils. 

In  the  necessities  caused  by  civil  war,  both  Stephen  and  Matilda  had 
made  many  large  grants  which— however  politic  or  even  inevitable  at  the 
time— were  extremely  injurious  to  the  interests  of  the  crown ;  and  Henry » 
great  object  was  to  resume  these  grants,  not  even  excepting  those  of  Ma- 
wilda  herself. 

His  next  measure  was  ar,  dangerous  as  it  was  necessary.  The  country 
was  in  a  perfectly  dreadful  state  of  demoralization ;  the  highways  and 
by-ways  alike  were  infested  by  troops  of  daring  and  violent  robbers,  and 
these  obtained  encouragement  and  opportunity  from  the  wars  carried  oii 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  gll 

brXtiroi^lVep^^^^^^^^      ,?/  »«!?P  or  soldiers  following  tho 
strong  cLtle,  bicameTKelt s  neerforT«"  '^'  ''^"•«'n«nt»  o^f  ht 

banditti  of  the  roads  and  foresteiraS  I  Li/^'r".r'"^^  *'«^««^'  "»« 
3een  hopeless  to  have  attempted  to  red.«.«  fhi  °'^  *"'^'  "  '^''"W  have 
first  dismantling  those  fortresses  to  wWchthin  ''T^'^  ^"*^«'''  ^i^houi 
A  weak  or  unpopular  soveSgn  VouW  mo«  nrnh^M^l""  *»?  ™a*nly  owing, 
he  made  any  attempt  upon  thfs  rah"ed  TndrSn«f  **''''  ^^^^  ^««"  ™*n«d  had 
Iho  nobles ;  and  even  Henrv  von.r  fir„,  o™f  ^  mischievous  privilege  of 
siderable  rik.  The  earl  of  Albema  fe  fS ^.n^l^.^'P"^"::^**' ''  **  »« incon- 
erful  nobles  prepared  to  resist  rekfnt.  K  ^'  ^^^^  "'^^^ 
-  and  his  object  was  so  poMlar  wifh  fhf '  1^*"^  ^'"'■''®  ^^»  «o  compact, 
factious  nobles  subStXt  thrapp'roacKS^  *"■  '*•"  P«°P'«'  »hat^h2 

A.D.  1156.— Having  bv  an  uTJ^^Xu?      ■  °'  '"^"^  sovereign, 
reduced  all  parfs  of  ffi  d  to^omn^^^^  "^  P™''«'«'«  ^^^  firmness 

to  France  to  oppose  in  Knihe  Sfimntr>r"1,^"1.'^""'Z'  ^^^'Y  ^^'^t 
ing  upon  the  valuable  pKcerofS^Sir  a' •*''*'  ?'*'«"'"«y  «^««  "^^' 
which  that  prince  had  already  possessThfmltf"^°J|'V°^"**™^  P«'"°«»  «' 
of  Henry  had  the  effect  of  caffi  thefnstaS «?.L- ^^^  ""f  ?  aPPearance 
and  Geoffrey  consented  to  resiS  cTair  n  ^"^^  the  disaffected 

pension  of  a  thousand  pounds!  consideration  of  a  yearly 

pre"e"ntLTfuTurrdi8to?bares  if.  hrtrtSh''"  P'^'^"*  ^"'^"o"'  ^o' 
over  to  England  by  the  tu?buTen  conduS  o?  tL^wrh '''"^^  "jf  7««  ''»"«d 
to  make  incursions  upon  his  territory  Th2  ^^'sh,  who  had  ventured 
his  arrival ;  but  he  was  reso  Jed  t" S"--^ th--""^*-"  '*^^-^"  ^^'''^  ^^^"""^ 
purpose  he  followed  them  into  their  mmmtlinf  ""  ^^'^^^''  '^"'^  ^^^  'hat 
nature  of  the  country  waS  so  unfavonSio  k •'^'''"^*'?'-  ^he  difficult 
more  than  once  in  great  danger  o^  1  *°  '"^  operations,  that  he  was 
beset  in  a  rocky  pafs  that  W;«.i?r    "®  occasion  his  vanguard  was  so 

f^m  being  P«t^o  colttf  rott?He'rJt 'e  T,  *^°f  IVT^'^'^' 
office  of  hereditary  standard  bearer  a^3,rfv,  ®J^'  "^^^  held  the  high 
joined  the  flying  soldiery  whose  n«n1ph«^^  threw  down  his  standard  and 
that  the  king  wis  killed^'  The  kiKr^hn  fn"^^*?^'*  ^^  '°"**^y  exclaiming 
loped  from  postto  post,  re^ssZ^cil^^  !^'-''''^^fy  ^''^  ^n  the  apot,  gd 
lantly,  that  he  «avedTf  J^the  S  wk Tm'-W'  ''''V'^  ''  *»"  «°  ?«'- 
ened  by  this  foolish  and  (^sgraceful  pa^  ^"^  '*  *"'  ^'""  *  "^^«  'hreat- 

on^JKcaslorw^^^^^^^^^ 

Montford,  and  lists  were  aipointedfor  fhe  t?S  T?  »f  ^"^^^^^  ^^'hert  de 
»anquished,  and  condemnecf  to  ml  thl  r«!!  ^^  a^  ^^/L'?-  ^«  Essex  was 
and  to  forfeit  all  his  property    ^  '•emamder  of  his  life  in  a  convent 

pp.'^/aid'-S;^?^^^^^^^^  submission  of  that 

(lis  brother  Geoffrey  eave  un  hi«  Si  •  '^  '°  'he  continent.  When 
prince  took  possess^of  of  the  counfv  If  mT  ''^  ^nJou  and  Maine  tha 
inhabitants,  who  had  chased  awarthHrl.^i'l"'"";  *"^  '^"  <^°"««"'  «f  i^" 
«oon  after  he  had  nssuS  hir^ew  di^mfy  "^nd  T''^'  ^^^P^^  ''*-- 
succeed  as  heir  to  the  command TnH  r^Jl^  ■  "**  ^-^l^^X  """^  claimed  to 
self  owed  onlv  to  the  SolmUar^  "bm^s   o„  '^7n^''^^^^^^^^  ''•'»- 

ir*«d  by  cfonan,  earl  of  bKTX  assertK?r^W  »"'"«™«'«« 
belonged  to  his  dominions,  whence  it  had  a-  »f«  iT  ^^^'^  ^"^^'^^  properly 
rated  by  rebellion,  and  he  accSinal J  lonk  Li  *^^*^' "".'^ ''«''»  ««^^^ 
«ecured  himself  affainst  anv  inf ^rfilv  '"^"^ possession  of  it.  Henry 
y  betrothing  his  sfn  and  hej  .  S^^^^^^^  Pf  of  Louis  of  FranS 

(layghter  Margaret,  who  was  neariiZnr  JIHJ^  ^^^  ^^^^  °'<^'  *«  Lo"'«'8 

politic  stroke  rendered  it  hope"e88  for  Connn  •n^''"^^*'"-     ^*^'"ff  hy  this 
Henrv  now  m^.^h^A  :Jl  "  R^'**'  lor  Lonan  to  seek  any  aid  frnm  r«.»- 

■     ' " "  """  °""=»ny.  ana  Uonan.  seeing  the  imno-srhiii',,;": 


'-will  I 


212 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WOkLD, 


successful  resistance,  at  once  agreed  to  give  up  Nantes.  Soon  after,  Co 
nan,  anxious  to  secure  the  powerful  support  of  Henry,  gave  his  only 
daughter  and  heiress  to  that  prince's  son  Geoffrey.  Conan  died  in  a  few 
yesLTt  after  this  betrothal,  and  Henry  immediately  took  possession  of  Brit- 
tany in  right  of  his  son  and  daughter-in-law. 

A.  D.  1169.— Henry,  through  his  wife,  had  a  claim  upon  the  country  of 
Toulouse,  and  he  now  urged  that  claim  against  Raymond,  the  reigning 
count,  who  solicited  the  protection  of  the  king  of  France ;  and  the  latter, 
both  as  Raymond's  feudal  superior,  and  as  the  prince  more  than  all  othei 
princes  interested  in  putting  a  check  on  the  vast  aggrandizement  of  Henry 
immediately  granted  Raymond  his  protection,  in  spite  of  the  startling  fact 
that  Louis  himself  had  formerly,  while  Eleanor  was  his  wife,  claimed 
Toulouse  in  her  right,  as  Henry  now  did.  So  little,  alas !  are  the  plainest 
principles  of  honesty  and  consistency  regarded  in  the  strife  of  politics. 

Henry  advanced  upon  Toulouse  with  a  very  considerable  army,  chiefly 
of  mercenaries.  Assisted  by  Trincaral,  count  of  Nismes,  and  Berenger, 
count  of  Barcelona,  he  was  at  the  outset  very  successful,  taking  Verdun 
and  several  other  places  of  lesser  note.  He  then  laid  siege  to  the  capital 
of  the  county,  and  Louis  threw  himself  into  it  with  a  reinforcemenl. 
Henry  was  now  strongly  urged  by  his  friends  to  take  the  place  by  assault, 
as  he  probably  might  nave  done,  and  by  thus  makmg  the  French  kui^ 
prisoner,  obtain  whatever  terms  he  pleased  from  that  prince.  But  Henry's 
prudence  never  forsook  him,  even  amid  the  excitement  of  war  and  the 
flush  of  success.  Louis  was  his  feudal  lord ;  to  make  him  prisoner  would 
be  to  hold  out  encouragement  to  his  own  great  and  turbulent  vassals  to 
break  through  their  feudal  bonds,  and  instead  of  prosecuting  the  siego 
more  vigorously,  in  order  to  make  Louis  prisoner,  Henry  immediately 
raised  it,  saying  that  he  couiti  not  think  of  fighting  against  a  place  that 
was  defended  by  his  superior  lord  in  person,  and  departed  to  defend  Nor- 
mandy  against  the  count  de  Dreux,  brother  of  Louis. 

The  chivalrous  delicacy  which  had  led  Henry  to  depart  from  before 
Toulouse  did  not  immediately  terminate  the  war  between  him  Louis ;  but 
the  operations  were  feebly  conducted  on  both  sides,  and  ended  first  in  a 
cessation  of  arms,  and  then  in  a  formal  peace. 

A  new  cause  of  bitter  feeling  now  sprung  up  between  them.  When 
Prince  Henry,  the  king's  eldest  son,  was  aflSanced  to  Margaret  of  France, 
it  was  stipulated  that  part  of  the  princess's  dowiy  should  be  the  important 
fortress  of  Gisors,  which  was  to  be  delivered  into  the  hands  of  the  king  on 
the  celebration  of  the  marriage,  and  in  the  meantime  to  remain  in  the  cus- 
tody of  the  knights  templars.  Henry,  as  was  suspected,  bribed  the  grand 
master  of  the  templars  to  deliver  the  fortress  to  him,  furnishing  him  with 
a  pretext  for  so  doing  by  ordering  the  immediate  celebration  of  the  mar- 
riage, though  the  aflHanced  prince  and  princess  were  mere  children.  Louis 
was  naturally  much  offended  at  this  sharp  practice  on  the  part  of  Henry, 
and  was  on  the  point  of  recommencing  war  again,  when  Pope  Alexander 
HL,  whom  the  triumph  of  the  anti-pope,  Victor  IV.,  compelled  to  reside 
in  France,  successfully  interposed  his  mediation. 

A.  D.  1162. — Friendship  being,  at  least  nomin.^..; 
lished  between  Louis  and  iienry,  the  latter  monpr^li 
and  devoted  his  attention  to  the  delicate  and  <"■*;') 
the  authority  of  the  clergy  within  reasonable  luiiua. 
more  safely  and  readily  do  this,  he  took  the  opportunity  now  afforded  him 
by  the  death  of  Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  to  place  that  dignity 
in  the  hands  of  a  man  whom  he  deemed  entirely  devoted  to  himself,  bui 
who,  In  the  result,  proved  the  greatest  enemy  to  the  authority  of  the 
crown,  and  the  stou'  and  haughtiest  champion  of  the  church,  and  taugh 
r/enry  the  danger  oi      usting  to  appearances,  by  imbittering  and  perples 


.  1  ittvtirnaily,  cstab- 

'!">■    'd  to  EnglHiO, 

t.,s     jf  restraining 

That  he  might  the 


iiig  whole  year 

hint;  made  so  g 

Born  of  respt 

h<;  was  fortuna 

archbishop  Th< 

meats  of  which 

canon  law  with 

i;ave  him  the  lu 

terbury,  and  si 

which  he  acqui 

Henry,  the  arch 

Henry,  finding  1 

courtier,  as  wel 

high  office  of  cl 

I'lties,  nearly  a 

de!;!?hi  in  overv 

once  raised  abo 

Henry,  who  pre 

vostsriip  of  Bevi 

the  Tower;  mac 

of  Eye  and  Berl 

crown.     Becket 

heaped  upon  hir 

ance  paid  to  his 

of  a  mere  subjec 

their  sons  in  his 

E lished  gentlemt 
is  service,  and 
hundred  knights 
twelve  hundred  1 
forty  days  of  th< 
embassy,  he  com 
ance.     With  all 
taken  only  deaco 
men,  or  even  to 
quentlythe  favoi 
said  that  Henry, 
whose  rags  shool 
lined  coat  and  g 
wag  much  surprii 
Living  thus  in 
was  well  acquain 
and  as  he  had  alt 
possessed  of  all  tl 
In  the  struggle,  ( 
patron  Th«»bald. 
Having  thus  obi 
at  once  cast  off  a 
the  instruments  o 
His  first  step  on 
sign  his  char.cellt 
that  his  spiritual 
ittention,  to  the  e 
«nd  equipages  he 
he  now  assumed  a 
cloth  next  his  skii 
t*»it  he  inflicted  i 
okIv  beverage  was 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


8ia 


Ing  whole  years  of  his  life.    This  man,  in  whose  character  and  temper  the 
Kin?  made  so  grievous  a  mistake,  was  the  celebrated  Thomas  h  Becket 
Born  of  respectable  parentage  in  London,  and  having  a  good  education, 

'"'  iTw  tT\^u"«V**u'"'"""'  ^^«  ^"^»*'«n  «"d  obtain  the  favour  5 
archbishop  Theobald  who  bestowed  some  offices  upon  him,  the  emolu' 
ments  of  which  enabled  h.m  to  go  to  Italy,  where  he  studied  thecl^TJ^Sd 

'""Tw^Jfhf  ^T""^  T""^^^  '**^*  «»  *"«  ••«'»"'  archbishop  TheobaW 
pve  him  the  lucrative  and  important  appointment  of  archdeacon  of  Ca* 
terbury  and  subsequently  entrusted  him  with  a  mission  ?o  Rome,  S^ 
which  he  acquitted  himself  with  his  usual  ability.  On  the  accession  if 
Henry,  the  archbishop  strongly  recommended  Becket  to  his  SLe  r"nd 
Henry,  finding  h.m  remarkably  rich  in  the  lighter  accomplishments  of  the 
courtier,  as  well  as  in  the  graver  qualities  of  the  statesman,  gave  him  he 
high  office  of  chancellor,  which  in  that  age  included,  beside!  its  Siar 
-.  les  nearly  all  those  of  a  modern  prime  minister.  Kings  oftertake  a 
de';,.h5  in  overwhelming  with  wealth  and  honours  those  whom  they  have 
once  raised  above  the  struggling  herd.  It  was  so  even  with  the  p^rudent 
Henry,who  proceeded  to  confer  upon  his  favourite  chancellor  the  pro 
TtHVJ  Beverley,  the  deanery  of  Hastings,  and  the  coiJtableshiHf 

S  L>e  and'sTrkLr  'T'ki^  ^""''^  """^y*  ■^"'^  &«^«  ^im  the  hono^u« 
of  Lye  and  Berkhara,  valuable  new  baronies  which  had  escheated  to  the 
crown  Becket's  style  of  living  was  proportioned  to  the  vast  wealth  thus 
,nTliHP/;."H-""i'  •""  «""'Pt"!>usness  of  style  and  the  numerous  attend! 
ance  paid  to  his  levees  exceeded  all  that  had  ever  been  seen  in  the  case 
of  a  mere  subject;  the  proudest  nobles  were  his  guests,  and  gladlv  diS 
their  sons  m  his  house  as  that  in  which  they  would  besf  become  aScom- 
phshed  gentleme^n;  he  had  a  great  number  of  knights  actually  retainedTn 
his  service,  and  he  attended  the  king  in  the  war  of  Toulouse  with  seven 
hundred  knights  at  his  own  charge!  on  another  occasion  he  maintaS 
welve  hundred  knights  and  twelve  hundred  of  their  follower8™uring"he 
forty  days  of  their  stipulated  service:  and  when  sent  to  France  on  ar 

lnl^''^W^lZ?^if^^irT''K^'^r'  ^""--^  by  his  magnificent  attend- 
ance. With  all  this  splendour  Becket  was  a  gay  companion.  Havina 
taken  only  deacon's  orders,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  join  in  the  sports  of  liy? 
men,  or  even  to  take  his  share  of  warlike  adventure.  He  was  eonse 
Sllu  ^'''°»"^?  companion  of  the  king  in  his  leisure  hours.  It  is 
Ihnl  Henry  "-.ding  one  day  with  Becket,  and  meeting  a  poor  wre  ch 
lTn«H  V.T  '^r^  '"  ^l^^^nid,  seized  the  chancellor's  scariet  Snd  ennhie- 

1"!'*  ''"I!  ''"'*  ^''^  •'  '°  ^^^  ?««••  ™»".  who.  It  may  well  be  supposed, 
was  much  surprised  at  such  a  gift.  »uiiHi«cu, 

Living  thus  in  both  the  official  and  private  intimacy  of  the  kins  Beckei 
was  well  acquainted  with  all  his  views  and  designs  towards  the  church 

'^J'Ja  Yulrr^  P'^^'^r*^  ^  ^^'^^  ^■'•^  'hem,  and  was  inani  estly 
possessed  of  all  the  talents  and  resolution  which  would  make  him  valuabj 

U^n  tKhW.  ^^  ™''^'  ^•™  archbishop  at  the  death  of  h^s  old 

Having  thus  obtained  the  second  place  in  the  kingdom,  Thomas  h  Becket 

t  once  cast  off  a  1  the  gay  habits  and  Hght  humour  whicKe  had  made 

rSTn''  "    °^'''"'"^  ""^  «/'"«  the  personal  favour  of  the  k"ng! 
His  first  step  on  being  consecrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  was  to  rp 
«ign  his  chai;ce  lorship  into  the  hands  of  the  king,  onXe  Sficant  plea 

hat  his  spiritual  function  would  henceforth  demand  all  his  e.  Ss  and 
attention,  to  the  entire  exclusion  of  all  secular  affairs  In  hlsht^sehoW 
•nd  equipages  he  reta  ned  all  his  old  magnificence,  but  in  hinwrjersoii 
he  now  assumed  a  rigid  austerity  befittini  an  anchori"e.    He  wore  a  ha^i 

2  irfnfliit  t"''  ^'^'?  *"r/r  ^-J^  '^^  *''»»  'he  merciles7dTsdpfine 
Sin„  """""'^  "P"*"  himself;  bread  was  almost  his  only  diet,  and  his 
OKlV  beverage  was  witer.  whinh  hn  rflndnr-d  ur5-''>"»"»-'-  u./__  "_;.."  ""^ 


fil4 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


disagreeable  herbs.     He  daily  had  thirteen  beggars  into  his  palace  ana 
washed  their  feet;  after  which  ceremony  they  were  supplied  with  refiesh- 
ments,  and  dismissed  with  a 'pecuniary  present.     While  thus  exciting  th« 
wonder  and  admiration  of  the  laity,  he  was  no  less  assiduous  in  aiming 
Mt  the  favour  of  the  clergy,  to  whom  he  was  studiously  accessible  ana 
affable,  and  whom  he  still  further  gratified  by  his  liberal  gifts  to  hospitals 
and  convents ;  and  all  who  were  admitted  to  his  presence  were  at  once 
edified  and  surprised  by  the  grave  and  devotional  aspect  and  rigid  life  of 
one  who  had  but  recently  been  foremost  among  the  gayest  and  giddiest  of 
the  courtiers.     Far  less  penetration  than  was  possessed  by  Henry  might 
have  enabled  him  to  see  in  all  this  sudden  and  sanctimonious  austerity  a 
•ure  indication  that  he  would  find  a  powerful  foe  in  Becket  whenever  he 
should  attempt  to  infringe  upon  the  real  or  assumed  rights  of  the  church, 
But,  in  truth,  Becket  was  too  eager  to  show  his  ecclesiastical  zeal,  even 
to  wait  until  the  measures  of  the  king  should  afford  him  opportunity,  and 
himself  commenced  the  strife  between  the  mitre  and  the  crown  by  calling 
upon  the  earl  of  Clare  to  surrender  the  barony  of  Tunbridge  io  the  see 
of  Canterbury,  to  which  it  had  formerly  belonged,  and  from  which  Becket 
affirmed  that  the  canons  prevented  his  predecessors  from  legally  separat 
ing  it.    The  earl  of  Clare  was  a  noble  of  great  wealth  and  power,  and 
allied  to  some  of  the  first  families,  and  his  sister  was  supposed  to  have 
gained  the  affections  of  the  king;  and  as  the  barony  of  Tunbridge  had 
been  in  his  family  from  the  conquest,  it  senms  probable  that  Becket  was 
induced  to  select  him  for  this  demand  of  restitution  of  church  property,  in 
order  the  more  emphatically  to  show  his  determination  to  prefer  the  inter- 
ests  of  the  church  to  all  personal  considerations,  whether  of  fear  or  favour. 
William  D'Eynsford,  one  of  the  military  tenants  of  the  crown,  was  the 
patron  of  a  living  in  a  manor  held  of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury.    To 
this  living  Becket  presented  an  incumbent  named  Laurence,  thereby  in- 
fringing  the  right  of  D'Eynsford,  who  instantly  ejected  Laurence  vi  et 
artiM.     Becket  forthwith  cited  D'Eynsford,  and,  acting  at  once   accuser 
and  jtidge,  passed  sentence  of  excommunication  upon  hin.     D'Eynsford 
applied  for  the  interference  of  the  king,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  illegal 
that  such  a  sentence  should  be  passed  on  one  who  held  in  capite  from  the 
crown,  without  the  royal  assent  first  obtained.    Henry  accordingly,  act- 
ing  upon  the  practice  established  from  the  conquest,  wrote  to  Becket,  with 
whom  he  no  longer  had  any  personal  intercourse,  and  desired  him  to  absolve 
D'Eynsford.     It  was  only  reluctantly,  and  after  some  delay,  that  Ilecket 
complied  at  all ;  and  even  when  he  did  so  he  coupled  his  compliance  with 
a  message,  to  the  effect  that  it  was  not  for  the  king  to  instruct  him  as  to 
whom  he  should  excommunicate  and  whom  absolve  !     Though  this  con- 
duct abundantly  showed  Henry  tiie  sort  of  opposition  ho  had  to  expect 
from  the  man  whom  his  kindivsss  had  furnished  with  the  means  of  being 
ungrateful,  there  were  many  considenitions,  apart  from  the  boldness  and 
decision  of  the  king's  temper,  which  made  Henry  resolute  in  not  losing 
any  time  in  endeavouring  to  put  something  like  a  curb  upon  the  licenlioim 
insolence  to  which  long  impunitv  and  tross  superstition  of  the  great  body 
of  the  people  had  encouraged  t»;    clergy .     The  papacy  was  just  now  con 
fidernbly  weakened  by  its  own  scliisinatical  division,  while  Henry,  wealthy 
in  territory,  wasforhmuto  in  having  the  kingdom  of  Enghmd  thoroughly  in 
■uhiniRsion,  with  the  sole  oxcepliou  of  the  clerical  disorders  and  asHiimp 
lions  to  which  h«  had  now  (letenninod  t*  put  n  stop.     On  the  other  hiind 
(Jiosc  disorders  were  so   scandahius,  and    those   assuiitplions   in  nmiiy 
'!HB«!8  were  so  starliingly  unjust,  that  Henry  could  could  scarcely  fail  to 
have  the  best  wishes  of  liis  stibjncts  in  geuerid  for  the  -juocnss  of  his 
projeel.    The  practice  of  ordaining  the  sons  of  villains  liad  not  merely    ■ 
caused  an  inordinate  increase  in  the  numl)er  of  the  clergy,  but  had  also 

_ .,  .•....,_.  j.jnii  ^v!iTr=j-u«u:::§  uc;triurair>Ji!  UI  liiv  CiCriCtti  : 


iuar 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


215 


»er  III  Kng'and-    The  incontmence,  gluttony,  and  roysterinff  habits,  at- 
tributed to  the  lower  order  of  the  clergy  by  the  writer  of  I  much  later 
day,  were  light  and  comparatively  venial  oflFencee  compared  to  those  which 
seem  but.too  truly  to  be  attributed  to  that  order  in  the  reien  of  Henrv  II 
Robbery,  adulterous  seduction,  and  even  rape  and  murder,  were  attribl 
uted  to  them;  and  the  returns  made  to  an  inquiry  which  Her.rv  ordered 
showed  that,  only  counting  Horn  the  commencement  of  his  reign  .  *    a 
period  of  somewhat  less  than  two  years,  a  hundred  murders  had  been 
committed  by  men  in  holy  orders  who  had  never  been  called  to  account. 
Henry  resolved  to  take  steps  for  putting  a  stop  to  this  impunity  of  crim- 
inals  whose  sacred  professions  only  made  their  criminality  the  greater 
and  more  detestable.     An  opportunity  of  bringing  the  point  of  the  clerical 
impunity  to  issue  was  afforded  by  a  horrible  crime  that  was  just  now 
committed  in  Worcestershire,  where  a  priest,  on  being  discovered  in  car- 
rying on  an  Illicit  intercourse  with  a  gentleman's  daughter,  put  her  father 
to  death.    The  king  demanded  that  the  offender  should  be  delivered  over 
to  the  civil  power,  but  Becket  confined  the  clerkly  culprit  in  the  bishon's 
prison  to  prevent  his  being  apprehended  by  the  king's  officers,  and  main- 
tamed  that  'he  highest  punishment  that  could  be  inflicted  upon  the  priest 
was  degredation.     Fhe  king  acutely  caught  at  this,  and  demanded  that, 
after  degredation,  when  he  would  have  become  a  layman  again,  the  cul- 
prit should  be  delivered  to  the  civil  power  to  be  further  dealt  with  as  it 
might  deem  fit;  but  Becket  demurred  even  to  this,'  on  the  plea  that  it 
would  be  unjust  to  try  an  accused  man  a  second  time  upon  the  same 
charge. 

Angered  by  the  arrogance  of  Becket,  and  yet  not  wholly  sorry  to  have 
such  a  really  sound  pretext  for  putting  some  order  into  the  pretensions  of 
the  church,  Henry  summoned  an  assembly  of  the  prelates  of  Kngland  for 
the  avowed  purpose  of  putting  a  termination  to  the  frequent  and  increasina 
controversies  between  the  ecclesiastical  and  the  civil  jurisdiction. 

Henry  iimself  commenced  the  business  of  the  assembly  by  askine  the 
bishops,  plainly  and  categorically,  whether  they  wore  willing  or  unwillin-r 
to  submit  to  the  ancient  laws  and  customs  of  the  kingdom.     To  this  plain 
qiiestion,  the  bishops,  m  a  more  Jesuitical  spirit,  replied  that  they  were 
willing  so  to  submit,  "  saving  their  own  order  ;"  a  mental  reservation  bv 
which  they  clearlv  meant  that  they  would  so  submit— until  resistance 
should  be  safe  and  easy  !    So  shallow  and  palpable  an  artifice  could  not 
impose  upon  so  shrewd  a  prince  as  Henry,  whom  it  greatly  piovoked.  He 
dRparied  from  the  assembly  in  an  evident  rage,  and  immediately 'sent  to 
require  from  Becket  the  surrender  of  the  castles  and  honours  of  Eye  and 
Herkham.     This  demand,  and  the  anger  which  it  indicated,  greatly  alarm- 
ed the  hishops  ;  but  Becket  was  undismayed;  and  it  was  not  without  much 
difflculty,  that  Phihp,  the  pope's  legato  and  almoner,  prevailed  upon  him 
to  consont  to  the  retraction  of  the  offensive  saving  clause,  and  give  an  ab- 
lohite  and  unqualified  promise  of  submission  to  the  ancient  laws.    But 
Henry  was  now  determined  to  liavo  a  more  precise  understanding ;  a  for- 
mal  iUKl  definite  decision  of  the  limits  of  the  eeelesiastical  and  the  civil  au- 
thority ;  and  thus  in  some  measure  to  destroy  the  nndiio  .iseondaney  which, 
as  effectually  as  msidionslv,  the  former  had  for  a  long  time  past  been  ob- 
taining     Ho  therefore  collated  and  reduced  to  writing  those  ancient  ciis- 
toms  of  the  realm  which  had  heon  the  most  egrogioiisly  contravened  l.v 
by  the  clergy,  and  having  called  a  great  council  of  the  barons  and  prelates 
HI  tlaroiKlon,  ui  Berkwtnr.',  ho  Hubinilted  this  digest  to  them  in  a  form  at 
«  series  of  articles,  which  are  known  in   history  under  the  title  of  the 
t^onstuutions  of  Clarendon ;"  which  are  thus  briefly  summed  up  •   "It 

Ivowson 


was  enacted  by  these  coiiHtitutioim  that  all  suits  eoncernhiir  the  ndvi 
and  presentniio!!  of  church*;!!  eh;!!!!H  hs  ilntcrin^---"  '-.  s?,^  -•-."  ^ 
ttwt  in  future  the  churches  belonging  to  the  king's  see  Bhouldnorbe  grantee 


Ouns 


—  - 1  ^1 


no 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


in  perpeliuty  without  his  consent ;  that  clerks  accused  of  any  crime  should 
lie  tried  in  the  civil  courts  ;  that  no  one,  particiihirly  no  clergyman  ol  anv 
rank  should  depart  the  kingdom  without  the  king's  license ;  that  exconv. 
niunicaled  persons  should  not  be  bound  to  give  security  for  their  continu- 
ing  in  their  present  place  of  abode  :  that  laics  should  not  be  accused  in 
spiritual  courts,  except  by  legal  and  reputable  promoters  and  witnesses- 
that  no  chief-tenant  of  the  crown  should  be  excommunicated,  nor  his 
lauds  be  put  under  an  interdict,  except  with  the  king's  consent ;  that  all 
appeals  111  spiritual  causes  should  be  carried  from  the  archdeacon  to  the 
bishop,  from  the  bishop  to  the  primate,  and  from  the  primate  to  the  kina 
and  should  proceed  no  farther  but  with  the  king's  consent ;  that  should 
any  law-suit  arise  between  a  layman  and  a  clergyman  concerning  a  tenant 
and  It  be  disputed  whether  the  land  be  a  lay  or  an  ecclesiastical  fee  it 
should  be  first  determined  by  the  verdict  of  twelve  lawful  men  to  what 
c  ass  It  belongt    ,  and  if  the  land  be  found  to  be  a  lay  fee,  then  the  cause 
stiould  finally  be  determined  in  the  civil  courts ;  that  no  inhabitant  in  a 
lay  demesne  should  be  excommunicated  for  non-appearance  in  a  spiritual 
court  until  the  chief  officer  of  the  place  where  he  resides  be  consulted 
tJiat  he  may  compel  him  by  the  civil  autliority  to  give  satisfaction  to  the 
Church ;  that  the  archbishops,  birhops  and  other  spiritual  dignitaries  sliould 
be  regarded  as  barons  of  the  realm,  should  possess  the  privileges  and  be 
subjected  to  the  burdens  belonging  that  rank,  and  should  be  bound  to  at 
tend  the  king  in  his  great  councils,  and  assist  in  all  trials,  till  the  sentence 
eitlierof  death  or  of  loss  of  members  be  given  against  the  criminal:  that 
the  revenue  of  vacant  sees  should  belong  to  the  king,  the  chapter,  or  such 
oi  I  hem  as  he  ciioosea  to  summon  should  sit  in  the  king's  chapel  till  thei 
made  the  new  election  with  his  consent,  and  that  the  bishop  elect  should 
do  homage  to  tlie  crown;  that  if  any  baron  or  tenant  in  capite  should  re- 
ruse  to  submit  to  the  spiritual  courts,  the  king  should  employ  his  authority 
in  obliging  hiin  to  make  such  submissions;  that  if  any  one  threw  olf  his 
allegiance  to  the  king,  the  prelates  should  assist  the  king  with  their  ceii 
Buros  in  reducing  him ;  that  goods  forfeited  to  the  king  should  not  be  pro- 
octed  in  churches  or  churchyards  ;  that  the  clergy  should  no  longer  pre- 
tend  to  the  right  of  enforcing  payment  of  debts  contracted  by  oath  ot 
promise,  but  should  leave  these  law-suits,  equally  with  others,  to  the  de- 
terimnatioii  of  the  civil  (courts ;  and  that  the  sons  of  villians  should  not  be 
ordained  clerks  without  the  consent  of  their  lord." 

The  barons  present  at  this  great  council  were  all  on  the  king's  sid  •,  either 
irom  actual  participation  of  his  sentiments  towards  the  clergy  or  from  awe 

K  .  '"Ji.P"^"''  "'"I  \'""^'*"'  •  ""'•  "'«  prelates,  perceiving  that  they  had 
both  the  king  and  the  lay  peerage  against  them,  were  fain  to  consent 
lo  those  articles,  which  accordingly  were  voted  without  opposition.  But 
Henry,  misdoubting  that  the  bishops,  though  they  found  it  useless  lo 
oppose  the  united  will  of  the  crown  and  peerage,  would  whenevni 
circumstances  should  bo  favourable  to  them  deny  the  authority  of  the 
conslitntioiiH,  as  being  enacted  by  an  authority  in  itself  incomplete, 
would  iu)t  be  conlontod  with  the  mere  verbial  assent  of  the  prelates, 
but  demanded  that  each  of  them  should  set  his  hand  and  seal  to  the 
coiislitmionN,  i,,„l  to  their  solemn  promise  to  observe  them.  To  thi» 
UomaiKJ,  though  the  rest  of  the  prelates  complied  with  it,  lleckot  gave 
a  bold  and  tiat  refusal.  The  earls  of  Cornwall  and  Leicester,  the  most 
powerlnl  men  in  the  lay  peerage,  strongly  urged  him,  as  a  matter  ol 
policy  as  well  as  obedionoe,  to  comply  with  the  king's  denmn.l.  He 
was  so  well  uwnrt  of  Henry's  drift,  and  so  far  from  being  di-mroiis  ol 
•eeuring  the  peiii)ai,.;ni  ./morvanco  of  the  constiUitions  of  (^la-ondon, 
hat  no  eiitnnuies  could  induce  him  to  yitdd  assent,  until  Richard  de 
llBStmgs,  hnghsli  grand  nrior  of  the  knights  teiuHars,  knelt  to  him,  and 
m  tears  implored  him.  if  not  for  his  '       '   ■         - 


I  own   «Akn.  llt    li'imt    fnr   ll>« 


iU 


HJSTORY   OF  THE  WORLD.  217 

the  church,  not  to  continue  an  opposition  which  must  be  unsuccessful 
and  would  only  excUe  the  ruinous  opposition  of  a  monarch  equaliy  reso- 
lute  and  powerfui.  Stern  and  resolved  as  Becket  had  shown  liimsell 
as  regarded  the  importunity  of  laymen,  this  evident  proof  that  upon  this 
point,  at  least,  he  no  longer  had  the  sympathy  of  even  churchmen, 
caused  Becket  to  give  way ;  and  he  therefore,  though  with  evident  re- 
luctance,  took  an  oath  "  legally,  though  with  good  faith,  and  without 
fraud  or  reserve,  to  observe  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon." 

But  the  king,  though  he  had  thus  far  triumphed  even  over  the  firm  and* 
haughty  temper  of  the  primate,  was  by  no  means  so  near  to  complete  sue- 
cess  as  he  deemed  himself.     Pope  Alexander,  who  still  remained  in 
France,  and  to  whom  in  his  contests  with  the  anti-pope  Honry  liad  done 
no  unimportant  service,  no  sooner  had  the  constitutions  presented  to  him 
for  ratification,  than  he  perceived  how  completely  they  wore  calculated 
to  make  the  king  of  England  independent  of  his  clergy,  and  the  kingdom 
Itself  of  the  papacy ;  and  he  was  so  far  from  ratifying,  that  he  condemned 
and  annulled  them.    When  Becket  found  his  own  former  oijposition  thus 
sanctioned  by  the  present  feelings  and  conduct  of  the  pupe,  he  regretted 
that  he  had  allowed  any  considerations  to  induce  him  to  give  his  signature 
and  assent.    He  immediately  increased  his  already  great  and  painful  aus- 
terities of  life  and  severity  of  discipline,  and  would  not  even  exercise  any 
of  the  functions  of  his  dignity  until  he  received  the  absolution  of  the  pope 
for  what  he  deemed  his  offence  against  the  ecclesiastical  privileges.     Nor 
did  he  confine  himself  to  mere  verbal  repentance  or  his  own  personal  dis- 
cipline, but  used  all  his  eloquence  to  induce  the  English  prelates  to  engage 
with  him  in  a  fixed  and  firm  confederacy  to  regain  and  maintain  their 
coininon  rights.     Henry,  hoping  to  beat  Becket  at  his  own  weapons,  now 
applied  to  Alexander  to  grant  the  legatine  commission  to  the  archbishop 
of  York,  whom  he  obviously  only  wished  to  arm  with  that  inordinate  and 
dangerous  author-ty,  in  order  that  he  might  make  him  the  instrument  of 
Becket  s  ruin.     But  the  design  was  too  obvious  to  escape  so  keen  an  ob- 
server as  Alexander,  who  granted  the  commission  of  legate,  as  desired, 
but  carefully  added  a  clause  inhibiting  the  legate  from  executing  any  act 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury.    On  finding  himself  thus 
baffled  upon  the  very  point  on  which  alone  ho  was  solicitous,  Henry  bo 
completely  lost  his  temper,  that  he  sent  back  the  document  by  tho  very 
meNsenger  who  brought  it  over,  thus  giving  to  Alexander  the  compliment 
of  discerninent,  and  the  natisfaction  of  having  completely  balHed  his  plan. 
'J'he  ani|[er  which  the  king  now  exhibited  threatening  extreme  measures 
Becket  twice  endeavoured  to  leave  the  kingdom,  but  was  detained  on  both 
oceasionH  by  contrary  winds ;  and  Henry  was  thus  enabled  to  canse  him 
great  expense  and  annoyance,  by  inciting  John,  mareschal  of  the  ex- 
chequer, to  sue  tho  ar(!hbishoj)  in  his  own  court  for  some  lands  Ixilonging 
to  the  manor  of  Pagoham,  and  thence  to  appeal  to  the  king's  court.  When 
the  day  arrived  for  trying  tho  cause  on  the  appeal,  I  he  nrchbishop  did  not 
perBonally  appcmr,  but  sent  four  knights  to  apologize  for  his  absonco  on 
the  score  of  illness,  and  to  make  certain  lechnjcarobjections  to  the  form 
of  .lohn's  appeal.    Tho  king  treated  tho  absence  of  Hecket  lis  a  wilful  and 
offeiiHive   contempt,   and  the  knights   who  bore  his   apology   narrowly 
escaped  being  committed  to  prison  for  its  alledgod  falsehood.     Heing  re- 
solved  that  neither  absence  nor  technicality  should  save  Ueckel  from  suf- 
wiiig,  the  king  now  summoned  a  great  council  of  barons  and  prelates  at 
Nort Immpton.     Before  this  court  Itnckct,  wi'h  an  air  of  great  moderation, 
urged  that  the  nmfesclmrs  cause  was  proceeding  in. the  archiepiseopal 
court  With  all  possible  regularity,  though  the  testimony  of  tho  sheriff 
Would  show  that  cause  to  be  iiiiq.iiKnis  and  unjust ;  that  he,  Uecket,  far 
from  showing  any  contempt  of  the  king's  court,  had  most  oxnliciilv  no 
jriwvvitiiigeU  and  Bubnntiud  to  his  authority  bv  sending  lour  of  liis  knlghta 


218 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


to  appear  for  him;  that  even  if  their  appearance  should  not  be  arrn,... 

tn  ?h«??rim!         u"'^  ''^  ^'J^  Virtually  innocent,  yet  the  penalty  atlSd 

.6  wai  eS1p7h  ^1'  *  "•"*"  *'"u*'  ^"'l  *«  »^«  ^««  *»  inhJbitant^  o  iS 
he  was  entitled  by  law  to  an  abatement  even  of  that  •  and  that  hp  iJi. 
now,  .n  loyal  obedience  to  the  king's  summons,  presenir    tie  JI^ 

.ZTAT*^  'w'^.  ^^^""'^  ''  '«  justif/himself  aga  n?t  X  ^hargt  of  S 
.inareschal.     Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  general  arrogance  of  h! 
{.rirnate  and  of  his  ambition,  both  as  man  and  churchman  uKnossih! 
not  o  perceive  that  his  reasonings  w6re  here  very  jusTand  1  L  Kfn  j^ 
who  e  conduct  was  far  more  indicative  of  the  moLrt^  who  v^"  Ln?^ 
crus  iinga  too  powerful  subject,  than  of  one  who  was  eKrd?.X^Lh 
eously  Jesirous  of  "  doing  justice  and  loving  mercy  •"  anH  S  «a  allS" 
Ef 'h""'  'I  ^''^  some  sympathy  with  iL  haug^h  y  and  comSeouJiw" 
mate,  who,  when  pressed  down  by  a  foe  so  powerful  and  so  vinSfvV, 
was  aUndoned  by  the  dignitaries  of  that  very  chuS  for  whose  s\^^^^^ 
Sr'L  i?,JL'r«'  ^rll'"^  «o  courageously  cLbatted.      „  t^e  pr    en,' 
SLh  .?    ■    ^'f  ®  "^^.^n*  constitutions  of  Clarendon,  the  bishop^  were 
o  8^5e  wSh  f  hP  t"  ^•"'  f  ^  lay  barons,  who  had  from  ihe  first  deXnhied 
fpn^«  k1  ^  ^^  ^"'^'  ^"'^  notwithstanding  the  convincing  logic  of  S  dp 
nilit'fV'f.f  pronounced  guilty  of  contempt  of  the  kingVcour    and  of 
wl^''*  "r«r^  ^^''•'y  "''"'^'^  *>«  had  sworn  to  his  severe  |n;  and  Heurv 
w^Tnl^eof^irhi'^'''  once  powerful  brother  of  the  lat'e  king  Step'S,' 

^::^  ^ 

who  on  the  very  next  day  demanded  from  Becket  the  sum  of  hieeH" 
Ki?r'^\:t «  'r'  ^«?,r-red  bv  him  from  the  manoJs  ofX  S 
tioned  I'^hi-  ■  '''*"'^"''  ^.^""^^^  replied,  that  as  this  suit  was  not  men- 
rn^wt  hat  i?rnhu!rf  r^'^T"",*^'''  *'°  ""^^t  not  bo  called  upon  o 
unnn  Pv«  .nH  n  P  "'  "'^  f*"^^'  ''^  '"^^  expended  more  than  that  sum 
Thi   r  ""'^  »«rkham  castles  and  the  royal  palace  in  London-  but  tlm^ 

K  s^o'v eS,:  alffhrm^Sl  -""-y  ^"""'^  '"a^e  -y  diSnce'  belle 
vuhiXu^      ,^  h  mself,  he  would  at  once  consent  to  nav  the  sum  for 

could^'^o^'^fL1^sl'&v^«r'=^^^"y«"^    Even'rh'ist.brs'sio 

markH  whi,?h  h  V  i  ,'^'"C''  f «t«r'n'nation ;  he  demanded  five  hundred 
wJrhe  hi  1?.  ?r^'*""  "'^^''  '"  ^''«  ^'""of  Tonlouse-during  wh  ch 
«,m  f!.l  i'?''."^/''?  •""«  "'"'=''  ''^^'ous  »»d  good  service  I~and  a  sSr 
ir-  and  the  ;  «  i/7  {''''^t  ''"^'.  l'«  '"^^^  ^'^^ome  BecLt's  sure  ;  o  a 
^!iY„:i  ?  '  ""  i^  '"  '®''^*'  '"'»  without  the  slightest  hope  of  escane  he 

called  upon  h„n  to  furnish  an  account  of  his  administralioTas  chanSor 
;^1«liiL  ^  '"a  "11  ''"'*"?«  ^"«  '"'«•"  ^^im  on  account  of  a  the  baron  es 
cTaSr;!!?  "'''?r,h^'"?^  ^''^.  ^°'"'  »'«^«'-  »"«  rnanagoment  dSS 
anrineini  '^'"''''  '^Pli^d,  that  it  was  so  suddenly 

to  conLlt  L  iw,^     ""  tiemanded  sureties,  and  Becket  desired  leave 
irnniH  1        .    ^"'^'agans  upon  that  point.     They  agreed  with  him  tlmt  it 
ITlL      ""*''y  ""possible  for  him  to  procurt/saSsfactorv  st"'  "ritv  o 
ma^o  a  Zand'St  "'  ^^0"«  '»»'•'».  «'  which  the  king  Those    o^ett 
bXo  of  W  u.rJlr  "',""•'  "1  'l"  ''^'y  ""'"■■"  '^«  ""«<'rtain,  and  Henry, 

uncerS  'J?^?.  h«  7  WHy<»f  payment  in  full  of  all  demand.,  certain  oi 
unceriain,  i  ins  he  accordmgly  offnrnd,  but  the  kina  rnfiis«.  I  it  as  l.s 
nug hi  have  been  expected  to  dof  for  in  the  firs  placo^hrdr  Id  nfon  v 
I«  n  o?  two't  olS'""'  1"''  'r  V^  1"'''^'''  ""'f  "'  ^'^  next  pla<.  sthJ 
comparison  to  the  sum  demanded  by  the  king,  and  could  hgnjly  h-  «y 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD. 


21f 


peoted  to  satisfy  hini  if  money  reaUy  were  his  object.  Some  of  Becket's 
suffragans  now  plainly  perceiving  that  his  ruin  was  the  king's  object. 
advised  him  to  resign  his  see  by  way  of  terminating  all  the  king's  charged 
and  demands;  while  others  advised  that  he  should  plainly  submit  to  the 
king  s  mercy.  But  Becket  seemed  to  gather  courage  from  the  very  circum. 
stances  which  would  have  plunged  men  of  a  more  timid  spirit  into  despair, 
and  resolved  to  brave  the  utmost  that  the  king  could  inflict. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE  BEIQN  OF  HKNET  11.  (oONTINTIED). 

?^yi,^<*,fP?°*  a  ffi^  ^ays  in  retirement  and  meditation  upon  the  trylna 
and  difficult  circumstances  in  which  he  was  placed,  Becket  at  length  went 
to  church  and   performed  mass;   having   the  communion  service  com- 
menced with  the  words  '• -^rmoos  sat  and  spake  agninst  me,"  by  the 
selection  of  which  passage  he  appeared  to  desire  to  liken  himself  to  the 
persecuted  and  mai^tyred  St.  Stephen.     From  church  Becket  proceeded  to 
the  royal  palace.    On  arriving  at  the  gate  he  took  the  cross  from  the  hands 
of  the  bearer,  and,  holding  it  before  him,  marched  to  the  royal  apartments 
as  though  in  some  danger  which  made  the  presence  of  the  sacred  svmbol 
necessary  for  his  protection.     The  king,  who  from  an  inner  apa/tment 
perceived    the  extraordinary  demeanour  of  Becket,  sent   some  of  the 
bishops  to  reason  with  him  upon  its  impropriety.    They  reminded   him 
that  he  by  subscribing  to  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon,  had  agreed  with 
them  that  it  was  necessary  to  do  so;  and  they  complained  that  he  an- 
peared  to  wish  to  induce  them  now,  by  his  example,  to  revolt  against  the 
civil  power,  when  it  was  too  late  for  either  of  them  to  do  so  without  the 
guilt  of  offending  against  laws  to  which  they  had  consented  and  sworn  to 
support.    To  this  Becket  replied,  that  if  he  and  they  had  done  wrona  in 
swearing  to  support  laws  destructive  of  the  ecclesiastical  privileges    the 
best  atonement  they  now  could  make  would  be  to  submit  themselves  to 
tlie  authority  of  the  pope,  who  had  solemnly  nullified  the  constitutions  of 
Clarendon,  and  had  absolved  them  from  the  oath  taken  to  secure  those 
constitutions;  that,  for  his  own  part,  the  heavy  penalty  to  which  he  had 
been  condemned  lor  an  offence  which  would  be  but  slight  even  had  he 
been  guilty  of  it,  which  he  was  not,  and  the  preposterous  demands  sub- 
sequent! V  made  upon  hi.n  by  the  king,  very  clearly  showed  that  it  was 
intended  utterly  to  ruin  him,  and  thus  prepare  a  way  for  the  destruction 
ot  all  spiritual  immunities ;  that  to  .the  pope  ho  should  appeal  against  what- 
ever iniquitous  sentence  should  bo  passed  upon  him;  and  that,  terrible  as 
the  vengeance  ot  so  powerful  a  king  as  Henry  most  undoubtedly  was.  It 
had  power  only  to  slay  the  body,  while  the  Fword  of  the  church  could 
slay  the  soul. 

In  thus  speaking  of  nupealing  to  the  pope,  Becket  not  only  opposed  tho 
exproM  provision  of  the  constitutions  of  'Jlarendon,  by  whfoh  appeals 
were  done  away  with  even  in  ecolosinstioo'.  cases,  but  opposed  even  com- 
mon custom,  Huch  appeals  never  having  lain  in  civil  oases.  Whatever 
excuse  Henry  s  violence  migiit  furnish  for  appealing  to  Rome,  in  the  eyo 
pt  roaaon,  to  do  so  was  an  offonco  both  by  the  letter  aud  tho  spirit  of  the 
taw;  Bookot,  however,  waited  not  for  any  ftirther  proof  of  the  king's  vin- 
fliotlvenoss,  but  departed  secretly  for  Northami)ton,  and  after  wandering 
about  h)r  some  time  in  disguise,  and  undergoing  much  difficulty,  at  length 
procured  a  shin  and  arrived  safely  at  Graveliiies. 

In  France  the  persecuted  churchman  was  sure  to  find  warm  friends  ii 
not  ftclually  from  their  conviction  of  his  having  the  right  in  the  quarrel 
bolwwii  hiiiwulf  and  the  king,  at  least  because  it  was  their  intorost  to  ud- 


2:0 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


ilitf    I    .h^L^  uH^V  a"y^«grp«  to  check  the  proud  prosperity  ol 
Pi.?/'     ^u  'i"^  ''■"'^  ^^^  ^"'S "'^ ^'«"««  *"d  his  powerful  vassal  .he  earl  of 
Flanders  had  an  interest;  and  in  that  particular  interest  they  forgot  their 
infinitely  greater  concern  in  the  obedience  of  subjects  to  their  sovereisrn 
and  gave  the  *elf-ex.led  prelate  a  warm  reception,  the  king  of  FraS 

tJi4i  ^*!!"K.  """  ^^^  "^  *"  P^y  ^'™  »  personal  visit  at  Soissons,  where  hi 
had  fixed    he  prelate's  residence,    rfenry  sent  a  magnificent  embassy  fo 

IZZliVT^^  *"'  "°"?"»"^  'e  '^^  P^P^'  ^"'  he,  who  was  so  deepl/in 

terested  in  the  success  of  Becket,  gave  the  envoys  of  Henry  a  very  cS 

reception,  while  upon  Becket,  who  also  attended  to  justif/hfs  conduc? 

he  lavished  his  kindness  and  distinction.    The  king,  doubl/annoyed  tha» 

Beckefs  person  was  beyond  his  power  and  that  he  had  obtahiedo  marked 

a  welcome  abroad,  not  only  put  all  the  revenues  of  Canterbury  under 

sequestratio.^  but  even  proceeded  to  the  meanly  malignant  length  of  baS 

.shmg  the  whole  of  the  archbishop's  family  and  depenLts,  trtWumbe; 

of  four  hundred.    In  order  that  there  might  be  no  doubt  that  his  intent 

m  this  measure  was  to  embarrass  Becket,  by  throwing  upon  him  he  sun 

port  of  this  host  of  helpless  people,  a  bu;den  the  mo?e  K™  irLZ 

simul  aneous  sequestration  of  his  revenue,  he  compelled  them  before  their 

th?s"naTn?  l^'""-  '^V^'l  would  immediately  jo'in  the  arSibishTp.    In 

ii.n/f    «f  h'8  vindictive  design,  however,  Henry  was  defeated  by  the 

EV'^"'*  M  '•''''"  ^','h^'«  ^*''^«  ^"'^^'l  '"  ^''^"ce,  Alexander  absolved 
them  from  their  involuntary  oath,  and  distributed  them  among  thecon 
vents  of  Flanders  and  France ;  and  to  Becket  himself  the  cSt  of  S 
1/ J?H  !"'^"  '^°'.*  residence,  his  income  being  furnished  by  the  re??, 
of  Fr^In^^  Tr"'  H^^a  very  liberal  pension  allmved  to  him  by  the  khig 
forborne  yea«        '  "'  '""''"''^  '"  ^'■""'  '''''""  ^"'^  magnificencf 

A.D.  1165.— Though  far  removed  from  Henry's   presence.  Thomas  h 
Becket  had    ost  neither   the  will   nor  the  power  to  annSy  him     Both 
with  that  end  and  for  the  purpose  of  confirming  the  favourable  opinion  o< 
the  pope  towards  himself,  he  now  resigned  into  Alexander's  hSnds  h?8 
JrZn.^H"/''>r'r  '?'  """'^^"^  ^™"'"J  '»>«'  he  had  been  uncanonicaUy 
F«.i  .h„» Vh'' ."  ?y  '^^  f'"? '  «PPPa'-«^"'Jy  q"ite  unaware  or  careless  of  the 
fact,  that  that  plea  made  the  whole  of  his  conduct  illegal  and  gratuitous  bv 
o'^r  «h°^|"?-,  .Alexander  well  pleased  at  the  deFerencrthus  shown 
to  him,  accepted  his  resignation,  but  immediately  reinvested  him  anrf 
granted  him  a  bull  by  which  he  pretended  to  free  Becket  Som  the  Sememe 
passed  on  lu.n  at  Nortliampton  by  the  great  counrul.    A^t^r  Z" ^11! 
consistency;  this  sentence  being  fully%utkorized  as  to  jurbdfcUo,^y 
rannical   as  it  was,  m  fact,  by  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon,  which 
Becke    himself  had  signed  anci  sanctioned.     But,  in  truth,  fh^s  whole 
quarrel  was  a  series  of  inconsistencies,  absurdity   and  wilfu Ii  Ss   bo  h 
7iX^\T  'If'  "".^  ?"  "'e  other.     Being  unable  to  oblah  an  Srview 
tT,rn  ,^R'"'"''^'V  ^^^  '^«^«"'-^l''«  ^t'lte  of  whose  affairs  enabled  h  in  to  re 
turn  to  Rome,  Henry  now  made  earnest  and  wise  preparations  for  pre- 

aZ'rJH  wilh'^lh^'''""  ""'  •^j'"*^""  '*™'"  'he  worst  cons^mlences  o  the  o^pen 
quarrel  with  the  pope  which  now  seemed  to  be  inevitable  He  issued  the 
strictest  orders  to  his  justicaries  neither  to  forward  i?  to  alLw  of  Jin 
appea  8  from  their  courts  either  to  Becket  or  the  pope  or  in  a  mvisr  U. 
appea  to  or  obey  their  authority.  He  at  the  same  time  made  rjuea^ 
.onablo  offence  to  bring  any  interdict  int..  the  kingdom  rom  ei'l'eol 
these  dignituries.  and  denouncing  upon  all  such  offences  the  punis  nent 
n  case  of  clerks  of  castration  and  deprivation  of  sight,  andT  he  "  a  e 
of  laics,  of  death;  while  sequestration  and  banishinent  were  to  bo  ?he 
ffinnVT."H"°^°".'y"'^*"  P^r""  ^ho  should  obey  suclHileSict?  S 
Itn  orir^'L'^^^^^^^^^^^^^  n"?'°  «L?  '^e  more  solemn  effect  tithes 
•tern  ordorn,  he  obliged  all  his  subjects  to  swear  obedience  to  them 


the  anti-pope,  I 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  221 

Some  notion  may  be  formed  of  the  tremendous  power  Henry  possessed, 
when  It  IS  considered  that  orders  so  sweeping  as  these,  which  in  some 
aort  severed  the  kingdom  from  its  dependance  on  the  papal  court,  were 
made  not  by  the  great  council  of  the  nation,  but  by  the  king's  will  alone. 
AS  Ueckct  still  possesed  vast  influence  over  the  clergy,  who  in  that  aee 
had  an  almost  absolute  power  over  the  minds  of  the  great  mass  of  the  peo- 
pie,  Henry  did  not  deem  himself  sufficiently  armed  by  these  orders,  but 
entered  into  a  close  engagement  with  the  celebrated  emperor,  Frederic 
Barbarossa,  who  was  at  open  war  with  the  pope  Alexander ;  and  sdill  far- 
iher  to  alarm  the  pope,  Henry  showed  some  inclination  to  acknowledge 
the  anti-pope,  Pascal,  HI.  * 

AD.  1166.— Nothing  daunted  by  the  prudent  arrangement  of  Henry,  oi 
by  the  effect  they  undoubtedly  had  upon  the  mind  of  Alexander,  Becket 
now  issued  a  censure  which  excommunicated  the  king's  chief  advisers  bv 
name  and  generally  all  persons  who  should  favour  or  even  obey  the  con- 
stitutions of  Clarendon.  Thus  placed  in  the  dilemma  of  being  unable  to 
release  his  friends  from  the  terrible  effects  of  excommunication,  without 
undoing  all  that  he  had  done,  and  making  a  formal  and  complete  acknowl- 
edgement of  the  pope's  power  to  absolve  and  therefore  to  excommunicate. 
Henry  listened  to  the  advice  of  John  of  Oxford,  his  agent  with  the  pooe! 
and  consented  to  admit  the  mediation  of  the  legates  Otho  and  William  of 
Pavia.  When  these  personages  proceeded  to  examine  into  the  aff-air,  the 
king  required  that  all  the  constitutions  of  Clarendom  should  be  fully  ratified  • 
Becket,  on  the  other  hand,  insisted  that  before  any  such  agreement  were 
made,  both  himself  and  his  adherents  should  be  restored  to  their  poss-s 
Bions  a?nd  position.  The  legate  William,  who  was  greatly  interested  for 
Henry,  took  care  to  protract  the  negotiation  as  far  as  possible,  and  to  rep- 
restnt  Henry  s  disposition  in  the  most  favourable  light  to  the  pope.  But 
the  pretensions  and  demands  of  the  opponent  parties  were  far  too  murh 
opposed  at  the  very  outset  to  admit  of  any  goocf  result  and  the  negotiation 
soon  fell  to  the  gnund;  Henry,  however,  profited  by  its  duration  and  the 
partial  restoration  of  the  pope's  good  opinion,  to  procure  a  dispensation 
for  the  marriage  of  his  third  son,  Geoff-rey,  to  the  heiress  of  Brittany,  a 
favour  to  which  he  attached  all  the  more  importance  because  it  very  deen- 
ly  mortified  both  Becket  and  the  king  of  France. 

A.  D.  "67.— The  count  of  Auvergne,  a  vassal  of  the  Duchy  of  Guienne, 
having off^Biided  Henry,  that  monarch  entered  his  vassal's  domain-  and 
the  count  appealmg  to  the  king  of  France  as  superior  lord,  a  war  ensued 
between  he  two  Rmgs ;  but  it  was  conducted  with  no  vigour  on  eithei 
side,  and  peace  was  soon  made  on  terms  sufficiently  unfavourable  to 
Henry  to  show  that  his  ouarrol  with  Rome  had  lost  him  not  a  little  of  that 
superiority  which  he  had  previously  enjoyed  over  the  king  of  France. 

Both  the  pope  and  Henry  began  to  tire  of  their  disputes  which  they  at 
englh  perceived  to  be  mutually  hurtful,  and  still  more  dangerous  as  to 
he  future  than  presently  injurious.  This  consideration  inclined  both  par- 
ties  to  a  reconciliation,  but  was  not  sufficient  to  put  an  end  to  their  jeal- 
ousies and  suspicions.  Several  attempts  at  coming  to  a  good  understand- 
ing were  frustrated  by  petty  doubts  or  petty  punctilio  on  either  side  ;  but 
at  length  the  nuncios  Gratian  and  Vivian  were  commissioned  by  the  pope 
to  bring  about  an  accommodation,  and  for  tliat  purpose  tliey  had  a  meet- 
ing with  Henry  in  Normandy.  After  much  tedious  discussions  all  diffl. 
culties  seemed  happily  brought  to  an  end.  Henry  offered  to  sign  a  treaty 
in  he  terms  proposed  by  the  pope,  only  with  a  salvo  to  his  royal  dignity 
But  Becket,  who,  however  much  wronged  at  one  time  seems  at  length  to 
have  learned  to  love  strife  for  its  own  sake,  took  fire  nt  this  limitntion, 
and  the  excommunication  of  the  kind's  ininislers  was  immediately  renew' 
eo.  No  lewer  than  four  more  treaties  were  broken  off"  by  a  similar  nelli- 
nesisof  temper  on  eithor  side;  and  it  iaq!  ■■      "        " 


"- ■    -V3X 


222 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


ini  Chris?ran^rKt«'i«  ^'''''*'  7^0.  certainly,  whatever  other  quaut.e. 
SIss.  ^        *  ^^  "^"^  endowed  with  was  sadly  deficient  3,  melt 

rJm\}]^?t'Z^*t^^:.'^^'^  perceived  this  fault  of  Becket,  did  not  fail  to 

&  wiU.  L*^!-''"^"''"."  2'^^^'"^  ^'"»«-    "There  have  been,"    aS 
Henry,  with  great  force  and  shrewdness,  "many  kinffs  of  EnelanH  Jmf 

Warenne  and  f;pi«oo«  V..      ^-  .u    .^"''^"  '"^  P"P«  had  armed  liini.     De 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  223 

new  violence,  the  king's  iSfat  oS  it  «1  Si«  ?  Tl  "?  ''^  ^^''''^''' 
condescension  which  Sou  d  S behave  bef„nl«?'^'^"V'^''^y'  ^"'^  *»'« 
pnnce,  were  thus  completelv  thrown  awavwnT?*  ^*'"["* '°  ^?rP™"^  » 
out  into  the  most  violent  n/ecreluDortlV^rrn'''"'"'^'!?''  "«  ^^^^^ 
Becket.  and  unfortunately  aKe?hin,selnnrPnfJ'f^^"''  '"?,T'it"'Je  »' 
York,  who  remarked  that%eS  4s  hope^s"  whife  L.t  m'''''J'?"'P  '^^ 
that  it  was  the  want  of  zeal  on  tim  m.rf  nf  k;  r  •  a^^}  ''^^'^'  *"  ^^Y 
had  caused  him  so  long  to  be  exposed  to  1  tl  ^"^''^V"'^  '^'^^^'^^^  that 
ance.  Such  words  co  dd  nm  hithat  Le  f»ll  ^  '"""l^n/e  and  annoy- 
a  monarch  far  less  poWrful  a  d  Kss  beK^  ^''°'"  '^'  ^'^^u  °' 

lert  enemy  lo  dealh.     Thev  wero  mf3  K,  H*'""""  '"^  P?  ""''  ""«• 

This  high  opinion  of  his  value  K«^.,f.rf-^*-."®^  *"''  '"^'"lahlo. 

cowardly  crime\nKrLX^!,L\rdXarrr^""  "^  their  foul  and 

likI';&eSol"""con!itV;^"t'n^t""  '"^  "TJ'''^  """«  ''«•-« 
priety  of  Becker's  oond","":  he  had  already  cSmZt'eVr  '""^  ''"^™; 
regular  punishment  of  the  proud  pre  a^fLrr.rSfhlK  T^''  ""'^ 
management  he  could  indiipp  .hn  J^rfi     '»       """otmg  that  by  dexterous 

that  could  tend  to  crease  thp  LZl  ,■  ^r^^  "P""  ""^'^y  •'''•cumsiance 
would  not  S  p  bli"rto  attrfbn^^^^^^^^^^^  P."^"^'^"'  «  "**"&  '«  »«'"«. 


224^ 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Iiis  solitude  and  resume  the  cares  of  government  which  now  more  than 
ever  demanded  the  fullest  possible  exertion  of  his  fine  talents. 

A.  D.  1171— It  must  be  evident  that  the  main  difficulty  of  Henry's  situ 
ation  origniated  m  the  unwillingness  which  the  nope  would  feel  to  admit 
even  the  most  cogent  reasonings  against  the  king's  participation  of  th#. 
umlt  of  Becket's  murderers.    Men  do  not  easily  yield  credence  to  arpii- 
ments— and  Henry  could  only  offer  arguments,  not  proofs— tlfat  militatp 
against  their  own  dear  and  cherished  interests.     But  this  calamity  both 
to  the  king  and  kingdom  was  too  terrible  and  too  instant  to  allow  of  anv- 
tlung  being  left  unattempted  which  promised  even  the  probability  of  sui- 
cess,  and  Henry  immediately  sent  the  archbishop  of  Rouen,  together  with 
the  bishops  of  Worcester  and  Evreux,  and  five  other  men  of  talent  and 
station,  to  make,  m  the  king's  name,  the  most  humble  submission  to  thp 
pope.     There  was  some  difficulty  in  gaining  admission  to  his  holiness 
who  was  at  the  very  time  that  his  forbearance  was  thus  abjectly  sought  hv 
the  potent  and  proud  Henry,  almost  a  prisoner  in  his  own  palace;  s^osiir 
rounded  and  pressed  was  he  by  his  enemies.    It  was  now  nearly  EastPr 
and  It  was  expected  that  the  name  of  Henry  would  be  included  in  the  list 
of  those  who  at  that  season  received  the  solemn  and  terrible  curses  of  thn 
church.    Happily,  however,  Richard  Barre,  one  of  Henry's  envoys   and 
others,  contrived  so  far  to  mollify  the  anger  of  the  pope,  that  his  fearfu 
anathema  was  bestowed  only  in  general  terms  upon  Bccket's  murderers 
and  their  instigators  or  abettors.     Two  legates  were  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  affair;  and  thus,  after  all  his  fears,  Henry  escaped  the  worst  coii- 
sequences  of  a  crime  of  which  he  seems  really  to  have  been  innocent  biit 
of  which  circumstances  would  as  certainly  have  enabled  the  pope  to  sem 
to  think  him  guilty-if,  indeed,  it  had  not  been,  just  then,  rather  more  to 
the  papal  interest  to  obtain  a  strong  hold  upon  England,  by  acceptins  the 
king  s  submission  a^d  allowing  his  assertions  to  pass  for  piool,  than 
harshly  to  drive  both  king  and  nation  to  despair.     T fius  happily  dd  vered 
from  a  peril  so  imminent,  Henry  directed  his  attention  to  Ireland 
1  .A- ,»•  ^173.— All  men's  eyes  had  of  late  been  anxiously  turned  upon  tho 
king's  heir,  the  young  prince  Henry.    He  had  given  many  proofs  that  he 
possessed  in  no  ordinary  degree  the  princely  qualities  of  courage,  liberal- 
ity, and  a  kindly  disposition;  but  those  who  looked  beneath  the  surface 
perceived  that  his  very  kindness,  unless  ruled  by  a  severe  and  uncommon 
discretion,  was  likely  to  give  him  a  fatal  facility  in  listening  to  the  advice 
of  any  friends  who  should  unduly  minister  to  his  other  nhief  characteris- 
tit-an  excessive  ambition.    At  the  time  when,  during  Becket's  absence, 
he  irregularly  received  the  royal  unction,  he  made  a  remark  which  was 
Tr!'^c  TT^T,^  "Pr"'  ^'^'*  "''"''^^  '??"y  "^'"^  ««'  <■«*'  ">  interpret  into 

r.Tini\    "^''^^J',"''  f  P'""f  *r"-     "'«  ''«''i"  ^v'lit^'J  "P«n  hiin  at  table, 
and  good-humouredly  observed  that  never  was  king  more  royally  attended 
upon  which  the  prince  renriarkod  to  one  of  his  favourites,  that  it  surely  wa 
nothing  so  very  remarkable  that  the  son  of  a  count  should  wait  upon  the 
son  of  a  king.  ^ 

nf  ^wun?' vnl!l"i/™"'''®  f^'u^  ^y>**^  ^'"ff  ""^  th"  P«"od  of  the  return 

of  Becket,  young  Henry  and  the  princess  Margaret  were  now  crowne'' 

and  anointed  by  the  archbishop  of  Rouen,  and  in  the  subsequent  visU  which 

m  fh',tTh.Pf.':' /"  r'"i'  f^??>--">-l'»«'  "j"  thought  that  the  latter  persuad'^d 

11  H  nf    i..^^^       '"'  ^'"'"'Scrom^ed  during  the  life-time  of  his  father. 

n  r,M.un   ^  •  "'"^  ^'"•fimony  to  secure  his  future  succession,  gave 

dZh  n  1  S'^r*  "P""»Pa''t,ifuot  upon  the  whole,  of  his  faiher'n 

domi  n  Mis,  and  the  prince  was  unfortunately  but  too  well  inclined  to  give 

rrnd.t    o  the  arguments  by  which  this  view  of  the  case  was  supported. 

I;1Sri  «  'rlZV^JT'"^'^  °J  .I'l"^^  ^'^  V'^'^^'^^y  b"t  little  understood  th^ 
pains,  he  formally  demanded  hat  his  father  should  resign  either  England 
or  Normandy  to  linn.    The  king  very  properly  refused  to  comply  with  so 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  22fr 

no  less  remarkable  for  her  jealously     bS  ^f«  ,  ^fcon^  carriage 

new  access  of  that  feeling,  herSerwUhMf^"°T  ""'^^  » 

unjustifiable  length  of  elcitfna  E^i^"®*^  husband  led  her  to  the  most 

thi  hint  afforded  by  the  Imaid  of  pi^^^  ^""''  '''I?'-  ^«t'"f  "P^" 
princes  Geoffrey  and  Richard  that  Lvtnn  "en'-y.'he  persuaded  the 
used  by  their  father  who^S  affirmif^n.K*  "^"f  unkindly  and  unjustly 
them  pLession  of  thl  portions  ?/S^^^ 

ing  them  aid  in  the  undftS  course  wM?^^^^^^  '""^"^^  l**  ^h^""-  O^""- 
actually  disguised  hSf  in  ma?e  attTrJ  If  ^  recommended  to  them,  she 
for  the'^Fre^ch  court,  there  tTcarrv  o'n  fn*"^^'  °"  ^^^P*''"*  "^  departing 
alike  as  wife,  mother  and  suWec?  wh«n  tff";!^*'  ^^r^"/^'  ^°  ''^  duty 
her  designs,  and  placed  heHnconfi^Pmi*^  ^'^l  °'l**'"^'*  information  of 

anendtoth^miscondSsrehanSvoLnJ^^^^^  "°^  P"» 

who  were  sufficiently  envious  of^hlL™^*'!"^' ^"'^  *^"«  ^^'^  Ponces 
lend  their  aid  and  coLtenance  to  thls^^^^^^^^^  prosperity  of  Henry  to 
their  father,  and  of  sub  ectraaain,t  tLVi  L  "'*  coalition  of  sons  against 
experience  of  the  terrS TnXreven  hP^^^^^^^^  ^."t^  "/  ^^  ^'^  ^^^ 
thecensure  and  interdicVof  Rome  Si^ inTs  nlf  H-  f^'*^"''  ""■'"  ^'^^ 
.  did  not  hesitate  to  apply  to  the  Done  B^,  hi  h.?,  *i  ^'^t'^ssing  situation 
papal  interdict  with  all  it<,f!.rrn«^f"  "'  "^  ^^^  '°  ^®'»'""  *''»*  »o  arm  the 
LEe  some  sti^o^THiSeJ  LXVuerttoT"""^  '"^^^  ^'«  clergy  should 

as  ^e^x^o?the  ctthTer  sr  ^^^^^^^^^ 

not  to  exert  themselves  and  the  bunsfrirm  5.°"««'-»«'^ 'he  clergy  cared 
fulmen.  Disappointed  and  dis^stPd  «.  fini  \l  f"*""^  *  """"^  *'^'"« 
for  him  which  was  so  formiS  alaiS  t  hfry^'^  ^""P?  ^  P^^^rlcss 
the  sword ;  and,  as  he  had  urndPnfil  L^  ^'  "''"'"y  """^  '"'^  recourse  to 
to  take  into  his  pay  Targe  bS  otehfn^i^^^^^^^  tte^f^res,  he  was  able 
the  continent  swafmyaiid  wL  w^l  .T^'"'"^'''V^  ^'t''  "'horn 

ind  bravely  too  in  aTyca"seSia?affnrL^r^',  '^""^^  ^""J^^^  zealously 
plunder,  his  sons  on  ?he  otl  Pr  £  ^  '^''^"^*^''  P^^  ^"^  P'  o™'«ed  large 
inclination  to  iS"ate  th  s  D«rt  of  thS r^T^""^ '"']''""'  ''*'-' "'«»"«  ^^the 
barons  of  Normandy  Gasc^ivLSRrS  ''''"' •Ji?"^"'^*'  ^""^  '"«■'''  «f  the 
young  princes,  X^herkSmui^"*Sy  ^'"'"^^y  '""'^  P"'  ^-i'h  the 
rif?htfui^overeigns;  tE^  several  terriorp«  T""^  i"*^  ".*'""■«  ^^«"'»«  '^eir 
tied  upon  them  i7tKsuluSml'M''^^''^!!?S  ^  '«^"^y  irrevocably  set- 
chivalry,  did  the  LaffectionfoZ^  .^o":' '0  the  disgrace  of  the  English 
several  polrfuliSSbaonsnn^^^^       ^'"^.^"^  parent  st<,p  even  fere  ; 

judgment,  it  doubtless  aoDearpnA  hf "  V'.%'^^*''^'' ""^' *»  «"  human 

iarons  bought  Sir  JC  to  he  aid  If  tll\'''"'^r^''''Y  •"■  ''*•' 
posable  force  was  an  arm,.  „?    i         .  ^  °'  '"®  ^'"Sf'  whose  ch  ef  dis- 

mercenar^BTof  whom  wefust  mS  \n??'^  *^^f  ""'^  «<■  '^ose  foreign 
English  whoni  he  whhdrPw  frnm  f    i""'^'''"^^'  ''"u*^  '^™«  well-disciplinrd 
nation  was  potent  Tnd  thrl?en?ni  lS;  ^  ^?  "'L"'^''"  '^""^  '^e  combi 
wealthy  an/ war  ike  barons  2p„*h^  on  3*  ^  '"  ^'^l"'**"  '°  the  numerous 
adhesio^i  to  the  yt^'n^g  Se\.iarll^V„r^^ 


220 


HIStORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Boulogne,  followed  their  example,  and  William,  king  of  Scotland,  tne 
uatural  enemy  of  England,  gladly  joined  this  most  unholy  alliance. 

Louis  of  France  summoned  the  chief  vassals  of  the  crown  to  Paris,  and 
solemnly  bound  them  by  oath  to  adhere  with  him  to  the  cause,  and  Prince 
Henry  on  his  part  swore  to  be  faithful  to  his  allies  among  whom  he  dis- 
tributed large  gifts  of  territory — to  be  conquered  from  his  king  and  pa- 
rent—under the  seal  of  state  which  he  treasonably  caused  to  be  made  for 
that  purpose. 

The  counts  of  Boulogne  and  Flanders  began  the  unnatural  war  by  lay- 
mg  siege  to  Aumale  on  the  frontier  of  Normandy.  The  Couqt  d'Aumale 
who  seems  to  have  been  only  withheld  by  some  prudential  and  merely 
selfish  motive  from  openly  and  in  form  allying  himself  with  his  master's 
enemies,  made  a  mere  show  of  defence  and  then  surrendered  the  place. 
Being  thus  apparently  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  those  whose  confederate 
he  seems  really  to  have  been,  he  had  a  specious  ground  for  committing 
still  further  treason,  without  exposing  himself  to  any  very  deadly  peril  in 
the  event  of  the  king  being  ultimately  triumphant  over  the  formidable  and 
unscrupulous  confederacy  against  him. 

The  king  of  France,  in  the  meantimej  was  not  idle ;  with  seven  thou- 
sand  knights  and  their  followers  and  a  proportionate  force  of  infantry,  he, 
accompanied  by  the  young  Prince  Henry,  laid  seige  to  Verneuil.  The 
place  was  bravely  defended  by  Hugh  de  Beauchamp,  but  the  garrison  at 
the  end  of  a  month  became  so  short  of  provisions,  that  de  Beauchamp  was 
obliged  to  consent  to  a  surrender  should  he  not  be  relieved  in  the  course 
of  three  days.  Ere  the  expiration  of  this  time  King  Henry  and  his  army 
appeared  on  the  neighbouring  heights,  and  the  French  monarch  then  de- 
manded a  conference,  for  the  purpose,  as  he  alleged,  of  putting  an  end  to 
the  differences  between  Henry  and  his  sons— differences,  it  should  never 
be  forgotten,  which  Louis  had  himself  done  his  utmost  to  fan  into  a  flame. 
Henry,  not  for  a  moment  suspecting  Louis  of  any  treacherous  intention, 
agreed  to  this  proposal ;  and  Louis  having  thus  beguiled  him  into  abstain- 
ing from  forcible  mterference  on  behalf  of  the  brave  garrison  until  the 
'term  agreed  upon  for  the  truce  had  completely  expired,  called  upon  Beau- 
champ to  make  good  his  promise  of  surrender,  on  pain  of  being  held  man 
sworn ;  and  then,  having  set  fire  to  Verneuil,  set  his  army  on  the  retreat 
from  before  it,  and  Henry  fell  upon  the  rear,  which  lost  many  both  in 
killed  and  prisoners. 

The  barons  of  Brittany,  headed  by  Ralph  do  Fougeres  and  the  earl  ol 
Chester,  were  encountered  by  the  king's  troops  near  Dol,  and  defeated 
with  the  loss  of  fifteen  hundred  in  killed,  besides  an  immense  number  of 
wounded  and  prisoners.  The  leaders  with  their  diminished  forces  took 
shelter  in  Dol,  but  Henry  besieged  the  place  so  vigorously,  that  they  were 
speedily  compelled  to  surrender. 

Instead  of  being  seduced  by  his  successes  into  any- inveteracy  of  pur- 
pose against  his  enemies,  Henry  once  more  agreed  to  treat  with  the  chiel 
of  them,  Louis  of  France.  A  meeting  accordingly  took  place  between 
the  twO%ionarch8,  the  three  young  princes,  to  their  infinite  discredit,  prom- 
inently appearing  in  the  retinue  of  their  father's  enemy.  As  their  outra- 
geous demands  were  in  fact  the  main  cause  of  dispute  between  the  two 
monarchs,  Henry  addressed  himself  to  those  demands,  and  made  his  sons 
offers  far  more  liberal  than  became  him  to  offeror  them  to  accept ;  but  tho 
peaceable  purpose  of  this  memorable  meeting  was  wholly  frustrated  by 
the  earl  of  Liecester,  who,  probably  at  the  secret  instigation  of  Louis,  be- 
haved with  such  open  insolence  to  Henry,  that  the  meeting  was  broken 
up  without  any  conclusion  being  arrived  at. 

Though  Henry  had  been  so  successful  on  the  continent  in  repressing  "if 
enemies  and  in  upholding  his  authority,  it  was  in  ni  small  danarer  in  Enp 
iund ;   for,  Prince  Henry  having  agreed  to  resign  Dover  and  the  othc 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  227 

strongholds  of  Kent  into  the  hands  nf  fho  «....!     r  t^i      .  . 

little  of  pure  public  spirit  among  the  ^Si  ir^""'""'  '^^'^  ^"  «« 
federacy  was  formed  to  aid  Tthfs  schemf  wW 't*^  *  TaT  ^'^'fnsive  con- 
milder  name  than  that  of  a  naSonal  sSrid^  nT"f  **  ^^""^  l'**"^'^  "« 
Henry  and  his  kingdom,  while  the  lav  nohl  5"' Jprtunatelv  for  both 
thus  hostile  or  indifferentTe  was  ii^^Lnrt  nr"**  the.r  depen/ants  were 

this  period,  to  which.  prSablyrheKlvowed"L7^^^^  clergy  just  at 
ruined.  ^  •''      ™a'niy  owed  it  that  he  was  not  utterly 

ta.l!otce^tguS„::'onh"Sm''^^^^^  "'^^  *"«  ^'^^^  «"<i  >'"Por- 

period,both  bvhisloX,ndh&Su^^^^^  disUnguished  himself  at  ?his 
submission  oAhe  king  of  Sind  whn  L^?VuP^"*'''  ^"'^  ^^^'^'n^d  the 
Northumberland;  anf inmediS^tpr t  •  5''  '^''^^'"'^  ^^"P'  'n'° 
led  his  victorious  troop  ™sZtSfnoni.^^r  *^>  fi^"^'*  ««'^ice. 

ings  who  had  landed  on  the  colt  of  SnK  ^  J"  ^^P^^or  force  of  Flem- 
very  heart  of  the  kingdom  l^the  action  wh'."/?!  thence  marched  into  the 
consisting  for  the  most  part  of  hastuTraised  and^m!?'^?  f-^^T^  '■°'««' 
were  routed  almost  at  the  first  chSof  n-  i  ,'":^*^?'P''"«<*  a«izans, 
and  nearly  ten  thousand  were  shin  nrm,%  ^""^^^  disciplined  followers 
ter  himself  being  among  tile  Tatter  Pnsoners,  the  earl  of  Leices- 

heartless  sons  and  their  aE.  The  eari  of  pJrrPr '"'"S"""  ^^  /*»"  ''*"g'« 
friends  of  the  earls  of  Leicester  and  Ohll,  "^^^  ^'''^  ^^^^i^^  powerful 
their  king;  the  earls  of  CkreLfdoS.f.lt'  "^""^  ^'P^"'^  '"  arms  against 
being  prepared  to  take  tlie  same  ^oS,?''^^;^''!'^  '"^°"8^'y  suspected  of 
ly  aHowed  the  term  to  expire  durinrwhVh"hi'lf  5'"^  °^  ^"«"^"^  scarce- 
peace,  ere  he  invaded  thSheriiLSril  nfF^'  t"S^«8^«d  '»  keep  the 
eighty  thousand  men    who  rommiM^TVi!    °^  England  with  a  force  of 

spoliation.  In  thiTs?ate  of  tSs^Henri^LT'  ^"T"  ^"^  ^'^'^"^ive 
ritories  into  a  state  of  coLarS  «P.^f,^;  ^T^'"F  P"^  *"«  continental  ter- 
try  the  effect  upon  his  eTmTe^Thirpera  prlZce '^^  ''  ^"^'^"'  '' 
4'l?tT£s%^u%^^  «pon  the  prin- 

he  hastened  to  the  dtrof'Canferbnrv  Huf/"" -f '^  **  Southampton  than 
quitted  his  horse  and  walkedTarSte^to  ,^^^^  't  '^^''  V't'  ^"'^'"^  '^^'^^ 
Thomas  k  Becket,  who  in  liYe  had  P^nin  k-®  "''""^  °'^'''»*  now-sainted 
danger.  Havinc  nrostraJod  himcfif  kT'^  'l'"'  '°  '""«h  annoyance  and 
monies  of  the  K  ?o  J^asse  Sed  I'r^!^'  '^""'i-l^  "^'^^  ^^"^^'J  tHe 
mitted  his  bare  shoulda-s  to  the  scon rJl'  »^^"l^  "'^•^'^  garments,  sub- 
it  not  give  us  of  that^e  to  reflecUhafrhi«^  "^  humiliating  an  idea  does 
haps,  the  most  polite  that  Henrf could  h^v.^T^^^  ".""^"''^  ^^««'  P^'' 
object  he  then  had  in  view-tKo„ci  iati^^^  '?  ^'''''^'.^  '^."  &^««t 

ranks  of  his  subjects-for  amoL  aH  ranlr„o»  !  ^e^lous  good-will  of  all 
superstition  thei  had  a  mySJus  and  a  m  VK?''P^'"^  ^'^^ '^'■y '^'S'-est. 
Pleted  all  the  degrading  ceSoni"als  that  thT'^^.P''^^'*-  H^^in^  com: 
sfintial  to  the  finll  andVomp^e  rtoSc  1  ation  of  ,h  ^^  '"  «°"«ider  es- 
absolution  was  solemnly  ffiven  to  Hpm-  1  i  Z^  'l*^  ^'"^  '»  *''«  «aint, 
News  shortly  after  aTri/ed^of  a  ire^  vTcIorv  Jhil^H 'P'*^'"'^  ^""^  ^«"'^«»' 

hS^rnwiltf  t^'iV^^^^^^^^^^^  ^--als.  still  showod 

wasting  the  northern  provinces  of  vZllf  ^^  ^.f  eeaWe  employment  of 
diBturbed  in  its  ravenfnrfLasrhi  »,iif  i"^'  """l^  hke  a  half-gorged  vulture 
ramn  =,t  4H  "i-i.  :!'"?-^  A®""'.  "«.  8t"|l  lingered  near.     Havmo  fnrmo,!  „ 
-.  -  Alnv„  ..  „,  ,,„„nun-.Deriand,  he  sent  out  numerous  detachment^ 


'>«■* 


r  ■  -X 


.r  i'l 


32^ 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


in  q\teBt  Sf  spoil.  However  favourable  this  course  might  be  to  he  cupid 
Uy,  it  greatly  'Weakened  liim  in  a  military  point  of  view ;  and  Glanville, 
the  celebrated  lawyer,  who  at  this  time  was  a  very  principal  leader  and 
support  of  the  English  army,  havii:g  obtained  exact  information  of  Wil- 
liam's situation,  resolved  to  make  a  bold  attempt  to  surprise  him.  Aftei 
a  fatiguing  march  to  Newcastle,  he  barely  allowed  his  troops  time  for  hasty 
refreshment,  of  vhich  both  man  and  horse  stood  in  dire  need,  and  ther 
set  out  on  a  forced  night-march  to  Alnwick,  a  distance  of  upwards  of  thirty 
miles,  where  he  arrived  very  early  in  the  morning  of  the  15th  of  July, 
and,  fortunately,  under  cover  of  a  genuine  Scotch  mist,  so  dense  as  to 

[>revent  his  approach  from  being  observed.  Though,  after  making  all  al- 
owance  for  the  detachments  which  William  had  sent  out,  Glanville  felt 
that  he  was  far  inferior  in  force  to  the  Scots,  he  gallantly  gave  his  troops 
the  order  to  charge.  So  completely  secure  had  William  felt  from  any  such 
attack,  that  it  was  not  until  English  banners  flew  and  English  blades  flashed 
in  his  very  camp,  that  he  dreamed  of  any  hostile  foroe  being  within  many 
miles  of  him.  In  the  furious  scence  that  ensued  he  behaved  with  great 
personal  gallantry,  boldly  charging  upon  the  serried  ranks  of  the  English 
with  only  a  hundred  of  his  immediate  followers.  But  his  negligence  as  a 
commander  had  produced  a  state  of  disadvantage  which  was  not  to  be 
remedied  by  any  valour,  however  great.  This  little  band  was  speedily 
dispersed,  and  he,  being  fairly  ridden  down,  was  made  prisoner.  The  news 
of  his  capture  speedily  spread  among  his  troops,  whose  cunfutiion  was 
thus  rendered  too  complete  to  allow  of  their  leaders  rallying  them;  and 
they  hastily  retreated  over  the  borders,  fighting  among  themselves  so  fu- 
riously during  their  retreat,  that  they  are  said  to  have  actually  lost  more 
in  killed  and  wounded  by  Scottish  than  by  English  swords. 

This  defeat  of  the  Scotch,  and  the  capture  of  William,  upon  whom 
the  English  rebels  had  so  mainly  depended  for  diversion  of  their  kind's 
■trength,  as  well  as  for  more  direct  assistance,  left  these  latter  no  safe 
course  but  submission ;  and  that  course,  accordingly,  w<is  speedily  followed 
by  all  ranks  among  them.  The  clergy  with  their  usual  self-complacency 
attributed  all  this  success  to  the  submission  which  they  had  induced  the 
king  to  make  to  Becket ;  and  Henrv,  well  knowing  how  much  more  power 
superstition  had  over  tlie  minds  of  his  subjects  than  any  political  or  even 
moral  consideratiouH,  however  clear  or  important,  astutely  aflfected  to  be- 
lieve all  that  they  affirmed,  and  by  every  means  endeavoured  to  propagate 
the  like  belief  among  his  subjects. 

Meantime  the  serpent  of  revolt  was  on  the  continent,  "scotched  not  kil- 
led ;"  the  young  prmce  Henry,  with  a  perseverance  worthy  of  a  better 
cause,  having  in  spite  of  all  his  father's  triumphs  persisted  in  carrying  on 
his  rebellious  designs  lie  and  the  earl  of  Flanders  had  assembled  a  largo 
army,  with  which  they  were  preparing  to  embark  nt  (Jravolines ;  but  when 
they  heard  of  the  signal  defeat  which  King  Henry's  troops  had  inflicted 
upon  the  Flemings  they  laid  aside  their  intention  of  invading  England,  and 
proceeded  to  join  their  force  to  that  of  the  king  of  France,  who  was  be- 
•ieging  Houen,  in  Normandy. 

The  people  of  Rouen,  who  were  much  attached  to  King  Ileniy,  and 
proportionally  fearful  of  falling  under  the  ruin  of  Louis,  defended  the  place 
with  so  much  courage  and  succesi^,  that  Louis  deemed  it  necossiiry  to 
have  recourse  to  a  stratiigetn  tliut  did  far  more  credit  to  his  ingenuity  than 
fo  his  honour.  The  festival  of  St.  Laurence  occurrinjr  just  at  that  time, 
he  proclaimed,  under  pretence  of  u  pious  desire  to  keep  it  with  due  solemn- 
ity, a  cessation  of  arms.  This  was  agreed  to  on  the  part  of  the  uniua- 
pecting  citizens  ;  and  liOuis,  hoping  to  surprise  thorn,  immediately  made 
preparations  for  the  attack.  It  (^lianccd  that  while  all  in  the  French  camp 
were  in  motion,  some  priests  of  Itouon  had  mounted  to  a  steeple  to  ovoi- 

...  .       i       '.         ..  £;■„       ■„•■■  •     '  •  •      -^       -  iii' 

dB9S  ii|  iiiutuiy  iiOiti  bunw5iiy<     oiiuCK  Wliii  •  uvmivS  0«  uuiiiC  iVtai  iCuUU-^' 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  229 

to  the  renewal  of   heir  attack     SifwLn    **»'0"^n  oP®"'  ^"^'^  **>«"» 
.nc.    Henry  readily  fcll  Into  ?he  .„»i^  .n??'  '^""  i'™??'"'  '  """f''- 

which  h.  thS  gainei  ,r:°.iteK:'y';r&r '■''  ""■ '"'"'"' 

Having  thus  secured  his  army,  however  I  n.,i«   ZlTi'  .u-    .■ 
nearly  as  anxious  as  Henry  for  a  termSon  nf  tC^-^^  *""  '""®  ^" 
a  meeting,  which  accordinJlv  took  dE  n^iV^^^^  ^^freed  to 

and  peace  was  concluded  on  te?mJ^f«r  ^Z)^  ""T^  ^^'^  "^  ^o""' 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE   BKION    or   HENR»    II.    (cONCtUDRD). 

eommo"L*;;rt''rbirg'rdefate  L"T™L^^^^^^^  «till  further  and  more  un. 
tions  taken  nearly  a  thousand  ShtsnKTrs^'nH  S'  ^"^  '"  ^^^«"«  *°- 
without  ransom,  though  the  So\T7Z\l  n  'l''  '"''^  '''""■'^'«'* 
contrary  conduct  without  the  sKhtn^r  PL  .^®  "^""i''  ^*''*'  warranted 
or  his  generosity.    T^  Wi  lam  of  ^  "^  ^''^«'"  ^is  honour 

that  monarch  fuuV  warranted  ho  bel.avrJwl  '''"  '"'P'*''!  ''"'"''y  °' 
of  his  release  William  was  irdtnnl^l."'T  f'^''"'"-  ^»  ''•^  P"°« 
tories  to  Henry,  to  SaTe  t»m  1h«  Ui^J  '  *^'^u'  '"""«»«  '"«'■  ^''  ^e*-"- 
.hould  also  do^homagefa^n'd  ti^at  thev  sho  .hi  Z^  ^''r'f  ^'^  '^'"^''"'n 
of  England  even  against  Uiern„»il«n.i  '"^?';  '"  ""^^  «'''f'  "•«  >«'"? 
performance  of  this  Zrorm'?  '  "" ■  "l^L""  '"«"''''>'  <■««• »''« 

namely,  Edinburgh  Sifrlinr.Vi"n  P.^'^^'iP^'  ^'^°"'«'»  fortresses, 
be  placed  i.    the  h;,So"^Ci^^Tn;v^^  '"'"'''''•  T^  "^^'^''"'•g^  «''»"l'i 

agrLmont  had  been  luly  cSio  "S.  by  the  S^'coioVw  '"""'"'."^  '"5 
no  nc  ination  to  roltix  fmm  hVr  „  A,     .       ^   ^  Scotch,  Henry  showed 

him  so  muc'h  an'no^t:^  ^7  "he  n^tSre^Kity  "' P^^^^'"  '"^^*"^«" 
rcqiiir(!d  that  Horwjrk  an.!  ttoxhi  rJh  Jlo  .1  """'V'  Contrariwise,  he  now 
«"!  that  ho  shot,  d  for  J^ive^  Z  retai  L^.f.'.? "  TJl  ^T  «L'"»''"'«r, 
llio  oageriiess  with  which  W  I  ««  \Zl?u  ■  7,'""  «f  KJmbnrgh.  Tlius 
Henr/ended  in  thr/atrp  itj  obtum^."'the  JJ.Vl"!''»vo''r  to  crush 
k.„g/om  which  was  ever  ohc'iiS  b^air'a  sh  m"     crt "'P'  "'''  ""^ 

procuU'    m-^Sd^n^affi^s'':^^^  ''''  ^'^'-'^  "»^ 

111"!  til.'  most  flairranllv  bu.r«n.-^       T    '      '  ngmmi  those  crimes  which 

k-y,  .nd'„:,'!,r"!',r  whTnT^;s'f";r.r« :;'".'' i: ""■  '"t 

«lth  ,„  V  l"  "e  Vuor  Z;  Z,'"E,'r,"'  '"  "''r'  ""•  I"  I"'' '»  'I"" 


1 


280 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


others  he  gave  very  plain  proofs  that  he  possessed  both  understanding  and 
good  feeling  far  in  advance  of  his  age.  In  the  case,  for  instance,  of  the 
absurd  trial  bv  battle,  which  disgraced  the  statute-book  even  so  lately  as 
the  reign  of  Gfeorge  III.,  Henry,  though  the  time  was  not  ripe  for  its  com- 
plete  abolition,  enacted  that  either  of  the  parties  might  phallenge  in  its 
etead  a  trial  by  a  jury  of  twelve  freeholders. 

To  make  the  administration  of  justice  more  certain,  with  a  view  both  to 
repressing  crime  and  to  protect  the  community  against  the  oppressions  ot 
the  nobles,  Henry  divided  England  into  four  great  circuits,  to  be  traversed 
by  itinerant  justices  selected  from  among  those  prelates  and  lay  nobles 
most  remarkable  for  learning  and  their  love  of  justice.  He  also  made 
some  very  useful  regulations  with  a  view  to  a  defence  of  the  kingdom, 
each  man  being;  obliged  to  arm  himself  according  to  his  rank. 

While  the  king  was  thus  wisely  employing  his  leisure,  his  sons  were 
meditating  further  annoyance  to  him.  Prince  Henry  renewed  his  demand 
for  the  complete  resignation  of  Normandy,  and  on  receiving  a  refusal  pro- 
ceeded to  the  court  of  France  with  his  queen  with  the  evident  design  of 
renewing  his  hostilities  against  his  too  indulgent  father.  But  Philip,  who 
had  just  succeeded  to  Louis  on  the  throne  of  France,  was  not  just  now 
prepared  for  war  against  so  powerful  a  king  as  Henry,  and  the  young 
prince  was  therefore  once  more  obliged  to  make  his  submission  to  his 
muCh-enduring  sovereign  and  parent.  Prince  Henry  and  Geofl'rey  now 
became  engaged  in  a  feudal  strife  with  their  brother,  Prince  Richard. 
The  king,  with  his  usual  anxiety  for  the  welfare  of  these  most  turbulent 
and  undutiful  princes,  interfered  to  restore  peace  among  tiiem,  but  hiid 
prarcely  succeeded  in  doing  so  when  he  once  more  found  Prince  Henry 
arrayed  against  him. 

A.  D.  1183.— To  what  end  the  shameful  conspiracies  of  this  incorrigible 
and  ungrateful  prince  would  at  length  have  arrived  it  is  difficult  to  judge, 
though  we  may  but  too  reasonably  presume  that  his  real  aim  was  tlio 
actual  deposition  of  his  father.  But  fhe  career  of  the  prince  now  drew  to 
an  end.  He  had  retired  to  the  castle  of  Martel,  near  Turenne,  to  mature 
his  schemes,  and  was  there  seized  vvith  a  fever.  Finding  himself  in 
danger,  he  seat  to  entreat  that  his  father  would  visit  him  and  personally 
iissure  him  of  forgiveness.  But  the  king,  though  not  less  aff"ectionate 
tliim  of  yore,  had  received  so  many  proofs  of  his  son's  perHiy,  that  he 
fesircd  to  trust  himself  in  his  hands.  The  prince  died  on  tim  Htn  of  Juur; 
and  the  king,  who  fainted  on  hearing  the  news,  bitterly,  but  surely  most 
unjustly,  reproached  himself  with  hardheartedncss  in  having  refused  i.t 
visit  him. 

Prince  Henry,  who  died  in  the  twenty-eighth  year  of  his  ago,  tliou|{n 
married,  left  no  children.  The  Prince  Richard,  therefore,  now  lilled  liip 
important  situation  of  heir  to  the  Knglish  throne ;  and  the  king  prunoscd 
that,  in  this  altered  state  of  things.  Prince  John,  who  was  his  fa- 
vourite son,  should  inherit  (Juienne.  But  Richard,  unmindful  of  the  griof 
which  his  father  was  already  (Muluring,  not  merely  refused  to  consent  to 
this  arrangement,  but  proceedod  to  put  ilnit  duchy  into  a  condition  to 
make  war  a^fninsthis  brother  (JeofTrey,  who  was  in  possession  of  Brittany, 
and  to  resist,  if  needful,  the  king  himself.  Well  knownig  how  much  nioro 
influence  KIcanor  had  over  their  sons  than  he  had,  the  king  sent  for  her, 
and  «s  she  was  the  actual  heiress  of  (iuienne,  Richard,  so  inulutiful  to- 
wards his  father,  at  once  delivered  the  duchy  up  to  her. 

A.  n.  1185. — Sfarcely  had  Richard  become  reconciled  to  liis  father, 
when  Oeoirrey,  being  refuged  Anju-j,  of  which  he  had  demanded  the  an- 
nexation to  his  duchy  of  Brittany,  levied  troops  and  declared  war  againil 
his  father;  but  before  this  unnatiral  pri.ice  could  do  aiiy  considerable 
portion  of  the  mischief  which  hi'  ol^vioiisly  intended,  he  wan  slain  ncci. 
dentally  by  one  of  hit  opponent^*  at  a  touriunncnt.     His  pusthnmuut  sou 


HISTOKif  OP  THE  WORLD.     -  231 

who  was  christened  Arthur,  was  invested  with  the  duchy  of  Brittanv  bv 
Kinsf  Henry,  who  also  constituted  himself  ffuardian  nf  »h«  u .  .hr  .1    "^  ^ 
T^^  attention  of  both  Henry  and  Ms  rSvT  pt  p  i  'prCe  wa^^^^^^^ 
called  from  their  personal  diffeiences  to  a  new  crusadk  win"  h  RomeTaS 
now  anxious  that  the  European  sovereigns  should  engagT in     SaSdin  ^ 
gallant  and  generous-spirited  prince,  but  no  less  a  determined  opnonen?  of 
the  cross,  having  seated  himself  on  the  throne  of  Egypt/boldlJBer^ook 
ihe  task  of  expelhng  the  Christians  from  the  Holy  Land     HisVbiect  was 
greatly  favoured  bv  the  folly  of  the  Christian  leaders    who  inSd  of 
uniting  to  oppose  the  Infidels,  were  perpetually  at  Stv  amon!-  rhlm 
selves     To  this  general  folly  trea8on\vas  afi  and  t Jl  c^ouiTof^lS" 
who  had  the  command  of  the  Christian  forces  on  the  fronS  perfidioSslv 
allowed  Saladm  to  advance,  and  deserted  to  him  at  Sriad  whe  e  thJ 
soldan  was  completely  victorious,  the  long  tottering  kinS' ?%?»«« 
lem  being  comp  ete^y  overturned,  and  theLly  city  itsXaSured     ThJ 

p'ilt'^d^'i.f  the"  HoirLtVn'fr'  '  "''  "'""'»"'» theXSnsrad 
possBBsea  in  ine  Moly  Land  nothing  now  remained  tn  fhom  hi.f  «  i-„.. 

petty  towns  upon  the  coast.    So  80o?i  and  so  ea  ily  was  that  territorv 

ost  which  It  had  cost  the  warrior-hosts  of  Chriatendorso  much  b  00/ 

treasure  and  t.me  to  conquer  from  the  infidels  of  an  earHer  geTieratiS    ^' 

A.  D.  1188.— Ihe  intelligence  of  this  triumph  of  the  crescent  nrod  .cerl  « 

general  and  profound  grief  in  Europe.    Pope  Urban  III  ac'ujy  s  Sed 

and  died  from  sorrow  at  the  calamity,  and  his  successor,  Greiorv  VIH 

bestowed  nearly  all  his  attention  during  his  short  reign  upon  the  neces 

sary  ^preparations  for  attempting,  at  tL  least,  the  rlcoI!q"uest  of  Z 

Henry  of  England  and  Philip  of  France,  as  by  far  the  most  nnw«rfn 
monarchs  m  Europe,  wv.re  naturally  appea  ed  to  by  Rome  an  1  wml™ 
archbishop  of  Tyro,  caused  them  to  haSe  a  n^eting^u  S^s"'^  ^  '  £ 
cnption  of  the  sufferings  of  the  Christians  in  the  East,  and  L  eliJueni 
appeal  to  the  love  of  military  glory,  which  after  siinnrs  itimV  l^if 
most  powerful  passion  of  botf  Liihs  Lnd  private  En  tmta«e  so 
wrought  upon  both  princes,  that  they  at  once  assumed  tl  0  cross  and  rom 
menced  tlie  necessary  nreparations.  "'"" 

MA.t  ^]^^-~A^  ^^^  ^^f'^y^  notwithstanding  the  zeal  of  the  papal  court 
did  not  show  their  usual  alacrity  in  aiding  the  new  enterprise  eitiierwilh 
money  or  e  oquence   some  delay  and  difficulty  wore  exp^r  oSced  b^  b^  h 
k  ngs  m  obtaining  the  necessary  supphes,  and  in  the  mJanth  e  new  quir 
rnls  sprang  up  between  them.     Philip,  always  jealous  of  II"  nrv's  «^  ne 
rionty.  found  that  king's  son,  Prince  Richard  fuMv -is  ;.rn!l.S  ... T 
nrono  to  .iisloyal  and  u^.Iutifui  conduct  ai  I  si.SedhSroi,rvhJ^^ 

Zl'li'i'Tln  w^'.f'^  ""  r*l?'""''y  '?  P«""»ding  him  that  ho  warnoroT^uor 
ested  in  the  welfare  of  Frnnce  than  in  that  of  the  kiiiKdom  over  w  i,  lu, 
was  one  day  to  rule  In  a  few  words,  Hinhard  Ts^.Z  Snb  1  a  d 
hot-headed  dupe,  and  Philip  the  resolved  and  wily  dec  "iver  Ph  I  n  dn 
».rous  <.f  a  cause  for  .juarrol  with  Henry,  and  yet  u  mi  hfi  to  1'  he 
rtmgraco  which  could  not  but  attach  to  one  crnaader  wIsUi.w  thorn 
strong  provocation  make  war  up(.n  another  while  Idlest  ne  yet  ^S 
.eneath   hoyokoof  the  proud  aiid  bigoted  pagaiVporsr/hHrRiS 

As  I  hi  ip  had  foreseen,  Raymon.l,  count  of  Toulouse,  anpoalcd  to  I  im  fm 
Rupport  as  super  or  lord  ;  and  with  as  much  gravitJ  i   ,  lg|  h.    ,     '  h^, 
rtrst  heard  of  Richard's  achiovoinent,  PhiliJ  cmplunie.!  to  tie  k  „i  n 
!^g  „„d  of  h.s  son's  infringement  npoi.  the  rights  and  propr   v     'a  JIJ, 

It  Tr\?^  '*'■'?"'•"■  "'"  "'"'•"'•'J'  if  >vicke,l  or  tlu,  JKs  enSh 
to  „  ,  nrtuko  the  evil  mensuros  against  his  own  sovereign  an  riMiowal 
not  prii.lent  en.  Mgh  to  keep  his  own  counsel;  and  if.Mirv  wiV  al  I.  ?o 
reply  to  the  hypocriUca!  cympifli,.*  af  Phjjip.  .i^y,  ""  '  '"  IVy.  ^"".  >*'''«  to 


tj_i. 

i  is: 


•  tit^iiaiu  MOU  iHMt* 


■Lmni>-. 


98t 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


fessed  to  the  archbishop  of  Dublin  that  it  was  at  the  extiress  desire  anj 
personal  suggestion  of  Philip  himself  that  he  had  made  his  uiprovoked 
attack  upon  the  county  of  Toulouse.    Far  from  being  either  asnamed  or 
dismayed  by  this  discovery  of  his  treacherous  designs,  Philip,  on  receiv- 
ing Henry's  reply,  immediately  invaded  Berri  and  Auvergne,  and  did  so 
under  the  pretence  of  retaliating  the  injury  to  the  count  of  Toulouse,  which 
It  was  so  well  known  that  he  had  himself  caused  to  be  done.    Henry 
now  thoroughly  provoked  as  Philip  himself  could  have  desired  him  to  be! 
crossed   the  French   frontier,  and,  besides  doing  much  other  damaae 
burned  the  town  and  fortress  of  Dreux.    After  much  mutual  injury  and  a 
futile  attempt  at  treaty,  the  two  kings  were  at  length  induced  once  more 
but  in  vain,  to  attempt  to  come  to  terms ;  chiefly,  however,  as  far  as 
Philip  was  concerned,  by  the  refusal  of  some  of  his  most  powerful  vassals 
to  serve  any  longer  against  Henry,  whom,  as  well  as  their  own  sovereign 
they  desired  to  see   combating  for  the  redemption  of  Palestine.      On 
Henry's  side  the  feeling  was  as  much  more  sincere  as  it  was  less  com- 
pulsory ;  but  the  terms  proposed  by  Philip  were  so  insidiously  calculated 
to  work  future  evil  to  England,  that  Henry  had  no  choice  but  to  refuse 
them.    For,  well  aware  as  he  was  of  the  mischief  which  had  accrued  to 
Henry  in  consequence  of  his  having  consented  to  the  coronation  of  his 
former  heir,  he  demanded  that  the  same  honour  should  now  be  bestowed 
upon  Richard,  and  with  this  aggravation,  that  whereas  Richard  in  the  very 
act  which  had  produced  this  war  had  shown  how  ready  he  was  to  do 
aught  that  would  injure  and  annoy  his  father,  Philip  demanded  hii,  being 
|)Uv  ujto  immediate  possession  of  all  the  French  possessions  of  his  father, 
and  that  his  nuptials  should  forthwith  be  celebrated  with  Alice,  Philip's 
sister.     In  full  expectation,  as  it  sliould  seem,  that  Henry's  good  sense 
would  dictate  this  refusal,  Philip  had  caused  Richard  to  agree  that  on  re- 
ceiving  such  a  refusal  he  would  immediately  disclaim  further  uUegianre, 
and  do  lioniage  to  Philip  for  all  the  Anglo-French  possessions,  as  thoiieh 
he  had  already  and  lawfully  been  invested  with  them. 

The  war  accordingly  recommenced  as  furiously  as  ever  between  the 
two  kings ;  and  Cardinal  Aibano,  the  Pope's  legate,  despairing  of  ever 
seeing  the  two  powerful  monarchs  arrayed  side  by  side  against  the  In- 
fidels while  these  quarrels  existed  between  them,  and  looking  upon  tlie 
unnatural  conduct  of  Richard  as  a  ciiief  cause  of  them,  pronounced  sen- 
tence of  excommunication  against  him.  The  sentence  foil  innocuously 
on  his  head,  owing  lo  the  lukewarmness  of  the  clergy,  and  Richard  hav- 
ing formally  received  from  Philip  the  investiture  of  Guier.ne,  Normandy, 
and  Anjou,  the  nobles  of  those  provinces  sided  with  him  in  spite  of  the 
declared  will  of  Rome,  and  overran  the  territories  of  all  who  still  main- 
tained the  cause  of  the  king  of  England. 

At  Henry's  reauesi.  Cardinal  Adagni,  who  had  succeeded  Aibano  at 
legate,  threatened  Philip  with  an  interdict  upon  his  dominions ;  but  Pliilip 
Bcornfnlly  replied,  that  it  was  no  part  of  the  papal  duty  to  interfere  in 
the  temporal  quarrels  of  princes ;  and  Richard,  who  was  present  at  tlie 
interview,  wont  so  far  as  to  draw  his  sword  upon  the  cardinal,  and  was 
not  without  difficulty  withheld  from  proceeding  to  still  more  outrageous 
ind  criminal  lengths. 

Mans,  Ainboise,  Chateau  de  Loire,  and  several  other  places  were  sue 
cessivoiy  taken  by  I'liilip  and  Richard,  or  treacherously  delivered  to  them 
by  their  governors.  In  this  state  of  the  war,  when  everything  sreincd 
(o  threaten  Henry  with  ruin,  the  archbishop  of  Rheims,  the  duke  ol 
Hurgundy,  and  the  earl  of  Flanders  stepped  forwanl  as  mediators.  In- 
lolligcnce  at  the  same  time  reached  Henry  that  Tours,  long  menaced, 
was  at  length  taken;  and,  hard  as  were  tho  terms  profwsed,  he 
■aw  nothing  left  for  him  but  to  agree  to  them.  And  hard  those  terms 
.ndeed  wore  to  a  prince  who  hitherto  had  been  ao  much  accustomed  to 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  233. 

enamoured  of  that  prmceBs-md  Sd^TJffll  "'^*  "^  7^^  .'*™««'f 
only  for  the  Anglo-French  dLintns  t^S^S'SKS'i  ^^  f^' Zl 
the  king  of  France  should  receive  twenty  thousand  mfibLtoHfr  '  k** 
expenses  in  this  war;  that  the  baron7o  PnaSl^  i^  k  ^°  '^^^'^^  ^^^ 
I.Ten.7'«  due  performance  o  his  rmrJin  hi!  t?ia^v  and  lhn.!if '"^"'^^  '^"^ 
to  join  their  forces  with  those  of  Ilidld  th^kfn,?  n?^'*^  ""^^^ 
event  of  his  breaking  liia  en™  men  t  and  that  «l?„n^^  ^^  frmce  m  the 
who  had  sided  with  L  sonSid  b"e'hdd  ha^mfei,'"'  '""''^  '^"  ^^««^^« 

H.  .ickened  on  Ihs  in...„T.nd  K°„°  ru^Tn  his   S^alli  ttXt 
chadren  a  solemn  cn„e,  »hi„h  no  entreaHa  of  ,hoTi«.d.  who  w^S 

il  ihT  '"^Jf^"^  ^  '.V  '"  ^'"-  "'hen  he  fain  would  rave  Sen  aToeice  hi 

att  oZdraSc?:,,!;"' .^ 

with  actual  murder,  were  overy-.lay  occurrentil  ^  Hn  «larv  Tas^  thi^ 

"  "r  ^""t"!^  "*  *^'f  '^"'•'^'"""'  «'">  ''^^"'•ity  o     he  ,  fghl-hou       bu^ 

1 ''"  r!?'"!'"?  ^'''"^r"'  ""'"«^  »'""••  «''»P»  ^^re  situ  "ted  n  the  Inos 

tarkPd  L  7k n,  ^T  M  "  '"''.'=""  ""^  •'""«'"  «"''  '='•■?"  wealth  was  at- 

iwon  i,  Ln?.  ;  *     ?"'■''  '"  "  »"f"»i«"tial  stone  wall.    Just  as. 

Ts  8«,v  mt.    '  "'"y.^f*  '""•^V'f  8""^'  "'«'••  enlranco,  the  citisten  led  on 

ll  b,   r.l  H  r*"""  "•«™'  «»<»  «»  "'""tly  defended  his  premises  that  hi. 


234 


HI8T0RZ  OF  THE  WORLD. 


ins  rijlit  hand  cut  off.  This  mini  was  subsequently  taken  prisjnor,  nr.ii 
as  the  loss  he  hud  sustained  rendered  all  denial  of  liis  identity  perfccllv 
idle,  he  agreed,  in  order  to  save  his  own  life,  to  give  full  information  ol 
uU  who  were  concerned  with  him.  Among  the  Bccom|)lices  thus  iianiDd 
was  a  very  wealthy  citizen,  who  up  to  that  time  had  been  looked  upon  m 
a  person  of  the  greatest  probity.  Denying  the  charge,  he  was  tried  bv 
the  ordeal  and  convicted.  He  then  offered  the  large  sum  of  five  hundred 
marks  in  commutation  of  his  offence;  but  the  king,  rightly  judging  that 
the  rank  and  wealth  of  the  offender  only  made  the  offence  the  more 
shameful  and  unpardonable,  sternly  refused  the  money  and  ordered  th(< 
citizen  felon  to  be  hanged. 

Unlike  the  other  Norman  princes,  Menry  II.  was  not  so  attached  to 
his  game  as  to  hold  the  lives  of  his  subjects  in  utter  contempt  on  its  ac- 
count. He  greatly  moderated  the  forest  laws,  whicli  under  his  predeces. 
Bors  had  been  so  fruitful  a  source  of  misery  to  the  people,  and  puni.siied 
infrnigemonts  upon  them,  not  by  death  or  mutilation,  but  by  fine  or  im- 
pnsonment. 

Thoutfh  generally  of  a  grave  and  dignified  habit,  this  king  was  not  des. 
lUute  of  a  certain  dry  humour.  Thus  Giraldus  Cambrensis  relates  that 
the  prior  and  monks  ol  the  monastery  of  St.  Swithin  made  grievous  com- 
plaint  to  Henry  of  the  rigour  with  which,  as  they  alledged,  thoy  had 
bo_Pii  treated  b^  the  bishop  of  Winchester  in  the  ordering  of  their  diet 
"  Wo  have  but  ten  dishes  allowed  us  now !"  they  exclaimed.  "  Hut  ten '" 
■aid  the  king,  "  I  have  but  three !  'Tis  the  fitter  number,  rely  upon  ii 
and  I  desire  ihut  you  be  confined  to  it  henceforth." 

Henry  was  survived  by  two  legilimato  sons,  Richard  and  Jolin,  and 
three  legitimate  daughl«!rs,  Maud,  Eleanor,  and  Joan.  He  also  left  two 
illegitimate  sons,  Uichiird,  surnamed  Longsword,  and  (Jeoffrey,  who  be 
came  archbishop  of  Y(»rk.  Tlicse  sons  were  born  to  him  by  UosHinond 
daughter  of  Lord  Clifford.  Of  all  that  romance,  whether  in  its  own 
guise  or  in  that  of  history,  has  said  of  this  lady,  nothing  seems  to  be  true 
save  that  she  was  both  fair  and  frail.  Her  bower  at  Woodstock,  and  the 
pleasant  choice  offered  to  her  by  the  Jealous  Queen  Eleanor,  between  the 
nagger  and  the  poisoned  chalice,  are  mere  inventions. 


I 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

THE   REION    or    RICHARD   I. 

k.  D.  1189.— Thb  partiality  with  which,  even  down  to  the  present  time 
the  character  of  Richard  I.  has  been  looked  upon,  is  a  striking  proof  how 
far  men  can  go  in  dispensing  with  other  good  qualities,  in  favour  of  iiiiii 
who  is  abundantly  endowed  with  the  mere  animal  quality  of  courage. 
The  shameful  ingratitude,  amounting  to  actual  barbarity,  with  wliich  this 
prince  treated  his  only  too-indulgeiit  father,  and  even  the  hot-headed  self- 
ishness with  which  he  preferred  warring  abroad  to  bcnelicially  and  usefully 
ruling  at  home,  and  made  his  realm  a  mere  dejiAt  for  the  men  and  inuiu- 
lions  requisite  to  the  prosecution  of  iiis  sirhemes  of  military  ambition,  arc 
overlooked  in  consideration  of  his  reckless  daring  and  great  exploits  in 
the  battle-field.  Until  men  are  much  better  taught  than  they  iiave  e.wi 
yet  been  as  to  the  real  value  of  courage  and  the  precise  limits  within  wliich 
Its  exercise  is  deserving  of  the  homage  now  so  indiscriminately  paid  to  it, 
grave  and  thoughtful  writers  will,  we  fear,  labour  but  vainly  towards 
causing  the  loality  of  Richard's  charaijter  to  Income  visible  tlmnigh  llie 
false  but  gorgeous  halo  with  which  the  error  of  long  centuries  hassur. 
rounded  it.  With  this  brief  caution  against  too  implicit  a  faith  in  the  c» 
existence  of  virtue  and  courage,  we  proceed  to  the  roii^n  of  the  most  war- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD  28b 

.hem  witli  marked  disfavour,  and  contrariwise  retainfl,!  i^.  .Lin  ?  *^° 
ments  those  ministors  who  lad  been  lie  Sf,,l  S  1  "'^'r  employ- 
his  father.  He  released  his  mother! QSeenEleaiorfro»?t&?.n^  "f 
in  which  she  remained  at  the  death  of  Ilnnrv<mri» 
of  England  to  her  till  1.  X.ufd  tfv"  ^g'o  e  .Tt T 'S^^^^^  'Ifh'iJ 
brother  John,  too,  ho  showed  the  bt-ffim.iiin- »«■  7h„.  V  person,  lo  his 
tinue<l  to  him  throughouMiis  reiuif  i  of  L  f^roi"- which  he  con- 
flagrantly  proved  his  unworthinesi  Th  ,  .vn  m  K°^"  «°»l'""«l'y  ""d 
m/rked  l%n  event  whiclIsCd  tlietttll^l?  tf'tte  aT ?o^rfr 

and  of  course  a  prosperous  and  we  luTyliyo   ^^«^^^,J1^'''^"«''^ 

the  charge  of  caricaturing  in  hi? Trr  biy  gS  ic  Eac  f  ^^'sirvlo^^^^ 
The  necessities  that  ever  wait  minn  nnti.rir.  ,..    i    .  "'"^'**''^'^  "',  »liylock. 

born  ami  the  powerfSr  rLrsSnali^aeoS  "tV  '''"'"«''■ 

should  on  no  Account  mike  2  J  a     ea  i ice    7.  n"  '="'T"I'""  "'''y 


1^'.,»' 


236 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


rather  to  perish  in  the  tortures  of  the  flames  than  in  those  which  tht) 
knew  would  be  adjudged  to  them  by  their  enraged  and  bigoted  enemies 
As  though  this  horrible  tragedy  had  not  sufficiently  disgraced  the  nation 
the  gentry  of  York,  most  of  whom  were  deeply  indebted  to  the  unhappj 
Jews,  added  a  characteristic  trait  of  sordid  dishonesty  to  the  general  horror, 
by  making  before  the  altar  of  the  cathedral  a  solemn  burnt  sacrifice  of  the 
bonds  in  which  they  were  confessed  debtors.  The  detestation  with  which 
we  are  inspired  by  this  whole  affair  almost  makes  us  add  without  regret 
or  pity,  that  long  after  the  Jews  were  all  either  massacred  or  escaped,  the 
plundering  of  the  rabble  went  on  with  equal  zeal  in  the  houses  of  men 
who  were  not  Jews,  and  who  indignantly  impressed  that  fact  upon  the 
minds  of  the  plunderers.  Though  the  known  hatred  which  the  king  bore 
to  the  Jews  was  doubtless  influential  in  encouraging  the  rabble  to  excess 
on  this  occasion,  it  is  certain  that  he  gave  no  direct  orders  or  encour* 
agement  to  them.  On  the  contrary,  as  soon  as  actual  force  had  restored 
comparative  order  in  the  country,  Richard  commissioned  his  chief  justi- 
ciary, the  celebrated  Glanville,  to  make  the  necessary  inquiries  and  tc 
punish  as  many  as  could  be  discovered  of  the  original  instigators  of  these 
detestable  enormities.  But  even  partial  inquiry  showed  that  the  rabble 
were,  with  all  their  violence  and  grossness,  by  no  means  the  most  blame- 
worthy party  upon  this  occasion,  and  so  many  powerful  and  wealthy  men 
were  found  to  be  deeply  implicated,  that,  after  the  punishment  of  a  very 
few  persons,  to  vindicate  the  laws  from  the  reproach  of  complete  ineffi- 
ciency, the  inquiry  was  wholly  laid  aside. 

Scarcely  had  Richard  finished  the  ceremony  of  his  coronation  ere  he 
commenced  his  preparations  for  an  expedition  to  Palestine.  The  distance 
of  that  country  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  rely  upon  England  to  furnish 
him  from  time  to  time  with  the  requisite  supplies;  his  first  care,  therefore, 
was  to  provide  himself  with  such  an  amount  of  money  as  would  place 
him  above  any  danger  from  want  of  means  to  provision  his  followers. 
His  father  had  left  him  above  a  hundred  thousand  marks— a  very  large 
sum  in  that  age — and,  to  add  to  that  important  treasure,  the  kin?  'esorted 
to  the  sale  not  only  of  the  manors  and  revenues  of  the  crown,  but  even  Oi 
many  offices,  the  nature  of  which  rendered  it  especially  important  that 
they  should  be  held  by  pure  hands.  The  office  of  sheriff,  which  con- 
cerned bitth  the  administration  of  justice  and  the  crown  revenue,  was  thus 
•old,  as  was  the  scarce  less  important  office  of  forester;  and  at  length,  as 
if  to  show  that  all  considerations  were  trivial,  in  his  judgment,  when 
compared  to  that  of  forwarding  his  favourite  scheme,  Richard  openly  and 
shamefully  sold  the  high  office  of  chief  justiciary— that  office  upon  which 
the  liberties  and  properties  of  the  whole  nation  were  to  a  very  considerable 
extent  dependant,  to  Hugh  de  Puzas,  bishop  of  Durham,  for  a  thousand 
marks,  this  prelate  being  also,  "  for  a  consideration,  invested  for  his  own 
life  with  the  earldom  of  Northumberland."  Completely  reckless  how  he 
obtained  money,  and  really  seeming  to  have  no  single  thought  to  bestow 
upon  his  country,  except  as  a  source  of  money,  he  next  sold  back  to  the 
kmg  Sf  Scotland  the  Scottish  fortresses  which  his  wiser  father  had  so 
carefully  guarded,  and  released  William  from  all  sign  of  vassalage  beyond 
the  ordinary  homaffe  for  lands  held  by  him  in  England,  the  price  of  all 
this  advantage  on  the  one  side  and  disgraceful  sacrifice  on  the  other  being 
ten  thousand  marks. 

Besides  selling  in  this  reckless  way  much  in  which  he  justly  and  le- 

I  rally  held  only  a  tfiere  life-interest,  he  wearied  all  ranks  of  his  subjects 
or  loans  or  gifts ;  the  distinction  in  words  being,  it  will  easily  be  believed, 
the  only  distinction  between  the  two  ways  of  parting  with  their  money  1 
Th<>  utmost  having  been  done  to  raise  money  in  these  discreditable  wsyoi 
Richard  next  applied  himself  to  selling  pennission  to  n  main  at  home  to 
Uiose  who,  after  having  taken  the  cross  had,  from  whatever  cause,  bfr 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


237 


jome  lets  enamoured  of  the  task  of  combating  the  Infidels  To  dwell  no 
longev  aon  this  disgraceful  passage  in  our  history,  Richard,  in  bis  anxiety 
to  raise  money  to  aid  hira  m  bis  merely  selfish  pursuit  of  fame,  showed 
himself  so  reckless  a  salesman  that  his  ministers  ventured  to  remonstrate 
OTthhim,  and  he,  shamelessly  exulting  in  his  own  want  of  principle  and 

^™  M^K  u'  TflP  !f '^'  ^^^K^^  '''^^^^^  e^^'^y  ««"  his  good  citv  of  London, 
could  he  but  find  a  purchaser.  '  ' 

Wlrle  Richard  was  thus  making  such  great  sacrifices. nominally  for  the 
sake  of  the  Christian  cause  m  Palestine,  but  really  for  the  sake  of  his 
own  .fierce  vanity,  of  that  peculiar  quality  to, which  men  have  slavishly 
agreed  to  give  tne  more  sounding  name  of  love  of  glory,  his  life  and  con- 
versation were  by  ^o  means  of  the  most  Christian  pattern,  and  gave  great 
offence  to  those  crusaders  whose  piety  was  sincere  and  practical,  though 
occasionally  carried  to  the  extreme  of  bigotry  in  feeling  and  of  grimace 
in  manifestation.  Fulke  of  NeuiUy,  a  zealous  and  eloquent  preacher  of 
the  crusade,  preaching  before  Richard,  boldly  assured  him  that  he  had 
three  favour!  e  most  dangerous  daughters  of  whom  it  behoved  him  speedily 
to  od  himself,  namely,  pride,  avarice,  and  voluptuousness.  "You  are 
quite  right,"  replied  Richard,  "  and  I  hereby  give  the  first  of  them  to  the 
Templars,  the  second  to  the  Benedictines,  and  the  third  to  my  prelates." 

Previous  to  departing  for  the  east,  Richard  committed  the  administra- 
tion  of  the  government  in  England  to  Hugh,  bishop  of  Durham,  and  Long- 
champ,  bishop  of  Ely ;  but  though  he  at  first  swore  both  his  brother  Prince 
John  and  his  natural  brother  GeoflTrey,  archbishop  of  York,  not  even  to 
enter  the  kingdom  during  his  absence,  he  subsequently  withdrew  thai 
politic  prohibition.  Longchamp,  the  bishop  of  Ely,  though  of  mean  birth, 
was  a  man  of  considerable  talent  and  energy;  and  the  better  to  enable 
him  to  govern  with  effect,  Richard,  who  had  already  made  him  chancelloi 
of  the  kingdom,  also  procured  him  to  be  invested  with  the  authority  of 
papal  legate.  ^ 

While  Richard  and  Philip  had  been  engaged  in  preparing  for  the.r 
eastern  expedition,  the  Emperor  Frederic  had  already  led  from  Germany 
and  the  neighbouring  countries  of  the  north,  an  army  of  160,000  men,  and 
though  the  force  of  the  Infidels  ahd  the  intrigues  of  the  court  of  the  east- 
em  eaipire-which  feared  the  western  Christians  nearly  as  much  as  it 
did  the  Infidels  themselves-caused  him  both  great  delay  and  a  consider- 
abe  loss  of  men,  he  had  already  reached  the  frontiers  of  Syria,  when, 
bathing  in  the  Cydnus,  he  was  caused  so  violent  an  illness  by  the  exces- 
sive coldness  of  the  water,  that  he  very  shortly  afterwards  died.  His  son 
tonrad  assumed  the.  command  of  the  army,  which,  however,  reached 
Palestine  reduced  to  about  eight  thousand  men,  and  even  of  these  many 
were  in  a  slate  of  pitiable  weakness  from  the  diseases  incident  to  the  di- 
raate  and  season  under  which  so  many  of  their  comrades  had  perished. 

Pnuip  and  Henry  perceiving  how  much  mischief  accrued  from  the 
cutting  off  of  such  immense  bodies  of  men  from  all  chance  of  succoui 
from  hurope,  resolved  to  equip  fleets,  not  only  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
over  tncir  armies  and  such  stores  of  provisions  as  would  inevitably  be  re- 
qiiisi  e,  but  also  to  form,  as  it  were,  a  line  of  communication  witii  Europe 
whether  for  supply  or  retreat.  ^ 

A.D.  1190  —And,  indeed,  when  the  forces  of  Richard  and  Philip  met  on 
the  plains  of  yezelav,  on  the  frontiers  of  Burgundy,  men  the  least  aan- 
K?  '"[•■"»'".'»?  to  ""man  prowess  might  have  been  i)ardoned  for  deem- 
ingiiat  that  mighty  host  must  be  invim-ible  by  any  power  that  the  Infidels- 
coi  d  muster  against  it.  After  all  the  necessary  and  cautious  weeding  by 
wmt  I  the  minor  leaders  had  taken  care,  as  far  as  possible,  to  have  none 
w(.iied  among  their  troops  save  those  who  were  strong  of  body  and 
masters  of  their  weapons,  this  force  amounted  to  more  thuti  a  hundred 
"»=«*  -csi  artnca,  aDunaanuy  proviaea  lor,  uiid  uiiinaicd  to  tne 


—nil  III— III 

nnpifrisflai 

^^^■BiBfc      JIHilN 

HmHwHIE^   ^^i 

^ffiinffll^ 

BraralHMK^v    ^^H 

BJJHK'^ '^^SMSrolBfeK 

Si  ffi^BS^  f     ^^1 

288 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


highest  possible  pitch  of  zeal  by  the  double  feeling  of  religious  ardour  and 
military  ambition.  Richard  and  Philip  pledged  both  themselves  and  the 
other  leaders  of  this  mighty  host  to  mutual  faith  and  friendship  in  the 
field ;  and  the  two  monarchs  engaged  thmr  barons  and  prelates  who  re- 
mamed  at  home,  on  oath,  to  refrain  from  any  infringement  of  the  respec- 
tive kingdoms,  and  called  down  interdict  and  excommunication  upon  who- 
soever should  break  this  solemn  engagement.  This  done,  Philip  marched 
towards  Genoa,  and  Richard  towards  Marseilles,  where,  respectively,  they 
had  rendezvoused  their  fleets.  Though  they  sailed  from  different  ports, 
they  wei:e  both,  and  nearly  at  the  same  time,  tempest-driven  into  the 
harbour  of  Messina,  in  which  port  they  were  detained  during  the  whole 
remainder  of  the  year. 

The  adage  which  represents  a  long  confinement  on  board  ship  as  a  pe 
culiar  test  of  temper^and  touchstone  of  friendship,  applies  equally  to  all 
cases  of  very  close  companionship.  Brought  thus  long  into  daily  con- 
tact,  these  young  princes,  who  were  so  well  fitted  to  have  been  friends 
under  almost  any  other  circumstances,  were  the  more  certain  to  disagree, 
from  their  mutual  possession,  in  a  very  high  degree,  of  a  haughty  deter- 
mination, ambition,  courage,  and  obstinacy ;  and  as  Philip  was  as  cool 
and  reserved  as  Richard  was  passionate  to  the  verge  of  frenzy,  and  can- 
did to  the  verge  of  absolute  folly,  their  disagreements  were  pretty  sure  to 
tend  chiefly  to  the  advantage  of  Philip. 

While  residing  at  Messina,  and  settling  some  difference  which  both 
kings,  in  some  sort,  had  with  Tancred,  the  reigning  usurper  of  Sicily, 
Richard,  extremely  jealous  of  the  intentions  of  both  prince  and  people, 
established  himself  in  a  fort  which  commanded  the  harbour.  A  quarrel 
was  the  consequence,  and  Richard's  troops  having  chastised  the  Mossinese 
for  an  attack  which  he  rather  guessed  than  had  any  proof  that  they  medi- 
tated, Richard  had  the  English  flag  displayed  in  triumph  on  the  walls  ot 
the  city.  Philip,  who  had  previously  done  all  that  he  could  to  accommo- 
date matters,  justly  enough  considered  this  display  as  being  insulting  to 
him,  and  gave  orders  to  some  of  his  people  to  pull  the  standard  down. 
Richard,  on  the  other  hand,  chose  to  treat  this  order  as  a  personal  insult 
to  him,  and  immediately  sent  word  to  PITilip  that  he  had  no  objection  to 
lemovin^  the  standard  himself,  but  that  no  one  else  should  toucli  it,  save 
at  mortal  risk.  Philip,  who  was  too  anxious  for  the  aid  of  Richard  when 
they  should  arrive  in  the  Holy  Land  to  be  willing  to  drive  him  to  extrem- 
ities, accepted  the  proposal  with  some  cordiality  ;  but  the  quarrel,  petty  as 
it  was,  left  the  seeds  of  dislike  in  the  hearts  of  both  princes. 

A.  D.  1191. — Tancred,  the  Sicilian  usurper,  deeming  tiiat  his  own  safety 
would  be  promoted  by  whatever  sowed  discord  between  these  two  power- 
ful princes,  was  guilty  of  a  deception  which  in  their  mutual  temper  of 
suspicion  might  have  led  even  to  fatal  consequences.  He  showed  to 
Richard  a  letter  which  he  stated  he  had  received  from  the  hands  of  the 
duke  of  Burgundy.  This  letter,  which  purported  to  be  written  by  Philip, 
required  Tancred  to  cause  his  troops  suddenly  to  fall  upon  the  English 
troops,  and  promised  that  the  French  should  aid  him  in  the  destruction  of 
the  common  enemy.  Richard,  with  his  usual  fiery  and  unreflecting  tem- 
per, believed  this  clumsy  fiction  without  examination,  and  being  wholly 
unable  to  dissemble  his  feelings,  he  at  once  told  Philip  what  ha  was 
(sharged  withal.  Philip  flatly  denied  the  charge,  branded  the  SicMian 
usurper  with  his  falsehood,  and  challenged  him  to  support  the  atrocious 
charge  he  had  made  ;  and  as  Tancred  was,  of  course,  wholly  unable  to  do 
«o,  Richard  professed  to  be  completely  satisfied.  As  this  attempt  of  Tan 
cred  and  its  near  approach  to  success  had  warned  each  Philip  and  Richard 
of  the  danger  to  which  their  friendship,  so  important  to  both  their  king- 
doms and  to  the  great  cause  in  which  they  wer-*  each  engaged,  was  per- 
petually liable  from  the  arts  of  the  enemies  of  eitht:'.  they  agreed  to  have  a 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


$    239 


very  much  concerned  in  the  matter  ""'^  ^°"°"'"  °'"P^'"P  «^a« 

RiclrrrhadTor/nlJ?  Ixtl^ttt^f"^  opposition  to  his  father, 
permission  to  espouse  Alfcrd^thtpr  "}'"?«' .Possible  anxiety  fo/ 
France,  and  the  sister  of  thS  PhUin  wh«  ^°""'  ^^if  '^'«  l'*"?  of 
crusader.  Alice,  who  long  reside fi  eZZT  """^  '^l^^'^'^  ^^"o^v. 
perhaps  only  scandalously  rrnoSTn  hi"  k^^  was  confidentlv,  though 
'mour'  with  Richard's  oS  father  and  rH^T  ^TF"^  '"  a'^criminal 
ent  report  on  that  head,  was  fa? Indeed  fmm  h  '•  '^*'"  .^"'ring  the  cur- 
i8  a  sure  means  of  anuoyrng  his  ^1^^^^^ 

mauding.    Now  that  he  wJs  kino-  iJ  i^?  '  ¥  ^^.^  "^"«  perpetually  de- 
tionofLrryingAuLTbrhaJ  !n  fact    mS^^'*  ""^  ^r^'  «»y  '"'««- 
Berengaria.  "daughter  of  the  king  o?  Na™Se  ^aff  w  t  ^"''  '^''.''«»i«f 
princess  to  follow  him  under  the  protection  of  hUmn»h^^r^^''P^'=V!:^  *''** 
Philip,  probably  suspecting  or  rnowlnrthl  nt    ^^'■' *^"^«"  ^'«*"'>'-- 
quired  that  RicLrd  shoulfespouse  Al  cf  low  tS  fh '"''"•  ^°™^"y  '^■ 
any  hostile  father  to  oppose  him      m,f 'r?T  ^     ^^^l^  ^^^  ""  longer 
proof  that  he  was  not  actuated  mpr^K  K-^'"'*  *""    '^'^  °'^^'*«*«"  gave 
bringing  forward  proof  so  Hear  thSifrL^L*'''  «on«l't"'ional  levity,  by 
willing  mind  of  Philip  thu  aTipp  hVi  »f1?  conviction  even  to  the  uu 
father:  the  late  king  of  Eng  atid      To  snA  1^  ^""^  ?  ""^^^  '°  ^'^^ard's 
engagement  no  valid  rep?y^  could  be  n  ade    «nnir'' 5''"'''*'"^  ""^  ^'»« 
Holy  Land,  while  Richard  remaiLff  Tm.'    -^  ,^^'''P  d^Parted  for  tho 

S^aSa^^^^licftt^^SS^-^^^^     "^-  "= 
tyrannous  bearing  of  an  emperor  tew  S  e  wr^7'!l^  '"  '"^^  «'^'«  »"^ 
instead  of  hospitably  admSerhiff  trrhP^l^?''^'' .""'^^  into  prison, 
barbarity  so  far  as  to  preveiu  th«  1  lill    wants,  and  even  carried  his 
sheltered  in  his  pou  of  Esso     Rm  fhlf '  """"u^H"  P^"''  ''•'«'"  being 
tyrant  was  only  brief    RS^rrwh^lnn^-'i'^'^P''-  °V'l'«  i"-conditioned 
beat  the  tyrant  before  SissoIooVT.fnf'' '"'''Z^"^'  '^"'^•^'^  his  troops, 
himself  into  prison,  and  e™ablis  Prlni,f  ^'^"^^  ^^  ''«'''"'  ""-"w  Isaac 
places  of  the  island.'    A  s^S^r  Lour  waf  i^T  miV\  "'/  '!"'  P""'^'P'»' 
conferred  by  Richard  upon  tie  Hpfp.t«7i"^ '?'''^^' "'^''"^  severity 
complained  utterly  of  tKe^adalion  of  hp?„^  7^'^?']%^  *y«"»-    !«««« 
efactor,  with  chains  of  ro^^  (Us  seL  of  Sp/Jh^ r""^' 'l''^  ^  ^"'^^  '""•- 
inaitedto  the  material  of  hiVfe  Lrs  and  „ot  !vfp"H°"  ^^"l^  apparently 
being  fettered  at  all.     Wit    an  in.Wor  h,hu,  ^'''f"^'"^  ^o  'he  fact  of  l,is 
onlyadmitted  the  justice  o    the  cSSS  b„?'^^^  "'''"''^  ""' 

substantial  silver  fitters  madelor  Ss  esp  "  iai'"so  I'    "'^  '"  '''  "^  ''^'"^ 

Ihem^Isaac^^S  Ker.  abLS    wo  nan  'T''^'  ^'*'^«'""''  '^^ingS 
conquest  of  Richard',  hp^rt      1  "^,"'"^"'  ^''ho  was  reported  to  have  made 

newVma^iedSbv     nr"npn'f'"""^'"''rP'»"'«»'«  ^^  given  to  his 

old/^ighthood^iI^'Jsp^.^      y*'  bTund^'lS/'on'T'  *^''"^'"'  '"''^"'"^^  «' 

!SSSj;^S  £r  --^^-- An  ii-tinS  jirrK 


240 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD: 


trenches  and  mounting  to  the  assault  of  the  place.  But  this  good  itelinf 
between  the  two  princes  would  probably  not  have  endured  very  lone 
even  had  there  been  no  other  cause  for  their  disagreements  but  the  warlike 
superiority  of  Richard,  whose  headlong  courage  and  great  personal  sfreneth 
made  him  conspicuous  in  every  attack.  But  to  this  latent  and  ever-rank- 
Img  cause  of  quarrel  others  were  speedily  added. 

The  first  dispute  that  arose  between  the  two  kings  to  call  into  open 
ight  the  real  feelings  which  policy  or  courtesy  had  previously  enabled 
them  to  veil,  originated  in  the  claims  of  Guy  de  Lusignan,  and  Conrade 
marquis  of  Montferrat,  to  the  more  showy  than  profitable  title  of  king  of 
Jerusalem.  De  Lusignan  sought  and  obtained  the  advocacy  of  Richard 
and  Philip  ipso  facto  was  induced  to  give  the  most  strenuous  support  t(  Con' 
rade.  Nor  did  the  evil  rest  with  giving  the  two  monarchs  a  causeof  open 
and  zealous  opposition  to  each  other.  Their  example  was  naturally  fo|. 
lowed  by  the  other  Christian  leaders.  The  knights  of  the  hospital  of  St 
John,  the  Pisans,  and  Flemings,  gave  their  voices  and  support  to  the  side 
embraced  by  Richard,  while  the  Templars,  the  Germans,  and  the  Genoese, 
gave  theirs  to  Philip ;  and  thus,  while  every  circumstance  of  interest  and 
duty  demanded  the  most  cordial  and  unwavering  unanimity  among  the 
Christian  princes  and  leaders,  their  camp  was  divided  into  two  fierce  parties, 
almost  as  ready  to  turn  their  arm^  upon  each  other  as  upon  the  infidels 

1  he  distressed  condition  to  which  the  infidels  were  already  reduced 
nowever,  did  not  allow  of  their  profiting,  as  they  otherwise  might  have  done! 
by  the  Christian  dissensions ;  and  they  surrendered  the  long-contestet' 
city,  stipulating  for  the  sparing  of  their  lives,  and  agreeing,  in  return,  tc 
give  up  all  the  Christian  prisoners,  and  the  true  Cross.  The  joy  of  the 
Christian  powers  of  Europe  at  this  long-desired  triumph  was  so  raplurouc 
as  to  make  them  unmindful  of  the  fact,  that,  setting  almost  incaku. 
lable  treasure  wholly  out  of  consideration,  this  result  had  in  the  course 
of  a  few  years  cost  Christendom  at  least  three  hundred  thousand  of  her 
bravest  lives. 

After  the  surrender  of  Acre,  Philip,  disgusted  probably  at  finding  him- 
self cast  so  much  in  the  shade  in  a  scene  in  which,  and  in  which  only 
Richard  was  so  well  calculated  to  outshine  him,  departed  for  Eyrope  on 
the  ground  that  the  safely  of  his  doniinions  would  not  allow  of  his  remain- 
ing to  take  a  part  in  what  promised  to  be  the  very  slow  and  difficult  re- 
capture of  Jerusalem,  which  it  was  only  reasonable  to  suppose  would  be 
still  more  obstinately  defended  and  more  dearly  purchased  than  Acre  had 
>een.  But  though  on  the  plea  that  the  weal  of  his  kingdom  and  the  state 
of  his  own  health  would  not  allow  of  his  own  longer  presence,  ho  guarded 
nimself  against  the  imputation  of  being  wholly  indiflerent  to  the  Christian 
cause,  by  leaving  ten  thousand  of  his  best  treops  tp  Richard,  under  the 
command  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy.  And  in  order  to  allay  the  very  natural 
suspicions  of  Richard,  lest  he  should  make  use  of  his  presence  in  Europe 
to  do  any  wrong  to  the  English  power,  h&  solemnly  made  oath  that  he 
would,  on  no  pretence,  make  any  attempt  on  the  English  dominions  during 
Richard's  absence.  But,  so  lightly  were  oaths  held  even  by  the  hir'sly 
born  and  the  enlightened  of  that  day,  that  scarcely  had  Philp  landed  in 
Italy  ere  he  had  the  mingled  hardihood  and  meanness  to  apply  to  Pope 
Celestine  V.  t(»  absolve  him  from  his  oath.  The  pope,  more  just,  refused 
t»  ?«■'*"«■  't;  but  though  Philip  was  thus  prevented  from  the  open  hostility 
which  he  had  most  dishonourably  planned,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  avail  him- 
self to  the  utmost  of  every  means  to  work  evil  to  Richard,  and  oppor- 
tunity was  abundantly  afforded  him  by  the  conduct  of  the  ungrateful  and 
disloyal  John,  and  the  discord  that  reigned  among  the  English  nobility, 
almost  without  an  exception  of  any  note. 

It  has  already  been  mentioned  that  Richard  on  his  departure  for  the 
Holy  Land  had  delegated  the  chief  authority  in  England  to  Hugh,  bishop 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  '      241 

of  Durham  and  earl  of  Northumhprlnn/i  o.,j  ?  _      i. 
The  latter  was  not  only  fa"8unerfo   to  hf«  l^u"^'''''''"P'  '^'^'^^P  »'  Ely. 
and  experience  in  the  am  of' nSe  but  l,?'!"*"^  '"  P°'"*  °^  capacity 
cious  and  violent  spirit  little  bee oSa  f  hi  1     1"°  possessed  of  an  anda- 
long  left  England  ere   he  domSeeSsnfriJnfT^''"''"*:    '^^^  ''*"«  ^ad  not 
ifest  itself,  not  only  towards  the  nibfl''^^"  "  Longchamp  begat,  to  man- 
milder  colleague  in  the  gove  nmenl     H^vin^r^''''!,?"'  ^'""  ^""^^ds  his 
ofcivil  authority,  the  leeathieJSwprthnn"^'  *"  *'^''""'»  '»  his  equality 
10  be  resisted  ev^n  bj^YpoweffTanri  Ji-f'l- ^'y.  '^V^^^'^^ous  as  not  eas  ly 
Longchamp  could  no^  enTre   o  treatX  meeVe"r  ^hf  T"  ^T'  P"^'«"' 
anytl.  ng  more  than  his  first  suWect     it  fir^t  h«  m.n'f'°P  "{..Durham  as 
superiority  by  petty  means,  whthwefe  rather  aro'^.'^tH  ^''  '"''""«  «' 
hostile  or  mjurious;  but  finding  himself  unresisS^^^  ""*"  positively 
more  violent,  and  at  length  went  to  the  <HnSi  • '  ^*  ^'^^  '"'*'■«  and 
throwing  his  colleague  in  the  government  in.n5^^«  "''''""'*«"'  '«"«'h  of 
in^of  him  the  surrenderof  theSdo^  of  K.f"'',"^'?^"''  ^"'^  demand- 
paid  for  in  solid  cash.     Th is  toorpi^^^^^  ^hichhe  had 
lilarseilles  on  his  way  to  the  east -and  thonahf  ''•"ghad  departed  from 
hearing  of  the  dissension  be^wee.Ahe  two  nr!j„  ^'^^'^'^'^'^u  °»  "'"hard 
and  perfect  accord  he  so  ma  nirrpended  for  thl'^  "P''"  ^''"^^  wisdom 
dominions,  he  sent  perempto  /orSs  for  the  eJrl  E^  '"^  ^^'""'^  ""^  ^*« 
champ  had  the  consummate  aLurance  to  efuSt  ibe?^^  ^°"^- 
mand,  assuring  the  astounded  nobles  that  he  knew  ?&..*'^  ,H'."«i«  com- 
wishes  were  directly  opposed  to  his  public  orders?          "'^  ^''"^  «  ««"«' 

ff/^nSS::^.^^  towards  the 

Richard,  that  he  appointed  rniLerSi  nn  fn^?  /"  consequence  made  to 
concurrence  LongSamp  ?or  trSre  Ts  «  jct  v"  fo  n!  "''''""'  ^^ose 
any  important  public  business.  But  his  vast  aSit?«-T".'''  '?"«^'^"» 
his  daring  and  peremptory  temoer  HVtPr«.Vi  l.f  .i  '^  *"  ^^^^*«''  ^'Wed  to 
cillors  from  venturing  to  prorc7;hei^Srsl''T\""™  ««  '"''  ««"" 
U€d  to  display  the  magni/:^cer,ce  and  to  eSse  ?hP  nn'''™'  ?''  *'"  *=«"'"'- 
sovereign  of  the  realm,  exercise  the  power  of  an  absolute 

devoured  their  revenue  for  yaars  to  con  e  the  hh^h  h  "^'^  f '^  ^  residence 
complKined  of  the  more  tH^u,  kingirhLeur  of  n,^^  i'''"'!'"^'"''^^''°™n« 
whole  nation,  in  short,  was  discontented  bS  /hi  «  Z""''^"''"  "'«"  '  the 
opposition  was  made  by  one  whose  SSon^li..  ^?'  •°''^"  «"^  ^^^^^''t 
not  too  great  courage^ho  prinSe  JoE^  "''  '^^'"''''^''^^  ^vas  certainly 

•"oved  Jofln,  but  he  cSuld  ToTeSdure  th  it  A-  ?..'  T"^,^.  T'  «  J«'  have 
8  ade  and  contempt  by  this  overbearing "jrl-lt^^^^^^^^  thrown  i^to 

of  policy  strangely  at  variance  with  hif  nn  i  i .  ^  ®  J.?.*'®'"'  ^nh  a  want 
a  lowed  himself  to  be  gu  Uv  of  DersonHlIv  h-"^'?'^  •^'""'y'  ""Prudently 

hat  affront,  conceived  a.fmfgnLtfoiwhi^^L^illSH^'"^  i"^"'  "•''°'  "P°« 
his  brother,  and  all  the  ininrl  nfli^.Vi  .  ■   ^  disobedience  shown  to 

faithful  subjecrs,    a?SeS^  iiffice^  brother's  best  and  mos 

"1  of  prelates  and  nobles  to  m"e  him  1.  K  T'  ««  «""'nioned  a  com.. 
p>ngcl.amp  to  appear  SrarcLKi?«f'''',^'  1"  «/'^'^«''irc,  and  cited 
'00  late  of  the  danger's  eieiS  hi  tnHn/""^";'^^  ^"'"«  ^''en  it  was 
of  his  authority,  the  preL^e   "'^'ad  nf  Lr'"'''^^?  *''«  "'»nton  abuse 

had  wielded  his  authority  had  Inff  him  o-?  r'       "1,  *^^  manner  .n  which  lit- 
hat  he  soon  found  that  he  wa«  1  ?f     ^^'^  •"''.'"^•^  lukewarm  friends! 
O-'SUiaing  himseff  irfcmale  anDarel  h/''""/"  ''!!'^  ''''""S  ^^'-'ress,  and 
*here  he  was  sure  S  i^r»l"5?„Y -"-•"—*"'•  ^  ■'''  ««""P«  '«  *>«" " 
i-ifl  '""^  .-vcjjijuu  ai  ;ne  naadii  of  Philip.    He 


il 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 

was  now  in  form  deprived  of  the  high  civil  oflSces  which  by  his  flight  he 
had  virtually  surrendered;  and  the  archbishop  of  Rouen,  who  had  a  high 
reputation  for  both  talent  and  prudence,  was  made  chancellor  and  justicia- 
ry in  his  stead.  As  Longchamp,  however,  held  the  legatine  power,  ol 
which  no  civil  authorities  could  deprive  him,  he  still  had  abundant  means, 
which  he  lost  no  opportunity  of  using,  to  aid  the  insidious  endeavours  of 
Philip  to  disturb  the  peace  of  England  and  mjure  the  absent  Richard. 

A.  D.  1192.— Philip's  neighbourhood  to  Richard's  French  dominions  .held 
out  an  opportunity  far  too  templing  to  be  resisted  for  invading  them, 
which  he  was  on  the  point  of  openly  doing  when  he  found  himself  prp. 
vented  in  his  treacherous  schemes  by  the  almost  general  refusal  of  hjp 
nobles  to  aid  him  in  so  unjust  an  enterprise  against  the  territories  of  8 
prince  who  was  gloriously— though  anything  but  prudently— periling  life 
and  limb  in  the  distant  wars  of  the  cross.  Philip  was  discouraged,  more' 
over,  in  this  part  of  his  dishonorable  plan  by  the  pope,  who,  especially 
constituting  nimself  the  gnardian  of  the  rights  of  all  princes  engaged  in 
the  crusade,  threatened  Pnilip  with  the  terrors  of  an  interdict,  should  he 
venture  to  persist  in  attacking  the  territority  of  hia  far  worthier  brother, 
sovereign  and  fellow  crusader. 

But  though  obstacles  so  formidable  rendered  it  impossible  for  him  to 

Eersist  in  this  open  course  of  injustice,  save  at  the  hazard  of  destruction  to 
imself,  he  resolved  to  work  secretly  to  the  same  end.  Thoroughly  un- 
derstanding the  dishonourable  character  of  John,  he  made  overtures  lo  ll.u 
base  and  weak  prince ;  offered  him  in  marriage  that  princess  Alice  whoHe 
blotted  character  had  caused  her  to  be  refused  by  the  usually  imprudent 
and  facile  Richard,  and  gave  him  assurance  of  investiture  in  all  the  French 
possessions  of  Richard,  upon  condition  of  his  taking  the  risk  of  invading 
them.  John,  whose  whole  conduct  through  life  showed  him  to  be  des- 
titute of  all  feelings  of  faith  or  gratitude,  was  in  no  wise  startled  by  the 
atrocity  that  was  proposed  to  him,  and  was  in  the  act  of  commencing 
preparations  for  putting  it  into  execution  when  Queen  Kleauor,  more  jeal- 
ous of  the  kingly  ri^g^hts  of  her  absent  son  than  she  had  formerly  showed 
herself  of  those  of  her  husband,  interposed  her  own  authority,  and  caused 
the  council  and  nobies  of  England  to  interpose  theirs,  so  eflectually,  thai 
John's  fears  overcame  even  his  cupidity,  and  he  abandoned  a  project  whicli 
nr  -.e  hut  a  wholly  debased  mind  would  ever  have  entertained. 

While  those  thmgs  were  passing  in  Europe,  the  high-spirited  but  unwise 
Richard  was  gathering  laurels  in  Asia,  and  unconsciously  arcumi>lutini> 
upon  hia  head  a  terrible  load  of  future  suflcring ;  and  an  occurence 
which  just  now  took  place  in  that  distant  scene  was,  with  an  oxocra- 
ble  ingenuity,  seized  upon  by  Pliilip  to  calumniate  in  Europe  tlie  absent 
rival,  each  new  exploit  of  whom  added  to  the  pangs  of  iiisever-ui;liinK  envy. 
There  was  in  Asia  a  mountain  prince,  known  to  Europeans  by  the  title 
of  the  "Old  Man  of  the  Mountain,"  who  had  ohtuiufd  so  absolute  a  power 
over  the  excessively  suporHtitiuus  minds  of  his  subjects,  that,  at  a  word  oi 
R  sign  from  him,  any  one  of  them  would  put  himself  to  death  with  the 
unmurmuring  and  even  cheerful  compliance  of  a  man  in  the  porfurmancH 
of  some  high  and  indefensible  religious  duty.  To  die  at  the  order  "flheii 
despotic  prmce  was,  in  the  belief  of  iliese  unlettered  and  credulous  beings. 
to  aecure  a  cenain  and  instant  introduction  to  the  ineffable  delights  ot 
paradise ;  and  to  die  thus  was  consequently  not  shunned  or  dreaded  as  nn 
evil,  but  courted  as  the  supremest  possible  good  fortune.  It  will  readily 
be  uiiderRlood  that  a  race  of  men  educated  to  commit  suicide  at  the  word 
of  command,  W(»uld  be  found  no  h^sa  docile  lo  their  despot's  orders  in  the 
miller  of  murder.  The  euro  with  which  they  were  instructed  in  the  iiri 
of  disguising  tiieir  designs,  and  the  contemnt  in  which  they  held  the 
mortal  oonsequencea  of  their  being  diacovercd,  rendered  it  certain  death 
iw  i|iv«  i'ucn  oiieriCu  to  thin  if'riiolf  poi^ntfitc  of  &  potty  tsniioiy  bs  iuigm 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD.  243 

mfluce  him  to  ^»patch  his  emissaries  upon  their  sanguinary  errand    Con 
rad,  marquis  of  Montferrat,  who  seems  to  have  posseiseZa  Sderab  - 
genius  for  quarrelhng,  was  unfortunate  enough  to  eivedeeD  offflnrl  toTh: 
Old  Man  of  the  Mountain,  who  immediatel/fssue?  agaS  hfm  hTs  Sfor 

Sect  ^kr^n Tv'Zrr!,?' ^^^^^^     ^ ofthfiiS'is  de'voS 
suDjecis,  K"own  Dy  the  name  of  assassins— whch  name  their  oracticp* 
>  have  caused  to  be  applied  to  murderers-rushed  upon  Conrad   wlfleLur 
njuiKied  by  his  guards,  and  mortally  wounded  him. 

to  put  the  cause  of  Conrad's  death  beyond  alUeemiSHossibiliW  of  mT. 
take,  the  two  assassins,  who  were  aai7«H  pnH  «;.;♦§  possibility  of  mis- 
cruel  tortures,  boasted  ^^ur^ng"^ei^iyiflg"';UiU  'thaTlhV;'"^^^ 
performance  of  their  duty  to  their  DrnicP      Rn/^L^-    '"«/  ''•e^  '»  'he 

Lded  wholly  to  disregU  ilMhrSumi^^^^^^ 
trumpet-tongued  to  the  truth,  and  loudly  protested  his  bo  ief  n  the  tt 
murder  of  Conrad  having  been  committed  by  order  of  Richard  the  forme 
opponent  of  the  marquis  ;  and  affecting  to  imagine  tharhis  perscn  waTin 
danger  pf  at  ack  by  assassins,  this  accomplishid  hypocri  e  ostentatSJ, Iv 
surrounded  hiinse  f  w  th  a  bodv-ffuard  Thi«  «u  . j,„.,  osientiuously 
..  bo  believed  by  any  o«,  "ZTl  eLTiotlZ'L'mJ::  TZZ 

The  valour  and  conduct  of  Richard  and  the  other  Christian  leadt-rs  vant 

H^l  ? t  ™/i'Zm'''^'""''  ""'  counterbalance  thSensron?;hich 
sprang  up  among  them.     An  immense  host  of  Infidels  under  Sala.lin  «,»« 

ly  anu  obstinately  declared  his  intention  of  mmediatelv  rfitm-nin,r  L  V" . 
rope;  the  German  and  Italian  companies  foired  the  ov  rraZle  ihu";    ' 

il  Li         '.u      V    '*"""*'  *""  ^'  ""stmn  pi  gr  ms  were  to  nrocpp.l  in 

rK,^stEzK^c:^rrb:3i  3i 

^i.oove,«i .,  piiM  through;  ft;:nua;;v:="i;ri';enm;t':,7^uirSci'',i^^  ''s; 


244 


HISTORY  OF  THE  TiTORLD. 


HOtne  suspicions  of  tiie  governor  of  Istria,  he  was  so  impruaeutly  lavish  nt 
his  money  during  his  short  8ta>  at  Vienna  that  his  real  rank  was  discov. 
ered,  and  he  was  thrown  into  prison  by  Leopold,  duke  of  Austria,  who  had 
served  under  and  been  grievously  aflfrontea  by  him  at  the  siege  of  Acre. 
The  emperor  Henry  VI..  whom  Richard  by  his  friendship  with  Tancred 
of  Sicily  had  also  made  his  enemy,  not  only  approved  of  Richard's  arrejt 
but  required  the  charge  of  his  person,  and  offered  the  duke  of  Austria  a 
considerable  sum  of  money  as  a  reward  for  it. 

A.D.  1196. — The  gref  of  Richard's  friends  and  the  triumph  of  his  enemies 
were  alike  excited  when  the  news  of  his  capture  reached  England ;  the 
possible  consequencs  beinjpr  obvious  to  both  parties.  Queen  Eleanor  spir. 
itedly  demanded  the  interierence  of  the  pope,  whose  duty  she  very  justly 
averred  it  to  be  to  wield  the  thunders  of  the  church  in  protection  of  the 
church's  bravest  and  most  zealous  champion.  The  pope,  probably  influ- 
enced by  some  occult  and  crafty  motive  of  policy,  snowed  himself  any. 
thing  rather  than  eager  to  meet  the  urgent  wishes  of  Queen  Eleanor;  but 
as  foes  are  usually  far  more  zealous  than  friends,  so  Philip  seized  upon 
this  as  a  favourable  opportunity  to  exert  his  utmost  power  against  the  fal- 
len but  still  formidable  Richard,  and  he  exerted  himself  to  this  end  with 
an  activity  worthy  of  a  better  cause.  To  those  of  his  own  barons  who 
had  formerly  refused  to  join  him  in  attacking  the  territories  of  the  absent 
Richard,  he  now  urged  the  alledged  atrocity  of  that  prince  in  causing  the 
assassination  of  the  marquis  of  Montferrat ;  to  the  emperor  Henry  VI.,  Iit> 
made  large  offers  either  for  yielding  up  Richard  to  French  custoay,  or  for 
solemnly  engaging  for  his  perpetual  imprisonment ;  and  having  made  a 
matrimonial  allianco  with  Denmark,  he  applied  for  permission  and  a  fleet 
to  enforce  the  Danish  claim  to  the  English  crown.  Nor  did  Philip  fail  to 
apply  himself  to  Prince  John,  whom  ho  well  knew  for  the  most  willing 
and  eager  of  all  the  enemies  of  his  absent  brother,  .lohn  had  an  interview 
with  the  king  of  France,  at  which,  on  condition  of  being  invested  with  his 
brother's  French  territory,  he  consented  to  yield  a  great  portion  of  Nor- 
mandy to  Philip ;  and  it  is  with  no  little  appearance  of  probability  aflinnecl, 
that  he  even  did  homnffo  to  Philip  for  the  English  crown.  Thus  much  is 
certain,  Philip  invaded  Normandy  and  was  well  served  by  John,  whosp 
orders  enabled  him  to  take  Neufchatel,  Gisors,  and  several  other  forts, 
without  striking  a  blow.  The  counties  of  Ku  ijind  Aumale  were  speedily 
overrun  by  Philip,  and  he  then  marched  against  Rouen,  loudly  threatening 
that  he  would  put  the  inhabitants  to  the  sword  witliout  mercy,  in  the  event 
of  his  experiencing  any  resistance.  l)ut  h(Te  Philip  was  at  length  ikn- 
tined  to  receive  a  dieck.  The  earl  of  Leicester,  who  had  shared  Richard's 
perils  and  toils  in  Palestine,  was  fortunately  at  Rout<n,  and  he  took  the 
command  of  the  garrison,  to  whom  his  example  and  his  renown  gave  new 
courage  {  and  thoy  fought  so  steadily  and  so  well,  that  Philip,  after  many 
severe  repulses,  consented  to  a  truce;  the  English  regency  engaging  to 
pay  him  twenty  marks,  and  placing  four  fortresses  in  his  hands  byway  of 
security. 

While  Philip  was  exerting  himself  in  Normandy  John  was  trying  liie 
effect  of  a  most  audacious  falsehood  in  England.  Well  knowing  that  few 
indeed  among  the  barons  would  for  his  sake  consent  to  set  aside  tlie  li^u 
of  Palestine,  John  boldly  tried  how  far  their  credulity  would  go,  ami,  urc 
tending  that  ho  had  recoived  un(l<mbted  news  of  the  death  of  his  hrother, 
demanded  the  crown  as  his  heir.  He  poMsessed  hinisnlf  of  the  important 
castles  of  Windsor  und  Wallingford  ;  but  the  lords  Justiciaries  were  bo 
well  conviticnd  illal  Richard  ntill  lived,  that  tliiiy  aliil  the  baroiin  liy  whom 
ihcy  were  siijiported  opfM)srd  the  would-be  usurper  so  gallantly  and  so  of* 
feotually.  that  he  was  lain  to  sue  fur  a  truce,  niio  Ixtfore  the  t«rm  of  it  had 
expired  he  look  refuge  at  the  court  of  Philip  of  FruncA. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  246 

royal  prisoner.     His  own  brother  olotlinff  srainet  h.^  .   .1,-  , 

iubwarm  in  his  cause,  if  not  even  wssef sef  hv  .  !^,u  '   ^^^  PT^  ''*'"" 

10  offer  the  higher  rLsom  for  his  Release     Philt^         T"^  '"u  *""  ''*•» 
toreuoutice  all  protection  tcRirhlrH-«  ^.'^'''P raised  his  ambassadors 
hoped  that  the  captive'sZrtwaL^Jpllt^?^/^^^^^     '^".^  ^^en  it  was 
he  was  produced  before  the  mSaYdie  ^a^  thp?it^'  ?  w'"""'^  '"■""«»«• 
accused  by  the  emperor  of  haJ^Sg  made  allianrP  Sh  T  ^'"T'J'"^  "'"« 
of  Sicily;  of  having  at  CypruTtlrTied  the  ^ms  S  r     ""'    ^ '^  "'"':P"' 
a  Christian  prince,  those  anim  which  wpLL™      ■  n"*"  '"^"^aders  against 
to  the  chastisement  and  quelling  of  The  ?..K"*"^f  1" '^  '"'"'y. '^^^"'^'^ 
wronged  and  insulted  LeVold"  duke  of  K  a     "» i•«^^?  ^"^'"'^'^y 
fighting  for  the  cross  before  Acre ;  of  havinrhvhi«'     \*"*'  P.""u*=°  ^*" 
of  France  injured  the  Christian  cause  in  Ih/F^^?    '*;'i"''"'''^  '^'l*'  '^'^  ^'"'« 
caused  the  murder  of  Conmd  mSaSfs  of  MnlV     '  ?^  '"^V"/  P'""""''  ""'^ 
ing  concluded  a  truce  wi  h  the  infi3c   sl^,„      'i"  V""^  ^'^^^y^  «<■  ^-v- 
hmids.    If  Richard's  erraiescaeSe^li         left  Jerusalem  in  his 
his  spirit,  th.y  were  8oonTd.^e^vei    1/C  ''*"*"8  "^'"^^ 

was  his  spirit  high.  His  sSh  ^ summpH  ^fn  h  n"«'  "^-^'^  "*'"«'•«'  ««> 
that  best  kind  of  eloquencerwhil^h  sSUrS  n  ^  """»«•'• .«  model  of 
clothed  in  the  brief  Jnd  bft  nTsentenn  f  ofTpn  l?/\°^  't^'  ^""^  •' 

indignation  by  the  u.ust  ungSo  1  am?  mhL^P"""''  '"'^  P^'voked  his 

appeared  by  tho  event  whoth.-r  th.,  Lm^  ?  p       '      "\  ''  '""^  sufficiently 
«eHlou«f,/theconm,Tofth^HL  ll      *^?'""'  "■■  '"'  *«■■«  »''«  '""'^ 

lJ'row„rto  a  d  Loo.      "^  "'.'""'  '"  '»»  »*"  «"U'»«ry.  b^ 

•Mh.u,Bh ^"wZh   'ul  loc  m?dV'''';  '?"".*•  '•"  '";"«?'  '"P'""^  '""«^"-« 
nf.uj^.\%  u.---"  __''""J'"^\"1'"  "  «"iil«^fHclor.  and.  what  hu  atill  mnre  «. 

-       -     -  trrcreu;-  provsriioc  froin  making  proparaUoiui  for  a  nev'i-rusn/lc 


>.lM'^-'   ■* 


246 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


which  he  had  projected,  after  the  expiration  of  the  truce,  and  from  redeem, 
mg  the  sepulchre  of  Christ  which  had  so  long  been  profaned  by  the  dt> 
minion  of  the  Infidels." 

The  force  of  Richard's  reasoning  and  the  obvious  justica  of  his  coin 
plaints  won  nearly  all  present  to  his  side  ;  the  German  princes  themselvfis 
cried  shame  upon  the  conduct  of  the  emperor,  whom  the  pope  even  threat- 
ened with  excommunication.  The  emperor,  therefore,  perceived  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  him  to  complete  his  ineffaoly  base  purpose  0/  gly. 
ing  up  to  PhUip  of  France  and  the  false  and  cruel  Prince  John  the  person 
of  Kichard  in  exchange  for  sordid  gold ;  and  as  it  seemed  unsafe  even  lo 
continue  to  confine  him,  the  emperor  consented  to  his  relief  at  a  ransom 
of  150,000  marks  ;  two-thirds  to  be  paid  previous  to  Richard's  release,  and 
sixty-seven  hostages  to  be  at  the  same  time  delivered  to  secure  the  faith- 
ful payment  of  the  remainder.  Henry  at  the  same  time  made  over  to 
Richard  certain  old  but  ill-ascertained  claims  of  the  empire  upon  the  king- 
dom of  Aries,  including  Provence,  Dauphiny,  Narbonne,  and  some  other 
territory. 

A  hundred  thousand  marks,  equivalent  to  above  two  hundred  thousand 
pounds  of  our  money,  was  a  sum  to  raise  which  required  no  small  exer- 
tion  on  the  part  of  Richard's  friends.     The  king's  ransom  was  one  of  the 
cases  for  which  the  feudal  law  made  express  provision.     But  as  it  was 
found  that  the  sum  of  twenty  shillings  which  was  levied  upon  each 
knight's  fee  did  not  make  up  the  money  with  the  rapidity  which  friendly 
and  patriotic  zeal  required,  great  individual  exertions  were  made,  the 
clergy  and  nobility  giving  large  sums  beyond  what  could  have  fairly  been 
demanded  of  them,  and  the  churches  and  religious  lioiiscs  actually  melt- 
ing down  their  plate  to  the  amount  of  30,000  mark?!.     As  soon  as  the 
money  by  these  extraordinary  exertions  was  got  together,  Queen  Klemior, 
accompanied  by  the  archbishop  of  Rouen,  went  to  Mentz  and  there  paid 
it  to  the  rjinperor,  to  whom  she  at  the  same  time  delivered  the  hostagoB 
for  the  pay.nent  of  the  remainder.    There  was  something  perfectly  prov- 
idential in  the  haste  made  by  the  friends  of  Richard ;  for  had  there  been 
the  least  delay,  he  would  have  been  sacrificed  to  the  treacherous  policy 
of  the  emperor,  who,  anxious  to  obtain  the  support  of  the  king  of  Vnmce 
against  the  threatening  discontent  of  the  German  princes,  was  induced  to 
dele^rmino  upon  perpetuating  the  captivity  of  Richard,  evru  after  the  re- 
lease of  that  prince  on  the  payment  of  the  money  and  the  delivery  of  the 
■pecified  number  of  hostages.     The  emperor  had  so  fully  determined 
U(>on  this  flagitious  breach  of  faith,  that  he  actually  sent  inesBengcrs  to 
arrest  Richard,  who,  however,  had  sailed  and  was  out  of  sight  of  land 
ere  they  reached  Antwerp.     Richard  was  received  most  rapiiironsly  by 
his  faithful  subjects,  and,  as  if  anxious  to  wipe  away  the  stain  of  incar- 
ceration, ho  revived  the  custom  which  his  father  had  allowed  to  full  into 
neglect,  of  renewing  the  ceromrmy  of  coronation.     "  Take  i  are  of  vour- 
•olf,"  wrote  Philip  to  John,  "the  devil  has  bntkeii  Ioori-."     The  barons 
in  council  assembled,  however,  \v(!re  far  more  terrible  to  the  iingratofnl 
John  than  his  fiery  yet  phu^able  brother,  for  they  confiscated  the  whole  of 
John's  Knglish  properly,  and  took  posjession  of  all  the  fortresses  that 
were  in  the  hands  of  his  >  irtiians, 

Having  made  some  slay  in  England  to  rest  himself  after  his  many 
fatigues,  and  having  foiiiKl  his  popularity  proof  even  against  the  some- 
what perilous  lest  lo  which  he  put  it  by  an  arbitrary  resumption  of  all 
the  grants  of  land  which,  previous  to  going  to  the  Kast,  he  had  made  with 
an  improvidence  as  remarkHble  nn  his  present  want  of  honesty,  Hii'hard 
now  turned  his  attention  to  punishing  the,  wanton  and  persevering  enmity 
nf  Philip  of  France.  A  war  ensued,  but  it  was  weakly  c<nulucied  on 
both  sides,  and  n  truce  was  at  length  made  between  them  for  a  y.mr.  At 
the  commencement  of  ihis  war  John  was  on  ilio  nido  of  l»hllin;  huLaa 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


247 


if  mcapeble  of  being  faithful  even  in  wickedness,  he  took  an  opportunity 
to  desert,  and  having  secured  the  powerful  intercession  of  Queen  Elea- 
nor, he  ventured  to  throw  himself  at  the  feet  of  Richard  and  entreat  his 
pardon,  •  May  I  as  easily  forget  his  injuries  as  ho  will  my  forgiveness  " 
was  the  shrewd  remark  01  Ricliard  on  forgiving  his  unnatural  frothor.  " 
The  truce  between  England  and  France  being  at  an  end,  the  emperoi 
of  Germany  solicited  Richard's  offensive  alliance  against  France  and 
though  circumstances  occurred  to  prevent  the  treaty  with  the  emperor 
from  being  ratified,  the  mere  praposal  sufficed  to  renew  the  war  between 
Richard  and  Philip;  but  on  this  occasion,  as  before,  the  operations  were 
conducted  most  weakly  and  on  a  very  insignificant  scale,  (a.  d.  1196  ) 
After  some  petty  losses  on  each  side  a  peace  was  made;  but  the  kings 
were  too  inimical  to  each  other  to  remain  long  at  rest,  and  in  about  two 
months  hostilities  were  recommenced. 

On  this  occasion  Hichard  was  joined  by  the  counts  of  Flanders,  Bou- 
logne, Champagne,  and  roulouse,  and  by  some  other  of  his  fellow-vassals 
of  'he  crown  of  France;  but  the  alliance  was  thus  productive  of  far  less 
benefit  than  Richard  had  anticipated. 

The  prelates  of  that  day  were  more  frequently  than  became  them 
found  on  the  battle-field.     On  one  occasion  during  this  war  the  bishop  of 
Beauvais,  a  rclJitive  of  the  French  king,  was  taken  prisoner  in  battle,  and 
Richard  loaded  him  wjih  irons  and  threw  him  into  prison,  as  though  he 
had  been  the  vilest  of  malefactors.     The  pope,  at  the  instance  of  the 
king  of  F  ranee,  demanded  the  release  of  the  valiant  bishop,  of  whom  he 
spoke  as  being  "his  son."    Richard,  with  a  dry  and  bitter  humour,  of 
which  he  se^ms  to  have  possessed  no  inconsiderable  share,  sent  to  the 
.jope  the  blood-stained  armour  which^the  prelate  had  worn  in  the  battle 
and  quoted  the  words  of  Jacob's  sons,  "this  have  we  found;  know  now 
whether  it  be  thy  son's  coat  or  no."    How  long  the  alternation  of  weak 
war  and  lU-kept  peace  would  have  continued  it  is  impossible  to  judge,  for 
the  great  cruelty  which  both  kings  exercised  upon  their  prisoners  indi- 
cated a  feeling  of  malignity  too  deep  to  be  destroyed  by  the  efforts  of 
negotiators;  but  while  such  efforts  were  being  made  by  the  cardinal  St 
Manr,  tiie  pope's  legate,  Richard,  who  had  escaped  in  so  many  furious 
conflicts  both  m  the  East  and  Europe,  perished  from  the  effect  of  a 
wound  received  in  a  petty  quarrel. 

A.  D.  1199.— Vidomar,  viscount  of  Limoges,  who  was  a  vassal  of  Ri- 
chard 8,  found  some  treasure  and  sent  a  considerable  share  as  a  present 
to  him;  Richard  demanded  that  all  should  be  given  up  to  him  as  superior 
lord,  and,  on  receiving  a  refusal,  led  some  troops  to  the  siege  of  the  casUe 
of  Cha  us,   in  which  the  viscount  was  staying.     On  the  approach  of 
Richard  at  the  head  of  a  numerous  force  of  Brabangons,  the  garrison 
offered  to  surrender  on  terms,  but  Richard  cruelly  replied  that  he  would 
nrst  take  the  place  and  then  hang  up  every  man  of  the  garrison.     After 
making  this  renly,  which,  niihappily.  was  only  too  characteristic  of  his 
tempf-r,  Richard,  attended  by  one  of  his  captains,  approached  the  walls  to 
reconnoitre,  and  had  an  arrow  lodged  in  his  shoulder  by  an  archer  named 
bertrand  de  Gourdon.     Almost  at  the  same  moment  Richard  gave  the 
order  for  the  assault,  and  on  the  place  being  taken  he  literally  put  his 
Ihri  it  into  execution  upon  the  garrison,  with  the  sole  exception  of  de 
Uourdon,  who  was  only  tcMuporarily  spared  that  he  might  have  the  crui-l 
distinction  of  a  slower  and  more  painful  death.     Richard  was  so  much 
miingled  by  the  awkwar.lnnss  with  which  the  barbed  arrow  was  drawn 
mm  hia  wound,  that  mortification  rapidly  set  in,  and  the  monarch  fell 
that  his  last  hour  a|,,)roa(rhed.     Causing  de  Gourdon  to  be  brought  into 
niB  presence,  ho  demanded  how  he  had  ever  injured  him.     "  With  yoi.r 
own  hand,"  firmly  replied  the  prisoner,  "von  slew  mv  father  unrl  n.v  tur. 
i»roUi«i».     »ou  niao  threatenod  to  hang  me  in  common  with  mv  fellow 


if.' if 


248 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


soldiers.    1  am  now  in  your  power,  but  I  simll  be  consoled  under  the 
worst  tortures  that  you  can  cause  to  be  inflicted  upon  mo  while  I  can  re 
Hect  that  I  have  been  able  to  rid  the  earth  of  such  a  nuisance."    Richard 
softened  by  pain  and  the  near  approach  of  death,  ordered  that  the  bold 
archer  should  be  set  at  liberty  and  presented  with  a  considerable  sum  o» 
money ;  but  Marcadee,  the  leader  of  the  Brabaiisons  in  whose  company 
Kichard  was  wounded,  brutally  had  de  Gourdoa  flayed  alive  and  then 
hanged.     Richard's  wound  defied  the  rude  science  of  his  surgeons,  and 
after  considerable  suffering  he  died  on  the  6th  of  April,  1199,  in  the  fortv- 
second  year  of  his  age  and  the  tenth  of  his  reign— a  reign  very  briiliani 
as  regards  his  warlike  feats,  but  in  all  the  high  and  really  admirable  qual- 
ities  of  a  monarch  very  sadly  deficient.     His  conduct  was  in  some  par- 
ticular cases  not  merely  oppressive,  as  regarded  his  ways  of  raisina 
money,  but  absolutely  dishonest.     As,  for  instance,  he  twice  in  his  rejgn 
gave  orders  that  all  charters  should  be  resealed.  the  parties  in  each  case 
having,  of  course,  to  pay  the  fees ;  and  in  many  cases  taxes  were  inflicted 
upon  particular  parties  without  any  other  authority  than  the  king's  mere 
will.    But  It  was  chiefly  in  the  re-enactment  of  all  the  worst  parts  of  the 
lorest  laws,  those  parts  which  inflicted  the  most  cruel  and  disgusting  mu- 
tilations upon  the  offenders.    But  while  this  particular  branch  of  law  was 
shaniefuUy  severe,  the  police  of  London  and  other  great  towns  was  in  an 
equally  lax  stale.     Robbery  and  violence  in  the  •treets  were  very  com- 
mon ;  and  at  one  time,  in  1196,  a  lawyer  named  Fitzosbert,  surnamed 
Longbeard,  had  acquired  a  vast  and  dangerous  power  over  the  worst  rab- 
ble of  London,  numbering  neariy  fifty  thousand,  who  under  his  orders  for 
some  time  set  the  ill-consolidated  authorities  at  defiance.     When  called 
upon  by  the  chief  justiciary  to  give  an  account  of  his  conduct,  he  attend- 
ed with  so  numerous  a  rabble,  that  the  justiciary  deemed  it  unsafe  to  do 
more  with  him  at  that  time  than  merely  call  upon  him  to  give  hostages 
for  his  future  good  behaviour.    But  the  justiciary  took  measures  for  keep- 
ing  a  watchful  eye  upon  Fitzosbert,  and  at  length  attempted  to  take  him 
into  custody,  on  which  he,  with  his  concubine  and  some  attendants,  took 
reluge  m  Bow  Church,  where  he  defended  himself  very  resolutely,  but 
was  at  leiiffth  taken  and  hanged.     So  infatuated  were  the  populace,  how- 
ever,  that  the  very  gibbet  upon  which  this  man  was  executed  was  stolen, 
and  It  was  pretended  that  pieces  of  it  could  work  miracles  in  curing  the 
diseased.    Though  so  flery  in  temper,  and  so  excessively  addicted  tc 
bloodshed,  Richard  was  by  no  means  destitute  of  a  certain  vein  of  ten- 
derness and  romance.     He  prided  himself  pretty  nearly  as  much  upon  his 
skill  as  a  troubadour  as  upon  his  feats  as  a  warrior,  and  there  are  even 
some  of  his  compositions  extant.     On  the  whole,  however,  we  fear  that 
the  popularity  of  Richard  does  little  credit  either  to  his  contemporaries 
or  his  posterity  as  far  as  good  judgment  is  concerned.     Brilliant  qualities 
he  undo'btedly  had ;  but  his  cruelty  and  his  dogged  self-will  throw  a 
bleraw*^  .)ver  them  all. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

THE     RBION     or     JOHN. 

A.  D.  1199.— When  Richard  went  to  Palestine  he  by  a  formal  will  am 
Mide  the  claim  of  John  to  be  his  successor,  in  favour  of  Arthur  of  Hrit- 
lany,  the  son  of  their  brother  GpnttVoy.  But  during  Richard's  absence 
John  caused  the  prelates  and  nobles  to  swear  fealty  to  him  iii  despite  ol 
that  deed ;  and  Richard,  on  his  return  to  England,  so  far  from  showing 
any  desire  to  disturb  that  arrangement,  actually  in  his  last  will  consti 
tuted  John  his  successor,  in  direct  contradiction  to  his  own  former  -nd 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORJ.D,  249 

lormal  deed.    But  though  John  was  thus  authoritatively  nnnied  as  his 
brother's  successoi  many  of  the  barons  of  Normandy  thought  the  right 
of  young  Arthur  wholly  indefensible  by  even  the  will  of  his  uncle  ;  Ind 
Philip,  who  was  glad  of  any  opportunity  to  injure  the  peace  of  the  En- 
ghsh  territories  m  France,  cheerfully  agreed  to  aid  them  in  the  support 
of  the  young  prince,  whom  he  sent  to  Paris  to  be  educated  with  his  own 
son.    John  acted  with  umisual  alertness  and  good  judgment  on  this  occa- 
8ion.    Sending  his  mother,  Eleanor,  to  secure  the  provinces  of  Guienne 
and  Poictou,  where  she  was  greatly  beloved,  he  himself  proceeded  to 
Rouen,  and  having  made  all  the  arrangements  necessary  to  keep  peace  in 
Normandy,  he  proceeded  thence  to  England.    Here  he  found  iitlTe  or  no 
difficulty  in  causing  his  claim  to  be  preferred  to  that  of  a  mere  boy ;  and 
having  received  the  homage  of  all  the  most  powerful  barons,  he  hastened 
to  France  to  prepare  the  necessary  opposition  to  whatever  exerlious 
Phihp  might  make  on  behalf  of  young  Arthur, 
i.  D.  1200.-The  actions  between  John  and  Philip  were  of  but  little  imnor- 
ance ;  and  the  latter  having  inspired  young  Arthur's  mother  with  thTC 
lon  that  he  sought  to  benefit  himself  rather  than  her  son,  seized  an  oppor- 
unity  to  withdraw  Arthur  from  the   French  court,  and  placed  him  under 
the  protection  of  John.     Finding  their  mutual  want  of  poSer  to  obSin  any 
great  and  permanent  advantage  by  war,  the  two  kings  now  made  a  trea  v 
in  which  the  limits  of  their  several  territories  were  laid  down  with  grea^ 
exactitude;  nine  barons  of  each  nation  swore  respectively  to  maintain  the 
treaty  m  good  faith,  even  should  it  be  necessary  to  make  war  upon  their 
own  sovereign,  and  still  farther  to  insure  its  due  and  faithMobse  Vance 
ohn  gave  his  niece,  Blanche  of  Castile,  with  certain  fiefs  o    herTower! 
to  Prince  Louis,  eldest  son  of  the  French  king.    Being  thus  relieved  from 
all  apparent  danger  on  the  side  of  France,  John,  though  he  had  a  w^fr 
living,  determined  to  gratify  his  passion  for  Isabella,  heiress  of  the  count  ' 
of  Anjouleme,  though  she  was  already  married  to  the  Count  de  la  March" 
SJ"     M^°"*  ?fu'"f  '"■^^"i^  prevented  the  consummation  of  the  union 
John,  reckless  of  the  double  difficulty,  persuaded  Isabella's  father  to  give 

5i?ced  hisTawfuT'wTfS?™        '"^''''""^  ""''"  ^''""S  unceremoniously^i. 

•hitfl*  ^^°V~I'?®  Count  de  la  Marche,  in  the  highest  degree  provoked  at 
th  8  flagrant  and  insolent  wrong  that  thus  was  done  him,  foun.1  it  no  diffi- 
cult  task  to  excite  commotion  in  Poictou  and  Normandy;  the  barons  there 
as  elsewhere  in  John's  dominion,  being  already  offended  and  disgusted  by 
the  mixture  of  weakness  and  insolence  in  w.-iich,  probably,  John  Tias  never 
£!lf'^r"'"'*  /'^'■"'^d  »«.  wfU  as  enraged  by  the  disobedience  of  hii^ 
Frencli  barons,  John  determined  to  punish  them  ;  but  on  summoning  the 
chivalry  of  England  to  cross  the  sea  with  him  for  that  purpose.TewaS 
met  with  a  demand  that,  before  they  crossed  over  to  restore  his  authority 
n  his  transmarine  dominions,  they  should  have  their  privileges  restored 
and  placed  upon  a  secure  fooling.  Their  demand  was  not  atleiided  to  on 
the  present  occasion,  but  this  union  of  the  barons  led,  as  wo  shall  hereafter 
^ntr[lS^'"u^'  important  consequences.  On  the  present  occasion  John 
contrived  to  break  up  the  coalition  of  the  barons,  some  of  whom  agreed  to 
TTn^-  'Vl"  T  •"''«*P'^^*ti«'>'  while  the  rest  were  mulcted  two  marks 
oil  each  knight's  fee  as  a  substitute  for  their  personal  attendance. 

mainlfi  f  '.Kr".  ''J  ^u'^  ^^^''t '"'  ''""^'^  '"''«"'  ^'Aiglmd  to  that  which  re- 
mamed  fai  hful  to  him  m  Normandy  gave  John  an  ascendancy  which, 
r  ght  y  used,  might  have  spared  him  many  h  subsequent  hour  bf  care. 
Uut  It  was  contrary  to  John's  nature  to  make  a  right  use  of  powei ;  and 
he  inomeiit  ho  found  himself  safe  from  the  inflictfon  of  injustice  Tie  wat 
2fui  ^■'  Ti  ""5"v'"''»a''l"  ^leHiro  to  indict  it  upon  others.  Ho  advanced 
2S"""  *!"?.''. ''•L'*"«)'f.'*i^''  «nJ"?t;.Hnda8  disputes  of  the  feudal  kind 
-— lu  uu  3CIUCU  ny  ;n6  auei,  ne  CoUslually  kf 


mpt  aorut  mm  skil 


»'"£ 


,.iLM 


260 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD 


ful  and  desperate  bravos  whose  business  it  was  to  act  as  his  championa 
m  cases  of  appeal  of  duel.  The  Count  de  la  Maruhe  and  other  Ingh 
spirited  barons  complained  of  the  indignity  oflTered  to  them  in  thus  opposing 
to  them,  as  fitting  antagonists,  men  whose  low  birth  and  infamous  char- 
acter made  them  unworthy  of  the  notice  of  warriors  of  good  birth  and 
gentle  breeding,  appealed  to  Philip  as  their  superior  lord,  and  called  upon 
him  to  protect  them  against  the  wantonness  of-  John's  tyranny.  Piiiljp, 
who  saw  all  the  advantages  which  might  possibly  accrue  to  himself,  af' 
fdcted  the  part  of  a  just  lord  ;  and  John,  who  could  not  disavow  Philip's 
authority  without  at  the  same  time  striking  at  his  own,  promised  that  by 
granting  his  barons  an  equitable  judgment  in  his  own  court  he  would  de- 
prive  them  both  of  the  right  and  the  necessity  of  appealing  to  the  superior 
court  of  Philip.  Again  and  again  his  promises  were  renewed,  but  only  to 
be  broken  ;  Philip,  finding  that  his  sense  of  honour  alone  was  no  security, 
demanded  that  the  castle  of  Boutavant  and  Tilleries  should  be  placed  in 
his  hands  as  security  for  justice  being  done  to  the  barons.  John  was  too 
weak  to  resist  this  demand ;  but  he  was  also  too  faithless  to  keep  his 
promise,  which  was  broken  just  as  it  would  have  been  had  he  given  no  se- 
curity whatever. 

A.  D.  1203.-— Young  Arthur  of  Brittany,  who  was  now  springinginto  man- 
hood and  who  had  a  very  decided  taste  for  warfare,  had  by  this  time  seen 
enough  of  the  cruel  and  tyrannous  character  of  his  uncle  to  feel  that  he 
was  not  in  safety  while  living  with  him ;  he  therefore  made  his  escape  to 
Philip,  who  received  him  with  the  utmost  distinction,  knighted  him,  gave 
him  las  daughter  Mary  in  marriage,  and  invested  him  not  only  in  his  he- 
reditary  Brittany,  but  also  with  Anjou  and  Maine.    The  French  army  was 
for  a  time  successful  in  every  attempt ;  Tilleries  and  Boutavant,  Mortiraar 
and  Lyons,  were  taken  almost  without  difficulty ;  and  Gournay,  complete- 
ly  flooded  by  a  stratagem  of  Philip,  was  abandoned  to  him  by  the  as- 
'  tounded  jarrison.     At  each  new  loss,  John,  timid  in  adversity  as  he  was 
despotic  and  unsparing  in  prosperity,  made  new  endeavours  to  oblain 
peace  ;  but  the  sole  condition  upon  which  Philip  would  now  consent  to 
even  listen  to  his  proposals,  was  his  full  resignation  of  all  his  territory  on 
the  continent  to  Prince  Arthur.    An  accident  at  length  occurred  which 
changed  the  prospects  of  that  young  prince,  with  fearful  rapidity,  from  the 
utmost  success  to  the  most  complete  ruin.     Well  knowing  how  much  his 
grandmother.  Queen  Eleanor,  had  ever  been  opposed  to  his  welfare,  and 
hearing  that  she  was  in  the  fortress  of  Mirabeau,  in  Poicliers,  and  but 
slenderiy  attended,  it  occurred  to  him  that  if  he  could  obtain  possession o( 
her  person  he  would  obt;iiu  the  means  of  exercising  considerable  influence 
upon  his  uncle's  mind,  and  he  accordingly  sat  down  to  besiege  the  place, 
the  fortification  of  which  promised  no  very  long  resistance.    John,  though 
at  some  distance  when  informed  of  his  mother's  danger,  hastened  to  her 
assistance  with  a  speed  very  unusual  for  him,  surprized  young  Arthur's 
camp,  dispersed  his  forces,  and  toe'-.  Arthur,  together  with  Count  de  la 
Marche  and  other  distinguished  leaders  of  the  revolted  barons,  prisoners. 
Most  of  the  prisoners  wen;  for  greater  security  shipped  off  to  England; 
but  Arthur  was  confined  in  the  castle  of  Falaise,  where  he  was  speedily 
admitted  to  tlie  dangerous  honour  of  an  intereiew  with  his  uncle.    John 
reproached  Arthur  less  with  the  injustice  of  his  cause  in  general,  than  with 
the  folly  of  his  expecting  to  derive  any  permanent  advantage  from  the 
French  alliance,  which  would  keep  him  at  variance  with  his  own  family, 
merely  to  make  him  a  tool ;  a  view  of  the  case  which  was  none  the  less 
correct  beuaiigo  taken  by  a  prince  of  whose  general  character  a  just  man 
finds  it  impossible  to  approve.     Arthur,  brave  and  sanguine,  asserted  that 
his  claim  was  superior  to  that  of  his  uncle,  and  that  not  only  as  re uarded 
the  French  territories,  but  as  regarded  England  also;  and  he  called  upon 
John  to  li«iten  to  the  voice  of  Justice  and  restore  him  to  hia  rights. 


llUBUT  Ar.B  1'bimuk  Aetuuh. 


1 

i.t- i        j '      .1     .    ..  i 

1                              j  .!_ 

,   :    .                   .. .'    i   -J 

Historians  di 

petitor  whose  e 

trouble.    We  h 

for  the  timidity 

unatniable  char 

terribly  serious 

known  with  ciri 

All  that  seen 

after  a  stormy  i 

for  some  time. 

been  unfairly  d( 

king,  it  is  affirn 

prince  to  death, 

sassin  or  a  han{ 

sent  to  the  cast! 

the  governor  of 

what  was  necea 

ing  a  report  of  t 

funeral.    But  w 

ly  asserted,  the 

pointed  at  as  the 

v'ould  break  out 

ised.     John  nc 

than  he  ordered 

De  Burgh,  and  1; 

Arthur  in  the  de 

knelt  to  him  am 

That  John  wa 

too  much  reasor 

held  by  his  conti 

Arthur  perished 

luicle,  we  would 

particularity  of  t 

tween  the  natun 

represents  him 

somewhat  more  i 

genius  it  would  I 

be  loth  to  pin  ou 

But  though  it  i 

allow  the  details 

world,  and  thoug 

undertaken  with 

high-hearted  you 

the  universal  beli 

own  hand  or  not, 

cry  of  the  people 

cruel  uncle  was 

John,  who  kept  \ 

lo  do  anything  ra 

for  their  soverei^ 

husband,  Quy  de 

duchy  as  guardia 

Philip  H5  superio 

who  was  feud  ate 

him,  and,  in  defai 

to  forfeit  all  seigi 

No  one  who  hi 

shrewd,  graspintr 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


251 


I 


Histonans  differ  as  to  the  way  in  which  John  freed  himself  horn  a  com- 
petitor whose  early  boldness  promised  at  no  distant  day  to  give  him  much 
trouble.  We  have  always  doubted  the  exact  accuracy  of  all  the  accounts. 
for  the  timidity  and  distrust  which  formed  so  principal  a  part  of  John's 
unamiable  character  would  surely  never  have  deserted  him  so  far  on  so 
terribly  serious  an  occasion,  as  would  be  implied  by  his  proceeding  beina 
known  with  circumstantial  accuracy.  ■>        r  e        » 

All  that  seems  to  us  to  be  certain  upon  the  very  painful  subject  is,  that 
after  a  stormy  interview  with  his  uncle  young  Arthur  was  seen  no  more 
lor  some  time.  A  report  got  into  very  general  circulation  that  he  had 
been  unfairly  dealt  with.  Such,  it  seems,  was  not  the  case  as  yet.  The 
lung,  It  18  affirmed,  had  applied  to  William  de  la  Bray  to  put  the  youns 
prince  to  death,  but  he  nobly  replied  that  he  was  a  gentleman,  not  an  as" 
sassin  or  a  hangman.  A  less  scrupulous  person  was  at  length  found  and 
sent  to  the  castle  of  Falaise  ;  but  he  was  sent  away  by  Hubert  de  Durffh. 
the  governor  of  the  fortress,  with  the  assurance  that  he  would  himself  do 
what  was  necessary ;— which  humane  deception  he  followed  up  by  spread- 
ing a  report  of  the  prince's  death,  and  even  going  through  the  form  of  his 
funeral.  But  when  the  deaiti  of  the  young  prince  was  thus  authoritative- 
ly  asserted,  the  general  ill  character  of  John  caused  him  to  be  univ  rsally 
pointed  at  as  the  murderer ;  and  Hubert  de  Burgh,  fearing  that  all  Brittany 
v'ould  break  out  into  revolt  confessed  the  innocent  deception  he  had  prac 
ised.  John  no  sooner  learned  that  his  unfortunate  nephew  still  lived 
ihan  he  ordered  his  removal  from  the  custody  of  the  faithful  and  humane 
De  Burgh,  and  had  him  taken  to  the  castle  of  Rouen.  Here  John  visited 
Arthur  m  the  dead  of  night,  and,  though  the  young  prince  is  said  to  have 
knelt  to  him  and  prayed  for  his  life,  stabbed  him  with  his  own  hand. 

That  John  was  capable  of  this  extreme  atrocity  we  have  unfortunately 
too  niuch  reason  to  gather  from  the  universal  detestation  in  which  he  was 
held  by  his  contemporaries.  But  though  there  is  little  reason  to  doubt  that 
Arthur  perished  by  the  order,  at  least,  if  not  by  the  very  hand,  of  his 
uncle,  we  would  again  direct  the  attention  of  the  reader  to  the  too  great 
particularity  of  this  account,  in  the  first  place,  and  to  a  discrepancy  be- 
tween the  natural  character  of  Arthur  and  that  part  of  the  story  which 
represents  him  as  kneeling  in  terror  to  his  uncle.  The  story  savours 
somewhat  more  than  it  should  of  a  scene  from  Shakspeare,  whose  dramatic 
pnius  it  would  be  idle  to  question,  but  whose  historic  authority  we  should 
be  loth  to  pin  our  faith  upon. 

Hut  though  it  is  scarcely  probable  that  so  wily  a  person  as  John  would 
allow  the  details  of  his  tyrannous  cruelly  to  be'  thus  brought  before  the 
world,  and  though  his  personal  timidity  rendered  him  as  unlikely  to  have 
undertaken  with  his  own  hand  the  murder  of  Arthur,  as  it  was  that  this 
mgh-hearted  young  prince  would  show  any  terror,  even  in  the  death  hour, 
the  universal  belief  of  John's  contemporaries  was  that  he,  whether  with  his 
own  hand  or  not,  caused  Arthur's  death ;  and  loud  and  terrible  was  the  out 
cry  of  the  people  of  Brittany,  to  whom  Arthur  was  as  dear  as  his  wily  and 
cruel  uncle  was  hateful.  Eleanor,  Arthur's  sister,  was  in  the  power  of 
John,  who  kept  her  closely  confined  in  England ;  but  the  Breons,  resolved 
todo  anything  rather  than  willingly  acknowledge  the  sway  of  John,  chose 
for  their  sovereign  young  Alice  the  daughter  of  Constance  by  her  second 
husband,  Guy  de  Thouars,  to  whom  they  committed  the  aflTairs  of  the 
duchy  as  guardian  of  hia  daubhter,  and  they  at  the  same  time  appealed  to 
fhilip  as  superior  lord  to  do  justice  upon  John  for  his  violence  to  Arthur, 
who  was  feudatory  to  France..  Philip  summoned  John  to  appear  before 
nun,  and,  in  default  of  his  doing  bo,  he  was  declared  a  felon  and  sentenced 
to  lorfeit  all  seignory  and  fief  in  France  to  his  superior  lord,  Philip. 

No  one  who  has  accurately  read  what  has  already  been  related  of  the 
Hhrewd,  KrasDinir.  and  soincwh.it  ciinniniT  i>>.;irn«t<«i-nr  Pi.iii..  ...>.,  .i»..i.. 


mmm 


252 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


that,  from  the  first,  he  took  up  the  causeof  young  Arthur  less  with  a  view 
to  the  benefit  of  that  young  prince,  than  m  the  hope  that  the  chapter  of  ac 
cidents  would  enable  him.  sooner  or  later,  to  deprive  the  English  crown 
of  some  portion,  if  riot  all,  of  its  French  appanages.  And  the  appeal  ol 
his  Bretons  to  his  justice,  the  unwise  advantage  afforded  to  him  by  John's 
default  of  appearance,  and  the  unanimous  sentence  of  the  French  peers 
now  seemed  to  give  him  something  like  a  substantial  and  judicial  riirht  a« 
against  John.  * 

The  exertions  and  sagacious  policy  of  Henry  would  have  evoked  Frencft 
opposition  to  any  such  attempt ;  that  skilful  politician  would  have  found 
but  little  difficulty  in  leading  the  French  barons  to  abstain  from  endeavour- 
ing to  add  to  the  authority  of  their  superior  lord,  lest  in  so  doing  Ihev 
should  insure  their  own  ruin.  Neither  would  it  have  been  safe  to  trv 
such  a  plan  while  the  lion-hearted  Richard  lived  to  shout  his  fierce  battle 
cry  in  that  popular  voice  which  would  have  been  heard  in  hall  and  tower 
and  which  would  nowhere  have  been  unheeded  where  chivalry  still  abode' 
But  John,  destitute  alike  of  courage,  popularity,  and  of  true  policy,  was 
little  likely  to  unravel  or  defeat  a  dexterous  policy  or  long  to  withstand 
actual  force,  hated  as  he  was  even  by  his  own  barons.  The  opportuniiv 
was  the  more  tempting  to  Philip,  because  those  of  his  great  vassals  who 
would  have  been  the  most  likely  to  oppose  his  aggrandizement  were  either 
absent  or  so  much  enraged  against  John,  that  their  desire  to  annoy  him 
and  abridge  the  power  he  had  so  shamefully  abused,  overcame  in  their 
minds  all  tendency  to  a  cooler  and  more  selfish  style  of  reasoning. 

Philip  took  several  of  the  fortresses  situated  beyond  the  Loire,  some  of 
which  he  garrisoned  for  himself,  while  others  he  wholly  destroyed  •  and 
his  early  successes  were  followed  up  by  the  surrender  to  him,  by  the  count 
d'Alengon,  of  all  the  places  which  he  had  been  entrusted  to  hold  for  John. 
Elated  by  this  success,  and  desirous  to  rest  his  troops,  Philip  disembodied 
them  for  the  season.     John,  enraged  by  all  that  had  passed  in  this  brief 
campaign,  took  advantage  of  this  too-confident  movement  of  I'hilip,  and 
sat  down  before  Alengon  with  a  strong  army.    But  if  Philip  was  capable 
of  committing  a  military  error,  he  was  equally  capable  of  jseizintr  upon 
the  readiest  means  of  repairing  it.     To  delay  while  he  wa/re-coUecting 
his  scattered  troops  would  be  to  expose  the  count  to  the  whole  force,  and, 
m  the  case  of  defeat,  to  the  whole  vengeance,  too,  of  John.    But  it  fortu 
nately  happened  that  the  most  eminent  nobles,  not  only  of  France  but 
also  of  Italy  and  Germany,  were  at  this  very  time  assembled  at  a  splendid 
tournament  at  Moret.      Hither  Philip  directed  his  course,  gave  a  vivid 
desc-iption  of  the  evil  character  of  John,  of  his  own  disinterested  desire 
to  punish  the  craven  felonry  of  that  prince,  and  of  the  danger  in  which 
the  count  de'Aleneon  was  placed  by  his  devotion  to  truth  and  chivalry, 
which  had  led  him  to  dare  the  vengeance  of  one  who  was  well  known  to 
be  unsparing  after  the  stricken  field,  as  craven  while  the  tide  of  battle  stUl 
rolled ;  and  he  called  upon  the  assembled  chivalry,  as  they  valued  their 
noble  and  ancient  names,  to  follow  him  to  the  worthy  task  of  aiding  a 
gallant  and  honourable  noble  against  a  dastardly  and  adjudged  felon. 
Such  an  appeal,  made  to  such  hearts,  could  receive  but  one  answer.    Like 
one  man,  the  assembled  knights  followed  Philip  to  th«  plains  of  Alengon, 
resolved,  at  whatever  cost,  to  raise  the  siege     But  John  saved  them  all 
trouble  on  that  score.     His  conscience  told  him  that  there  were  men  in 
that  brave  host  who,  if  he  should  chance  to  be  made  prisoner,  would  be 
likely  to  take  fearful  vengeance  for  the  untimely  death  of  i'oung  Arthur; 
and  he  would  not  even  await  their  apporach,  but  raised  the  siege  in  suet 
haste  that  he  actually  left  all  his  tents  and  baggage  of  every  description 
behind  to  be  captured  by  the  enemy. 

For  some  time  John  kept  his  court  at  Rouen,  showing  ix  other  feeling 
than  a  most  ludicrous  confidence  in  his  own  resources  whenever  hf  should 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD. 


determine  to  make  use  of  them.  When  information  was  brou<Tht  to  him 
Df  some  new  success  on  the  part  of  the  French,  he  would  reply  "Ah '  )«i 
them  go  on ;  by  and  by  I  will  just  retake  in  a  single  day  what  they  hp  ve 

Spdlv  yCarS  In  IclKlIlg* 

Such  conduct  naturally  disgusted  the  brave  barons  of  England  and  the 
English  provinces,  and  weakened  their  desire  to  combat  for  a  prince  who 
seemed  so  obstinately  bent  upon  their  disgrs'-e  and  his  own  ruin.     But 
though  he  had  neglected  those  means  of  defence  of  which  his  brother 
would  have  been  even  too  eager  to  avail  himrelf,  there  was  one  resource 
of  which  John  had  not  neglected  to  avail  himself;  he  had  humbly  and 
pressingly  appealed  to  Rome.     Such  appeals  were  always  gladly  received 
at  that  ambitious  court,  and  Philip  received  »  peremptory  command  to 
make  peace  with  John  and  abstain  from  trenching  any  farther  upon  his 
territory.    But  Philip  had  inspired  his  barons  with  a  hatred  equal  to  that 
which  he  himself  felt  for  John;  and,  regardless  of  any  possible  injury 
which  their  own  authority  might  suffer  from  the  undue  aggrandizemeiU 
oftheir  king,  they  loudly  assured  him  that  he  should  have  their  cordia 
support  against  all  foes  whosoever,  and  as  loudly  denied  the  right  of  the 
pope  to  the  temporal  authority  which  he  thus  took  upon  himself  to  exer- 
cise.   Encouraged  by  this  disposition  of  his  barons,  Philip,  instead  oi 
complying  with  the  orders  of  the  pope,  proceeded  to  lay  siege  to  the 
chateau  Gaillard,  which  was  the  most  important  fortress  that  was  now 
left  to  defend  the  Norman  frontier. 

A.  D.  1204.-This  place  was  admirably  strong  both  by  nature  and  by  art. 
Built  partly  upon  an  islet  of  the  Seine  and  partly  upon  an  opposite  crag, 
neither  labour  nor  expense  had  been  spared  upon  it,  and  at  this  very  time 
It  was  held  by  a  numerous  garrison  commanded  by  Roger  de  Lacy,  con- 
stable of  Chester,  a  leader  of  determined  courage  as  well  as  of  great  skill 
Philip,  thinking  It  more  facile  to  take  such  a  place,  so  rarrisoned    by 
famine  than  by  mam  force,  threw  a  bridge  across  the  Seine,  where  he 
posted  a  part  of  his  force,  and  he  himself  at  the  head  of  the  remainder 
undertook  its  blockade  by  land.    The  earl  of  Pembroke,  by  far  the  ablest 
person  whom  John  then  had  about  him,  assembled  a  force  of  four  thou- 
sand foot  and  three  thousand  horse,  with  which  he  purposed  to  attack 
Phihp  s  camp,  while  a  fleet  of  seventy  flat-bottomed  craft,  numerously 
manned,  was  simultaneously  to  sail  up  the  Seine  and  attack  the  bridge, 
and  thus  throw  relief  into  the  fortress.    The  earl  was  exact  in  performins 
hi^  part  of  the  attack,  and  even  at  the  outset  obtained  some  considerable 
advantage  over  Philip ;  but  the  weather  chancing  to  retard  the  fleet  on  its 
passage,  its  assistance  arrived  too  late  for  the  support  of  the  earl,  who 
was  already  defeated.     Had  the  attack  been  made  simultaneously  and  by 
night,  according  to  the  earl's  plan,  it  had  most  probably  been  successful  i 
as  It  was,  Phihp  was  enabled  to  deal  with  his  assailants  in  detail,  and  beat 
Iheni  both  off  with  very  considerable  loss.    John,  who  was  easily  depres- 
sed by  defeat,  was  so  much  discouraged  by  the  ill  success  of  the  earirthat 
16  could  not  be  induced  to  make  any  farther  attempt  to  relieve  this  impor- 
tent  fortress,  though  ample  opportunity  and  inducements  were  offered  to 
him  to  do  so  by  the  gallant  conduct  of  De  Lacy,  who  for  a  whole  year  con- 
tinued to  defend  himself,  m  spite  of  great  suffering  from  want  of  provi- 
sion.    He  was  at  length  overpowered  in  a  night-altack,  and  he  and  his 
whole  garrison  made  prisoners.     To  the  credit  of  Philip,  he  showed  his 
sense  of  the  courage  and  fidelity  with  which  De  Lacy  had  continued  to 
serve  his  master  even  after  he  had  been  abandoned  by  him,  by  givinff  him 
for  his  place  of  confinement  the  whole  extent  of  the  city  of  Paris. 

It  11  difficult  fully  to  understand  the  indolence  and  incapacity  which 
could  induce  John  to  neglect  the  relief  of  chateau  Gailliard,  upon  which  the 
•afetv  of  his  whole  Norman  terriiory  depended.  Tiiis  dependance  he 
UK  ,^.....p,,,,.,,,  ^,j.,  ,1  „„_  raj;,u,j,.  ;ij,„  pcriccuy  iiiustraieu bv  the 


2S4 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


successes  which  Philip  obtmned  after  its  capture.  Falaise,  Then,  Con 
stance,  Evreux,  Bayeux,  and  other  fortresses  successively  fell  into  his 
hands ;  Lupicaire,  a  Brabangon  leader,  to  whom  Join:  had  entrusted  the 
iefence  of  the  first-named  place,  deserted  with  all  his  men  to  the  standaro 
of  Philip,  and  while  the  lower  division  of  Normandy  was  thus  overrun  by 
the  French  under  Philip,  Upper  Normandy  was  entered  by  the  Bretons 
under  Guy  de  Thouars,  who  took  Avranches,  Mont  St.  Michel,  and  the 
other  strong-holds  of  that  part.  Pressed  thus  by  an  active  prince,  whc 
was  served  by  men  of  conduct  and  courage,  and  abandoned  by  John, 
whose  hasty  and  secret  departure  for  England  might  almost  be .  cal 
led  a  flight,  the  Normans  h"d  no  resource  but  to  submit  to  Philip,  much  as 
they  disliked  the  idea  of  subjection  to  the  French  government. 

A.  D.  1205. — As  there  was  still  a  portion  of  the  Normans  who,  though 
abandoned  by  the  king  of  England,  determined  to  defer,  if  not  wholly  to 
avoid,  their  submission  to  Philip,  Itouen,  Argues,  and  Verneuil  confedera- 
ted for  this  purpose.     Philip  immediately  advanced  his  troops  against  the 
first- nanjed  city,  the  inhabitants  of  which  signalized  their  hatred  of  France 
by  forthwith  putting  to  death  every  man  of  that  nation  who  was  living 
among  therr^      The  cruel  are  rarely  brave;  and. the  defence  of  Rouen  by 
no  means  answered  to  the  promise  of  desperation  given  by  this  treacher 
ous  butchery.     Scarcely  had  the  besiegers  commenced  ojieratioiis  when 
the  besieged  lost  heart,  and  merely  demanded  •*  truce  of  thirty  days  to 
enable  them  to  obtain  succour  from  their  prince.   Philip,  who  well  under- 
stood the  character  of  John,  and  therefore  felt  sure  that  ho  who  had  aban- 
doned chat<-!au  Gailliard'was  little  likely  t<>  show  more  courage  in  the  less 
hopeful  case  of  Rouen,  complied  with  this  demand.     As  Philip  had  fore- 
seen, no  supplies  or  aid  arrived,  and  the  city  was  yielded.     All  the  rest  o' 
the  province  equally  submitted  to  Philip,  who  thus  had  the  credit— mucl- 
abated,  though,  by  the  character  of  his  opponent — of  reuniting  to  Francf 
this  important  portion  of  its  proper  territory  three  centuries  after  Charles 
the  Simple  had  alienated  it  by  cession  to  the  first  duke,  the  valiant  Hollo 
From  Normandy,  Philip  easily  extended  his  victorious  arms-  to  Aiijou. 
Maine,  Touraine,  and  a  portion  of  Poictou ;  John,  the  while,  instead  oi 
endeavouring  to  arrest  the  progress  of  his  enemy,  was  railing  against  his 
barons  for,  what  he  called,  their  desertion  of  him,  and  adding  to  the  imtionai 
evils  created   by    his   indolem  o,  the   mischief  which  he  still   had  the 
power  to  do ;  mulcting  his  barons  in  the  seventh  portion  of  all  their  move- 
able property  as  a  punishment  for  this  pretended  ofTence. 

Not  content  with  even  this  impudent  and  excessive  extortion,  John 
next  demanded  a  scutage  of  two  and  a  half  marks  upon  each  knight's  fee 
to  enable  him  to  conduct  an  expedition  into  Normandy  ;  but  the  money 
once  received,  the  expedition  was  no  longer  thought  of!  Subsequently 
he  collected  a  fleet,  as  if  fully  determined  to  make  an  attempt  to  leeovei 
his  transmarine  possessions;  but  on  some  objections  being  made,  he  iiban- 
doned  this  design,  too,  on  the  plea  that  ho  was  deserted  and  betrayed  by 
his  barons ;  and  at  length  mustered  courage  enough  to  put  to  sen,  bul 
•peedily  returned  to  port  without  aught  being  done  or  attem|)te(l.  Con- 
sidering the  fiery  temper  and  warlike  habits  of  !tio  barons,  it  is  perfectly 
astonisning  that  they  so  long  endured  the  insults  of  a  king  whose  verv 
style  of  insulting  was  so  charactttristic  of  his  weakness. 

A.  D.  laofi. — An  ally  was  at  length  presented  to  John  in  a  person  from 
whom  he  had  but  little  right  to  expect  aid  or  encouragement,  (Juy  de 
Thouars,  to  whom,  in  right  of  his  daughter  Alice,  the  Bretons  had  com 
mitted  their  government.  This  noble,  perci'iving  the  immense  stride'* 
made  by  Philip,  became  alarmed  for  the  safety  of  HriUany,  and  theroforr 
made  a  proposition  to  John  for  their  Junction  ngairst  Philip,  and  John 
accordingly  left  England  with  a  considjjrablo  force  and  landed  in  safety  al 
Rochelle.  whence  ne  marched  to  Anirors  which  ho  cnntiirnd  mid  Iniriicil 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD.  255 

Philip  now  rapidly  approached,  ar.d  John,  botoming  alanned  .r,i„ed  i>.nP 
by  makmg  proposals  for  peace,  ar.d  then  covertly  fled  ba  k  to'-K  1  ,     "' 
safe,  indeed,  in  person,  but  loaded  with  dlsffrapfi  uml  nnn^J;  .     f 
any  one  less  debased  in  sentiment  would  Ee  bee"  Lri^|e;r^^^^^^^^^^^ 
death  Itself.     Thus  all  the  vast  sums  which  John  had  eStid  from   ,i« 
barons  under  pretence  of  recovering  his  lost  fooLg  in  PVaiu-e  were  ex 
^  W   have  Kv  ni?u'  aT  ^".' '"  '''"'^  '"«^^^««  and'lisgu  t  to  it 

the  feudal  tenure  gave  in  rLltUan7.hr«nr  "'*'"'*'  '  '  '^'^  ""^"'«  «' 
in  idea,  to  the  Norman  so veS'T^u^^'^V^''''^^  p.>wer  which  it  gave 
this  great  power  wielded  .fif^h.,  >      V  ^  ^""^''^^red,  however,  that 

ecclesiastical  rnveniies  for  the  relief  of  l^lestin    •   •  Ji  .^  „.  V    n  ' 

popedom  oyer  the  eorlosiasiies,  the  same  collectors  were  author/.  I    .. 

cl.  rcirOan;er£v''l  "!  .V'""*""''""-*:'  '.'^'"^f  "'1205.  the  monks  of  Christ- 
kZ    i.,V  "  y;  '"'i'  \'"'  '■"^''"  "1^  •■'"'■•'<"'- siil'i'H-t  to  the  ,.on-,eiit  of  ho 

k  ig:  but  a  minority  of  them,  consisting,  to  ,,  ainost  wifhc  1 1  ox  Vr  I    . 
of  the  juniors,  assembled  on  the  very  night  ..f  H       n'^^^^^^^^^^ 

nKu.arpnxecdiiijj:  of  the  junior  monks  of  Canlerlmiv  was  fiillv  •.Imi-..,)  i,» 

.t .  s  fnhn  eS^^^       iho  election  of  their  primate.     Intho  hands  o       " 
.noiiKs  John  loft  the  new  election,  on  y  rccominendinff  Ihit  fh..v  «h,.    ,i 

ES«  or  Phi-  f  ,  '  "  '^'"""  ^"  P''"'*''"  "ff"'""'  'N  while  the  king  and 
.lie     ""t  .;.l^!'_?i^■'^"^•!  ""jt, twelve  of  that  or.ler  to  support  il.    1^ 


^'^ll 


-.^c  -.rr.i  cirany  ihrown  into  the  hands  of  the 


F)opM,  for 


I 


256 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


while  each  of  the  three  disputing  partios  opposed  the  pretensions  of  thp 
other  two,  all  three  agreed  in  acicnowledgiiig  the  pope's  authority  to  de- 
cide  the  question;  and  Innocent  III.  was  not  llie  man  to  allow  that  ad 
vantage  to  escape  his  notice.  That  the  election  of  Reginald  had  been 
irregular  and  furtive,  none  but  himself  and  his  immediate  friends  could 
well  deny ;  and  the  authority  of  the  papal  court  easily  overruled  the  pre. 
tensions  of  the  suffragan  hisnops,  which,  to  say  the  truth,  were  stroiielv 
opposed  to  the  papal  maxims  and  usages.  These  two  points  being  decided 
It  would  at  first  sight  have  seemed  clear  that  the  decision  must  be  in  fa 
vour  of  the  bishop  of  Norwich ;  but  the  pope  decided  that  the  first  election 
beuig  disputed  as  irregular,  the  decision  of  the  pope  upon  that  elei  lioii 
should  have  preceded  any  attempt  at  a  new  one ;  that  as  it  had  not  done 
so,  such  second  election  was  uncanonical  and  null,  and  that,  as  a  corollary 
henceforth  the  appointment  to  the  primacy  must  remain  in  the  hands  of 
the  pope.  Following  up  this  decision  by  action,  he  commanded  the  monks 
who  had  been  deputed  to  defend  the  election  of  the  bishop  of  Norwich  im- 
mediately to  elect  the  cardinal  Lungion,  a  man  of  great  talent,  Eiifflisli 
by  birth,  but  infinitely  more  attached  to  the  interests  of  Rome  than  to 
those  of  his  native  land.  All  the  monks  objected  to  this  course,  that  ihev 
should,  even  looking  only  to  the  pone's  own  recent  decision,  be  commit 
ting  a  new  irregularity,  having  neither  the  king's  writ  nor  the  authority 
of  their  convent  to  warrant  them  ;  hut,  with  llu;  single  exception  of  Elias 
de  Brantefield,  they  succumbed  to  the  pope's  authority,  and  the  election  was 
made  aiicordingly. 

Innocent  now  followed  up  his  arbitrary  proceedings  by  wjint  our  histo 
nans  call  a  mollifying  letter  and  present  to  John;  but  what  v/ould  certain- 
ly be  called  an  addition  of  mockery  to  injury  in  the  case  of  any  clearer. 
minded  and  higher-hearted  princ^e,  for  by  way  of  consoling  John  for  the 
precedent  thus  set  of  transferring  to  the  i>apal  court  one  of  the  most  valued 
and.  111  many  respects,  important  prerogativra  of  the  Knglish  crown,  Inno- 
cent  sent  him  him  four  gold  rings  set  with  i)rccious  stones,  and  an  explan- 
atory letter  of  no  less  precious  coiireits.  «'  Ilo  begged  him,"  says  Ilmiiri 
m  his  condensed  nc(;ount  of  this  admirably  ^rrave  papal  jest,  "to  consider 
seriously,  the  form  of  the  rings,  their  iiuinlier,  their  matter,  and  their  col 
our.  rheir  form,  being  round,  shadowed  out  eternity,  which  had  neither 
beginning  nor  ending;  and  he  ought  thence  to  learn  his  duty  of  aspirinij 
from  earthly  objects  to  heavenly,  from  things  temporal  to  things  elernal. 
I  he  number,  four,  being  a  siiiiare,  denoted  steadiness  of  mind,  not  to  be 
snbvtTted  either  by  adversity  or  by  niosperity,  fixed  forever  on  the  firm 
basis  of  the  four  cardinal  virtues.  (3old,  which  is  the  matter,  being  the 
most  precious  of  metals,  signified  wisdom,  which  is  the  most  valuable  o! 
nil  accomplishments,  and  justly  preferred  by  Solomon  to  riches,  power, 
and  all  exterior  allainmenls.  The  blue  colour  of  the  sapphire  rcpresnnted 
iHith  ;  the  green  of  the  emerald,  hone  ;  the  redness  of  the  ruby,  charity  i 
and  the  splendour  of  the  topaz,  good  works." 

Never,  surely,  were  mystical  conceits  vended  at  a  higher  price !  Kven 
Toliii  weak  and  tame  as  was  his  spirit,  did  not  consider  four  rings  and  n 
hniidle  of  conceits  q-nte  an  adequate  consideration  for  the  more  preeion 
and  substantial  Jewel  of  which  the  popp  had  so  uncerenioniously  deiiri-  .'d 
him,  and  his  wrnili  was  tremenduous.  As  the  monks  of  Cnnte.onrv 
sliowed  themselves  willing  to  altido  by  the  election  which  their  fe'lowH  nl 
Koine  liad  made  in  obedience  to  the  pope,  the  first  efTeels  of  his  .mger  fell 
upon  tiM'in.  He  despatched  Henry  de  Oornhule  and  Kuike  d»  (^aiiielupe 
two  resolute  knights  ol  his  riHinue,  to  expel  llie  prior  and  rnOika  of  Chriit- 
I'linrch  not  only  from  their  convent,  but  "also  from  the  ki.igdom,  a  duty 
wliieli  the  knights  performed  quite  literally  nt  the  point  of  the  sword;  n 
piece  «ir  vndence  at  once  narllal  and  childish,  which  Innocent  noticed  onlv 
by  a  new  lelier.  i"  which  lie  earnesHy  advised  the  king  no  longer  to  oppoii 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD.  257 

lutnaelf  to  God  and  the  church,  nor  longer  to  uphold  that  b  iriffhteous  causp 
which  had  cos  the  martyr  St.  Thomas%f  Canterbury  hi!,  hfe,  but  at  Jhe 
same  time  exa  ted  him  to  an  equality  with  the  highest  saints  n  heaven- 
avery  plain  allusion  to  the  possibility  of  Beckets  being  easily  found  to 
maintain  the  cause  of  Rome  against  a  prince  so  much  meaner  than  hn  to 
whom  "the  martyr"  Becket  had  done  so  much  eviP  '  ^^'*"  ^^  ^° 

As  this  significant  hint  had  not  as  much  effect  as  the  pope  had  antici- 
pated m  reducing  John  to  submission,  Innocent  now  commissioned  the 
bishops  of  London,  Worcester,  and  Ely  to  assure  him  that  should  he  per^ 
gevere  in  his  disobedience  to  the  Holy  See  an  interdict  should  be  laid  uSon 
his  kingdom ;  and  both  these  and.  their  brother  prelates  actually  St  to 
him,  and  with  tears  besought  him  to  avert  a  result  so  fearful,  by  consent^ 
ing  to  receive  archbishop  Langton  and  restoring  the  monks  of  Chris  church 
to  their.convent  and  revenue.     But  John,  though  well  aware  how  Stle  he 
could  depend  upon  the  love  of  his  states,  whom  he  did  not  even  da  e  w 
assemble  to  support  him  m  an  open  struggle,  was  encouraged  by  the  very 
huaiility  of  the  posture  assumed  by  the  prelates  not  merely  to  refuse  com^ 
.  phance  with  their  advice,  but  to  couch  his  refusal  In  terms  fully  asT- 
Wultohnnas  they  could  be  offensive  to  those  to  whom    hey  were 
Sddressed.    Not  contented  with  personally  insulting  the  prehtes,  he  de 
Glared  his  defiance  of  the  pope  himself;  swearing  "by  dod's  teeth"  that 
should  the  pope  lay  an  interdict  upon  his  kingdom,  lie  would  send  the 
whole  of  the  £ndish  clergy  to  Rome  for  support  and  talTe  "heir  estates 
and  revenues  toTiis  own  use;  and  that  if  thenceforth  any  Rom^us  ven 
tured  into  his  dominions  they  should  lose  their  eyes  and  noses?    nat  a  1 
who  looked  upon  them  might  know  them  from  otSer  and  be"ler  me^J     I„ 
nocen  was  not  U  be  deceived  by  this  vague  and  vulgar  abuseT le  we  I 
knew  the  real  weakness  of  John's  position,  and  findinlthHt  half  measures 
and  manageme.it  would  not  suffice  to  reduce  him  to  ob^dien^f  he  a  leS" 
issued  the  terrible  sentence  of  interdict.    As  this  sentence  frequontiv  oc 
curs  ,n  our  history  and  as  it  is  essential  that  readers  shoiUdXa  y^and 
in  detail  understand  the  muuro  of  ilie  decree  by  which  Rome  conld  for  .ffe, 
send  terror  into  the  hearts  of  the  .nighliest  nations  hiChSiomia 
terror  from  which  neither  rank,  sex,  nor  scarcely  any  stage  of  Ife  was 
exempted-we  pause  here,  in  the  regular  march  of  our  history  to  qiSJ 
he  brief  but  clear  description  of  it  which  we  find  succinctly  given  in  iC^^^ 
from  the  accounts  scattered  in  many  nagos  of  more  prolix  writ"  i' 
The  sentence  of  interdict  was  at  that  time  the  great  instrument  of  ven- 
(feance  aiui  nolicy  employed  by  the  curt  of  R„„,e  "was  denounced  aia^ng 
sovereigns  U  the  lightest  offences;  an.l  made  tlm  guilt  of Ze  0^  in- 
volve  he  rum  of  iniifionH,  even  in  their  spiritual  aiuleterna  welfare      The 
execution  of  it  was  ealculatml  to  strike  .he  senses  in  the  hiRhest  deirree 
ami  to  operate  with  irresistible  force  on  the  siipcrsliiious  mi  lof  t  lo  pe  ,. 
Plo.     1  lie  nation  was  suddenly  deprived  of  all  exterior  exercise  of  its  re-  • 
.B|on;  the  altars  were  .lespoiled  of  their  ornaments;    tlu   cr^.ls    (h^ 

tef  ;hV'''''^:''Sr'"' '''"'""^  Hainls.  were  laid  on  lie  ground* 

and,  as  if  the  nir  itself  were  prof;.nod  and  might  nolhiio  ihein  bv  its  con 
tact,  the  priests  carefully  covered  .lion.  up.  ..ve.i  from  their    wn  a  .'r<S 
and  veneration.     The  use  of  the  hells  eni'rely  ceaser?  i    „    tTe  S  is 
the  be  I.s  ihoinselves  were  rem..v(Hl  fro...  ihc  ^wv.uIoh,  ...  d    a  lo  i  L 
Rround  with  the  other  sacred  utensils ;  ...uhh  was  oe  el  n  t  ]  w  t.  clolod 
ao.)rs  and  .lo.io  but  the  priest,  were  a.l.nitted  t.,  that  lu.ly  nsl  I.  io,, ;    he 
la  tv  partook  of  no  religious  rile,  exc.,pi  I,api,g,„  to  newly-bor    i  ifa    « 
nmfthe  eom.tiun.on  to  the  dyin^,;  the  dead  Jure  not  i..l«rred  1,^.4,  secrl! 
led  ground;  they  were  thrown  ?nto  du.hc«.  .,r  buried  i.i  .  0..  mon  fie  d« 
o^id  their  obsequies  wero  not  att.mded  with  prayers,  or  any  ha  owed  con 

»cE'[.Vi?*"''''T:\^"'  celebrated  in  the  ch,,n-liy.:rds;    a^nd?   hrtovm 
Botion^f  hfo  miKht  bear  the  markf  of  ihjg  drottdfui  aifj-tion-  the  wSr 


-mM 


f'^fl 


M'fS; 


ili 


268 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


were  prohibited  th«  use  of  meat  as  in  Lent ;  and,  as  in  times  of  the  highest 
penance,  were  debarred  from  all  pleasures  and  entertainments,  and  were 
forbidden  even  to  salute  each  other,  or  so  much  as  to  shave  their  beards 
and  give  any  decent  attention  to  their  person  and  apparel.  Every  circum- 
stance  earned  symptoms  of  the  deepest  distress,  and  of  the  most  imme- 
diate apprehension  of  divine  indignation  and  vengeance." 

Unwarned  by  even  :i.e  commencement  of  this  state  of  things  in  his 
kingdom,  and  obstinately  closing  his  eyes  against  the  contempt  in  which 
he  was  held  by  those  lay  barons  upon  whom  he  must  depend  for  what- 
ever support  he  might  need  against  the  spiritual  power,  John  now  turned 
his  vengeance  especially  against  those  r^f  the  clergy  who  ventured  to  pay 
attention  to  the  interdict,  and  generally  against  the  adherentB  of  Arch- 
bishop  Langton.  The  prelates  of  these  classes  he  sent  into  exile,  and 
the  monks  he  confined  to  their  convent  with  the  barest  possible  allowance 
for  their  temporal  necessities,  aQd  in  both  cases  he  made  himself  the  re- 
cipient of  their  revenues.  Concubinage  being  a  common  vice  of  the 
clergy,  he  seized  upon  that  point  to  annoy  them  by  throwing  their  concu- 
bines into  prison,  whence  he  would  only  release  them  upon  payment  of 
high  fine? ;  conduct  which  was  the  more  egregriously  tyrannical,  because 
he  well  knew  that,  in  most  cases,  those  who  were  called  the  concubineS 
of  the  clergy  lived  with  all  the  decency  and  fidelity  of  wives,  and  only 
were  not  wives  in  consequence  of  the  cruel,  unnatural,  and  odious  exer- 
else  of  tho  power  of  Rome  to  compel  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

Meantime  the  quarrel  between  John  (uid  the  pope  continued  its  invet 
eracy  on  both  sides,  and  la&ted  for  some  years ;  the  people,  who  had  no 
part  in  the  quarrel,  being  thus  exposed  to  all  the  evils  and  vexations  which 
we  have  described,  e,-'!epling  in  the  comparatiyily  few  cases  where  the 
threats  or  persuasions  of  John  were  powerful  enough  to  induce  tlie  clergy 
to  disregard  the  interdict.  With  these  exceptions,  upon  which  even  the 
laity,  much  as  they  were  injured  by  tho  interdict,  looked  with  dislike  and 
contempt,  all  the  clergy  remaining  in  England  were  the  enemies  of  John. 
But  he,  affecting  the  utmost  contempt  for  public  opinion,  clerical  as  lay, 
loaded  all  classes  of  his  people  with  heavy  imposts  to  defray  the  expeuHcs 
of  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Irish  expeditions,  m  which  success  itself  produced 
him  no  glory,  ;is  it  proceeded  rather  from  the  weakness  of  those  to  whom 
he  WHS  opposed  than  from  his  own  valour  or  conduct.  As  if  desirous  to 
irritate  his  subjects  to  the  utmost,  he  made  the  very  diversions  of  his 
leisure  hours  either  insulting  or  injurious  to  them.  His  licentiousness  in- 
sulted tlieir  families  wherever  he  made  his  apnearanco  ;  and  he  added  to 
the  odious  character  of  his  forest  laws  by  prohibiting  his  siiMjecfs  from 

ftursuing  feathered  game,  and  by  the  purely  spiteful  act  of  causing  the 
orest  fences  to  be  renioveH,  so  that  the  cultivated  fields  in  tho  neighbour- 
hood wore  trampled  and  fed  upon  by  the  vast  herds  of  deer  which  tho  in- 
jured husbandman  dared  not  destroy. 

A.  D.  1208. — A  constant  continuance  in  a  course  like  this  could  not  fail 
to  excite  against  the  king  tho  hatred  even  of  those  among  his  suhjert-s 
who  had  taken  little  or  no  interest  in  hia  original  (junrrel  with  Rome,  iind 
a  coiiMciousnesH  of  this  hatred,  so  far  from  causing  him  to  retrace  his 
•tops,  only  aroused  him  to  grosser  and  more  detcrmnuMl  tyranny,  and  \w 
domaiuhul  from  all  of  his  nobility  whom  he  honoured  with  his  suspicions 
that  thoy  should  placo  their  nearest  relatives  in  his  hands  as  hostages. 
Among  those  of  whom  this  insulting  dunnind  was  made  was  Williuui  dn 
Bravuse,  whose  lady,  a  woman  of  determined  spirit  and  [dnin  speech,  told 
the  king's  moRgoiigcr,  that  for  her  part  she  would  never  consent  to  entrust 
her  son  in  Iht,  '•  nds  of  tho  man  who  had  notoriously  murdered  his  own 
nephew.  The  oaron,  though  both  wealthy  and  powerful,  was  sensibk 
that  there  was  no  safety  for  him  after  such  a  reply  had  been  returned  to 
tho  Itnig,  ui*d  he  sought  shelter,  with  his  wife  and  child,  in  ■  remote  siliiB 


HISTORY  OF   THE   WORLD.  260 

lion  in  Ireland.   But  John,  like  most.tvrants  was  onlv  tnn.  r<.iihf.,u.  • 

by  his  spies;  the  unfortunate  baron  was  discovered  aXS^^^^^^ 

Sirs  II  s:r  ^0^^  ^^^^^^sii^t^^z 

when  he  was  aware  that  such  hatred  cou  d  aS  aKoment  Le  bLn  T," 
lowed  by  Rome  to  break  out  into  open  rebellion.  *'* 

niclioii,  which,  aa  John  wjll  knew  nni  ,i*?iT'",?'"P  %"  eicomma- 
anillMnvahaiidair.in.ihimfkJ.    '"^       V"'  '"  alleiiaffco,  and  would 

MiU  hdd'out  agLat  2  ^^  SS'^«comm,mi™rn''w'°  "°7"".''' 
fall  wilh  anch  peculiar  seveX  Voon  him  .3J T  ".""'u""""'"  '" 
pronounce  il ,  Ld  h"ex?ne?S^uZklZut  T°''5  ^'V?"''  '" 

J^rx:  t'^i^nrcrrfl^fd'ss  atr ',7''=''' 
"™£  HSES  sSr-  =fKS!! 


sutaiTT,   ffrn 


snouiii  Ihwv  choio  to  nltow 


ltd 


k,..,,  till 


260 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


some  nodetation  in  dealing  with  him  as  to  the  past ;  now,  in  a  won] 
whpn  he  no  longer  had  it  in  his  power  to  negotiate  to  advantage,  John 
commenced  a  negotiation  with  the  hitherto  exiled  and  despised  Lan^ton. 
K  meeting  accordingly  took  place  between  them  at  Dover,  and  John  of. 
fered  to  submit  himself  to  the  pope,  to  receive  Langton  as  primate,  to  re 
instate  the  whole  of  the  exiled  clergy,  and  to  pay  a  cei^tain  sum  in  com 

Sensation  of  the  rents  which  he  had  confiscated.  But  these  terms,  which 
obn  might  have  commanded  at  the  outset  of  the  dispute,  and  at  which, 
in  fact,  he  had  then  manifested  such  childish  and  unbecoming  rage,  were 
far  toe  favourable  to  be  allowed  him  now  that  Rome  had  at  once  his  terroi 
and  his  helplessness  to  urge  her  to  severity.  Langton  demanded  thai, 
instead  of  a  certain  sum  in  the  way  of  compensation  for  the  wrong  done 
to  the  clergy,^ohn  should  pay  all  that  he  had  unjustly  received,  and,  still 
further,  that  he  should  make  full  and  complete  satisfaction  for  all  injuries 
suffered  by  the  clergy  in  consequence  of  their  exile  and  the  confiscation 
of  their  revenues.  It  was  less,  now,  from  unwillingness  to  make  peace 
with  Rome,  on  even  the  hardest  terms,  than  from  sheer  terror  at  the 
thought  of  having  to  collect  again  all  the  vast  sums  he  had  wantonly  dis- 
sipated, and  of  having  still  further  to  find  money  for  damages  which  those 
who  had  suffered  them  were,  of  all  men,  the  least  likely  to  undervalue, 
that  John  pronounced  it  impossible  for  him  to  comply  with  Langton's 
demands. 

A.  D.  1212. — The  pope,  who  most  probably  did  not  fully  appreciate  the 
extent  of  the  pecuniary  difficulties  which  caused  John  to  shrink  from 
Langton's  proposal,  now  solemnly  absolved  John's  subjects  from  their 
allef/imce  to  him,  and  denounced  excommunication  upon  all  who  should 
venliut  to  have  any  commerce  with  him,  at  the  council  board  or  in  the 
festive  hall,  in  private  or  in  public,  as  a  monarch  or  even  as  an  individual. 
As  even  this  terrible  severity,  by  which  the  most  powerful  men  could  be 
in  an  hour  deprived  of  all  support  and  of  all  demonstration  of  affection, 
and  made — so  much  more  powerful  were  superstitious  fears  than  the 
urgings  of  either  duty  or  affection— desolate  and  shunned  as  the  pariah  o( 
the  desert  or  the  Hebrew  leper,  did  not  instantly  force  John  to  submission, 
Innocent  followed  it  up  by  a  solemn  sentence  of  deposition. 

The  pontiffs  in  that  superstitious  age  were  wiser  in  their  generation 
than  the  lay  princes  witli  whom  they  had  to  deal,  and  they  well  knew 
how  to  make  those  princes  each  tlie  instrument  of  the  other's  subjection. 
Accordingly,  on  this  occasion,  the  pope,  who  well  understood  the  ambi- 
tious character  of  the  king  of  France,  and  the  animosity  that  mutually  ex 
Isted  between  John  and  Philip,  promised  the  latter  not  only  remission  of 
sins,  but  also  the  sovereignty,  as  a  vassal  of  the  popedom,  of  John's  king- 
dom of  England,  as  the  reward  of  his  invading  it  and  subduing  Jolui. 

Philip  readily  consented  to  comply  with  the  pope's  wishes,  and  havnig 
Uwieda.vast  force  and  summoniul  all  his  military  vassals  to  attend  iinil 
aid  him,  he  assembled  a  fleet  of  sevcntoon  hundred  sail  on  the  coast  of 
Normandy  and  Picardy,  and  prepared  for  «he  immediate  and  effectual  in- 
vasion of  England. 

But  the  papal  court,  as  usual,  was  playing  a  double  and  an  interested 
game,  and  was  by  no  means  sincere  in  desiring  to  replace  on  the  throne  , 
of  England  a  despised  and  incapable  monarch,  like  John,  by  a  pomiliir, 
warlike,  and  politic  one  like  Philip,  unless,  indeed,  the  terror  of  the  latter 
should,  as  was  by  no  means  probable,  fail  to  reduce  the  former  to 
submission. 

In  this  decidedly  the  most  serious  of  all  his  onrils  from  without,  John 
displayed  something  i:\o  a  flash  of  the  high  an  :  '.uing  spirit  of  his  Nor- 
man race.  Issuing  orders  not  only  for  the  ass'  r7,'';iing  of^all  his  military 
vassals  at  D(»vcr,  but  iilao  for  the  arming  an(?  •"reparation  of  every  man 
able  to  b,.  .  urma  throughout  the  kingdoui,  h>i  buemed  dotcrmiaed  eithei 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  261 

10  preserve  his  Crown  of  to  die  in  defence  of  it.  But  this  temporary  .rieam 
uf  martial  feeling  came  too  late,  and  was  too  strongly  opposed  by  his 
craven  conduct  on  former  occasions  to  obtain  him  any  general  sympathy 
among  his  people.  His  excommunication  and  his  general  unpopularity 
threw  a  damp  on  the  spirits  of  even  the  bravest  of  his  subjects,  and  the 
most  zealous  among  the  very  few  friends  whom  his  vices  had  left  him 
trembled  for  the  issue.  Nevertheless,  patriotic  feeling  in  some  and  habits 
of  feudal  obedience  in  others  caused  his  orders  to  be  obeyed  by  an  im- 
mense number,  from  whom  he  selected  for  immediate  service  the  larse 
force  of  sixty  thousand.  * 

Philip,  in  the  meantime,  though  anxious  immediately  to  striice  the  blow 
which  promised  to  give  him  so  vast  a  prize,  was,  as  a  vassal  to  the  pope, 
Bnd  directly  and  specially  engaged  in  supporting  the  papal  authority, 
Dbhgcd  to  be  observant  of  the  directions  of  l»andolf,  the  papal  legate,  to 
whom  the  whole  conduct  of  the  expedition  was  committed.     Pandolf.  well 
acquainted  with  the  real  and  occult  views  of  Innocent,  required  no  more 
of  Phihp  s  aid  after  that  prince  had  prepared  and  displayed  his  force. 
That  done,  Pandolf  summoned  John  to  a  conference  at  Dover.     Pointing 
on  the  one  hand,  to  the  immense  power  and  inteiested  zeal  of  Philip,  and 
on  the  other,  to  those  peculiar  drawbacks  upon  the  efficient  action  of  the 
Liidish  force,  of  which  John  was  already  but  too  sensible,  the  legale 
with  wily  and  emphatic  elocjyeime,  urged  John,  by  a  speedy  and  complete 
submission  to  the  pope,  to  embrace  the  only  means  of  safety  that  now  re- 
mained  open  to  him  ;  excommunicated  by  the  nope,  on  the  eve  of  beina 
attacked  by  his  mighty  and  vindictive  rival  of  France,  and  secretly  hated 
oy  his  own  vassals,  who  were  not  at  all  unlikely  openly  to  desert  him 
upon  the  day  of  battle.    The  statements  of  the  legate  were  true,  and  John, 
who  knew  them  to  be  so,  passed  in  an  instant  from  the  extreme  of  bra- 
vado  and  obstinacy  to  an  equally  extreme  and  far  more  disgusting  humil- 
:ty  and  obedience.    John  now  promised  the  most  entire  submission  to 
the  pope ;  the  acknowledgement  of  Langton  as  archbislioi)  of  Canterbury; 
the  restoration  of  all,  whether  clergy  or  laymen,  whom  he  had  banished 
an  account  of  this  long  and  unfortunate  dispute  ;  restitution  of  all  goods 
and  revenues  that  had  been  confiscated,  and  full  payment  of  all  damages 
done  by  the  confiscation;  and  an  immediate  payment  of  eight  thousand 
pounds  on  account,  together  with  an  immediate  acceptance  to  his  grace 
and  favour  of  all  who  had  suflfercd  in  them  for  adhering  to  the  pope.     To 
a  I  tht;so  terms  the  king  swore  agreement,  and  four  of  his  great  barons 
also  swore  to  cause  his  faithful  compliance.     From  tlic  instant  that  Pan- 
dolf got  the  king  to  agree  to  these  degrading  conditions,  the  whole  right 
and  merit  of  the  quarrel  was  substiintially  and  uiiiillorably  assigned  to 
Home  by  the  king's  own  Bolcmn  confession;  and  this  point  Pandolf  was, 
for  obvious  reasons,  anxious  to  secure  prior  to  running  the  risk  of  stinging 
and  startling  even  John's  dastard  spirit  into  desperation.     But  having  thus 
made  the  king  virtually  confess  that  his  share  in  the  quarrel  was  such  as 
to  disentitle  him  to  the  support  of  his  friends  and  subjects,  Pandolf  wholly 
UiiGwoflr  the  mask,  and  showed  John  how  much  more  of  the  bitter  draught 
of  degradation  he  still  had  to  swallow. 

John  had  sworn  humble  and  complete  obedience  to  the*  pope ;  he  was 
now  required,  as  the  first  convincing  proof  of  that  obedience,  to  resign  his 
Kingdom  to  the  church  ;  an  act  of  obedience  wliicli  ho  was  assured  was 
nis  most  efl'cctual  mc«de  of  protecting  his  kingdom  against  Philip,  who 
would  not  dare  to  attack  i».  whoa  placed  under  the  immediato  gtiardianship 
and  r.uHtody  of  Rome.  John  had  now  gone  too  far  to  rceede  from  thai 
dcffradation  which  made  him  forever  the  mere  temporal  as  well  as  spiritud 
vamd  of  haughty  and  overrea(diing  Rome,  Ho  therefore  subscribed  a 
-imle.T,  in  which,  professing  to  be  under  no  restraint,  he  solemnly  rj 

„-    -  -auvciii  aiSa   ms  .'ipusiuiic  buC' 


miUnCAd    Knalanii 


<»    D 


t:iM 


li 


itLI 


^■1 


:/;'■■■»    U 


S63 


HISTORY  OF  THE  "WORLD. 


cessors,  and  agreed  thenceforth  to  hold  them  at  the  annual  rent  of  a  thou. 
sand  marks,  as  feudatory  of  the  papal  throne  ;  binding  his  successors  as 
well  as  himself  to  the  due  performance  of  this  condition,  on  pain  of  abso- 
lute  forfeiture  in  the  event  of  impenitent  disobedience.  Even  the  signing 
of  this  degrading  agreement  was  not  allowed  to  terminate  John's  deep 
humiliation.  He  was  compelled,  in  open  court,  to  do  homage  in  the  usual 
feudal  form  to  Pand  f  as  the  representative  of  the  pope,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  pay  in  advance  a  portion  of  the  tribute,  upon  which  the  le?-ate 
trampled  in  open  scorn.  And,  so  much  had  John's  misconduct  degraded 
his  brave  subjects  as  well  as  himself,  that,  with  the  single  exception  of 
the  archbishop  of  Dublin,  no  one  pres*nt  had  the  spirit  to  resent  Pandolf 's 
rude  and  impolitic  behaviour. 

After  John  had  submitted  to  all  this  ignominy,  he  was  still  compelled 
to  feel  himself  dependent  upon  the  very  doubtful  generosity  of  Rome ;  for 
Pandolf  refused  to  remove  the  interdict  and  excommunication  till  the 
damages  of  the  clergy  should  be  both  estimated  and  paid.  Yet  even  in 
this  terrible  and  galling  state  of  his  fortunes  John  relaxed  not  from  his 
tyranny  to  his  subjects.  An  enthusiast  or  impostor,-  named  Peter  of 
Pomfret,  a  hermit,  had  in  one  of  his  rhapsodies  prophesied  that  the  king 
would  this  year  lose  his  crown,  a  prophecy  which  had  been  likely  enough 
to  be  accomplished  in  any  one  of  many  preceding  years.  This  man,  and 
his  son  as  his  accomplice  or  abettor,  were  tried  as  impostors ;  and  though 
the  hermit  stoutly  maintained  that  the  kfsig's  surrender  to  Rome,  and  the 
vassalage  in  which  he  had  now  consented  to  hold  his  formerly  indeoen 
dent  crown,  verified  the  prophecy,  they  were  both  dragged  at  horses'  heels 
to  the  gallows  and  there  hanged. 

John,  the  baseness  of  whose  temper  made  him  callous  to  many  reflec 
tions  which  would  have  stung  a  prouder  and  more  honourable  man  al- 
most  to  madness,  was,  amid  all  his  degradation,  less  to  be  pitied  just  now 
than  the  duped  and  baffled  Philip.  His  rage  on  learning  that  his  expen 
sive  display  of  force  had  only  served  the  purpose  of  drivmg  John  into  tlie 

Erotection  of  the  pope,  could  scarcely  be  kept  within  either  safe  or  decent 
ounds.  He  bitterly  complained  of  the  insincere  offers  and  promises  by 
which  he  had  been  gulled  into  an  outlay  of  sixty  thousand  pounds ;  and, 
his  indignation  being  shared  by  his  barons,  he  went  so  far  as  to  declare 
that  not  even  the  pope's  protection  should  save  England  from  him.  i: 
indeed  seemed  probable,  that  he  would  at  all  risks  have  invaded  England 
but  for  the  influence  and  intrigue  of  the  earl  of  Flanders,  who,  being  in  a 
secret  confederacy  with  John,  loudly  protested  against  the  impiety  ol 
attacking  a  state  that  was  now  become  a  part  of  St.  Peter's  patrimony. 
Shrewdly  judging  that  the  earl  would  follow  up  his  WunIs  by  correspond- 
ing  deeds,  Philip  resolved  to  chastise  him  ;  but  while  he  was  engaged  in 
so  doing,  his  fleet  was  attacked  by  John's  natural  brother,  the  earl  of  Salis- 
bury,  so  that  Philip  deemed  it  the  wisest  plan  to  lay  aside  his  meditated 
attack  upon  England,  at  least  for  the  present. 

John,  as  easily  elated  as  depressed,  was  so  pjjffed  up  by  his  novel  safety 
Bccompanied  though  it  was  by  so  much  ignominy,  that  he  boasted  his  in- 
tention to  invade  France.  Hut  he  was  met  on  the  part  of  his  barons  with 
cold  and  contelnpiuous  refusal  to  take  part  in  his  enterprise ;  and  when, 
in  the  hope  of  shaming  them  into  joining  him,  he  sailed  with  only  his 
personal  followers  as  far  as  the  island  ol  Jersey,  he  had  the  mortification 
of  being  compelled  to  return,  not  one  of  the  barons  having  so  far  relented 
as  to  follow  him.  On  his  retnrn  he  threatened  to  chastise  them  for  tiieii 
want  of  obedience  ;  but  here  ho  was  met  by  the  archbishop  liangton,  who 
reminded  him  that  he  was  but  the  vassal  of  Rome,  and  threatened  him 
with  the  most  signal  punishment  if  he  ventired  to  levy  war  upon  any  ol 
Dis  subjects. 

Home  removed  the  infliction  upon  John  and  his  kingdom  to  the  full  as 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


263 


gradually  as  she  had  laid  them  on ;  but  in  the  end  the  pope  himself  inter- 
fered  to  protect  him  against  the  extortion  of  the  clergy,  and  commanded 
',''u'"u°i*''i  ^°5^y  thousand  marks  instead  of  a  hundred  thousand,  which 
John  had  oflFered,  and  instead  of  the  infamously  excessive  sum  beyond  that 
which  they  had  rated  their  losses  at. 

In  the  end,  the  king's  submissive  behaviour  and  his  disbursement  of 
jirge  sums  of  money  procured  the  interdict  to  be  removed  from  his  kins- 
dom ;  and  the  prelates  and  superior  clergy  having  received  their  damages, 
the  mfenor  clergy  were  left  to  console  themselves  as  they  best  mifflit 
without  any  repayment  at  all;  Nicholas,  bishop  of  Frescati,  who  was 
now  legate  m  England  mstead  of  Fandolf,  showing  himself  more  favour- 
able to  John  than  his  predecessors  had  been. 

A.  D  1214.— Not  deterred  by  the  evident  dislike  of  his  barons,  and  their 
determination  never  to  assist  him  when  they  could  make  any  valid  excuse, 
Tohn  now  proceeded  to  Poictou,  and  his  authority  being  still  held  in  re- 
spect there,  he  was  enabled  to  carry  the  war  into  Philip's  territory.     But 
before  John  had  well  commenced  his  depredations  he  was  routed  bv 
Philip  s  son,  young  Prince  Louis,  and  fled  in  terror  to  England,  to  enffaffe 
once  more  in  his  congenial  task  of  oppressing  his  subjects.     For  this 
amiable  pursuit  he  deemed  that  his  submission  to  Rome  had  furnished 
him  with  full  immunity ;  but  mortifications  of  the  most  severe  description 
were  still  in  store  for  him.    The  barons,  shocked  out  of  even  their  feudal 
notions  of  submission,  became  clamorous  for  the  practical  and  formal 
establishment  of  the  liberties  and  privileges  which  had  been  promised  to 
them  by  both  Henry  I.  and  Henry  II.    In  their  demands  they  were  much 
backed  and  aided  by  Archbishop  Langton ;  less,  it  would  seem  pretty 
clear,  from  any  genuine  patriotism  on  his  part,  than  from  old  detestation 
of  John,  exacerbated  and  festered  by  the  obstinacy  with  which  he  had 
resisted  Laneton's  admission  to  the  primacy.    At  a  private  meeting  of 
the  most  zealous  of  the  barons,  Langton  not  only  encouraged  them  by  his 
own  eloquent  advice,  but  also  produced  a  copy  of  the  charter  of  Henry  I. 
which  he  had  rummaged  out  of  some  monastic  crypt,  and  urged  them  to 
make  that  the  guide  and  basis  of  their  demands,  and  to  persevere  until 
those  demands  were  both  fully  and  securely  conceded  to  them.     Perceiv- 
ing the  effect  of  this  conduct,  he  repeated  it  at  another  and  more  numerous 
meeting  of  the  baions  at  St.  Edmund's  Bury  in  Suffolk ;  and  the  charter, 
supported  by  its  own  vivid  eloquence,  so  wrought  upon  the  barons,  that 
ere  they  separated  they  solemnly  swore  to  be  true  to  each  other,  and 
never  to  cease  to  make  war  upon  their  faithless  and  tyrannical  king  until 
he  should  grant  their  just  demands.    This  done  they  separated,  after 
hxing  upon  a  day  for  their  reunion  to  commence  their  open  and,  if  need 
be,  armed  advocacy  of  their  cause. 

A.  D.  1216.— On  the  given  day  they  punctually  mot,  and  demanded  then 
rights,  as  promised  by  his  own  oath  and  as  laid  down  in  the  charter 
of  Henry  I.  Alarmed  at  their  union,  John  promised  that  they  should  be 
answered  on  the  following  Easter;  and  the  primate  witli  the  bishop  of  Ely 
and  the  earl  of  Pembroke  becoming  surety  for  the  performance  of  the 
Kings  words   the  barons  contentedly  retired  to  their  castles. 

But  John  li  id  sought  delay,  not  for  the  purpose  of  oonsid'eriiig  the  nature 
and  propriety  of  the  demands,  but  for  that  of  finding,  if  possible,  some 
means  by  which  at  once  to  baulk  the  barons  and  to  be  avenged  of  them 
•laving  experienced  to  his  cost  the  power  of  Rome,  he  thought  his  hest 
way  to  baffle  his  nobles  was  to  conciliate  the  church,  to  which  lie  vohiii 
tarily  made  many  concessions  and  compliments  ;  one  of  the  former  beiii" 
Ills  voluntary  relinquishment  of  that  right  to  investiture  which  the  pre" 
vioui  Norman  kings  had  so  stoutly  battled  for,  and  one  of  the  latter,  jih 
equally  voluntary  proffer  and  promise  to  lead  an  army  against  the  infidels 
in  tlie  Holv  Land'  "id  'o  ui<'i>iru  hi^  .»«(;«»•  -; -•'— 4>-:-  i_-.^  -_■  . 


284 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


<ie  at  once  assumed  the  Cross.  Both  from  John's  urgency  for  his  proteo 
lion  and  from  the  counter  and  no  less  urgent  instances  of  the  barons,  the 
pope  was  excited  to  much  alarm  about  England,  for  the  peace  and  pros- 
perity  of  whish  he  had,  since  John  basely  became  his  vassal,  conceived  a 
sort  of  paternal  interest.  Knowing  full  well  how  much  more  difficult  il 
would  be  to  deal  with  the  power  of  England  under  the  bold  barons  than 
under  a  despiserl  ?ni  ^veak  prince  like  John,  it  was  obviously  to  the  in- 
terest  of  Innnt-eni  m  ephold  the  latter  as  faras  possible  against  the  former, 
and  he  thriv^OT*,  t'««o«3  a  bull,  in  which  he  characterised  the  proceedings 
of  the  iaronis  Sf?  uk^gal  and  treasonable;  forbade  them,  under  pain  ol 
excommunication,  from  persisting  in  their  demands ;  and  enjoined  John 
under  the  same  penaltjr,  not  to  comply  with  them. 

The  primate,  being  in  favour  of  the  barons,  refused  to  give  formal 
publicity  to  this  bull ;  and  though  he  was  suspended  for  his  conduct  in 
this  respect,  the  failure  of  the  bull  was  not  the  less  insured ;  and  thus  a 
new  proof  was  afforded  how  m\Kh  *^X'  lope's  power  depended  upon  ihe 
extent  and  cordiality  of  th"  .;o-opfciaiiori  of  the  rest  of  the  church.  But 
though  the  pope  and  the  king  thus  exerted  themselves  to  defeat  the  barons, 
the  latter  succeeded  in  wresting  from  the  king  that  well  known  declara' 
Hon  of  rights  and  definition  of  prerogative  knqvvn  as  Magna  CAarla,  or  the 
Great  Charter— a  document  which  we  need  not  insert  here,  on  account  ol 
Its  general  notoriety.  But  no  charter  or  agreement  could  bind  the  king- 
he  introduced  foreign  mercenaries,  besieged  and  took  Rochester  castle 
and  barbarously  put  all  but  the  very  highest  of  the  garrison  to  death,  and 
then  carried  fire  and  sword  into  the  towns  and  viHages  throughout  Eng- 
land. The  barons,  chiefly  from  some  faults  or  omissions  on  their  own 
part,  were  reduced  to  such  straits,  that  they  ventured  in  the  unpatriotic 
and  dangerous  expedient  of  offering  the  crown  of  England  to  Prince  Louis. 
son  of  Philip  of  France. 

A.  D.  1216.— The  prince  accordingly  landed  in  England  with  a  large 
force,  m  spite  of  the  menaces  and  orders  of  the  pope ;  John  was  deserted 
by  the  foreigners  upon  whom  he  chiefly  depended,  and  who.  though  wil- 
ling  enough  to  slaughter  his  English  subjects,  were  naturally  unwilling  to 
fight  against  their  own  native  prince.  Most  of  the  English  nobility  who 
had  heretofore  sided  with  John,  now  deserted  him;  town  after  town,  and 
castle  after  castle,  fell  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies ;  and  everything 
seemed  to  threaten  him,  when  a  report,  true  or  false,  got  currency,  that 
Louis  merely  used  the  English  nobles  as  his  tools,  and  would  execute 
them  as  traitors  whenever  his  success  should  be  complete.  This  report 
had  visibly  turned  the  scale  once  more  in  favour  of  John.  Several 
nobles  retumq^  to  thoir  allegiance,  and  he  was  rapidly  collecting  power- 
ful forUes  to  combat  for  his  kingdom,  when  a  heavy  loss  of  treasure  and 
l)aggage,  which  occured  as  he  was  passing  towards  Lincoln,  so  much  ag 
gravated  an  illness  nnder  which  he  already  laboured,  that  he  expired  at 
Newark,  on  the  17th  of  October,  1216,  in  the  forty  ninth  year  of  his  age, 
and  in  the  eighteenth  of  his  agitated,  mischievous,  and  inglorious  reign. 
It  was  in  this  reign  that  the  citizens  of  Lomlon  first  were  privileged  an- 
nually and  froni  their  own  body  to  choose  tin  m-  mayor  and  common  roun- 
eil,  and  to  elect  and  discharge  their  sheriFs  at  pleasure  Of  the  king's 
character  no  summary  is  needed ;  both  as  .nan  and  as  sovereign  he  is 
out  too  forcibly  depicted  in  the  evenia  of  which  we  have  given  a  brief  but 
complete  and  impartial  account. 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD. 


265 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

THE    RElOIf    OF   HENRT   III 

was  both  able  and  willing  to  prevent  hiT^nfaL/T"*'  l"*^  ^""'^'^"  "^^^ 
vantage  to  him ;  and  Louis  of  tace.  who  eSted  to  H^.' -^    ""^  ^'""^ 

ne"lpn  ^he^alfoft^rg ^?4°/  ^^hX^-^  ^^IJ 

the  people,  on  the  one  hL  and  Se  8™  nf  R  """^  the  enthusiasm  of 
farther  to  increase  the  SarUy  of  the  ^^n?^^^^^^  °"  '?'  ?'^''-  ^'^ 
now  regularly  authorized  wth  the  ttl«»^,r^»".^'  '^®  ^^'"^  "'^  Pembroke 
redupol  him  by  a  greTco?ncil  issued  in  f^^^^^^^^  "^  ^'^^  r^^''"'  ^o-'f^r- 
founded  on  that  which  John  had  erased  and  h^t  ^  "^  ''^'f '^'■'  ^^efly 
«equently  he  added  severTsKSeXular  artSs  t  h  ^^^  ?"'  ^"•'■ 
.much  of  the  vast  quantity  of  land  whiph  haH  Lk-.  -i  L  "'  o'saforesung 
Richard  and  John,  and  Us  iS.re  fil  «n/ S^''^''^^  ^^^" /"^'°««d  by 

%ruel  punishments  which  SherSfforebepn  ^^^Tj'?'^".*  ^""^  ^^«  ™<»-« 
While  active  in  taking  these  generrmeasl.!^^^^^^^  '  ^""^''^  °'^""''^»' 
cf  the  people,  the  earl  did  not  oSto  exert  hS'' •f^'l''^'''^  affections 
tachthe  barons  who  had  sided  with  Tm-I^  ^'^'"^'^'dual  influence  to  de 
ble  tact,  the  vast  difference  betweeS  tZL  ^l^-^T^^  «"''  ^'th  admira 
years  who  had  wronged  and ?.Sed!hPm".,?H'"''i-  '"'^'^^SnotmMme 
prince  of  the  race  of  tLlr  ancient  monar^hsti  T.^'"^  l^^'T  ^"  •»'''»"» 
of  the  French  king;  he  dwelt  inonT«S'  ^^*  "P '"  *"«  P'«ce  the  eon 
been  effected  by  the  goveSenfof  lie  fitTif  "'"Vu*''"''  ^^^  already 
lake  the  favourable  opportuStfnow  ^  "»em  to 

Louis,  which  was  unjS?t  n  tse?f  TnaH^.S,?^  f  k"''?u""«  ^*»«  ««"8e  o' 
hitherto  been  as  singuCyunfSa^e  as  it  wninh  ^^  '^  PpPe.  and  had 
character  of  Pembroke  Was  so  hPI. tot  .  ^     °'''''°"*^y  ""^^'essed.  The 

effect  on  those  tVwhL  Jiefwefe  adjr^^^^^^^^  had  a  great 

abandoned  Louis,  and  carrS^o^er  t£  stre.f.th^n'Jj:  ^'^'''''^  ^°"^^^'^^ 
and  many  more,  though  not  vet  Senrpnrr^^^^^^  he.r  nnt.ve  prince; 

ed  into  a  correspondence  wit^h  Pembroke  wht^  *".'\^*  '^"«"^'  ^"'er- 
way.  Louis  added  to  this  leaninTbv  the^-nnniv"'""'^  their  leaning  that 
he  evinced  his  distrust  o  the  Sish  K,^rrf  Fh.T'i""''  ^'^  ^^'^"^^ 
ful  noble  under  whom  all  the  bSs  of  England  h  J  fh^  P''^"' 

grace  to  range  themselves  when  they  conSnc^H^i    r^*"',  "  "? '^'«- 
tyrant  John,  applied  to  Louis  for  theSvernmPnf  nf  .h      ^'•'"ffg'A^'ith  the 
and  was   refused,  although  he  had  anp"l'^r/  f       ''^^^'^  of  Hertford, 
With  such  an  exampe  before  thefrpv.f^^'  claim  upon  the  fortress 
ingthat  he  was,  inffid^  ntkh.g'm^r^toolS  oT  iu7T'  ''™"'  ''^'P  ^^«'- 

their  turn  hei  ..led  in  and  besietred  thp  Fn.rii=K  V"""' /'"-che,  who  in 
A  sally  from  the  castle  wasTadf  a  th^?s,^m«i""''*'^*''^  ^""^°'"  «»«"«• 
his  troops  mounted  to  the  asTauU  of  the  town  ™"T'"  ^'^'^  Pembroke  and 
luccess  of  il,e  English  on  throccasiintCtL?^^  so  complete  was  the 
^Jfid  to  have  depended  on  the  issue  '  ^^'  '^^  ^"'^  ""^'^^  ^'"S^^'«  "'«y 

norr"as^i:?thtrwa^"a"'abK\r^^^  advantage  Louis  was  besieging 


•  . 


266 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD 


Slfnnh  flf  /"k^I"'  '"  "t"^^  *"'^"<'*^  ^"'n  «f  tJ'e  defeat  and  dispers.on  ol  a 
French  fleet  which  was  bringing  him  over  reinforcements.  ^ 

hrnt«  t^^?  7®"i^  r^"^^*^  "?"'  ^esertions  of  the  English  barons  to  Pern 
broke;  and  instead  of  entertaining  farther  hope  of  winning  the  EnS 
crown,  Louis  now  thought  only  of  securing  a  safe  and  spefdy  departS 
rom  a  kingdom  in  which  he  had  met  with  so  many  misLtuLsYhe ^ 
•  £n"fhL'^f.f  '°  ^^"'"^*«  *^«  '''"^''°™  f^rthwfih,  upon  the  Vole  eSS: 
hinil^^/'l^'"  '"P^'Perty  nor  in  liberties  should  those  barons  2 
had  adhered  to  his  cause  be  made  to  suffer  for  that  adherence 

rhe  protector  readily  agreed  to  so  easy  a  condition  ;  and  the  civil  »», 
being  thus  happily  terminated,  Pembroke,  as  regarded  he  lay  barons  who 
had  supported  Louis,  fully  performed  his  part  of  the  agreement  not  Ilv 
Tnw  Z/th""  f  ^^^"  possessions,  but  also  taking  evIrrStun  t?t 
show  tha  their  former  conduct  was  not  allowed  to  have  the  sliKt  vIpU? 
'^JIuT"^  favour  or  preferment  from  reaching  them     Fofthe  cSa 

.;?wn  ^'^'^^'■*I'^"'^  Z^'  '"«*"'«•  As  faras  regarded  the  merely  dv' 
portions  of  their  offence  Pembroke  molested  none  of  them ;  buTSo  he 
pope's  legate,  dealt  somewhat  more  sternly  for  the  contempt  and  disobedi- 

S'ln^^  '*?'"''  I"  'P'*^  °^">"  •"^^^'Ji^'  ^n<i  excommunTation,  they  had 
dared  to  continue  to  support  Louis.    In  so  numerous  a  body  of  men  U  was 
obviously  impossible  but  that  there  should  be  degrees  of  guirjnSac 
cordmgly,  while  some  where  deposed,  others  were  onlv  8n9npnfip/.Ll  * 
wer«  banished,  but  all,  whatever^heir  ^ee  of  guilt?L^adTpay  a  'fine"o 

nrn^W'  ^^  '*'''""  ^^'^  wholesale  chastisement  of  the  effi  derk" 
produced  an  immense  sum.  cnmg  uerics 

cnl'^fff*''?^^®'"!""*^''^'  ***  *•'<""  th«  peace  was  so  greatly  owin<r  died 
Krf  hI  u   ''rl"''^"'  ^"".^  '^^  protectorate  passed  into  the  fcs  of 
?wl  ''^rS""^^:''!-^  justiciary,  and  Peter  des  Roches,  bishop  of  Win 
w«  L  ^*     T^^'^'A^^^  '^"''T"'  ^'^o  took  the  chief  part  in  the  governmen 
was  a  great  and  able  man,  he  had  not  that  personal  reputation  2^1?; 
barons  which  had  been  enjoyed  by  the  earl  of  Pembroke  and  tw^  £ 

SS^fo^"f!moti,2^r4"  '?  T^  thetilXtsition^^t  'n'ow 
eJSr^where  nfli^nl  ^in  "  activity,  insulting  the  royal  authority,  and 

became  so  notorious  and  so  miscCu;  Jj  t  HubSe  LrS 
SrlfZTr'Zl^^Arr''  ^S^'"«^  '""''^  powerful  n»  who 

DoV.^^ir     u  °  '^'ely  extinguished  flames  of  civil  war.    FortunPtPlv 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WOULD.  h7 

foUowed  in  the  discreditable  capacUvofTmnSL^  n'"^i°''"'  *''*""  *»« 
the  conduct  and  manners  of  h?sSni  8^SSoS•^l'  "^f  f"""*^ 
which  he  had  attained,  and  was  amoJi  th«  m««f  .  v.^.'^^.®'"  ^i""'""^  ^° 
ageableof  all  the  barons.  ^  ^''^  "*'*^*  turbulent  and  unman 

poJststtVel'wirf' htm  Kl^  t^H^?^^  ^^«  "«1'''»'  --^^'  «nd  take 
Pbberies  c^f  this%:i'a'^rd'wriera  e  t^^^^ 

ar^r^eTb^rff  p?^^^^^ 

of  his  ataunchest  disorderlies'  tWcLrt  o7Tu'£thicrwtle?l^ 

ting,  seized  upon  his  bench  the  judge  who  had  ventnrflH  tn  h^^:  i         • 

so  potent  an  offender,  and  actuallv  imnrLnin  1  .  ■  j  °  ^,®'V.'^®  against 

BeLrd  castle.    Ha^inTgoneSthiSSit  F,i5f '  ^"'''Jil^i  '^^^^'^^''^  '» 

compunction  about  goin/stSl  farther  an^^h^^^^ 

war?.pon  the  king.  VhJlllfiLw ^ne  tS'thT  utlength  of 'SS 

he  WKS  opposed  so  vigorously  that  lis  followers  were  soon  nnt^nthJ 

rouund  he,  bein^g  taken  prisoner,  was  punished  b^  Ss^aXid  W 

^^  ;^^^JJle'Si/'^.S  Z£  ™^£,  Si; 

"awt^d^BSr"'  '''  '^"''^  ^'°""  ^^  ^'^  desperateTuStieris 

Jri°*n^fh^  n^'  "!'!,5air,  which  was  much  complained  of  as  being  ron 
trary  to  the  Great  Charter,  Hubert  procured  a  b  ill  frnm  »^  ?.     ^ 

London     n..fLf,K'"  ^'^^  P^pared  to  march  in  hostile  array  upon 
civ?i«;,hJSKT!,-''^^^"''*™«  *«  commence  this  actual  levying  of 

com  SwT&wir'^"'"''  ^'^^'^Ijdo'i^^l  their  design,  and  appeared  at 
(hn  ml,  r         :.y  ^7®™  summoned  to  answer  for  their  conduct     Bm 

b   iut^vrunnf,'  ?^  P™'^'"''^'  ^'*«y  ^^'^  '«''l  ^^''^^  the  cSesfgn  of  levy""g 
"UBoiuw  war  upon  their  sovweian.  tii«i7  ir.«,io  ..,.  — r ;r„  _V.  _  /   .» 

-    -IT-'   — J-  ■•••  i'lvitrosiuu   uj  n;jR:m. 


268 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


?r?®'.  9u  *u?  contrary,  while  they  eagerly  disavowed  any  personal  kos 
tility  to  the  king  himself,  they  equally  admitted  that  they  were  hostile  to 
Hubert,  and  that  they  were  still  as  determined  as  ever  to  insist  upon  hiM 
removal  from  his  power  and  authority.    They  were  too  numerous  and 
potent  to  be  subjected  to  the  punishment  which  their  insolent  sedition 
merited ;  and  probably  it  was  their  perception  of  that  as  the  real  cause  oi 
their  being  suffered  to  retire  unscathed  from  court  after  so  open  a  deck. 
ration  of  their  hostility  to  Hubert,  that  encouraged  them  very  shortlv 
afterwards  to  hold  another  armed  meeting  at  Leicester.     Here  a  jain  lUev 
determined  that  the  king,  then  resident  at  Northampton,  was  too  strong 
and  too  well  prepared  to  allow  of  their  seizing  upon  his  person,  which 
despite  their  former  disclaimer,  it  was  all  along  their  desire  to  do     Bu' 
as  If  watching  for  some  relaxation  of  the  vigilance  of  the  justiciary  or 
some  diminution  of  the  royal  forces,  tliey  kept  together  under  the  nre- 
tence  of  cel.brating  Christmas.    As  it  was  evident  that  mischief  would 
speedily  occur  to  both  king  and  people,  unless  these  bold  bad  men  were 
stopped  before  they  had  encouraged  each  other  too  far,  the  archbishon  and 
the  prelates  sternly  remonstrated  with  them,  and  threatened  them  with 
immediate  excommunication  as  the  penalty  of  their  longer  delayinff  their 
submission  to  the  king  and  the  disbanding  of  their  hostile  arriiy  ^JE 
ol  the  castles  were,  upon  this  threat,  given  up  to  the  king,  and  we  mav 
judge  how  necessary  a  step  Hubert  had  taken  on  behalf  of  his  youn? 
sovereign,  when  we  read  that  there  were  in  England  at  that  lime  no  less 
than  eleven  hundred  and  fifteen  of  these  castles.     When  Hubert's  jn^t  and 
wise  design  was  fulfilled,  the  king  restored  to  that  faithful  subiec't  and 
servant  the  fortresses  he  had  surrcHdered,  and  this  restoration  was  bitterly 
complained  of  by  the  factious  barons,  who  chose  not  to  perceive  the  iin. 
mense  difference  between  fortresses  held  for  the  king  and  fortresses  held 
against  him. 

Parliament  having  granted  the  king  a  fifteenth,  he  was  obliged  to  employ 
It  in  carrying  on  war  against  France,  in  spite  of  the  disaffected  state  of 
80  many  of  his  most  powerful  subjects.  For  Henry  having  demanded 
the  resl.tution  of  his  ancestral  Normandy,  Louis  VIM.  was  so  fur  from 
making  that  restitution,  that  he  made  a  sudden  attack  upoli  Poictoii,  be- 
8iege,(l  and  took  Rochelle,  and  showed  an  evident  determination  to  d(!nrive 
the  Lnghsh  of  'heir  very  small  remaining  continental  territory  The 
king  sent  over,  a.^  his  lieutenants,  his  brotlier  tho  earl  of  Cornwall,  and 
Ills  undo  tho  earl  of  Salisbury,  who  succeeded  in  preveiitino  any  farther 
progress  on  the  part  of  Louis,  and  in  keeping  the  vassals  of  (lascony 
and  oictou  m  obedience ;  and,  after  two  years'  stay  in  France,  duriiia 
which  tne  military  operations  amounted  to  nothing  higher  than  what  mod- 
em  generals  would  term  a  skirmish,  the  carl  of  Cornwall  returned  to 
England. 

A.  D.  1227.--Thnugh  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall,  scorns  to  have  cared 
-Ittle  enough  for  tho  ordinnry  ends  of  ambition,  lio  had  a  greediness  ol 
gain  wi.ich  answered  all  the  piir|)ooe8  of  ambition  in  arraying  him  against 
his  brother  and  king;  and  a  petty  diH|nito  which  arose  (mt  of  the  earl's 

nrrnnM  iiiwl   liia  ■■■linai  <.r...__..  r.r  ~ i.e..: :^  .  ■  k  ... 


greed  and  his  unjust  course  of'gratifving'jt,  iioi'onl'y  pr'oilucfadlemUmong 

ligh  involved  tlio  whole  nation  in  a  civil  war, 


the  brother.s,  but  had  well  ni, „ „  .,..„.„  „.„.„,.  „.  „  ,„„  „„„ 

and  certainly  would  have  done  so  but  for  the  v't>ak  and  yielding  chnraclei 
of  lleiiry,  whoso  irresolution  even  thus  early  bucame  manifest  to  both 
nia  friends  and  his  enemies. 

Taking  advantage  of  a  dispute  which  had  occurred  between  Hi'iard 
Hnd  one  of  the  baron*,  relative  to  the  possession  of  a  certain  manor,  a 
pf.werfnl  confederacy  of  discontented  nobles  was  foi  ined  against  the  king, 
who  at  length  yielded  the  point  through  fear,  and  made  conco.winns  as 
Innwlitic  as  they  wore  inglorious  to  him  as  a  sovereign.  No  voak  and 
pliant,  in  fact,  waa  tho  character  of  Henrv.  that  It  mav  be  doubted  wLelhcr 


tuary,  drawn  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


260 


he  would  ever  have  reigned  at  all  h;id  ihe  care  of  his  minorily  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  a  less  able  and  upright  man  than  Hubert  de  Burgh.    And 
it  was  no  small  proof  of  his  weakness  ihat  after  a.1  the  important  and 
steadfast  services  which  he  had  received  from  De  Burgh,  that  minister 
was  diHmissed  his  office,  deprived  of  his  property,  driven  to  take  sanc- 
tuary, drawn  thence  and  committed  to  close  custody  in  the  castle  of  De- 
vizes,  for  no  other  reason  than  that  he  had  been  faithful  .to  the  king. 
Other  rea/  charge  than  this  there  was  none;  though  several  pretences 
were  urged  against  him,  such  as  the  frivolous  ones  of  his  having  gained 
the  kings  favour  and  affection  by  acts  of  enchantment,  and  of  purloining 
from  the  royal  treasure  a  gem  which  had  the  virtue  of  rendering  its 
wearer  invulnerable !    Hubert  was  at  length  driven  into  exile  ;  but  re- 
called  and  taken  into  favour  with  just  as  little  apparent  reason  as  there 
had  been  for  his  persecution.    He  seems  in  his  adversity  to  have  at  least 
earned  the  valuable  lesson  of  the  danger  of  counselling  wisely  a  weak 
king;  for,  though  he  was  now  personally  as  much  a  favourite  as  ever,  he 
never  afterwards  showed  any  desire  to  resume  his  perilous  authority, 
winch  was  bestowed  at  his  overthrow  upon  Peter,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
a  native  of  Poictou,  arbitrary  and  violent,  but  without  any  of  Hubert  de 
Burghs  talent  or  courage,  and  so  little  fitted  for  the  almost  sovereign 
authority  that  was  entrusted  to  him,  that  it  wis  mainly  owing  to  his  mis- 
conduct  and  tyranny  as  judiciary,  and  regent  of  the  kingdom  during  an 
absence  of  King  John  in  Franco,  that  the  barons  had  been  stung  into 
that  memorable  combination  which  resulted  in  the  great  charter,  the  foun- 
dation of  constitutional  liberty  in  England. 

A.  D.  1231.— Like  all  weak  persons,  Henry,  while  he  felt  his  own  iiica 
pacity  for  governing,  was  unwilling  to  abide  by  the  advice  of  those  who 
were  worthy  of  his  confidence ;   and  feeling  that  his  true  nature  was 
shrewdly  understood  by  his  own  subjects,  lie  invited  over  a  groat  number 
of  Poictevins,  in  whom  ho  rightly  supposed  that  he  would  find  more 
pliancy  ami  less  restraint.     Upon  these  foreign  sycophants  he  conferred 
various  offices  of  trust  an<l  power  which  he  feared  to  bestow  upon  his 
hiiglish  subjects.    Confident  in  the  protection  of  the  king,  inflated  by  the 
stream  of  good  fortune  which  so  suddenly  flowed  in  upon  thein,  andeitinjr 
igiiornnt  or  heedless  of  the  halo  and  jealousy  of  w\w\\  they  were  the  ob 
ji'cts,  these  foreign  favourites,  by  their  insolence,  added  to  the  rancour  of 
10  powerful  eneiniea  by  whom  the  mere  favour  and  profuse  liberality  of 
ho  king  were  of  themselves  sufficient  to  surround  them.    The  barons,  on 
he  other  hand,  findui'!;  all  indirect  tokens  of  their  displeasure  uiiattonded 
to,  at  length  refused  to  attend  ilujr  parliainenlury  duties,  uiuier  pretence 
of  fearing  the  power  of  the  foroigners;  and  when  the  king  remonstrated 
mid  plainly  coininaiided  their  attendance,  they  replied  that  they  would 
attend  no  more  until  the  king  should  have  dismissed  the  Poictovins,  and 
inat  If  ho  did  not  speedily  diamiMs  those  men.  Loth  they  and  ho  should  be 
rtriven  from  the  kingdom.     At  length,  however,  the  barons,  altering  their 
plan,  did  proceed  to  parliament,  but  in  so  warlike  a  guise,  that  it  was  evi- 
dent tuey  intended  to  overawe  the  king,  and  make  their  own  will  serve 
lor  law  both  to  him  and  to  the  kingdom.     And  this  they  doubtless  would 
•peedily  have  done  with  the  strong  hand,  had  the;    been  opposed  by  no 
8h  er  antagonist  than  liio  king,     hut  the  justiciary,  Peter  d.-s  Koches,  so 
BWy  employed  their  interval  of  inoiolution,  that  ho  detached  fioiu  them 
not  only  .he  earls  of  Chester  and  Lincoln,  but  also  the  earl  of  Cornwall, 
no  king  8  brother,  and  thus  so  inuci:  weakened  the  confederacy,  that  it 
jf^     1  !!"  "''  ."'"*  '^*'  '«»*'«'»'''  exposed  to  the  vengeance  of  the  king 
Kichnnl,  the  earl  marshal,  fled  into  Wales  and  thence  to  Irelmid,  whore 
lie  was  assaBsmated;  others  of  the  barons  were   fortunate  enough  to 
eiciipo,  but  their  estates  were  conflmMitod,  and,  with  thit  king's  umml  folly 
and  linfusion,  dmtr.bul.jd  amonir  Ih^  u!«>ady  w$^rtHh-=,-ifg«l  furrigiiorl 


11 


!•?!  f  1 


N'ii 


Ik  -J 


l»-'il 


'n 


270 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  llie  justiciary  publicly  said  that  the  barons  of  England  must  leam  tn 
know  themselves  as  inferior  to  those  of  France ! 

To  what  extent  of  insolent  tyranny  he  who  uttered  such  a  speech  mijht 
have  proceeded  it  is  not  easy  to  guess ;  but  his  pride  met  with  a  sudden 
check,  and  that  from  a  quarter  whence  he  might  reasonably  have  leasj 
anticipated  it.    The  church  became  alarmed  for  its  own  interests  ;  several 
of  the  prelates,  well  knowing  the  general  discontent  that  was  sprendiiis 
among  the  people  m  consequence  of  the  insolent  and  tyrannical  coiidiict 
of  the  justiciary,  attended  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  to  court,  where  hp 
Btfongly  represented  to  Henry  the  impolicy  as  well  as  injustice  of  the 
course  he  had  pursued  himself  and  allowed  the  justiciary  to  pursue  in  his 
name;  and,  attributing  all  the  evil  to  the  justiciary,  demanded  his  dis. 
missal  on  pain  of  an  instant  sentence  of  excommunication  affiiinst  the 
king  himself.     Timid  by  nature,  though  well  enough  inclined  towards 
despotism  while  it  could    be  practised  safely,   Henry  was  struck  with 
alarm  at  the  threat  of  excommunication,  which  he  rightly  judged  would 
be  satisfactory  to  the  oppressed  people  as  well  as  to  the  barons,  and  he 
consented  to  the  dismissal  of  Peter  des  ll*iches.    The  primate  succeeded 
hiin  in  the  task  of  ordering  state  affairs ;  and  being  a  man  of  promptilude 
as  well  as  of  good  sense,  he  speedily  restored  content  by  banisiiins  the 
detested  foreigners  and  reinstating  the  English  magnates  in  the  offices 
troin  which  they  had,  as  insultingly  as  unjustly,  been  banished. 

A.n.  123C — The  inclinations  of  a  weak  prince,  however,  are  usually  too 
strong  for  the  advice  of  the  most  prudent  minister,  and  the  complaints  of 
the  king  s  preference  of  foreigners  soon  became  louder  than  ever. 

Having  married  Eleanor,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Provence,  Honry 
surrounded  himself  with  her  countrymen  and  those  of  her  maternal  uiicie 
the  bishop  of  Valence,  who  was  of  the  house  of  Savoy.  The  Provenoais 
and  Savoyards  now  tasted  of  the  king's  indiscriminate  bounty  as  larijelv 
as  the  Poictevins  had.  The  bisiiop  of  Valence  became  as  potent  a  per- 
Bonage  as  Peter  dee  Roches  had  been;  another  member  of  the  family  ol 
Peter  was  presented  with  the  manor  of  Richmond  and  the  great  wardship 
of  the  earl  of  Waronne,  and  IJoniface,  also  of  Savoy,  was  made  archbishop 
of  (Canterbury.  Nor  were  tiio  men  alone  thus  fortunate ;  to  the  ladies  of 
Savoy  the  king  gave  in  marriage  the  young  and  wealthy  nobles  who  were 
nis  wanls.  Profusion  like  this  soon  exhausted  even  the  monarch's  ample 
moans,  and  an  attempt  was  inado  to  put  the  kiHg  in  possession  of  fiiiuls 
for  farther  liberalities,  by  obtaining  an  absolution  for  him  from  Homt 
from  the  oath  which  he  had  taken  to  sufjport  his  former  grants  to  his  Kiig. 
lish  Hubjects.  In  truth,  it  soon  Imm-hu'c  necessary  oitlier  that  iho  king 
should  obtain  new  fumls,  or  that  ho  should  abandon  his  system  of  profit- 
Bion ;  lor  a  new  claim,  which  had  some  show  of  reason,  was  now  madi!  upon 
him.  t  will  bo  remomhored  that  Henry's  mother,  Isabella,  had  l)een  by 
the  violencr  of  King  John  taken  from  her  lawful  himband,  the  count  m  la 
Marche ;  and  to  him,  as  soon  after  John's  death  as  decen(7  wouid  aiiow, 
she  had  given  her  hand  in  second  marriage.  Hy  this  second  niiirringc 
«ho  had  f(nir  sons,  (Juy,  William,  (JeoTrey,  and  Aylmnr,  whom  she  sent 
over  to  visit  Honry.  Their  being  foroigners  w»tuld  pciliaps  have  been  quite 
■ufflclent  to  pro(!ure  for  them  a  cordial  recejition ;  but  having  the  ndilitioiial 
recomincndaiion  of  being  his  half  brotliens  ihoy  wore  rapturously  re. 
oeivod  by  him,  and  !ic  lieaped  wealth  anil  dignities  upon  them,  with  a 
moBl  entire  unconcern  as  to  hin  own  means  and  as  to  the  feelniKS  and 
claims  of  his  subjects.  In  church  as  in  state,  foroigners  wore  coiistmit;/ 
preferred  to  natives,  and  while  Henry  was  lavishing  waalth  and  civil 
hoiiours  upon  the  I  oictovinii,  Savoyards,  and  (hisi^ons,  the  overwhelming 
mfluenco  of  Home  flilod  the  richest  church  bonoflces  of  Enghuul  wiir, 
nameless  Italian  raoiiks,  and  it  wan  tit  one  time  proved  to  drmonstriition 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD.  g'/l 

that  thefctalian  iiUrude-s  into  the  church  werp  in  fiio  ,r^„  i 

menus  considerably  larger  than  that  of  the  S.^'tjif?'"'^  '"^'^^'P'  "^  ^ 

Under  such  circumstances  it  was  natural  th,,  \h         ■,■ 
show  some  unwillingness  to  grant  sunSifn  -IC    ^^'^  P"''«'"ent  should 
10  use  his  fund«,  or  that  men  of  airranksshnnh.'"^  ''''°  '"  '"  "^"^^  ^ow 
50  entinily  destitute  of  patriot^  feeS    atd^  .«        """'  ^^'''"''  ^  ^*»8 
was  thus  lavishtoforeiUrswhie    fteriv  1!    '"?''^/'P''^'^''y'  ««  hi 
with  that  martial  enterprise  whTch  then  ai^ln.ri^  ''^ '''""'  ^'"'^  ''^"?"«»^ 
as  a-nple  covering  for  many  defects    nprJ""?  ^^i^"'  T??  '"«"^«'^  by  iT,e,n 
he  demanded  supplies  T  warSS  ff^d^nifi'r^  .r'"'""'-     ^heneve, 
violence  done  to  his  faithful  suS  of  thlS  "  ^'"  ?°'"P'**"ts  of  the 
those  of  the  highest  rar.ks/of  thraSual  v  f^f  'V"'^T"f '  ^"'"'-^  "P«» 
supplied,  his  person  decoratoVand  S  s  rdliiti  '^^  ''^l'^  ^'?  ''"^'«  ^«» 

A.D.  1253.-TO  all  the  complaints  of   h^-."'"'?i''''^''  "''•^'""ed. 
impatience,  and  replied  wi?h7gue  anaUner  r  -n   ^:^'"V''''''''^  ^'^^ 
at  length,  in  1253,  having  exhm  sted  fhp  nil    P'^'^'^'s^^  »f  amendment, 
subjects,  he  hit  up'on  a  nfw  moT  of  obtai£  S.H^/f'^''  '""^-"^"••ing 
liciting  a  supply  to  aid  him  in  the  nions  mS    r^^  ^''^"",  ""''"'  ^V  «"- 
Infidels.    But  he  had  now  so  of  en  been  tri«7  „',  r'*  'T'"^^  '■^«^''"'«'  "le 
parliament  could  not  put  fakh  in    his  ine  C^.l      ^T"^  "'*"^*"*?'  "'^^  ^^e 
too  who  rightly  deemed  their Vuefel^^eX  hTi^e'irrluiaS"  ^''T^' 
of  he  king,  were  as  much  opposed  to  him    s    m^i..;  f,  ""''\"i'«'>  conduct 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  a.  d  the  b  Ihr  nl  nf  w     u^'  "'"'  '^"y  ^^»^  «he 
Carlisle,  to  remonstrate  wi     hi     upo    h  s  t'n^rHI'oT''  «"'*«»>" "-y.""'! 
as  upon  the  irregular  manner  i  iwCi.  .   h„?        '  fxtravagance,  as  well 
Upon  this  occasion  He";    sp    yed     ore itT.i:''''  "^'^'•""=^'  ''i'^"'"««- 
himself  of  the  fact   .Imt  L  i.ad  gr   i  rAv  ',  r.     ,1"'"'''  'P"""'    '^''"'"J' 
he  replied  "  It  is  tiue,  I  Uav.  beo^       ,^rr o        "    ,  nZ  17^  P'Tsonage;, 
motioiiH;  I  obtruded  you,  mv  lord  of    ■.,;«?  P    "   "^  iii'prop(3r  pro- 

obliged  to  employ  bolh  'hreLitirt  V^r  S^^^^^^^^  '  "vaa 

to  have  you  elected;  and  irre-nilar  in.lf  n     .11'  ^  "^  Winchester, 

Salisbur;  and  Carlisle,  w lie,  Sm  yo t  loX  T^  '"''^'^  °f 

your  present  dignities."  Therrw.s  m  ,-l  tn i^.  f  .^'"''J  'T""'^  y"»  '« 
apology;  and  the  prelates  I  owTlf;  0  ,  i  d  t  .V^"'  ^"}  '^'''"  ''''  "» 
errors  past,  but  of  the  avoidancro/futurn  mor"  '''"  ^'"'•"""  ''"'  ""'  «f 

astical  and  civil  almses,  that  the  SiiTl.n.f  ".'''""  "'^  '''*"'  "*''='<'«*- 
him  a  tenth  of  the  erc.;si,.    i,  Ji^C:  S  ^Tl^'^'Tr^  '"  ^"'"» 

upon  each  knight's  fee,  on  C()n  11  ,  rf  hiJ  ,  «"•'  t«tf«  of  three  marks 
cUrtor,  while,  with  tu  c  em  v  ''  be  11.,?''  '''"'\'y  '"'  ^'"1^  •''«  »«'"» 
whoever  should  henceforth  ",'et  The  ki  ^'i"  "."'""''  '""y  ^"'"'^J 
audibly  „„d  emplialirally  agree  In  io  aJnn  ,  ?J""""l"'/''"  '•«™'n""y, 
l«linn  of  his  oaih-and  imme  1  ntolv  rf.n!^.  "  '"^"'"'^  "P'>'i  my  vio. 

«ce.is  thou«h;,oth?;;j;;z;Kiytir^^^^^^     to ,..  .uiW 

f»r,  that  he  detenn  m  d  0  ^J  i  '^  ' '  ^  r.'S'l',?""  ""•'  ''"••*"«  ""Wh  .2 
l;roved  himnelf  so  unworthy  rfllH  .V  w  h  r  r*""  {'''"'  "  ■**'"?  ^^''0 
de  Montford,  a  Hon  of  the  Jrln  wJrr  nr  .r  ,  '.  '''*"''': '"'  '"»'"""■•  «'•""" 
f''ro«.i.  mheVited  la. go  3e;  y^r  ;X  .^"  >"'!'"'  ^'"""^''  ''"^" 

'Pr,  and  in  the  year  12:18  miVre.Un  .low  I'  '"'"''"l'':'  «'""'  "^  ''"*'--p»- 

to  the  king,    thn V«rl  I  III  il  ''"waKercounleHs  of  I»eml.r.ike,  Nistcr 

M  signal? diTO^^^^^  •^'•"""y  fHv,>„red,  smn^tTmog 

of  ftvour  with  the  klnu-    o  L  .  "f  r"  '''•""•  """•  whether  in  or  om 

!:i»  forrign  birth.     "^  "'">''  «'""  »>tt<l  Imtod  and  railed  agni,„t  him  lot 


•^f| 


''^i^.» 


flf 


im 


2T2 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Pereeiviiig  how  inveterately  the  king  was  addicted  to  his  fyraunies  anJ 
follies,  this  artful  and  able  nobleman  determined  to  put  l)imself  at  tlip 
head  of  the  popular — or,  more  properly  spcaliiiig,  the  baronial  and  church 
—party,  believing  that  Henry  would  so  far  provoi<e  his  enemies  as  to  lose 
his  throne,  in  which  case  Leicester  trusted  to  his  own  talents  and  influence 
to  enable  him  to  succeed  to  it.  Accordingly  he  took  up  the  cry,  now 
become  as  general  as  it  was  just,  against  the  king's  oppression  of  the 

f)eople,  and  his  preference  of  foreigners — Leicester  conveniently  over* 
ooking  his  own  foreign  birth! — and  sought  every  occasion  of  putting 
himself  forward  as  the  advocate  of  the  native  barons  and  the  prelates. 
When  by  persevering  efforts  in  this  way  he  had,  as  he  considered,  suffii 
ciently  strengthened  his  own  hands  and  inflamed  the  general  resentments 
against  the  king,  he  took  occasion  of  a  quarrel  with  Henry's  half-brother 
and  favourite,  William  de  Vulence,  to  bring  matters  to  a  crisis.  Calling 
a  meeting  of  the  most  incensed  and  powerful  of  the  barons,  he  represented 
to  them  all  those  violations  of  the  charter  to  which  we  have  already  al- 
luded,  and  demanded  whether  they  had  so  far  degenerated  from  the  hij,' 
feelings  of  the  barons  who  had  wrested  the  charter  frqm  John,  that  they 
were  prepared,  without  even  a  struggle,  to  see  it  a  mere  dead  letter  in  the 
hand  of  Henry,  whose  most  solemn  promises  of  reformation  tliey  had  so 
often  experienced  to  be  unworthy  of  l)olirf. 

There  was  so  much  of  truth  in  Leicester's  harangue,  that  the  position 
which  he  had  occupied  as  a  favoured  foreigner  was  overlooked,  his  recom- 
mendations were  made  the  rule  of  the  barons'  conduct,  and  they  agreed 
forthwith  to  take  the  government  of  public  affairs  into  their  own  hands. 
They  were  just  then  summoned  to  meet  the  king  for  the  old  purpose, 
namely,  to  grant  him  supplies,  and  to  his  astonishment  he  found  thcni  all 
in  complete  armour.  Alarmed  at  so  unubual  a  sight  and  at  the  solemn  si 
lenco  with  which  he  was  received,  he  demanded  whether  he  was  to  look 
upon  them  as  his  enemies  and  himself  as  their  prisoner;  to  which  Roger 
Bigod,  as  spokesman,  replied,  that  they  looked  upon  him  not  as  their  pri- 
soner, but  as  their  sovereign;  that  tbey  had  met  him  there  in  the  most 
dutiful  desire  to  aid  him  with  supplies  that  he  might,  as  he  wished,  fix  his 
son  upon  the  throne  of  Sicily  ;  but  they  at  llio  same  time  desired  certain 
reforms  which  the  experience  of  the  past  plainly  showed  that  ho  could 
not  make  in  his  own  person,  and  that  they  therefore  were  under  the  ncces 
Bity  of  requiring  him  to  confer  authority  upon  those  who  would  stronuons 
ly  use  it  for  the  national  benefit.  The  evident  determination  of  the  barons 
and  the  great  and  instant  need  which  he  had  of  supplies,  left  the  king  no 
choice ;  ho  therefore  assured  them  that  he  would  shortly  summon  luioihei 
parliament  for  the  election  oi'  persons  to  wield  the  authority  spoken  of 
and  also  to  settle  and  define  th.il  authority  within  precise  limits. 

A  parliament  was  accordingly  called,  at  which  the  l)aronH  made  ihoii 
appearance  with  so  formidable  an  arnuui  attendance,  that  it  was  quite 
clear  that,  whatever  they  might  propose,  the  king  had  no  power  to  r<^hi.st 
thorn. 

Twelve  barons  were  selected  by  the  king  and  twehe  by  the  parliament, 
and  to  the  body  thus  formed  an  unlimited  reforming  power  was  given,  the 
king  himself  swearing  to  agree  lo  and  maintain  whatever  they  shouKl  deem 
fit  to  order.  Their  instant  orders  were  most  reasonable  ;  that  three  limes 
in  each  year  the  parliament  slumld  meet ;  that  oa  the  next  meeting  of  pur- 
liament  each  shire  or  ctounty  stiouid  send  four  kniglits  to  that  parlianiei.l, 
that  no  the  especial  wants  and  i^rievances  of  overy  part  of  the  kuigdom 
might  be  known;  that  the  sheriffs,  ofllcem  of  great  power  and  iiifliiein'e' 
•huuld  thenceforth  be  annually  elected  by  the  couniivs,  and  Bhould  nc 
.onipr  havfl  the  power  lo  flne  barons  for  not  altendini^  their  courts  orllit 
luoticiuries'  circuits;  that  no  castles  should  \w  eornntitted  to  the  custi-ly 
uad  no  heirs  to  tho  wardships  of  foroigners,  liiat  no  now  forests  or  »ar 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  2l3 

,ens  should  be  made ;  and  that  the  revenues  of  counties  or  hundreds  shoula 
no  longer  be  farmed  out.  "°  »«ouia 

Thus  far  the  barons  proceeded  most  equitably.    But  hnrp  pnn.ttr  ^„a  ,».„ 
good  of  the  people  diJ  not  include  all  tLt  the^barol  wantSd  ^1-  thn 
,!.a.neful  profusion  of  the  king  had  heaped  wealth  upon  foScrs  so  the 
destruction  of  these  foreigners  would  yield  an  abundanrSest' to  the 
native  barons.     Accordmgly,  when  the  king,  having  acquiesced    n  h^ 
regulations  abovf^-mentioned  looked  for  the  promised  an3  much-needed 
supplies,  he  was  met  by  loud  outcries  againstVoreigners  in  generaf  and 
agams  his  half-brothers  .n  particular.     So  loud  was  the  clamour  aa'ai^isi 
these   atter,  that  even  the  Lng's  presence  seemed  insufficient  to  sec  re 
Iheir  hvefi,  and  hey  took  to  flight.     Being  hotly  pursued  by  sSme  of  "he 
jnore  violent  of  the  barons  they  took  refuge  in  the  palace  of  Wkichestor 
to  which  see  Aylmer  had  been  promoted.    Even  here  they  were  surround- 
ed  and  threatened,  and  the  king,  as  the  sole  mo,'.,  of  savinrthom  from 
destrucfon,  agreed  to  banish  them.    Having  thus  nearly  at  ark^dthpS 
in  the  persons  of  those  who  had  some  reasonable  SLtural  claim  uo^ 
h.8  favour,  the  birons  next  proceeded  to  dismiss  the  justSyrtreasSer 
and  otiier  chief  ministers;  and  having  filled  these  important  posts  with 
persons  upon  whom  they  could  implicitly  rely,  they  next  proceeded  tnthr 
virtual  usurpation  of  the  throne,  by  administering  aVoath  to  alHhe  ifei^ 
to  oboy  and  execute  all  the  regulations  of  the  tSenty-feur  barons,  unde 
pain  0   being  declared  public  enemies;  and  such  was  the  power  w£ch 
under  the  pretence  of  the  purest  patriotism,  these  barons  had  usurped  that  ' 
even  the  powerful  earl  Warenne  and  Prince  Edward,  the  he  ftii  the 
throne,  were  not  exempt  from  the  obligation  to  take  this  oath. 
A.D.1261.--bo  arrogantly  did  the  barons  use  their  extensive  andusurn 
d  authority,  that  the  earl  of  Gloucester,  from  being  a  chief  in  their  coS 
federacy.  separated  from  it  to  side  with  the  king  f  and  Prince  Edwarj 
encouraged  t,y  1,0  general  murmurs  of  the  peoplethat  the  baros  wore 
£»'"'"»  '»7«  ^y.™'."""^  l.h^n  ,.ven  a  king  could  be.  threatened  th.SaToi^s 

The  spirit  of  the  prince  Edward  rallied  so  wiiich  favour  to  the  side  of 
ho  crown,  hat  Henry  thmight  that  he  might  safely  venture  to  endeavour 
to  put  a  curb  upon  the  exorbitant  power  of  the  twenty-four  I.aroi  s  bu  al 
1^'^Zr'"  ^■^"■!"'^''='^1  '«  '"«  •'"^•r.st,  it  would  L  to  l.ale  t'in  fe 
power  of  his  enemies  to  accuse  him  of  perjury,  he  in  the  first  place  aoDlpd 
10  Rome  for  absolution  from  the  oath  lie  had  made  to  support  t^o  barons 
in  teir  autl,ority-«a  a  >«ol,iti,.n  which  he  readily  receive'^    both  becnue 

fi  with  the  hndish  clergy  for  having  sliown  a  greater  tendency  towards 


independei^e  than  squ^m^d  with  eillier"  the' p^al"i;;e;;«;V';^'the3 

ri  i.n       "'"■"  ^•'^'""''^  ^•"'"'^'  '•'  """"  '"""^If  «veii  of  this  absolutfon 
iinti  the  outrageous  misconduct  of  the  barons  compelled  him  to  do  so 
and  lie  scrupuiou,  fl,lclity  with  which  ho  thus  kept  toL  engagemo'ii  which 

rmSv  r/"'"'"''''-  "'""'  '"■'"/"'L"'^  ^j'"  "  (f«"'^'-'^l  Hdmiration  Ihich  suC 
f|uuntiy  was  very  importantly  beneficial  to  him. 

from  Hamf  T^'  ""?"  "'  '7""y  "'■"''""'  "'«  nb'^liHion  he  had  solicited 
fron  Homo,  he  issued  a  proclamulirn,  in  which  ho  bitterly,  iitul.  for  h- 
mo.t  part,  truly  painted  the  personal  and  H.Oflsh  views  wtliXch  hf 
jvenly.  our  bamns  had  bolt,  sougl  -  .,d  .mod  their  author  tyTauhlclaJS 
t  lal  m  duty  o  hi:.,...l!  .-uid  his  ye  .  he  shouhl  from  that  lime  forth  ii«e 
.h.S..Ti"""l  'J^*i,*"'  "»  '/"'"  *'""  "'  P..rti,.ip„ti„n  by  nlyZ  Z 
Ji«fftl«t'i!'  '"''''"  "'^  •uaeandof  his  o^n  household,  as  ,|"„ 
^IS  '  Vl  f  '  <'0'""»«'»  a»d  governors  of  castles.  Having  thus  fa, 
wued  him.oH  h.s  summoned  a  parliament,  which  mot  on  thtT  twenty 


H,a 


I'i 


■I'll 


.JfPl 


^\i 


274 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


third  of  April  in  this  year,  and  which,  with  but  five  dissenting^  votes,  con 
(irmed  his  resumption  of  his  authority. 

But  the  snake  of  disaffection  was  only  "  scotched,  not  killed;"  many  ol 
the  barons  still  corresponded  with  Leicester,  and  that  haughty  noble, 
though  resident  in  France,  was  busily  employed  in  fomenting  evil  for  Eng- 
land, which  he  now  the  more  confidently  hoped  to  reign  over,  because  his 
powerful  rival  Gloucester  was  dead,  and  Gilbert,  that  nobleman's  son  and 
successor,  had.given  his  adhesion  to  Leicester. 

While  Leicester  and  his  adherents  were  busily  preparing  to  attack  the 
power  of  the  king,  the  Welsh  suddenly  made  an  irruption  over  the  border, 
probably  prompted  by  Leicester.  The  prince  Edward,  however,  repulsed 
Llewellyn  and  his  ill-disciplined  troops,  and  then  returned  to  aid  his  father, 
against  whom  Leicester  was  now  openly  and  in  great  force  arrayed. 

Leicester  directed  his  attacks  chiefly  against  the  king's  demesnes,  and 
excited  the  zeal  of  his  followers  to  perfect  fury  bv  encouraging  them  to 
spoil  and  plunder  to  their  utmost.  The  bishops  of  Hereford  and  Norwich 
were  seized  and  imprisoned,  and  in  spite  of  the  determined  and  able  con- 
duct of  Prince  Edward,  the  king's  cause  began  to  wear  an  unpromising 
aspect.  The  rabble  of  the  great  towns  were  the  zealous  adherents  of 
Leicester,  whose  cause  and  liberty  to  plunder  they  coupled  ;  and  in  Lon- 
don, especially,  the  very  dregs  of  the  population  were  up  in  arms,  headed 
and  encouraged  by  the  mayor,  a  violent  and  ill-principled  man  named 
Fitz-Richard,  by  whom  large  gangs  of  desperadoes  were  encouraged  to 
oillage  the  wealthy  and  assail  the  peaceable.  The  season  of  Easter  was 
especially  marked  by  these  outrages  in  the  metropolis.  A  cry  was  at  first 
raised  against  the  Jews;  from  attacking  them  the  mobproceedeil  toattack 
the  Lombards,  then  the  chief  bankers  and  money  lenders ;  and,  as  usual 
in  such  cases,  the  violence  speedily  proceeded  to  be  directed  indisi'rimi- 
nateiv  against  all  who  had  or  were  suspected  of  having  any  thing  to  be 
plundered  of.  To  such  a  height  did  the  fury  of  the  mob  proceed,  that  the 
queen,  who  was  then  lodging  in  the  Tower,  became  so  seriously  alarmed, 
that  she  left  it  by  water  with  the  intention  of  seeking  safety  at  Windsor. 
Uut  as  her  barge  approached  liondon  Bridge  the  rabble  assailed  lier,  not 
only  with  the  coarsest  abuse,  but  also  with  voUies  of  filth  and  stones,  so 
hat  she  was  obliged  to  return  to  the  Tower. 

Prince  Edward  was  unfortunately  made  prisoner  during  a  parley  at  Ox- 
ford, and  that  event  so  much  weakened  the  king's  party,  that  Henry,  find- 
ing Leicester's  party  triumphant  and  insolent  all  over  the  kingdom,  was 
fam  to  trea*  for  peace.  Aware  that  thoy  had  the  upper  hand,  llu;  rebels 
would  allow  of  no  terms  short  of  the  full  power  formerly  given  to  the 
twenty-four  barons  being  again  entrusted  to  a  like  number,  of  whom  ti 
list  was  given  to  the  king;  and  as  Prince  Edward  had  shown  great  taUmt 
and  daring,  Leicester  stipulated  that  the  treaty  now  made  should  rmain 
in  force  during  the  life  of  the  prince  as  well  as  that  of  the  king.  Henry 
nad  no  choice  but  to  submit ;  the  barons  restored  their  own  creatures  to 
office  ui  the  fortresses,  the  counties,  the  state,  and  tlie  king's  household, 
and  tlien  summoned  a  parliament  to  me«!t  them  nt  Westminster,  and  deter- 
mine upftn  future  measiirefl  for  the  government  of  the  country. 

Prince  Edward  l)eing  restored  to  liberty  by  this  treaty,  lost  no  tune  ni 
exerting  himself  to  prepare  for  a  new  struggle  asjainst  the  insolent  preten- 
sions oi  Leicester;  but  though  many  powerful  barons  gave  liim  tlioir adhe- 
sions, including  the  lords  of  the  Scotch  and  Welsh  marches,  liPicester'i 
party  was  still  too  strong  to  give  the  young  prince  hopes  of  success ;  and 
the  people  clamouring  loudly  for  peace,  the  prinre  and  king  proposed  thai 
the  disjuito  between  them  and  ihe  barons  should  !)«  referred  to  the  arbitra- 
tion o(^  the  king  of  France.  That  upright  prince,  on  exanunaiion  of  the 
ulTair.  decided  that  the  king  sh(»uld  be  fully  restored  to  his  power  and  pre- 
rogativs  on  the  one  haml;  and  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  people  wnr<* 
csiiitlcu  iu  siL  ihc  bcncnii  of  iho  gUsmi  cbsner*    Unfortunatciy,  thditgi: 


I 


mott  considerable 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


275 


tms  decision  was  just,  it  only  left  the  contending  parties  precisely  where 
.hey  were  at  the  commencement  of  the  quarrel,  and  slated  in  form    "t 
which  was  perfectly  notorious  before,  namely,  that  the  king  had  oveJ 
stretched  the  power  to  which  he  was  entitled,  and  that  the  barons  had 
assumed  a  power  to  which  they  were  not  entitled.     Leicester,  to  whose 
personal  views  peace  was  utterly  destructive,  represented  to  his  party 
that  the  award  of  the  French  king  was  wholly  and  unjustly  on  the  side  o 
Henry ;  he  caused  seventeen  other  barons  to  join  him  in  a  compact  wiS 
the  discontented  Londoners,  by  which  they  mutually  bound  thSelves 
hever  to  make  peace  with  the  king  but  with  the  full  and  open  Concur- 
rence of  both  these  con  ractmg  parties;  and  while  some  of  Leicester's 
riends  rekindled  the  civil  war  m  the  provinces,  he  and  Fitz-Richard  did 
t,.e  like  in  London ;  so  that  the  whole  country  once  more  bristled  with 
arms  and  resounded  with  cries  of  war.  "noncu  wun 

Finding  civil  war  inevitable,  the  king  and  his  brave  son  promptly  made 
their  preparations.  In  addition  to  their  mihtary  vassals,  whom  they  Turn! 
moned  from  all  quarters  they  were  joined  by  forces  under  Baliol,  loSHf 
Galloway,  Brus,  lord  of  Annandale,  John  Comyn,  and  other  nor  hem  Lad 
crs  of  power  With  this  array  they  commenced  their  proceedings  by  liv- 
ing siege  to  Northampton,  in  which  was  a  strong  garrison  commanded  by 
ome  of  the  principal  Lrons.     This  place  being  speedily  taken  by  assaulL 

I  ^ir°if'"J'>  "''"■'■''rM  '^T''  ^TT^'  «"''  Nottinglmm.  which  opened 
their  gates.    I'rince  Edward  now  led  a  detachment  against  the  property 
of  he  earl  of  Derby,  whose  lands  were  laid  waste  as  a  punishment  of  Ss 
dislcya Ity.     Leicester,  in  the  meanwhile,  taking  care  to  keep  up  a  com 
inunication  with  Loiuioii,  upon  the  support  of  which  he  greatfy  Jepended 

h'^/'^^f  "i?'"^^»'r''""  u'"'H^'  *'"•='*  ^^«  <he  only  strong-hold  in  Ke„ 
that  still  held  out  for  the  king,  and  which  was  ably  defended  by  Ear 
VVarenne.  its  governor.     The  royal  army,  flushed  with  its  succesS  else 
where  now  marched  mall  haste  to  relieve  this  important  fortress;  and   ■ 
Leicester,  hearing  of  their  approach,  and  fearing  toW  outnumbered  in  a 

isadvaiitageous  posit.ou,  hastily  raised  the  siege  and  fell  back  upon 
London.  From  London,  Leicester  sent  proposals  lo  Henry,  but  ofT 
«rrogant  and  exorbitant  a  character,  that  he  must  have  been  awae  the! 
would  not  be  listened  to;  and,  on  a  stem  answer  being  returned  by  he 
king,  Leicester  publicly  renounced  his  allegiance  and  marched  the  whole 

L  L  '''■^  ''I!'''*''!?''  ^"Y,"'^«»'«  --^l^^l^  H  formal  and  general  abso- 
liaion,!!!!.!  assuring  them  that  all  who  should  fall  in  fightinl  acainst  the 
king  would  undoubtedly  go  to  heaven.  "8"i'"g  against  tne 

ninT'^r*  "'"".^^  **  shameful  rebel,  was  a  skilfnl  general,  and  on  this 
Sr^'r"'''^  conducted  his  march,  thi.t  he  almost  Surprised  the 
royalists  in  their  quarters;  but  tiie  short  time  that  elapsed  between    ho 

ward  to  tnarch  the  army  to  the  field  in  good  order;  one  division  beinir  led 

U'oTth  'Ron'*"''  '^rr""*''  \f  ^''""^•"  '•«  v;ience,  n'sTcoi'd  bT  ho 
King  of  the  Romans  and  his  son  Henry,  and  the  third  formine  a  reserve 

is t";  lirrr^  '"'"™^"''  °'  ^''^  "^'"f  ^'">''^"'-  ->''"'  ™  ^^  h  •  d? 

vision  against  the  enemy's  vanguard,  which  was  composed  of  the  Lon- 
doners, who  fled  at  the  very  first  charge.     Forgetting  that  hi    aJsLaZ 

erned  entirely  h>  his  heiidlon^  'age  against  these  inveteratelv  disloval 
men  and  pursued  them,  with  great  slaughter,  for  nearly  five  ."IleVfrom 
h..  field  of  battle.    This  imptu..Hity  of  the  prince  lost  his  father  The  dav 

tiZT::  r"''"'^.  "'"""'K  '''"""«'f  «*■  ""-  prince's  absences  charged' 
w»  liotly  upon  the  remaining  two  div  s  ons  of  the  royalists  that  thnv  w»r« 

fh^I^Vl.:::'.^''..'!:-']',!'-".  ?"'»  ^-^^  »»•«  ki„g  a«d  irbmthertttirT/of 

_„.,  ","•  ~-~  ia.-;r«  pnSonurs;   ag  Wefo  Hrus,  t;omvn.  and  nil  ihn 

mo.t  considerable  leaders  on  the  king's  side.    Earl  WaS.'  Hiijh  U'god! 


h¥ 


,4- 


IF 


III, 


Am 


mmim- 


2T6 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


*"n  y*^^'*™  ^^  Valence  escaped  beyond  sea ;  but  Prince  Edward,  unap. 
Pj  J  J  ^^  *^®  consequences  of  his  own  imprudence,  kept  his  force  together 
added  to  it  as  many  as  could  be  rallied  of  the  defeated  divisions,  and  pre. 
sented  so  bold  a  front,  that  Leicester  thought  it  iftore  prudent  to  amuse  him 
with  pretended  desire  to  treat,  than  to  urge  him  to  a  desperate  ajtack 
The  earl  accordingly  proposed  terms ;  and  though  they  were  severe,  and 
such  as  under  other  circumstances  the  prince  would  have  laughed  fo  scorn 
a  little  examination  of  the  royal  resources  showed  so  hopeless  a  state  of 
things,  that  Edward,  despite  his  pride,  was  obliged  to  agree.    These  terms 
were,  that  Prince  Edward  and  Henry  d'Allmaine,  son  of  the  king  of  the 
Romans,  should  surrender  themselves  prisoners  in  exchange  for  their 
fathers ;  that  six  arbiters  should  be  named  by  the  king  of  France,  that  these 
SIX  should  choose  two  others,  also  French,  and  that  one  Englishman  should 
be  nanned  by  these  last ;  the  council  thus  named  to  have  power  definitely 
to  decide  upon  all  matters  in  dispute  between  Henry  and  his  barons     In 
compliance  with  these  terms,  Edward  and  his  cousin  yielded  themselves 
and  were  sent  prisoners  to  Dover  castle ;  but  Leicester,  though  he  norai-' 
nally  gave  the  king  his  liberty,  took  care  to  keep  him  completely  in  his 
power,  and  made  use  of  the  royal  name  to  forward  his  own  designs.    Thus 
the  most  loyal  governors  readily  yielded  up  their  important  fortresses  in 
the  king's  name ;  and  when  commanded  by  the  king  to  disarm  and  disband 
no  loyal  soldier  could  longer  venture  to  keep  the  field.     Leicester  made' 
in  fact,  precisely  what  alterations  and  regulations  he  pleased,  taking  care 
to  make  them  all  in  the  king's  name ;  and  so  evidently  considered  himself 
virtually  in  possession  of  the  throne  at  which  he  had  so  daringly  aimed 
that  he  even  ventured  to  treat  with  insolent  injustice  the  very  barons  to 
whose  participation  of  his  disloyal  labour  he  owed  so  much  of  its  success. 
Having  confiscated  the  large  possessions  of  some  eighteen  of  the  royalisl 
barons,  and  received  the  ransom  of  a  host  of  prisoners,  he  applied  the 
whole  spoil  to  his  own  use,  and  when  his  confederates  demanded  to  share 
with  him,  he  coolly  told  them  that  they  already  had  a  sufficiency  in  being 
safe  from  the  attainders  and  forfeitures  to  which  they  w(  'ild  have  been 
exposed  but  for  his  victory. 

As  for  the  reference  to  parties  to  be  named  by  the  king  of  France  and 
his  nominees,  ihougfi  the  earl,  in  order  to  hoodwink  Prince  Edward,  laid 
so  much  stress  upon  it  during  their  negotiation,  he  now  took  not  the 
slightest  notice  of  it,  but  summoned  a  parliament,  so  selected  that  he  well 
knew  that  his  wishes  would  be  law  to  them.  And,  accordingly,  this  ser- 
vile senate  enacted  that  all  acts  of  sovereignty  should  require  the  sanction 
of  a  council  of  nine,  which  council  could  be  wholly  or  in  part  changed  at 
the  will  of  the  earls  of  Leicester  and  Gloucester,  and  the  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester, or  a  majority  of  these  three.  Now  the  bishop  of  Chichester  being 
ibo  mere  convenient  tool  of  Leicester,  the  earl  was  in  reality  in  ful!  power 
over  the  council— in  other  words,  he  was  a  despotic  monarch  in  every 
thing  but  name.  The  queen,  secretly  assisted  by  Louis  of  France,  col- 
lected a  force  together,  with  an  intention  of  invading  England  on  behalf 
of  her  husband,  in  whose  name  the  coast  of  England  was  lined  with  forces 
to  oppose  her;  but  the  queen's  expedition  was  first  delayed  and  ilinn  bro- 
ken up  altogether  by  contrary  winds.  The  papal  court  issued  a  bull  against 
Leicester,  but  h«  threatened  to  put  the  legato  to  death  if  he  appeareil  with 
I*'  ^'Ir  '^r"  ^^''""  ''"'  '"Ki'te  himself  became  popo  under  the  title  of  Ur- 
ban IV.,  Leicester  still  ventured  to  bravo  hirti,  so  confidently  did  he  rely 
upon  the  dislike  to  Rome  that  was  entertained,  not  only  by  the  people  in 
general,  but  aldo  by  the  great  liocly  of  the  English  clergy. 

A.D.  1265.— Still  desirous  to  govern  with  a  show  of  leHality,  Loicestor 
summoned  a  now  parliament,  which  more  nearly  resembled  the  existing 
form  of  that  assembly  than  any  which  had  preceded  it.  Before  tiiis  p>ir- 
iiament  t'le  earl  of  Derby— ii,  the  kinir's  iiaine— was  accused  and  cojiiiuit- 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


277 


ted ;  and  the  earl  of  Gloucester  was  intended  for  the  same  or  a  worse  fate 
by  his  powerful  and  unscrupulous  colleague,  but  avoided  all  present  collis- 
.(in  with  him  by  retiring  from  parliament  and  the  council.    This  obvious 
quarrel  between  the  earl*  gave  great  encouragement  to  the  king's  friends 
and  the  general  voice  now  began  loudly  to  demand  the  release  of  the  brave 
prince  Edward  who  had  remained  a  close  prisoner  ever  since  the  battle  of 
Lewes.    Leicester  consented  on  conditions  to  release  the  prince,  but  he 
took  care  to  keep  both  hmi  and  the  king  within  his  reach ;  and  they  were 
obliged  to  accompany  him  on  his  march  against  the  earl  of  Gloucester, 
who  had  retired  to  his  estates  on  the  borders  of  Wales.     While  Leices 
terlay  at  Hereford,  threatening  the  earl  of  Gloucester,  the  latter  nobleman 
continued  to  communicate  with  Prince  Edward,  and  so  to  arrange  matters 
that  the  young  prince  escaped  from  the  "attendance,"  as  it  was  called, 
but  really  the  confinement,  in  which  he  had  been  kept,  and  was  speedily 
at  the  head  of  a  gallant  army,  which  daily  received  accession,  when  the 
glad  news  of  his  real  liberty  became  generally  known.    Simon  de  Mont- 
fort,  Leicester  s  son,  hastened  from  London  with  an  army  to  the  assist- 
ance of  his  father.    Prince  Edward,  having  broken  down  the  bridges  o( 
the  Severn,  turned  away  from  the  earl's  position,  and  fell  suddenly  upon 
Simon  de  Montfort,  who  was  carelessly  encamped  at  Kenilworth,  put  his 
force  utterly  to  the  rout,  and  took  the  earl  of  Oxford  and  several  other 
barons  prisoners.     Leicester,  ignorant  of  this,  had  in  the  meantime  man 
aged  to  get  his  army  across  the  Severn  in  boats,  and  halted  at  Evesham, 
in  Worcestershire,  in  daily  expectation  of  the  arrival  of  that  force  which 
had  already  been  put  to  the  rout.     Prince  Edward,  vigilant  himself  and 
well  served  by  his  scouts,  dexterously  availed  himself  of  the  earl's  miP 
apprehension  of  the  state  of  affairs,  and  hn^vng  sent  part  of  his  army  on 
Its  march  towards  the  earl,  bearing  De  Montfort's  banners  and  otherwise 
provided  for  representing  his  routed  force,  he  with  the  main  body  of  his 
army  took  another  route,  so  as  to  fall  upon  the  earl  in  a  different  quarter- 
and  80  completely  was  the  deception  successful,  that  when  Leicester  al 
length  discovered  the  real  state  of  the  case,  he  exclaimed,  "Now  have  I 
taught  them  to  war  to  some  purpose !    May  the  Lord  have  mercy  on  oui 
Bouls,  for  our  bodies  belong  to  Prince  Edward !"   But  there  was  not  much 
time  for  reflection;  Edward  led  his  troops  to  the  attack  vigorously  and  in 
excellent  order;  Leicester's  troops,  on  the  other  hand,  were  dispirited  by 
their  bad  position  and  suffering  much  from  sickness ;  and  victory  speedily 
declared  for  the  prince.    In  the  heat  of  the  battle  Leicester  was  struck 
down  and  immediately  dispatched  though  he  demanded  quarter,  and  hii 
whole  force  was  routed,  upwards  of  a  hundred  of  the  principal  leaders  and 
knights  being  taken  prisoners.    The  king  himself  was  on  the  point  of  los- 
ing  his  life.     The  enrl  had  cruelly  placed  him  in  the  very  front  of  the  bat- 
Ue,  and  a  knight  who  had  already  wounded  him  was  about  to  repeat  his 
blow,  when  Henrv  saved  himself  by  exclaiming,  "  I  am  Henry  of  Win- 
chester, your  king." 

The  victorj'  of  Evesham  re-established  the  king's  3"»hority;  and  to  the 
great  credit  of  the  royal  party,  no  blood  disgraced  t  victory  Not  n 
Bingle  capital  punishment  tO(,k  place  ;  the  family  of  l^icesler  aione  was 
attain  ed  to  full  effect;  for  though  many  other  rebellious  families  were 
orimijiy  attainted,  their  sentences  were  reversed  on  payment  of  '•uma. 
triflii.g  indeed  when  the  heinousuess  of  the  offence  they  had  committed  is 
(jonsidered. 

The  kingdom  being  thus  restored  to  peace  and  released  from  all  damrer 
from  the  turbulent  Leicester,  Prince  Edward  departed  for  the  Holy  Land, 
where  ho  so  greatly  distinguished  himself,  that  the  Infidels  at  length  ein^ 
(♦loj'Rd  an  assiissiii  to  destroy  him  ;  but  though  severely  and  •  en  danffer- 
9u.ily  woun.liHl.  the  prince  fortunately  escaped  with  life,  and  Iiis  sflwilaiu 
<ras  iHii  to  deutu  on  the  anoL 


..'^i  >■ 


i  ^■..sxiKmw--'ii^i>Fitmm  ■n.-^M 


lift      ^  ■     ,. 

I.     -f.l 


278 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD. 


A.D.  1272.— Lest  Gloucester  should  imitate  his  late  rival  m  rebellion 
Edward  took  that  powerful  nobleman  with  him  to  the  East;  but  his  owli 
absence  was  very  injurious  to  the  public  peace  in  England.    No  one  ore 
sumptuous  and  even  powerful  baron,  indeed,  dared  to  dispute  the  crown 
with  hia  royal  master,  but  there  was  a  general  tendency  to  disorder  amono 
both  car&iis  and  people ;  and  the  rabble  of  the  great  towns,  and  especiallv 
of  London,  became  daily  more  openly  violent  and  licentious.    Henry  was 
little  able  to  contend  against  such  a  state  of  things.     Naturally  irresolute 
he  vi^as  now  worn  out  with  years,  and  with  infirmities  even  beyond  those 
incident  to  age.    Perhaps,  too,  the  disorder  of  his  kingdom  aggravated  hid 
sufferings;  he  perpetually  expressed  his  wish  for  the  return  of  his  son 
and  lamented  his  own  helplessness,  and  at  length  breathed  his  last  on  the 
16th  of  November,  1272,  aged  sixty-four  ;  having  reigned  fifty  years  with 
little  ease  and  with  little  credit,  being  obviously,  from  his  youth  upwards 
rather  fitted  for  a  private  than  lor  a  public  station.  ' 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

THE  REIGN  OF  EDWARD  I. 

A.  D.  1273  —Prince  Edward  was  already  as  far  as  Sicily  on  his  wav 
liume  when  ho  received  tidings  of  the  death  of  his  father.  He  at  the  same 
lime  heard  of  the  death  of  his  own  infant  son  John;  and  when  it  wasob- 
served  to  him  that  the  former  loss  seemed  to  affect  him  the  most  painfully 
he  replied  that  the  loss  of  his  son  might  be  supplied,  but  that  of  his  fathei 
was  final  and  irreparable. 

Hearing  that  all  was  peaceable  in  England  he  did  not  hasten  home,  but 
passed  nearly  twelve  months  in  France.  Being  at  Chalons,  in  Burgundy 
he  and  some  of  his  knights  engaged  in  a  tournament  with  the  Burgundian 
chivalry,  and  so  fierce  was  the  spirit  of  rivalry  that  the  sport  became 
changed  intoearnest ;  blood  was  spilt  on  both  sides,  and  so  much  damaife 
was  done  beiore  the  fray  could  be  terminated,  that  the  engagement  of  this 
day,  ihough  commenced  merely  in  sport  and  good  faith,  was  seriously 
termed  the  little  battle  of  Chalons.  ' 

A.D.  1274.— After  visiting  Paris,  where  he  did  homage  to  Philip  the 
Hardy,  then  king  of  France,  for  tlie  territory  which  he  held  in  that  king- 
riom,  he  went  to  Guienne  to  pfit  an  end  to  some  disorders  that  existed 
there,  and  at  length  arrived  in  London,  where  he  was  joyfully  received 
by  his  people.     He  was  crowned  at  Westminster,  and  immediately  turned 
his  attention  to  the  regulating  of  his  kingdom,  with  an  especial  view  to 
avoiding  those  disputes  which  had  caused  so  much  evil  during  the  life  of 
his  father,  and  to  putiiiig  an  end  to  the  bold  practices  of  malefactors  by 
M^  ^"6  country  was  at  once  much  injured  and  dis'^raced. 
Making  the  great  charter  the  standard  of  his  own  duty  towards,  itie 
baronn,  he  insisted  upon  tiie  same  standard  of  conduct  towards  their  vas- 
sals and  inferiors,  a  course  to  which  they  were  by  no  means  inclined. 
ioik'V.^^^^"~i**^'"^  summoned  a  parliament  to  meet  him  in  February, 
1-76,  he  caused  several  valuable  laws  to  be  passed,  weeded  the  magistracy 
01  t»iose  who  lay  under  the  imputation  of  either  negligence  or  corruption, 
and  took  measures  for  putting  a  check  alike  upon  the  robberies  committed 
tjy  the  great,  under  the  colour  of  justice  and  authority,  and  upon  th^se 
virhich,  in  the  ooso  state  into  which  the  kingdom  had  fallen  during  the 
close  of  the  late  reign,  were  so  openly  and  daringly  committed  c;i  the 
iHghways,  that  men  of  substance  could  only  safely  travel  under  escort  oi 
III  groat  companies.    For  the  suppression  of  this  latter  class  of  crimej  tlie 
king  showed  a  fiercn  and  d.-termined  spirit,  which  might  almost  be  judged 
lo  have  been  over  severe  if  wo  did  not  take  into  consideration  the  des- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  "WORLD. 


2T9 


perate  extent  to  which  the  evil  had  arrived.    The  ordinary  judges  were 
mtinudated,  the  ordinary  pohce  was  weak  and  ill  organized,  and  the  kins 
therefore  established  a  commission  which  was  appointed  to  traverse  the 
country,  taking  cognizance  of  eveiy  description  of  evil  doing,  from  the 
pettiest  to  the  most  heinous,  and  inflicting  condign  and  prompt  punish- 
ment upon  the  oflFendera.  The  old  Saxon  mode  of  commuting  other  punish- 
ments for  a  pecuniary  fine  was  applied  by  this  commission  to  minor  of- 
fenres.  and  a  large  sum  was  thus  raised,  of  which  the  king's  treasury  stood 
much  in  need.    But  the  zeal  of  this  commission-and  perhaps  some  con 
sideration  of  the  state  of  the  royal  tre.-Voury-caused  the  fines  to  be  ter- 
nbly  severe  in  proportion  to  the  offences.     There  was,  also,  too  great  a 
readiness  to  commit  upon  slight  testimony ;  the  prisons  were  filled,  but 
not  with  the  guilty  alone  ;  the  ruffian  bands,  who  had  so  long  and  so  mis^ 
chievously  infested  the  kingdom,  were  broken  up,  indeed,  but  peaceable 
subjects  and  honest  men  were  much  harrassed  and  wronged  at  the  same 
time.    The  king  himself  was  so  satisfied  of  the  danger  of  entrusting  such 
extensive  powers  to  subjects,  that  when  this  commifsion  had  finished  its 
labours  it  was  annulled,  and  never  afterwards  called  into  activity. 

Though  Edward  showed  a  real  and  creditable  desire  to  preserve  his 
subjects,  of  all  ranks,  from  being  preyed  upon  by  each  other,  truth  com- 
pels us  0  confe.ss  that  he  laid  no  similar  restraint  upon  himself.     Having 
made  what  profit  he  could  by  putting  down  the  thieves  and  other  offenders 
m  general,  Edward  now  turned  for  a  fresh  supply  to  that  thrifty  but  perse- 
euted  people,  the  Jews.     The  counterfeiting  of  coin  had  recently  been 
carried  on  to  a  most  injurious  extent,  and  the  Jews  being  chiefly  engaged 
111  trafficking  in  money,  this  mischievous  adulteration  was  very  positively, 
though  rather  hastily,  laid  to  their  charge.     A  general  persecution  of  the 
unhappy  people  commenced,  of  the  fierceness  and  extent  of  which  some 
judgment  may  be  formed  from  the  fact,  that  two  hundred  and  eighty  oJ 
them  were  hanged  m  London  alone.  While  death  was  inflicted  upon  many 
in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  the  houses  and  lands  of  still  more  were  seized 
upon  and  sold      The  king,  indeed,  with  a  delicacy  which  did  not  always 
characterise  him  in  money  matters,  seized  in  the  first  instance  only  upon 
!'L,H  f  "f^^i^^^  P''«ceeds  of  these  confiscations,  tho  other  being  set  apart  as 
A  fund  for  the  Jews  who  should  deem  fit  to  be  converted  to  Christianity: 
f.     °/w.u^"'r^^^^''^'^  themselves  of  the  temptation  thus  held  out  to 
them,  that  the  fund  was  in  reahty  as  muc|i  in  the  king's  possession  as 
though  no  such  provision  had  been  made.    It  had  been  well  for  Kdward's 
character  If  this  severity  had  been  exercised  against  the  Jews  only  for  the 
crime  with  which  they  were  charged;  but,  urged  probably  still  more  by 
MS  want  of  money  than  by  the  bigoted  hatred  to  this  race  which  he  had 
d  from  Ins  earliest  youth,  Edward  shortly  after  commenced  a  persecu- 
tion agamst  the  whole  of  the  Jews  in  England;  not  as  coiners  or  as  men 

tatsn^L  Z  .1"^  ""^^^^  ^"'"^1'  l'»'/''"Ply  =is  being  Jews.  The  constant 
axes  paid  by  these  people,  and  the  frequent  arbitrary  levies  of  large  sums 
ujHin  them,  made  them  in  reality  one  of  the  most  valuable  classes  of  Ed- 
wards subjects ;  for  whether  their  superior  wealth  was  obtained  by  great- 
er industry  and  frugality  than  others  possessed,  or  by  greater  in.renuity 
tkh  thtil  "°^  •  '"  ^''i'"'"?:"'  <i«'-tain  it  is  that  it  was  very  largely'shared 
lS\^^Z^vV'K  ""'  """  '•''^^  P™"'"*"  «f  ^^'l^^Ses  and  f.Irced  loans 
Z  hi  ■  f^-Jwani's  purposes  or  wants ;  and  he  suddenly  issued  an  order 
0  he  simultaneous  banishment  of  the  whole  of  the  obnoxious  race,  and 
onS  ''^P"^^''"'^  «.f  the  whole  of  their  property,  with  the  exception  of 
-0  much  as  was  requsite  to  carry  them  abroacT.  Upwards  of  fifteen  ftioii- 
S,ilT  r*""  "'  ''"^^  '""P"^  V'^  plundered,  under  this  most  inexcusably 
yraniious  decree ;  and  as  the  plundered  victims  left  the  country,  many  o( 
B«  o.!nL';''^^rV''  the  sea-ports  of  tho  miserable  pittance  which  the 
il  the  sea       '^'^'^  ^P'^'"'''* '''-^-'«*  ^^  »'»"«  were  murdered  and  thrown 


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33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  I4SI0 

(716)  07]'4S03 


280 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


While  takintf  this  cruel  and  dishonest  means  of  replenishine  his  trea 
aurv,  Edward  had  at  least  the  negative  merit  of  frugally  expendina  whS 
n«  had  unfairly  acquired. 

Aided  by  parliament  with  a  grant  of  the  fifteenth  of  all  moveables  by 
the  pope  with  a  tenth  of  the  church  revenues  for  three  years,  and  by  the 
merchants  with  an  export  tax  of  half  a  mark  on  each  sack  of  wool  and  a 
whole  mark  on  every  three  hundred  skins,  he  still  was  cramped  in  means- 
and  as  he  was  conscious  that  durinff  the  latt  long  and  weak  reign  many 
encroachments  had  been  unfairly  made  upon  the  royal  demesnes,  iie  issued 
a  commission  to  inquire  into  all  such  encroachments,  and  also  to  devise 
and  seek  the  best  and  most  speedy  ways  of  improving  the  various  branches 
of  the  revenue.  The  commission,  not  always  able  to  draw  the  line  between 
doubtful  acquisitions  and  hereditary  possessions  of  undoubted  rightfulness 
pushed  their  inquiries  so  far  that  they  gave  great  offence  to  some  of  the 
nobility.  Among  others  they  applied  to  the  Earl  Warenne,  who  so  brave- 
ly  supported  the  crown  against  the  ambition  of  Leicester  during  the  late 
reign,  for  the  title  deeds  of  his  possessions ;  but  the  indignant  earl  drew 
his  sword  and  said,  that  as  his  ancestors  had  acquired  it  by  the  sword  so 
he  would  keep  it,  and  that  he  held  it  by  the  same  right  that  Edward  heM 
his  crown.  This  incident  and  the  general  discokitent  of  the  nobles  deter- 
rained  the  king  to  limit  the  commission  for  the  future  to  cases  of  undoubt- 
ed trespass  and  encroachment. 

A.D.  1276.— Not  even  pecuniary  necessities  and  the  exertion  necessary 
to  supply  them  could  prevent  Edward's  active  and  warlike  spirit  from 
seeking  employment  in  the  field.  Against  Llewellyn,  prince  of  Wales, 
Edward  had  great  cause  of  anger.  He  had  been  a  zealous  partizan  o.' 
Leicester;  and  though  he  had  been  pardoned,  in  common  with  the  olhei 
barons,  yet  there  had  always  been  something  of  jealousy  towards  him  in 
the  mind  of  Edward,  which  jealousy  was  now  fanned  into  a  flame  by 
Llewellyn  refusing  to  trust  himself  in  England  to  do  homage  to  Edward, 
unless  the  king's  eldest  son  and  some  nobles  were  putinto  the  hands  of  the 
Welsli  as  hostages,  and  unless  Llewellyn's  bride,  a  daughter  of  the  earl  ol 
Leicester,  who  had  been  captured  on  her  way  to  Wales  and  was  detained 
at  Edward's  court,  were  released. 

A.  D.  1277.— Edward  was  not  sorry  to  hear  demands,  his  refusal  to  com- 
tJlv  with  which  would  give  him  the  excuse  he  wished  for,  to  march  into 
\yales.  He  accordingly  gave  Llewellyn  no  other  answer  than  a  renewa. 
of  his  order  to  him  to  come  and  do  homage,  and  an  offer  of  u  personal  safe 
conduct. 

Edward  was  both  aided  and  urged  into  his  invasion  of  Wales  by  David 
and  Roderick,  brothers  of  Llewellyn,  who  having  been  despoiled  of  their 
inheritance  by  that  prince,  had  now  sought  shelter  and  taken  service  with 
his  most  formidable  enemy. 

When  the  English  approached  Wales,  Llewellyn  and  his  people  retired 
to  the  mountain  fastnesses  of  Snowdown,  ludging  that  he  could  maintain 
against  Edward  that  desultory  warfare  which  had  harrassed  and  tired  out 
the  Saxon  and  Norman  invaders  of  an  earlier  day.  Hut  instead  of  expos- 
ing his  forces  to  being  harrassed  and  beaten  in  detail,  Edward  guarded 
every  pass  which  led  to  the  inaccessable  retreats  of  the  enemy,  and  then 
coolly  waited  until  sheer  hunger  should  dispose  them  either  to  treat  or  to 
Mht.  Nor  was  it  long  in  occurring;  brave  as  Llewellyn  was,  he  saw 
himself  so  comploiolv  hemmed  in  that  he  was  unable  Jo  strike  a  Mow, 
and  Iji'  was  compelled  to  submit  to  the  terms  diiitated  to  him  by  Kdwsrd. 
And  severe  those  .terms  were  j  Llewellyn  was  to  pay  60,000/  by  way  of 
expenses  of  the  war ;  to  do  homage  to  the  king :  to  allow  nil  ttin  Iwfoui 
of  Wales,  save  four  of  those  nearest  to  8nowdown,  to  swenr  fealiy  to  Ed- 
ward ;  to  yield  to  the  English  crown  the  whole  of  the  country  between 
iho  river  Conwav  and  the  county  of  Cheshire ;  to  settle  a  thousaiiJ  mark* 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  281 

per  year  on  his  brother  Roderick  and  half  >».-» 

g.v6  ton  hostages  for  his  future  gSd  Jnd  oeaLS  IT  P"^''^'  «"d  to 
articles  having  been  duly  performed  whh  fjfj'fWe  behaviour.  All  the 
of  fifty  thousand  poundsf  E^d ward  forg^i^e  that  .^nf''°"  ?/ '^«  ^^'^e  sum 
love  of  money,  or  rather  his- great  nied  o^t'  "-  ''""^'^ering  h.s  great 
8"^^  "P  1«  'arge  a  sum  only  because  the  navm«  »    J^-^^  ^"PP«8«  ^^It  he 

possible  by  the  excessive  povert^f  he  SSr^*"'^'^  "^^^  rendered  Im. 
But  the  imperfect  subjection  of  a  L     .     V'J^^J^' 

w"h  peace.  \he  WeShHrnXous  pS'i^f.^^^^  ''""^  "ot  co-exist 
the  noble  and  obstinate  defences  thdVTand  h^A  ?°"'^»fO"«.  remembered 
glish,  on  the  other  hand,  referred  n  tones  of  inii**""^''^.  '"»^« '  'he  En- 
bloodless  and  undisputed  conquest  thflv^."^^ '"^"'®"««  ^^^  taunting  to  the 
raarehes,  too,  connived  at  or  encm  rZJ"'^  "''"'•  '"*^«-  The  lords  of  the 
aeeneral  spirit  prevailed  among  "he  ?^Pir7"'"^i«  «"^  depredation!! 
iJf  to  the  insults  they  had  to  endure  SS.-^'"-P''^'^'"«'*  destruction  i': 
set  his  personal  wrongs,  and  to  join  hand  »^  H  T"^  "^""^^^  ^^^^'d  to  for- 
opposing  the  EnflTlish.*  The  WeUh  flew  . '"*  ^^"^  ^''li '''»  brother  n, 

heircountrywit^  an  army  which  seemLt-^""''^-''  ^'^"'"^  ^"'^"'J 
.^"t«J^«  T'"*^' ''°'"™»nding  a  de?acSt  of  P^'  '^T  ^"' ""'^  hope, 
tacked  as  he  passed  the  Menai.  and  hTs  E,*?^  Edward's  troops,  was  at- 
most  extravagant  hopes ;  but  Llewelyn  wl   i"«P"'«''/he  Welsh  with  the 
by  Mortimer,  defeated,  and  killedTn  Xn     ^^  ^^ortly  afterwards  surprised 
two  thousand  of  his  m^n     David  who  „n"'"°"'  '"i'^'^er  with  upwS  oi 
e.«nty,  exerted  himself,  but  in  vain   to  rnT,'"r««'^1!' '«  »he  Welsh  sove^ 
nmnerous  to  allow  of  his  fac^^Edward'^n'S«""'''''''■«^'';"y  sufficiently 
been  struck  into  the  inmost  hpnrt  ^rfi      "  '"®  °P^"  Ae  d.    Terror  had 
of  Llewellyn.      David  S  a  few  folX^rP^'  ^!^«  '^'^'''  »nd  death 
among  the  most  difficult  fastiiesse-  oS      ■  "^^f  •'^liged  to  seek  shelter 
betrayed  to  Kdw^rH  „.,h  ._     .^^''.''  »' his  native  h  lis.  and  h«  «..„-  „.i ':":. 


-J  -.^  .'..giiDii  peers,  and  condemnnH  ♦«  k„  ---"-"ui  v,  wnore  ue  was  tped 
as  a  tra.tor-a  sentence  so  digrSJuo  KH  '"^?'  r^^"'  ""^  1"arterS, 
of  a  brighter  and  nobler  character  can  wLhnVn'  '^*^ '"''  ^''^"his  deeds 

The  death  of  Llewellyn  and  David  n^f     °^^^'^  «'«'"  »f  '»• 
opnosition  on  the  part  of  the  wl  «h    ^k  'V.?"^  *»  »»  hope  of  successful 
and  English  offlcefs  were  perSentlv  « ^i  fuly  submitted  ,  English  faw« 
^e  prmc  pal-  y  upon  his  elSSuur   ^.^ ^n  'tt'n'  '^"^  ^,'i-«rd'conferre. 
born  at  Caer.,arvon.  "fviving  son,  the  prince  Kdward.  who  wab 

isted  bctwe'en  the^lwo  peVnle"  ilirw''l*L""'"«  ''"'ional  rancours  stiller 
dued.  ,|,at  Edward  founS  fie  If  a't  Et  T"""  "^^  ^°  <=0'"pl^te  y  .". 
d  (Terences  which  had  aris™,  Mwoen  IV."^"  "^'■°*'' ^ 
Pl';l'P  ho  Fair,  of  France,  who  ]7srtertfh'"r'''.^'"*  "'"  Arragon.  and 
Kdward  was  engaged  in  sPttljl  E  h  the  kingdom  of  Sicily.*  Whi  e 
nearly  three  vears,  his  absence  from  Pni''''".'^  ^hich  occupied  him  for 
disorders  and  mischiefs  Th«  n,i  ^-ngland  had  given  rise  to  nHineroii* 
"•y  lawless  bands  ;  ai  d  rohbelres  hTh"*"""''""  ""^  J"'''''^«  ^«»  ope"  'y  d3 
were  bofVire  the  sevem  «amK  m  dertSh"""^'^  "'  ^i."'"""  "»  »h«y 

The  disputes  which  existed  i„  5,"nfi  .  hegmning  of  hia  reign, 

dom  gave  kdward  an  oppiSitv  o  wk"'^^'"  'he  crown  of  tiTa  kinir 
wif.  to  interfere  in  thiTfi  of  ?l  „T^"^  ''^  '*"""  ""'  »'"«'  to  ava  I  huX 
Je  mmle  hirger  and  more  ot  oiis  -U  m|"'ot7o'.»f  ""^  "'  T'T  ""«rforen?e 
but  to  Its  actual  sovereignty.  ' ""' '"  'he  mere  fealty  of  its  king 

w/s  "!^r.lTllmi'Edra;V';&  «'"«'  "aliol  and  nruce     It 

of  N(!ot,:,„d  .vrrfi  n.If  i  .    .    "'.''  "''hitrate  betwonn  them   ai,     .h,  .  " 

J-ho.  Kdwird'stt  int'eSonrti  '''',"?  ''r-'"'  "i"-  wou  d  go'tj 
•»""'»  Scotland  to  his  ow«  r  ,u  h  •  T  '.k'"1"  h«  was  fully  bent  i  p«5  sub 
"  tl'ough  he  meant  "oZ^tli.t  Tih^Mr''  "f«"  '^'^  'r»«^^ot  ng. 

J"«"y,  in  the  following  question  to  ih        *' 


Inn  ««£«r 


282 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


hisVudirfu^Jrot^Tp^^^^^^^^^  Edward  as 

ortresMs  of  the  kingdom.*^  But  L??nTthTfar  Ictei  i^hh'"''*'"*  *"'*  '»'« 
faith.  Edward  now  began  to  exerSL  feudal  an  hih  ■  *PP"«"tgood 
a  manner,  that  it  was  quite  ewXnt  that  h!  IILh  .  fL*^  '"  '°  vexatious 
to  throw  up  his  sovereign  y  iV  S«,8t  or  to  t.™f  ,'^^?  ^f  '='*"''«  Baiiol 
flood  of  mutiny,"  such  is  woild  bf  The  ?«.  Han.?»  "^ '"'"  l'""^  ^"''den 
of  his  fief.    He  gave  every  eSrwimeit^^^^^^  ^'^^  '■°''"«''"^« 

continue  to  endure  such  insults  irtH«!^-£.  .°  *  ^"'' '"'*'''«' ^''a" 
aged  by  a  dispute  in  which  Edward  wislwSeTn  ^LT  '"'^""'• 
It  will  rea<fily  be  understood  that  hi  an  Z  Twhich  roht  "  '^T'' 
lence  were  so  common  on  land,  piracy  a  d  vTol«nr«  ^^^''^  "'"^  ^''^ 
upon  the  sea;,  and  both  Frengh  Snd  i'illsh  iaSs^w^^^^  """""?" 

to  engage  in  contests,  without  care  as  tTtSeDossiblerorin.."* ''''!  ''u"''^ 
respect  ve  countries.     It  chanrfld  ih.,t  «  >P°  consequences  to  their 

met  off  Bayonne  aid  ioihZ^na^^^  ""  *'»«'[«''  ^«»«el 

quarrelled  at  the  spring  FrZ  worH»  ?h»!  ^  ''^'*/".''  '""}?'  '*•«  P"''e8 
of  the  Normans  hSving  drawTa  knife  an  VnS'^^'* '".  ^'"^ ^'  ^"^  °"« 
both  fell,  and  the  Norman  died  on  the  «i,ot .  Thf  i?.  T'i  ''\?''f-  ^'''' '"'» ' 
wjoidentally  fell  upon  his  own  knife  thSriLJ^f  '^''f.''  ^"^''^"•ff  'hat  he 
was  stabbeJ.  ThS  NorlTs  c5mp  a  ned  to  kZ  Phil  J  w"l"T^  "'.l^ "" 
avenge  themselves  without  troublfn^K  S*^„„yiP';nf  ^  .^^^  ',''«"' 
were  taken  in  all  seriousness;  the  rKmians  sebLr.non  IS'H  Tl'"' 

they  had. owsatisfactoJ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

thoj  ;:s.iit'd"u;sx^rva^        "^.  "r  ^'"•^^  p-^* 

Joining  the  French      4t  l«,mih  f..  i     r"^"''^*  'he  Genoese  and  Flemish 
I  imKirforEdwaill  a,  Fph?n  '"""'?"  '"  *'"'  '*"«"'"  *"  '«»dored 

for  a  caraS  of  w  ne  S  Id  to  p1?'  ***"  '"'".'''"'"^  ^«''''"''''  """"d  southward 

pow^er^KsSmtv^r^^^^^^^^ 

and  hanired  the  snumitn      %;.  .*  ^  *'  T**'  *""''  P'"'"'ered  the  Boods, 

^  tli?LilSh  JwiS  no  miiir'?.  ^"'^  "'«"•'?'  ''^"*^'"1  with  milit.iry. 
•uu  wx  AugMsn  giving  no  quarter,  it  was  asserted  that  the  Norman  low 


BISTORT  OP  THE  WORLD.  288 

was  not  lees  than  fifteen  thousand  men;  an  enorrooiw  loss  at  any  time, 
but  eipecially  so  ii.  an  age  when  battles  which  altered  the  desUnies  of  em- 
piret  were  frequently  decided  at  a  far  less  expense  of  life. 

Philip  now  demanded  redress  from  Edward,  who  coldly  replied  that  the 
English  courts  w«re  open  to  any  Frenchman  who  had  complaint.^  to  make ; 
and  then  he  offered  to  refer  the  whole  quarrel  to  the  pope,  or  to  any  cardi- 
nals whom  himself  and  Philip  misht  agree  upon.  But  the  parlies  most 
concerned  m  the  quarrel  were  by  this  time  too  much  enraged  to  hold  their 
hands  on  account  of  negotiations ;  and  Philip,  finding  that  the  violence  was 
m  no  wise  discountenanced  by  Edward,  summoned  him,  as  duke  of  Qui- 
^nneand  vassal  of  France,  to  appear  in  his  liege  lord's  court  at  Paris  and 
answer  lor  the  offences  his  subjects  had  committed. 

A.  D.  1294.— The  king  instructed  John  St.  John  to  put  Guienne  into  a 
state  of  defence,  and  at  the  same  time  endeavoured  to  ward  off  attack  from 
'iPy  sending  his  brother,  the  earl  of  Lancaster,  to  Paris  to  mediate  with 
Philip.  The  earl  of  Lancaster  having  married  the  queen  of  Navarre 
mother  of  Jane,  the^queen  of  Fiance,  the  latter  offered  liim  her  aid  in 
accommodating  the  dispute ;  and  the  queen-dowager  of  France  joined  her 
in  all  apparent  good  faith.  But  the  two  princesses  were  actinjr  most 
insidiously.  They  assured  the  earl  that  if  Edward  would  give  Philio 
tmm  or  possession  of  Guienne,  to  heal  the  wound  his  honour  had  receiv^ 
ed  from  his  sub- vassals  of  that  province,  Philip  would  at  once  be  satisfied 
and  immediately  restore  it.  To  this  Edward  agreed,  and  gave  up  the 
province  as  soon  as  his  citation  to  Paris  was  withdrawn  ;  but  the  moment 
he  had  done  so,  he  was  again  cited,  and,  on  his  non-appearance,  con- 
demned  to  forfeit  Guienne.  The  trick  thus  played  by  Phihp  was  so  ore- 
cisely  similar  to  thni  which  Edward  had  himaelf  planned  fo.-  Scotland, 
f ."A'  1'  f"'y  wonderful  how  so  astute  a  prince  could  evrr  t  ave  fallen 
blindfold  into  such  an  uncovered  pit. 

A.  D.  1295.— Edward  sent  an  army  to  Guienne,  under  the  command  of 
his  nephew,  John  de  Bretaane,  eari  of  Richmond,  together  wit  i  John  St 
John,  and  other  officers  of  known  courage  and  ability;  and  as  Us  projectc 
upon  beotlaiid  did  not  enable  him  to  spare  so  many  regular  poldiers  as 
were  needed,  ho  on  this  occasion  opeiie     all  the  gaols  of  E/igland  and 
added  the  most  desiderate  of  their  tenants  to  the  force  he  sent  over  to  Franc© 

While  a  variety  of  petty  actions  were  carried  on  in  France,  Philip  en^ 

-i?rj«?  «  rTf'''^'''.".''"",'"!"''  '■*''°"-  by  entering  into  an  alliance 
with  John  Bahol,  king  of  Scotland ;  and  he,  smarting  under  the  insults  of 
Mward  and  longing  for  revenge,  eageriy  entered  into  this  alliance,  and 
strengthened  It  bv  stipulating  a  marriage  between  his  own  son  and  the 
daughter  of  Charles  de  Valois. 

A.  D.  1296.— Conscious  how  deep  was  the  offence  he  had  given  to  Baliol. 
Edward  had  too  carefully  watched  him  to  be  unaware  of  his  alliance  with 
f  ranee;  and  having  now  obtained  considerable  supplies  from  his  pariia- 
roent,  which  was  more  popularly  composed  than  heretofore,  he  prepared 
to  chastise  Scotland  on  the  slightest  occasion.  In  the  hope,  therefore,  ol 
creating  one,  he  sent  a  haughty  message  desmng  Baliol,  as  his  vassal,  to 

iw  .h."!.?n""'  *?n  "^  ^"V  'S  '"'f  ""■■  ^''*'  *''■«"««•  "«  "e«t  demanded 
ttat  the  castles  of  Berwick.  Roxburgh,  and  Jedburgh  should  be  placed  in 
nis  hands  dnring  the  French  war,  as  security  for  the  Scottish  fidelity  ;  and 
Jben  summoned  Ikliol  to  appear  before  the  English  pariiament  at  New 

™.H.  '«.•.  J*  nu^  '"'*''^"*  ^?.  '!'■  "*^"  purpose  and  to  the  treaty  that  he  had 
made  with  Philip,  complied  with  none  of  these  demands ;  and  Edward 
n^lI'^H  r.'T*"?t.*'  •*"*  osifiusiblfi  offence  which  he  desired,  advanced 
up^  Scotland  with  an  army  of  thirty  thousand  foot  and  four  thousand 

Th«  military  skill  of  Baliol  being  held  in  no  very  high  eitnem  in 
Gotland,  a  council  of  n^ulvu  of  the  most  smineut  uobloa  was  appoiijifit' 


284 


HISTOET  OF  THE  WORLD. 


to  advise  and  assist  him~in  other  words  to  act,  for  the  time,  at  least » 
"  viceroys  over  him."  ^  *' 

Under  tlie  management  of  this  council  vigorous  preparations  were  maHn 
to  oppose  Edward.    An  army  of  forty  thousand  foot  and  about  five  hund 
red  horse  marched,  after  a  vain  and  not  very  wisely  planned  attempt  uoon 
Uarlisle,  to  defend  the  southeastern  provinces  threatened  with  Edward's 
first  attacks.    Already,  however,  divisions  began  to  appear  in  the  Scottish 
councils ;  and  the  Bruces,  the  earls  of  March  and  Angus,  and  other  eminent 
Scots,  saw  so  much  danger  to  their  country  from  such  a  divided  host  au 
tempting  to  defend  it  againat  so  powerful  a  monarch,  that  they  took  thp 
opportunity  to  make  an  early  submisson  to  him.    Edward  had  crossed  the 
«^eed  at  Coldstream  without  experiencing  any  opposition  of  either  word 
or  deed ;  but  here  he  received  a  magniloquent  letter  from  Baliol,  who  hav 
ing  obtained  from  Pope  Celestine  an  absolution  of  both  himself  and  his  na 
l."*1  '^f  ^"®  oath  they  had  taken,  now  solemnly  renounced  the  homaire 
.  he  had  done,  and  defied  Edward.  '"'""Hse 

Little  regarding  mere  words,  Edward  had  from  the  first  moment  of  com 
inencing  his  enterprise  been  intent  upon  deeds.  Berwick  had  been  taken 
by  assault,  seven  thousand  of  the  garrison  put  to  the  sword,  and  Sir  Wil 
nam  Douglas,  the  governor,  made  prisoner ;  and  now  twelve  thousand  men 
under  the  command  of  the  veteran  earl  Warenne,  were  despatched  agains 
Dunbar,  which  was  garrisoned  by  the  very  best  of  Scotland's  nobiliiv  and 
gentry.  Alarmed  lest  Dunbar  should  be  taken,  and  their  whole  couutrv 
thus  be  laid  open  to  the  English,  the  Scots  marched  an  immense  army  to 
the  relief  of  that  place;  but  the  eari  Warenne,  though  his  numbers  were 
so  inferior,  attacked  them  so  vigorously  that  they  fled  with  a  loss  of  twenty 
inousand  men ;  and  Edward  with  his  main  army  coming  up  on  the  follow. 
ing  day,  the  garrison  perceived  that  further  resistance  was  hopeless,  and 
surrendered  at  discretion.  The  castles  of  Roxburgh,  Edinburgh,  and  Stir- 
liQg  now  surrendered  to  Edward  in  rapid  succession;  and  all  the  southern 
&*r  ,*u '  T*',*?^'?'.'^  ^^"^S  subdued.  Edward  sent  detachments  of  Irish  and 
Welsh,  skilled  in  mountain  warfare,  to  follow  the  fugitives  to  their  recei 
ses  amidst  the  mountains  and  islets  of  the  north. 

But  the  rapid  successes  which  already  attended  the  arms  of  Edward  had 
completely  astounded  the  Scots,  and  put  them  into  a  state  of  depression 
proportioned  to  the  confidence  they  had  formeriy  felt  of  seeing  the  inva- 
der beaten  back.  Their  hesivy  losses  and  the  dissensions  among  then 
leaders  rendered  it  inipossible  for  them  to  get  together  anything  like  an 
im^osmg  force ;  and  Baliol  himself  put  the  crowning  stroke  to  iiis  coun 
try  s  calamity  by  hastening,  ere  the  resources  of  his  people  could  be  fully 
ascertained,  to  make  his  submission  once  more  to  that  invader  to  whom 
lie  had  but  lately  sent  so  loud  and  so  gratuitous  a  defiance.  He  nol 
merely  apologized  in  the  most  humble  terms  for  his  breach  of  fealty  tohig 
liege  lord,  but  made  a  solqrnn  and  final  surrender  of  his  ciowii ;  arid  Ed- 
ward, having  received  the  hoinnge  of  the  king,  marched  northward  only 
to  be  received  with  like  humility  by  the  people,  not  n  man  of  whom  ap- 
proached him  but  to  pay  him  homage  or  tender  him  service.  Havinff  thuii, 
to  all  outward  appearance,  at  least,  reduced  Scotland  to  the  most  perfect 
obedience,  Edward  marched  his  army  south  and  returned  to  England  car- 
nring  with  him  the  celebrated  inauguration-stone  of  the  Scots,  to  which 
there  was  a  superstition  attached,  that  wherever  this  stone  should  be,  there 
should  be  the  government  of  Scotland.  Considering  the  great  power 
which  such  legends  had  at  that  time,  Edward  was  not  to  blame,  perhaps, 
for  this  capture  ;  but  the  same  cannot  be  said  of  his  wanton  order  for  the 
destruction  of  the  national  records. 

Baliol,  thougli  his  weak  character  must  have  very  effectually  placed  him 
beyond  the  fear  or  suspicion  of  Edward,  was  confined  in  the  Tower  ol 
Londoa  for  two  years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  was  aUowed  to  retire 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  ,  286 

»  Frame,  where  he  remained  during  the  rest  of  his  life  in  that  oriratfl 
station  for  which  his  hmited  talents  and  his  timid  temoer  iZt  fitLS  i!^ 
The  government  of  Scotland  was  entrusted  to  EarlXJeS.   "ho  & 

ea;ro?=sSl?afi=oSi„^rsr  a"SSs'.  tt'tt' "'^ 
the  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  succeeded  to  SomS  £.'not  ihi?^^'^^''!*' 
anyprogress.    Edward's  success  in  WaLrS'scSdhal^h^^^^^^^^ 
made  hun  more  than  ever  impatient  of  failure;  and  he  nowproiectedS 
a  confederacy  against  the  king  of  France  as,  he  imagined  ?ould  not  fan 

t'Sr^rpSnTerEitioSXTa^rSja^^^^^^^ 
.Maie^topayto.Guy.e'ariofK^^ 

giving  up  Guienne.  As  a  large  sum  of  money  was  requSto  c"?rv  oa^ 
the  k..ig'8  uesigns  he  applied  to  parliament,  who  granTed  h  m-the  £Z 
and  lunghts-a  twelfth  of  all  moveables,  and  the  boroughs  reighUi  Bui 
niS^'n'*  ^"  ""'^"'J  proportion  of  his  charges  u^  the  Kughs  he 

.Thtf  tt!rrjei'bt''^^"o;^^Bti?a'c3^^^^^ 
throne  had  issued  a  bull  forbiddins  the  DrinrP«  of  «nV^^!c?^  ^  ^^^-  P*P*' 
tax  the  clergy  without  the  ei^tf  ct ^tTf  Itf aX^uaCS^^ 
d  ng  the  clergy  to  pay  any  tax  unless  so  sanctioned  •   and  thp  VnS 
clergy  gladly  sheltered  themselves  under  tharbuirnow  thSfthe  kinS^ii^J 

wi  puyineni  oi  rent  to  tnem.     Having  given  thus  much  intimniinn  nf  hi. 

erSSruoT!?'''  •"  Ms  demanUe  apJntoTa  n^w^nrto  co^*- 
ler  With  him  upon  its  reasonableness;   but  Robert  de  WincheUftvarnh 

ishoDof  Canterbury,  who  had  suggested  to  Bon  face  SbuU  o?wh?cl 
the  clergy  were  now  availing  themselves,  plainly  told  the  S  that  hi 
it^ir.^i^^^^'T'^  '"^  ^'''^  »  temporal' a%  a  sjSr Uual  sover^.S,  aSd 
»lnce  wifhTa't  whl 'h  "'"  ''^™"  r"}'^  ^'^'  "°  comparing  o  ?m- 
JSimDorlli^hlf  «*''*'  '^"f/"''  •*»  *^«  '«"*"■  »"<^  that  consequently  it 

^s  ^;^^  's^t^^-^s:  tre^^^rtfe^tVajrtt, 

Pdil/n  "'"^ ."""'^e.^sr'  to  obtain  a  relaxation  of  his  bull  on    he  o"her 

oouTd  nm  SY  "'P'"^  '^".^  "'"y  ^^'^  *o»W  "«t  support  he  civil  pow/; 
could  not  fairjy  expect  to  be  protected  by  it.     He  acSingly  gav"  Kr. 

He  nfJ^.  •'"''**'  '°  l*"*"'*^"  '*'«  «»"8y  a»  wholly  out  of  hlsTotection 
cleA  [h!  nl'"'.**"  °''^y«**  *"  '*'«  '«"«^-  If  a»y  o"«  had  a  suitTgSra* 
o^Je  fher'^rHJr'"?  T  "^  »"'=««•"'.  whatever  the  merits  of  hi  cJie" 
hand  o  1h  ''f'^^"^'""  "O"-  h'8  witness  could  he  heard;  on  the  other 
nm  J„  ?V"!l''T  «'"««ly  *  «'erk  might  have  been  wronged  in  matteri 
ho  3Sl?L'''rr'«»'''"''*'"'  ^e"''"'  »"  ••«'1'«'"'  was TeftisSd  h!m  aT 

ier?wTe^ot"5Ifw°iV''"'^r.?®  P*?P'*'  *''«»''>'  .tufficiently  prone  to  plm,. 
intdlZ ?„.„H^  *°  *'''"•  themselves  ;  and  to  be  a  clerk  and  to  be  phi  - 
<J«red  and  insiUted  were  pretHy  nearly  one  and  the  same  thin...   Vh-  ^i  i 


im 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


both  In  money  and  m  kind  were  cut  off  from  the  convents;  and  If  um 
monks,  in  peril  of  being  starved  at  home,  rode  forth  in  seach  of  subs? 
tence  robbers,  emboldened  by  the  kingr'^  rule,  if  not  act,aally  prompted  bv 
his  secret  orders,  robbed  them  pitilessly  of  money,  apparel  andTolJ 
and  sent  them  back  to  their  convents  still  poorer  and  in  a  worse  dK 
than  they  had  left  them.    The  archbishop  offianterbury  issuS^i  a VneS 
excommunication  against  all  who  took  part  in  these  shameful  proceSn 
but  it  was  little  attended  to,  and  had  no  effect  in  checking  the  sSifi 
nl  it»!""*^:KT"7''l?.''  *•'«.'''"»  looked  with  the  utmost  indiflference 
or,  rather,  with  the  double  satisfaction  arising  from  feeling  that  the  iS 
of  the  clergy  would  at  length  induce  them  to  submit,  even  in  dean  ?e  n? 
their  veneration  for  the  papal  commands,  and  that  the  people  were  thus 
gradually  accustoming  themselves  to  look  with  less  awe^  upon  The  pan. 
S^nillf  ^K-"'^"""'  •"  ^•'*''"«  'he  latter  consummation,  Edward  wffi 
wisely  for  his  successors  we  need  not  now  stay  to  discuss ;  in  anticipatiS 
•the  former  consummation  he  most  assuredly  was  quite  correct    for  h! 
clergy  socn  began  to  grow  weary  of  a  passive  struggle  in  which  they  were 
m»rfvi^n^'^^^'■''P^i!''y  ancf  incessantly,  without  either  the  S'Soi 
martyrdom  or  the  hope  of  its  reward.    The  northern  province  of  YorkLd 
from  the  first  paid  the  fifth  demanded  by  the  king,  not  in  any  preference 

^«in"i'''''"r'^?'''^°^*'?«  pope,  nor,  certainly  with  any  peS  and 
persona  predilection  for  being  taxed  beyond  their  ability,  but  because  the! 

5f  th.  k  L'^J  S^""*'''^!*^^  '»>«'"  a  fearful  personal  interest  in  the  abJitv 
of  the  king  to  have  sufficient  force  at  his  command.    The  bishops  of  sll 

l!//'^.^"i-  ^L^'  ^u*^  ^•""®  **^''*"'  "«"'  *'»'"«  '"  an<l  oflfered  not  indeed  ht 
rfpSi  Jl^-  ?^  ''"  P°P-®  *'y  P''J''"S^  ^^"^  ^^^^  ''•^'^t'y  to  Edward,  but  to 
?Zn  h^^»r*J^'".'"'"1/"  ««"a'"  appointed  places  whence  they  could  be 
Snnpv  ?oi  .k"""^*'  collectors.  Those  who  could  not  command  ready 
money  for  this  sort  of  commutution  of  the  king's  demand  privily  entered 

rSr-U^nr^'f  "'?f  '^°'  '5'  Pf^"'*'"'  **  "^  f"»"'«  'i™«.  '^"d  th US  either  ^ 
nS  Th!  i,-"'^.""^''*'yV^^'''^'^'y  °''  immediately,  the  whole  of  the  clergy 
paid  the  king's  exorbitant  demand,  though  reason  warranted  them  in  a  S 
sistance  which  had  the  formal  sanction,  nay  the  express  command,  of  SiSr 
KriS7^r«-  '"  !^''  ^«  '''  «  memorable  instance  of  the  same 
wlu  Tnffi  °'''"^'''^"^"'^"'  ^^^  power  that  would  have  crushed  the 
weak  Jo  in,  however  just  his  cause,  was  now,  with  a  bold  and  triumphant 

Zi7h&1f  'h"""8^'  ^Y^'L"  '"""^P'^  «"^  P"»t'<=  Edward,  thougl?  it  op- 

ITni^tZJ"  ^'"'"f"'-  "^  "^'h  "^^^  '"*'''  «*»«'"«'"l  '"  '»8  extent  and  illegS 
even  in  the  manner  of  its  imposition. 

felfSr'^lw 'i/h'  '*«»*'''«"^«'  the  supplies  which  Edward  obtained  still 
mlk^  nn  .h  A^J"'"  necessities,  and  the  manner  in  which  he  contrived  to 
S  ar«^t  hin»  .'5^"^"^  T^"  "^'^'-^cterized  by  the  injustice  which  was  the 
Thof.Lh  hi  1  f^  I?  '^I'^'l  T"*^  otiierwise  have  been  a  truly  glorious  reign, 
now  ?rf.J  r«rrfi!''i'*'i^''?.?V''*'^"  «'■«'''  willingness  to  assist  him.lie 
Eh  «  H^r  Jf  f*''?  ^  I'T,!' '°  ^^^  exportation  of  wool,  and  as  arbitrarily 
Lyhln  J^.Jf,I1'^°^''''!h'M"^^?J'.T'^«^^^^  ""ore  thai 

fl.«  I«.f  «f  ^""r  "^"L"^.'  ^""I  ^'1  •''''  '"J"«t'^e  stop  here ;  this,  indeed,  wa« 
m«i„«H  n  L  Vf"'  r^  '"""^'J'^'ely  afterwards  seized  all  the  wool  that  re 
LfiT  ih«  il  H'i!»<Jo™.  and  "»  the  leather,  and  sold  them  for  his  own  ben- 
fi,«:,.„!.^  .  "/  ^^^^  ''"""ty  were  empowered  to  seize  for  him  two 
•Sn^S-t'^H^"  •"^7'^^^  ""•^  ^^'^  thousand  of  oats.  Cattle  and  other 
nSlhnZuT  '^'"'^  "'  'h®  "*•"«  wholesale  and  unceremonious  fashion 
n!?„r.n^^Urf  r mI^"T  "'^"  ""'*'«  ""^^  P^mwe  to  pay.  the  sufferers 
^nLLiLLP  /*  u''®  "^'"^"•"^  "P"*^  ""'^h  P'o'n^e  made  under  such  cir 
fr-Tifi  «.1n  •  •"  ':^''™'ting  of  his  army  Edwarxl  acted  quite  as  arbi- 
h«iLT«'^^-«f?"'"^  "•  eoinpelling  every  proprietor  ohand  to  pay 
itn^fh^  n  S  ?^  7""^^  P*"'".!'"'  either  to  serve  in  penon  or  find  a  pn^xy 
even  though  his  land  were  not  held  by  military  tenure.    Notwithstandinjf 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  287 

rt,e  great  popularity  of  Edward,  and  the  terror  of  his  oower  hfl  ™«,w  ««. 
under  bucH  cirtjunjstances  of  provocation  prevent  the  rSSe7«^^m?.?  "°* 

completed  his  preparatbns.     He  divided  hi>  «V>r^.  {„;«  ♦  i     ""^ 

.ending  to  assail  France  on  he  "3e  of  Flanderl  iuh  n„«  n^.^i.^^'^'i'" 
.end  the  other  to  assail  it  on  the  «.de  ofXX     trwSen^^^^^^^ 
was  ready  and  the  troops  actually  assembled  on  the  sea  ro^t  R^dt^-T? 
3arl  of  Norfolk  and  marshal  of  £irfand  and  Bohnn  P»ri  f.f  5^^/  .8^°? 
constable  of  England  to  whom  hSrd'to^^JSsrthe^^^^^^^ 
of  his  expedition,  refused  to  take  charee  of  it  on  th«  ni«a  thu?V  5u  •" 
offices  thev  were  only  bound  to  attendX^n  his  Derion'^dnrin.r  Vi/  *i*" 
Little  used  to  be  thwarted,  the  kinswas  ffreativ  ?^r!t«H     »  i-  ^^^  ^*"- 
and  in  the  hi^h  words  .hatVassedu^TShlS^sirif^^^^ 
earl  of  Hereford,  '•  By  God,  Sir  Earl,  you  shall  either  go  or  haSta  wh  rh 
Herefordcoollyrepied,  "Bv  God  Sir  Kinir  i  «,  m  n-wiL    ^'    la  which 
and  he  in,med.itel^eft\theLpeditioM'^^^^^^ 

powerful  barons  and  their  numerous  followers.  ^   *"*" 

Finding  himself  thus  considerably  weakened  in  actual  numbers   «n.i 
still  more  so  by  the  mor«l  effect  this  dispute  had  upon  men's  mSS  P^ 
ward  now  gave  up  the  Gascon  portion  of  his  exnedSion  •  but  Z  nn'J?^" 
Uon  was  not  yet  at  an  end,  for  tlie  two  earls  now  reCed^ooetformffpl; 
duty  on  the  ground  that  their  ancestors  had  n^v^r  served  ^nFknde™ 
Not  knowing  how  far  the  same  spirit  might  have  anrPBd  phLw}  r       i 
to  proceed  to  V^xtremities,  aggravated  and*  anno^fnff'^^th.X/nlJ^L*^ 
Zi'H°l!'rf  '^'"'^^•f  ^ith  appoint^  G^^Sfej  de  (^^yi'evm^^^^^^^ 
Thomas  de  Berkeley  to  act  for  the  recusant  officers  on  the  oresent  ooJL 
».on ;  for  as  the  offices  of  marshal  and  constable  were  hSar^   ho" 
«ouldonly  have  deprived  the  offenders  of  therS^he  extreme  Su™ 

proposed  to  take,  and  how  impossible  it  was  to  take  tSfiSeTsures  wi^h 
out  money;  he  at  the  same  time  protested,  that  should  he  ever  rJ^nrnh-* 
tlSw?-'  '"''  '^^'''t^  T""  ^'^^"'d  ^'  reimbursed,  i^idtJa  w  lereveJ 
e  same  time Zfhl'nJ'H  ^'H^^'""  that  wrong  should  be  rXs^ed  At 
ne  same  time  that  he  made  these  promises  and  assured  his  hearer*  tW 
a7rH!'"ir'y,"'^'^*'''  fulfilment^f  them,  he  stroSyTrged  them  to 

ntihX    ^*'*  ^*"  something  extremely  touching  in  the  politic  plcadliiu 
hL  Irhl"/'  *'"""]'«  "u  'i  ^'^  *™'"  «  »"»"  "8«ally  so  fiercrand  resoluS* 

m^l.JA'f\^'''''T""  P^'hetic,  winning  him  back  the  friendshio  of  hiS 
whih  ffiefj^d  a'nS  NoSTh"'?'"*^  'J'  Winchelsea,  a  remrst^iS 
linmes  nrnHn  ih«  r  !u  *^'^^.  f™'"®''  ^^^s  P'^sented  to  him  in  theii 
Sn«i2  i  'u""®  "^  ^*''"  considerable  barons.  In  this  remonstrarice 
hrrSIn^"^^  courteously  worded,  complaint  was  geneSrSe  of 
11/.',*^."'^'"  of  ffovernmeiit,  and  esWially  ofliis  DerMtunl  «nH 

•uMhisarbitrari  taxation  and  seizures,  and  they  denlanded  redriw  of 


£88 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


these  jjreat  and  manifest  grievances.  The  circumstances  under  which 
u-  V^t'"""''^  "^^"  delivered  to  the  king  furnished  him  with  an  excuse  o< 
which  he  was  by  no  means  sorry  to  avail  himself,  seeing  tiiat  he  could 
neither  deny  the  grievances  nor  find  the  means  of  redressing  them  •  and 
he  bciefly  replied,  that  he  could  not  decide  upon  matters  of  such  hieh  im 
poriance  while  at  a  distance  from  his  council  and  in  all  the  bustle  of  em 

But  the  two  earls  and  their  partizans  were  resolved  that  the  king's  era 

?  wf ',"*"  *''°"'^  '■*'^®''  "^'^^  *''^"  '"J"*"®  ^^^"  <=*"se ;  and  when  the  prince 
of  Wales  and  the  government  summoned  them  to  meet  in  parliament  thev 
did  so  with  a  perfect  army  of  attendants,  horse  and  foot,  and  would  not 
even  enter  the  city  until  the  guardianship  of  the  gates  was  given  up  to 
them.  The  council  hesitated  to  trust  so  much  to  men  who  had  assumed 
so  hostile  an  attitude ;  but  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  sided  with 
the  earls,  overruled  all  objections  and  argued  away  all  doubts ;  the  gates 
were  given  into  the  custody  oX  the  malcontents,  and  thus  both  the  prince 
and  the  parliament  were  virtually  put  into  their  power. 

That  power,  however,  they  used  with  an  honourable  moderation,  de- 
manding only  that  the  two  charters  should  be  solemnly  confirmed  by  the 

Ji^/  ^y  observed  for  the  time  to  come;  that  a  clause  should  b« 
added  to  the  great  charter,  securing  the  people  from  being  taxed  without 
the  consent  of  parliament;  and  that  they  who  had  refused  to  attend  the 
king  to  Flanders  should  be  held  harmless  on  that  account  and  received 
into  the  king's  favour.  Both  the  prince  of  Wales  and  his  council  airreed 
to  these  really  just  and  moderate  terms ;  but  when  they  were  submitted 
to  Ji-dward,  m  Flanders,  he  at  first  objected  to  agree  to  them,  and  even 
after  three  days'  deliberation  he  was  only  with  difficulty"  persuaded  tfl 

'^^^  ^arious  impediments  which  the  king  had  met  with  in  England 
caused  him  to  reach  Flanders  too  late  in  the  season  for  any  operations  <ii 
importance;  and  enabled  Philip  to  enter  the  Low  Countries  before  hit 
arrival,  and  make  himself  master,  in  succession,  of  Lisle,  St.  Omers, 
Courtrai,  and  Ypres.  The  appearance  of  Edward  with  an  English  army 
of  fifty  thousand  men  put  an  end  to  this  march  of  prosperity ;  and  Philir 
not  only  was  compelled  to  retreat  on  France,  but  had  every  reason  to  feai 
that  he  should  be  early  invaded  there.  Edward,  however,  besides  being 
anxious  for  England,  exposed  as  it  was  to  the  hostilities  of  the  Scots,  was 
disapi!ointed  of  a  considerable  force  for  the  aid  of  which  he  had  paid  a 
high  price  to  Adolph,  king  of  the  Romans ;  and  both  monarchs  being 
thus  disposed  to  at  least  temporary  peace,  they  agreed  to  a  truce  of  two 
years,  and  to  submit  their  quarrel  to  the  judgment  of  the  pope. 

A.  D.  1298.— Though  both  Edward  and  Philip  expressly  maintained 
that  they  referred  their  quarrel  to  the  pope,  not  as  admitting  the  papal 
right  to  interfere  in  the  temporal  affairs  of  nations,  but  as  respectmg  his 
personal  wisdom  and  justice,  he  was  too  anxious  to  be  seen  by  the  world 
in  the  character  of  mediator  between  two  such  powerful  princes,  to  make 
any  exception  to  the  terms  upon  which  his  mediation  was  accepted.  He 
xamined  their  differences,  and  proposed  that  a  permanent  peace  should 
be  made  by  them  on  the  following  terms,  viz.:  that  Edward,  who  was 
now  a  widower,  should  espouse  Margaret,  sister  of  Philip,  and  that  the 
prince  of  Wales  should  espouse  Isabella,  daughter  of  Philip,  and  that 
Uuienne  should  be  restored  to  England.  Phflip  wished  to  include  the 
Scots  in  his  peace  with  Edward,  buf  the  latter  was  too  inveterate  against 
Scotland  to  listen  to  that  proposal,  and  after  some  discussion  the  peace 
was  made— Philip  abandoning  the  Scots,  and  Edward  in  turn  abandoning 
the  Hemings.  So  careless  of  their  allies  are  even  the  greatest  monarchs 
when  their  own  interests  call  for  the  sacrifice  of  those  allies! 

U  is  but  seldom  that  projects  of  conquest  will  bear  scrutiiiv ;  still  more 


HISTORY  OF  THE  TVORLD.  289 

lefdom  tliat  they  merit  oraisp     Rn*  — .  •  •     , 

mphical  relatio^ns  of  eEK  and  sS&'!i°^'"fi^  "^T^y  »» the  geo. 
the  latter  seems  intended  by  nature  to  h2i^„  '!  ""Possible  to  deny  that 
any  considerable  progress  should  be  maH«ln^  ■?■  ^^^  '"°''™er  whenever 
•hould  long  and  fien-lly  struSfor  SdeL^H^"''''''*^''*"-  That  Scotland 
cites  our  admiration  and  sympathy -but  n„t"''^-  "^^^  "^'"'^''  *"**  «*- 
-eason,  we  cannot  but  approve  of  t>i«  p!,  r  i,  !?'""'"8^  ^'^°'^  sentiment  to 

Wends  and  fellow-subjeffi  peo2  so  coS'l  1^^^^^  »«  ««"«  as 

Aierons  and  costly  as  eneSf     U  f  °"""andingly  situated  to  be  mis- 

lever  have  made  a^  struggle  after  th«  tn^™^'^'®  "'^^  '^coHand  w"uld 
Baliol,  had  the  English  rule  bS  i^-  .^  P'"''*"^  submission  of  Joh„ 
«.asobliged  by  failfng  heaUh  ?r^t7r;'&«?'  .^"f-^"'  W"«""" 
land;  and  Ormesby  and  Cressinffhim  Jh^  "^  ^1^^^  climate  of  Scot- 
of  full  authority,  used,  or  rathTrCd  u^nTifo^"  ^'^'  '"  P^'^^^'O" 
hate  and  mdignatipn  all  high-spirited  Scots  S  liTT  ** '°  "°"««  'o 
whatever  moderation  in  their  formflr  »-™  '  /  whatever  rank,  and  of 
shameful  and  perpetual  oppressfS  L  f^f '  ^'^^^'^^  England.    The?/ 

which  his  countrymen  bestow  uoon  him  ^^«  m   "'^u  enthusiastic  praise 
lcnown,and  without  one  paS-Totystr^lTh.'^Sr  ^I^^^^V  ^ave  died  un 
to  patriotic  efforts-a  private  quarrel^^^fevtl  "^It^^f  ^*'''^'»  °f'«"  l««ds 
ow-countiymen,  been  grossly  insulted  hv»n^'p''^*"i**  '"""y  of  ^i*  fel- 
killed  him  on  the  spot.     Under  so  tviLl^  *"  ^"^flish  officer,  Wallace 
S,S««"and  such  a  deedVefUhrd^er  of  ulSt  mSf  *''''  °^  ^'^^  ^"S 
Walace  betook  himself  to  the  wooria  JLi    J  "'®  ?'®'"^y  to  hope;  and 
forfeit  ,0  the  law.  to  sell  it  as  dearlv  is  oo^fhi'"'  ^j'  '''"«  ^««  akeady 
whatever  ob  oquy  miffht  attach  VTL^  I  Possible,  and  to  do  awav  with 
for  the  future  h^^oS^^fcLsf^th  that  o/h l%"n  "^.  ''°^T«  ^^  ""^"st 
aa  well  as  mental  powers,  anT  Lvinl  a  n^rf^^.""''"''-  •  ^^  «'n?"lar  bodily 
morass  and  mountain  nath    L  „..^/     perfect  acquaintance  with  everv 

the  small  band  ofTuUaSfs't'afiTsttS^  Wallice,"^^ 

English  oppressors,  and  the  invariahlP  Ei?  ?^  ^""'  ^^^^  "Pon  the 
made  good  his  retreat,  soon  made Tm  ookej  ;;'^t„''h'^''^  with  wEich  he 
for  the  deliverance  of  their  country  anrlr-S  "P/?  ^y  '"^"  who  longed 
'0  a  hand  guilty  of  deliberate  murder  Thf  fT  "^  ^^^l  ""^^^  *»  «?en 
peedily  became  more  and  morrnumerors  .rS  /"'^"""u*"^  ^'^''^^e  thus 
band  grew  at  length  to  the  patriotWmv  ™  '^^  ""<"•«  """^w'a 

lOBtamp  his  exertions  with  a  nJtiona  oh«r«n^  and  consequence  sufficient 
*M  at  length  removed  from  h^s  oath  ^T''^^'-  .»"» this  ^reat  difficulty 
he  prepared,  his  followers  to  attadcScon^wh'r''^ ""[  ?/"«'  ''"'^<^«'""i 
Enriish  justiciary.  Ormosbv;  and  th»?T;  ^'*'^.  '""^  held  by  the  hated 
by  Tiis  spies  of^he  deadly^Ue,uimls  o?  W«  r'  ?«"«"  being  informed 
alarmed,  that  he  precioitatPlv  H«n„?r  ^  •  ^""ace  towards  him,  was  so 
»a.  closelv  foIlowWy  all  tLfm^'^^l '^J"?'*"^  and  hi,  'exampK 
oradty  and  tyranny.  'mmediate  accomplices  and  tools  of  hit 

geaKdJa^i^^^^^^^^^^  the  effect  which  the  cou^ 

eWcountrymen ;  and  e/en  the  1^«7  Pf^'^^'^t'^  "Pon  the  minds  of  hit 

^-t^lo  keep  aloof  from  £70^  «erh°.!; tr.^^^^-i'JLP- 

^— j-wtiiT  5SISJ  cona 


i90 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


dence.  Sir  William  Douglas  openly  joined  hirn,  and  Robert  Bruce  secrotly 
encouraged  him ;  the  smaller  gentry  and  the  people  at  large  gave  him 
the  full  confidence  and  support  of  which  the  efforts  he  had  already  made 
proved  him  capable  of  pronting;  and  so  general  was  the  Scottish  move- 
ment, that  in  a  short  time  the  Lnglish  government  was  virtually  at  an  end 
in  Scotland.  The  more  sanguine  among  the  Scots  already  began  to  hope 
that  their  country's  independence  was  completely  re-established,  but  the 
wiser  and  more  experienced  judged  that  England  would  not  thus  easily 
part  with  a  conquest  so  desirable  and,  perhaps,  even  essential  to  her  own 
national  safety ;  and  their  judgment  was  soon  justified  by  the  appearance 
of  Earl  Wurcnne  at  Irvine,  in  Annandale,  with  an  army  of  upwards  of  forty 
thousand  men  ;  a  force  which,  if  prudently  used  under  the  existing  cir- 
cumstances, must  on  the  instant  have  undone  all  that  Wallace  had  tis  ye* 
done  for  the  enfranchisement  of  his  country.  For  the  mere  appearance  ol 
80  vast  and  well  appointed  an  army,  under  the  conunandof  a  leader  of  the 
known  valour  and  ability  of  Warenne,  struck  such  terror  into  many  ofthp 
Scottish  nobles  who  had  joined  Wallace,  that  Ihey  hastened  to  submit  to 
Warenne,  and  to  save  their  persons  and  property  by  renewing  the  oath  oj 
fealty  to  Edward ;  wh  s  many  who  were  secretly  in  correspondence  with 
Wallace,  and  among  lis  most  zealous  friends,  were  compelled,  though 
sorely  against  their  w  11,  to  join  the  English.  Wallace,  being  then  thus 
weakened,  a  prudent  jse  of  the  vast  English  force  was  all  that  was  re- 
quired to  have  insured  success ;  and  had  Warenne  acted  solely  upon  his 
own  judgment,  success  most  certainly  would  have  been  his.  But  Cres- 
singham,  the  treasurer,  whose  oppressions  had  only  been  second  to  those 
of  Ormesby,  was  so  transported  by  personal  rage,  and  had  so  much  influ- 
ence over  Warenne,  as  to  mislead  even  that  veteran  commander  into  an 
error  as  glaring  as  in  its  couHequence  it  was  mischievous. 

Urged  by  Cressingham,  Warenne,  who  had  advanced  to  Cambusken- 
neth,  on  the  hanks  of  the  Forth,  resolved  to  assail  Wallace,  who  had  most 
skilfully  and  strongly  posted  himself  on  the  opposite  bank.  Sir  Richard 
Lundy,  a  native  Scotchman,  but  sincerely  and  zealously  attached  to  the 
English  cause,  in  vain  pointed  out  to  Warenne  the  disadvantages  under 
which  he  was  about  to  make  the  attack.  The  order  was  given,  and  the 
English  began  their  march  over  the  bridge  which  crossed  the  river  at  thai 
point.  Wallace  allowed  the  leading  divisions  to  reach  his  side  of  the  river, 
but  before  they  could  fully  form  in  order  of  battle  he  gave  the  word,  his 
troops  rushed  upon  the  English  in  overwhelming  force,  and  in  an  incredi- 
bly short  time  the  battle  became  a  mere  rout,  the  English  flying  in  every 
direction,  and  thousands  of  them  being  put  to  the  sword  or  drowned  in 
their  vain  endeavours  to  escape  from  their  enraged  enemies.  Cressing 
ham,  who  behaved  with  much  gallantry  during  the  short  but  murderous 
conflict,  was  among  the  number  of  the  English  slain ;  and  so  inveterate 
and  merciless  was  the  hatred  with  which  his  tyranny  had  Inspired  the 
Scots,  that  they  actually  flayed  his  corpse  and  had  his  skin  tanned  and  con- 
verted into  girths  and  belts.  The  great  loss  sustained  by  the  English 
upon  the  field,  and  the  complete  panic  into  which  the  survivors  were 
thrown,  left  Warenne  no  alternative  but  to  retreat  into  England.  The 
castles  of  Berwick  and  Roxburgh  were  speedily  taken,  and  Scotland  was 
herself  free  once  more,  and  loudly  hailed  Wallace  as  her  deliverer.  The 
title  of  regent  was  bestowed  upon  him  by  acclamation ;  and  both  from 
oeing  elated  by  his  almost  marvellous  success,  and  from  the  absolute  fam- 
ine which  prevailed  in  Scotland,  ho  was  now  induced  to  carry  the  war 
into  England.  He  accordingly  m'irched  his  troups  across  the  border,  and 
•preading  them  over  the  northern  counties,  plundered  and  destroyed  with- 
out mercy,  till  at  length  having  penetra-ted  as  far  as  the  bishoprick  of  Dur- 
ham, he  obtained  enormous  booty,  witA  which  he  returned  in  triumph  to 
Hootland. 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WOKLl).  20i 

FlJ^d^wVeUtat^^^^^^^  Edward  While  .u 

He  was  thus  at  liberty  to  t^^tenX^tXf  ^i'""^  "^'"^  *"""««• 
tholoss  of  his  most  valued  conquest^  sfSAt^hlf*"?''  »«  >-«tri«ve 
greatly  offended  as  well  as  alarmed  his  Znie  of  whn-fV  *'°"'*".=i  ^"'^ 
zeal  ho  now  stood  in  so  much  need  his  W /«»  '*°"®  '""'°'"  '"^  ««^ 
to  regain  his  lost  populariVy     Cthe  citiz?^^^^^^  .«'«'y  »'«• 

by  restoring  to  them  the  privelege  of  dect?n^  iii?"''""  ^*'  P*'.''  '''•«o"rt 
which  his  Father  had  deprived  thVm  •  and  h^^Li  "  ?'"?  P^S^fates,  o( 
for  exact  inquiry  to  be'^made  a8To\he  vaLrnf  °'*^"'*^^^^^^ 

commodities;  which  a  shoTtiL  before  he  had  orHp?/^;T''''  ^"'^  «'»'«' 
leading  the  more  sanguine  amonVthe  suffflrpr-  V^^f^  ***  be  seized ;  thus 
others,  that  he  intended  to  pay  for  theloocf^th.,,  ""^  '*''^'  ^'l*"  Pe""ading 
the  nobles  he  equally  endeavo^u  ed  to  rfcom'  "f/^"  'Z  "^''^^jned.  ^5 
fessions  of  his  detcrmiuation  to  observe  the  chlf«™''^ ''J  k°'^™"  P~* 
ingratiated  himself  with  all  orders  of  men  h«  m!^"  *"^  ''?'''"«  t*»"8 
preparations  for  the  re-conauest  of  Spnfia'„5  "*'^*  extensive  levies  and 
eUled  to  march  with  an  ar^y  of  "ea^  SuXT/hlT^'^         ^^»  '"O" 

The  magnitude  and  excellenll  equipSt  of  Edwardfe^^^^  .. 

only  advantages ;  dissensions  were  rife  and  fiercramonaT«^  "°* "!.'" 
very  moment  when  it  was  obvious  that  not Ek^.u^  ^'^^  ^•^°"»  *'  ^he 
an/disinterestedzeal  could  Jive  them  ev^n»n^h  »h«  "•o'' "nanimous 
lace  had 'done  wonders  in  raiSnrhis^onntrvf^^^^  Wal- 

tion  and  despair  in  which  hnaTfounrher^bu^Thi^„^w^^^^^  '^^«"'^^- 
the  son  of  a  Drivate  gentlemanrand  his  elevaiil' to'th.T^"*?  '''''  ""'^ 
regent  gave  (feep  offence  to  the  proud  nobmtvri^r  TP^'i'^"'  PO"*  »' 
self  more  worthy  than  theother     Peiv^iv  il\„.^^^^  deemed  him- 

ger  of  the  divided  spirit/Wallace  showed  h^^»2?  *•*, ««"«?  «nd  the  dan- 
dlBinterestedly  resig'ning  1  "Sor  tyhl  haTs'f well'j^r^L'"  T'^-^y 
only  the  command  of  his  immediate  foIl<m«rB  Z^h^  ,f\l  *'"^  retaming 
other  commander ;  and  the  chief  author  tvw.-H^''-  T'Tl'*  ^"""^  «^«yed  no 
•fBadenochand  the  steward  of  BadLnoch^  Jhl '"'''*/  ^^^^'^'^'^  Cummin 
the  Scottish  forces  at  Falkirk  there  to  a'JTutf^'^^.'^ '?  concentrating  all 
Each  of  the  Scottish  commanderslnVhipf  hJ  !  ''"*''''  ?^  "'«  English, 
army,  while  a  third  diviS"iwa8,,nd«r.l^  ^''''«'«"  "^ 'heir 

lace  himself.  The  pikS  formed  tL?rn["/"'r'''^'Vr'"^^'i  «f  Wal- 
intervals  between  th^thTee  wte  occuoU  bv  ^'vision,  and  the 

and  as  the  English  had  a  vart  suner^nPitv  ;,7  ?^  ^^'^'^^  °^  archers ; 
the  Scottish  position  was  protected  as  wp^l'"''*''^'L^  '.^«  ^''"'^  ^on'  of 
secured  to  each  other  by  ropes     '  ^     "'''"  ''^  ''*''«'  ''^«"&'y 

menced  the  attack,  and  s^JaC  Ihe^  ScotTuh  S'''^"' '"  !^'  ^f'^'  «=»'"- 
seized  with  a  panic  and  fled  from  th^  t^T  ^ru'''7"^^P'  *''=^'  '''ey  were 
Rnglish  bolts  and  arrows  was  now  uLtt'  ^l^^  ^^'*'"'^"'  shower  of  the 
the  charge  of  the  S  Ih  Sm«n  InA^  "f"  tne  Scottish  pikemen,  and 

|h«.  obtLed.  Thett,sl^™h^^rave  t^iZwen'S  Z  '^'  ''''''''''''' 
the  English,  in  discipline  and  equipmems  as  i^l  «- V 

Gvtt?d:sfKf#'^^^ 

laiaUonSteTash^iraVfiV^^^^^^^^  -"• ''"^  -hich  the%opula; 

»ed  trkreXTviiS'i\m5;^ke;,"rn5"fT  ir^  «-'«"^'''"'  WaUacecontri. 
river  Carr?n,li„irh;  San^of   haUite  7n^  i  /h*"?'*  **'"''«'  ^^'''"'J  »"« 
"tack  of  the  Engliil,  hiRhlv  ner  louS  if  nnt  u  ,^"f  "?""'  "^  *°  '"^''^ef  "'« 
An  interview  here  took  ni«oI  i?..  '  "  "^^  »ft"aUy  impracticable. 

•Jnpite  his  ow^  high  K  id  not  wS  liS*"'  """^/"r^  «'•«''«.  *»•«. 

waa  tl^n  serving  in  EdvraS!  ?ri7    ^i,  '*""  "P°"  ^^^  'Scottish  royalty 

ng  m  fcdward  a  army     The  account  given  by  th*.  sJnjA 


S93 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


historiana  of  this  interview  is  so  precise  as  to  be  somewhat  suspicious, 
especially  as  authors  quite  as  credible  affirm  that  Bruco  was  nut  then  with 
the  English  army,  or  even  in  that  part  of  the  couniiy-  Ifi  however,  the 
interview  took  place,  the  subsequent  conduct  of  Bruce  shows,  that,  so  fai 
from  succeeding  !r.  his  endeavour  to  induce  Wallace  to  struggle  no  longei 
tor  his  country's  independence,  he  was  himself  converted  by  the  great 
hero  into  a  nobler  way  of  thinking. 

A.  D.  1299. — Wiiile  Wallace  still  remamed  unconquered  and  in  sooif 
force,  Edward  felt  that  his  triumph  was  not  complete ;  but  after  having 
Mubfected  the  south  of  Scotland,  Edward  was  obliged,  by  sheer  want  of 
provisions,  to  inarch  his  troops  back  into  England  and  to  leave  the  north 
of  Scotland  still  unconquered. 

A.  D.  1300. — The  Scotch  having  in  vain  applied  for  aid  to  Philip  ol 
France,  now  betook  themselves  to  the  mediation  of  Rome  ;  and  Boniface 
wrote  on  their  behalf  a  long  and  justly-argued  letter  to  Edward,  in  which 
he  strongly  put  forward  all  the  solid  nrgu  nents  that  existed  against  his 
equally  unjust  and  arrogant  claim  to  Scotland.  But  as  the  ambition  of 
Boniface  was  fully  equal  to  his  ability,  he  weakened  the  justice  of  his 
opposition  to  the  arrogant  claim  of  Kdward,  by  putting  forward  an  equally 
arrogant  and  unfounded  one  on  the  part  of  Rome,  to  which  he  asserted 
ScoMand  to  have  by  right  appertained  from  the  most  remote  antiquity. 

The  real  claim  of  Edward  was  plainly  founded  upon  the  right  of  the 
strongest;  his  only  justification  was  to  be  found  in  the  geographical  con- 
nection of  Scotlancf  and  England.  But,  in  replying  to  the  letter  of  the 
pope,  Edward  advanced  arguments  which  were  ouite  as  remarkable  for 
grave  and  absurd  assurance  as  even  the  claim  of  the  pope  himself.  Com- 
mencing with  Brutus  the  Trojan,  Edward  cited  and  assumed  historical 
sayings  and  doings  down  to  the  time  of  Henry  II.  in  support  of  his  claim; 
but  carefully  leaving  out  everything  that  told  for  Scotland,  though  he 
commenced  his  elaborate  document  by  a  solemn  appeal  to  the  Almighty 
to  witness  his  sincerity  and  good  faith !  It  is  still  more  extraordinary  that 
Edward's  pretensions  were  backed  by  no  fewer  than  a  hundred  and  four 
barons,  who,  to  his  defence  of  his  claims,  added,  that  though  they  had 
condescended  to  justify  them  to  Boniface,  they  by  no  means  acknowl- 
edged his  right  to  judge,  and  that  if  their  sovereign  were  willing  to  give 
up  the  prerogatives  which  they  were  determined  at  all  hazards  and  all 
sacrifices  to  uphold,  they  for  their  parts  would  in  no  wise  allow  him  to 
do  so. 

A.  D.  1303. — While  Edward  was  thus  endeavouring  to  give  to  a  politic 
and  tempting  nr urpntion  the  character  of  a  just  and  ancient  claim,  the 
Scots,  relieved  from  his  immediate  and  fatal  activity,  were  exerting  th'-m 
selves  for  another  effort  in  behalf  of  their  national  independence.  John 
Cummin  was  made  regent,  and  he  did  not  content  himself  with  keeping 
a  force  together  in  the  nortli,  but  made  frequent  incursions  upon  the  sub- 
dued southern  provinces.  John  de  Segrave,  whom  Edward  had  left  as 
his  representative  in  Scotland,  at  length  led  out  his  army  to  oppose  th€ 
Hcotcfi,  and  a  long  and  sanguinary  action  took  place  at  Roslin,  m^ar  Edin- 
burgh, in  which  the  Eiifflish  were  completely  defeated,  and  the.  whole  o( 
the  southern  provinces  freed  from  them  by  the  regent. 

Edward,  to  his  infinite  indignation,  now  perceived  that  ho  had  not  to 
r.ompleto,  merely,  but  actually  recommence  the  conquest  of  this  brave  peo- 
ple, and  he  made  preparation  for  so  doing  with  his  accustomed  vigour  and 
activity.  Assembling  naval  as  well  as  military  forces,  ho  entered  Scot- 
land with  a  large  anny,  whicli  his  navy,  sailing  along  the  const,  put  out  ol 
all  danger  as  regarded  want  of  provisions.  The  superiority  which  this 
arrangement  gave  to  Edward  rendered  the  resistance  of  tin  Scotch  u 
hopeless  as  it  was  gallant.     Place  after  place  was  taken,  the  chieftains  in 

■llrCAuinn    vtnhlnit     in    Haannir     ami    niimmin  himanlf  anrt  hia  mOlt  ICVl* 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  393 

om  inends  at  lengtn  submitted.    Bui  though  Edward  '..ad  marched  trium 
phantly  from  one  end  of  the  countrjr  to  the  other,  and  had  Sedth<' 
submission  of  thP  ablest  and  the  bravest  his  pminii«»  !«o»  iiiij  ■  .   "' 

.or  Wallace  was  yet  at  liberty  J^Z'^iTaSieT  '''"  ""'°™P'«'«' 
A.D.  304-6 -Edward  on  many  occasions  during  his  busy  reign  disnlnv 
Bd  great  talents,  but  his  really  clear  jNgment  was  usually  vanqufshedwhJn 
It  became  opposed  by  his    ove  of  arbitrary  rule     ft«  h?)!  I       a 
enough  todispky  his  power,  and  his  true^po^cTwould  have  bSSn'^tor 
deavour  to  reconcile  the  existing  generation  of  Scots  "o  their  loss  of  rS 
independence  by  flattering  them  with  as  much  as  possible  if  the  anneaJ 
ance  of  it,  by  governing  them  bv  their  own  tnur.  ,VnH  k,.  •  i  ■  •  ^PP®**'' 
in  their  natio'nll  custom's,  until%Sard"tiTu%"rn?[niue^^^^^^^ 
propensity  of  imi  ation,  which  is  everywhere   so  stro  J,    Lv  sLJ^S 
gradually  Msimilate  themselves  in  those  respects  to  thefrconq  Srs    B  .1 
this  glow  though  sure  process  did  not  armrH  wif !,».;»  ^  conquerors,  but 

ticm;  and  he  n'ot  only  Lde  BwTepin^^iSiSn''    e'^^c^ursh  lat'bu'; 
mil  more  deep  y  wounded  the  national  nri/i*.  K,r  \Ll      "V"""*"  '^^s,  but 

Monleilh,  an  intimate  and  confidential  friend  of  W«11roo     Th^^f  ^„1L  i  " 

inldeS  on  nf  wL'i  •'^1'"'!  for  courage,  the  almost  romantic  bravery 

admira2r?t  JJ^*''"*"«  ""»'"  l.'«yo  been  expected  to  have  excited  hii 

-ever  made  submission,  was  publicly  behea.led  on  Towerhiir 
holiif'^'^^P'^'^  ^y  '^'r  "h«"H'ful  severity  to  put  aXd  to  the  Scottish 

•he  supTeiil^v  i?  wXcl'now'  ±eJ  h^.fenh^^'hfTT'"'  "I  T''"'' 
"a  mind  wan  nm  l..i,V  .i.„  „     J"«"«^a  in  depjornijj;  hiM  fate,  and  the  gon- 

•ndsurorMotronnL     .h.,.? /'*  ^y^":""'''"  ft" to  for  insuring  welcome 
"i"..elf'ln'thl"p;:';:f  RoV.IIKmi:"''''''"'"''"''  '""*'  ■«*'"  ^«'""'«' 

•..Au".  j^flS'-llobcrt  l)rU<!P,  graiuisoiiof  thn  nnnnn«n«  nf  li-Il^l    .„ 

-  »«  =cc«aie  of  bo.h  his  grandfaihcf  tnd  fa.&.'tli^"  inhorilo;  ofrit'llTe 


ti;.!!!- 


ife'l 


•294 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


least,  a  plausible  claim  lo  the  Scottish  crown,  and  had  therefore  a  Den 
Bonal  lis  well  as  a  patriotic  motive  for  opposing  the  tyramiy  of  Edward 
Though  he  was  himself  personally  well  treated,  though,  indeed,  he  wm 
viewed  less  as  a  prisoner  at  large  than  a  favoured  native  noble,  Bruce 
could  not  but  feel  disgust  and  indignation  at  the  numerous  cruelties  of  Ed 
ward,  crowned  as  they  were  by  the  damning  injustice  of  the  murder  of 
Wallace  ;  and  after     iving  long  pondered  the  subject,  he  determined  to 
succeed  to  that  hero  ui  his  task,  even  at  the  risk  of  succeeding  also  tohig 
violent  end.    This  determination  Bruce  confided  to  his  intimate  friend 
John  Cummin    who  approved  of  his  design  and  encouraged  him  in  it 
Whether  Cummin  from  the  first  listened  only  to  betray,  or  whether  he  af 
first  entered  sincerely  into  the  views  of  Bruce,  and  only  betrayed  them 
from  horror  at  the  magnitude  of  Uie  danger,  does  not  clearly  appear  Bu 
certain  it  is  that,  from  whatever  motives,  he  did  reveal  the  sontinients an. 
intentions  of  Bruce  lo  the  king.  '^"iimemsana 

Edward,  tliough  little  prone  to  sparing,  knew  how  to  dissemble  •  and 
being  desirous  of  getting  inio  his  power  the  three  brothers  of  Bruce  who 
were  slill  at  liberty  in  Scotland,  and  fearing  to  alarm  them  ere  he  could  do 
80,  should  he  lake  uiiv  decisive  measure  against  Robert,  he  for  tlie  ores 
ent  contented  himself  with  putting  his  every  act  and  word  under  Ihe  inos/ 
severe  surveillance  of  persons  practised  in  that  most  contemptible  gnecies 
of  employment.  This  policy,  iiucndod  lo  make  the  ruin  of  Kobnt  Bruce 
more  certain  and  complete,  proved  iiis  safely  ;  for  an  Kiiglitih  nobleman 
who  was  privy  to  Edward's  design  put  Biuce  on  his  guard  in  lime.  The 
Iriondly  nobleman  m.iuestion,  being  aware  liow  closely  Bruce  was  watched 
could  not  venture  to  warn  him  personally  and  in  plain  terms  of  the  daiiocr 
M'hich  besel  him,  but  sent  him  by  a  sure  hand  a  pair  of  spurs  ami  a  uurse 
01  inoney.  Tlw  sagacity  of  Bruce  rightly  interpreted  the  meaning  of  thin 
double  present  and  he  instantly  sot  off  for  Annandale,  and  arrived  there 
Biifely  ;  having  taken  the  precaulioino  iiave  his  horse  shod  backward,  go 
that  even  had  a  pursuit  been  commenced,  the  pursuers  would  speedily  have 
been  thrown  out  Kc.ijriici.« 

High  as  Bruce  ranked  in  the  Scottish  nobility,  he  had  hitherto  been 
looked  upon  as  wholly  lost  to  Scotland;  as  the  mere  minion  of  the  En. 
glish  king;  less  anxious  about  the  land  to  which  he  owed  his  birth  than  to  thai 
«  which  he  lived  a  life  of  splendid  slavery.  It  was,  therefore,  with  no  lit- 
tle surprise,  and  perhaps  in  some  cases  even  with  suspicion,  that  the  Scot- 
tish  nobility  Ihey  assembled  at  Dumfries  saw  him  suddenly  apneax  before 
Ihem.  With  the  avowed  determination  of  following  up  the  mighty  cflortsoi 
Wallace,  and  of  liberating  his  trampled  country  or  nobly  perishing  in  the 
Btlempt.  The  eloquence  and  spirit  with  which  Bruce  dccjured  his  iiiteu- 
IjoiiB  and  exhorted  ihe  assembled  nobles  to  join  him  in  his  efforts,  rouml 
their  spirits  to  the  highest  eiilhusiusm,  and  they  at  once  declared  ihcir  in 
tention  to  follow  the  noble  Bruce  even  to  d.-alh.  To  this  cnthnsiiisiu  and 
Bssenl  there  whs  but  (Mie  exception  :— Cummin,  who  had  nlirudv  betrayed 
llie  ikmitjns  of  Bnico  lo  the  king,  now  endeavtmied  to  introduce  digconl 
into  Uio  €<mncil,  by  dwelling  with  great  earneslneHs  upon  tliv  little  prutm- 
bilily  that  existed  of  their  being  successful  against  tfic  trtMiicndouN  power 
01  KiiKiand,  and  upon  iho  still  smaller  probability  of  Edward  sliowiiigmiy 
mercy  lo  iher  should  Ihey  fall  into  hit  hands  afler  insulting  him  by  s  iiev» 
breach  of  iheir  oath  and  fealty. 

The  discourse  of  Cummin  had  the  greater  weight  be(;ause  he  was  hold 
to  be  y  tru(M>alriol  (  and  Bruce  clearly  perceive<l  Ihnl  ihi.s  mun.  who  liml 
ho  nearly  betrayed  him  lo  certain  impriHoiiment  andvrrv  piobable  ex- 
ecution,  liiid  m.  strong  a  hold  on  the  minds  of  the  nobles,  that  llicv  would 
|i\oRt  lilu'ly  follow  Ms  advice,  until  the  arrival  of  Edwani  with  nii  over- 
nliclninw  power  would  render  exertion  useless.  Enraged  at  such  an  »]'■ 
l..i6U>(m  bumg  addud  to  the  treachery  of  which  he  Wi»s  uwurn  thai  <.«uv 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  995 

mm  had  already  been  guilty,  Bruce,  when  the  mpntin«  r.f  .k-      ui 
adjourned  to  another  day,  followed  Cummr>.^fu,^  ^.f""*  "°*''^^  '^"^ 
,l,i  Grey  Friars,  in  the  cli  stir  of  whichh™  went  un  u   h" '  "'^''^'7  ot 
through  the  body.    Bruce  imagined  that  heT^ad  iful^  .h  "*.  *•  "^  '"''u"  *•'"» 
oeiag  asked  by  a  friend  and  3dant  n  morf  pr.,n«    ^i^®  1™'^°'''  ^"'  O" 
done%o.  he  replied,  "I  believe  so"'*  "  SellevP '^S'''  ""S"^^"''  '^^  *»*'* 
"and  is  that  a  thing  to  leave  to  chance  t    T  wMU  J.'''''t''"'',1,  '"'Izpatrick, 
the  fierce  knight  went  back  to  the  "no  whe^i  pl"^^  ^T^      So  saving 
him  through  the  heart.    Tiiis brmal  vb ence  wSh?^'"  '''^'  ""^  ^'""^^^^ 
enedday  we  cannot  even   ead  TwithS  ho^^n^^^         h"'  '"?''^  '""^h^" 
deemed  a  matter  not  of  shame  but  ^f  triuLh  «nH  k?^*^"^"''j  V^  ♦'>«" 
derer  Fitzpatrick  actually  took  for  his^rZ  -  h  ''^^'^"^:,*"1  '^«  "'"f" 
a„d  .ae  wLs  "I  will  sec'u^e^tm'!''  for  E^otto!"'  "^"^  ''"'"'  '^^^"^ 

pecially,  no  choice  as  to  Sr  fulure  ^rrt^ .  m'' "''^'^'' *".l*^'""°«  «»- 
off  the  power  of  Edward,  or  nerX  hZ„.h'  v7  "'T  ^'^^^'  ^^''''^^ 
geance.  *^Bruce  in  this  eSrgencvDn'vedhl-.t^'^^'^'",'^  ','''■''"«'''*  ^«n- 
lofty  and  perilous  inissiorto^  Sh^  h.d  rvl,T'h'  *"'«,P'«y«''  '^e 
from  one  part  of  the  country  to  the  othpr.lr,?  J?  '  '"^?*'"^-  "«  ^^^^ 
tisans,  and  sending  then^^Xa.st  the  most  Ell'''.  ?'""^  '''"''"^  ?*«- 
that  ventured  to  hold  o,u  fKdward-  and  h^t^f  "'r'T"^  *"^  "'*«"«'' 
obtained  strong-holds  in  every  dlrectJo^i^utoro.n^^  ^"  ""'  °"'y 

a  force  so  considerable,  that  he  was  S  oH^.d  a'>d  concentrated 
and  to  have  himself  crowned  as  her  kt b  n  he  aS,. v  of  ^""^  mdep.ndent, 
bishop  of  St.  Andrew's  offi,.iatf.,g  B  nee  thonS  h^n.h  r"*''  'K^  '''°^- 
lion  led  him  to  be  crowned  ddnorsnffi'rml?!  ''"^'^  Po'!7  ""'l  ambi 
much  of  the  time  for  which  he  hn,  ho  S.  '°  <'eremoniaI  to  occupy 
buaily  pursued  the  En;l!sl^ISiUh  y'v     '     1  d^ru'CHll^"^*!; ''"' 

ningements,  he  sent  forward  a  farg^  advance  force  under  s^.^'/  T"  T 

not  quite  nnjustlv  bestowed  in  ..     L    v,  ''''•Kli''h  Ju8tini,in  wan 

eo.nn,.,ul  to    n"S-iulel  «x         n^^i^^  '".arrogance,  and  from  ins 

of  arrogance  h^^^ZKXl'Z  ^'.ILUV'.'l.l^r'l'^'l^P?""'"-     Wuh  /es, 

'  -^"'  "^"'^  »  '«'««^r  Kiiig,  Vol,  aiich  i* 


11 


sm 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


the  temper  of  all  uncultivated  people,  the  tyrannies  of  this  splendid  and 
warlike  13  at  were  patiently,  almost  affectionately,  borne  by  the  latioii 
who  revolted  at  the  far  less  extensive  and  daring  tyrannies  of  John 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

THE  REION  OP  EDWARD  II. 

A.  D.  1307.-The  dying  commands  of  Edward  I.  to  his  son  and  succes 

flor  were,  that  he  should  follow  up  the  enterprise  against  Scotland  and 
never  desist  until  that  nation  should  be  completely  subdued.  An  abun 
dantly  sufficient  force  was  ready  for  the  young  king  Edward  II. ;  and  m 

Bruce  had  by  this  time  rallied  forces  round  him,  and  inflicted  a  rathS 
importan  defeat  upon  Sir  Aylnierde  Valence,  the  English  people,  too  fond 
of  glory  to  pay  any  scrupuloua  attention  to  the  justice  of  tlie  cause  in 
which  It  was  to  be  acquired,  hoped  to  see  Edward  II.,  at  the  very  com 
raencemeiit  of  his  reign,  imitating  the  vigorous  conduct  of  his  martial 
father ;  and  they  were  not  a  little  disgusted  when  Edward,  after  march  n^ 
some  short  distance  over  the  border,  gave  up  the  enterprise,  not  from  anv 
consideration  of  Its  injustice,  but  in  sheer  indolence,  and  returned  inib 
England  and  disbanded  that  army  upon  the  formation  of  which  his  father 
had  bestowed  so  much  exertion  and  care.  Hitherto  the  character  of  thif 
prince  had  been  held  in  esteem  by  the  English  people,  who,  with  their 
accustomed  generosity,  took  the  absence  of  any  positive  vice  as  an  indi- 
ca  ion  of  virtue  and  talent,  which  only  needed  opportunity  to  manifest  them- 
selves.  But  this  first  act  of  his  reign,  while  it  disgusted  the  people  in  ge"- 
eral,  at  the  same  time  convinced  the  turbulent  and  bold  nobles  that  thev 
might  now  with  safety  nut  forward  even  unjust  claims  upon  a  king  wiio 
bade  fair  to  sacrifice  all  other  considerations  to  a  low  and  contemptible 
love  of  his  personal  ease.  The  barons,  who  had  not  been  wholly  keol 
froni  showing  their  pride  even  by  the  stern  and  determined  hand  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  were  not  like  y  to  remain  quiet  under  a  weaker  rule;  and  the 
prenosterous  folly  of  the  new  king  was  not  long  ere  it  furnished  them 
with  sufTiciently  reasonable  cause  of  complaint. 

The  weak  intellect  of  Edward  II.  caused  him  to  lean  witli  a  child-like 
dependency  upon  favourites :  but  with  this  difference,  that  the  dependency 
which  18  touching  and  beautiful  in  a  child,  is  contemptible  in  a  man,  and 
must  to  the  rough  and  warlike  barons  have  been  especially  disiruslinif 
Ihe  first  favourite  upon  whom  Edward  bestowed  his  unmeasured  conB 
rtenco  and  favour  was  Piors  Gaveston,  a  (Jascon,  whose  father's  knielitly 
service  in  the  wars  of  the  late  king  had  introduced  the  son  to  the  estab- 
iishment  of  the  present  kiHg  while  prince  of  Wales.  The  elecant  though 
frivo  ous  uc(;ompli8hinent8  of  which  Gaveston  was  master,  and  the  pains 
which  he  look  to  display  and  employ  them  in  the  amusement  of  the  weak- 
minded  young  prince  whom  he  served,  obtained  for  Gaveston,  even  during 
the  lifetime  of  Edward  I.,  so  alarming  an  influence  over  the  mind  of  the 
heir-apparnnt,  that  the  stern  monarch,  who  had  little  taste  for  childish  pu^ 
suits,  bamshod  Gaveston  not  only  from  the  court,  but  from  the  realm  alto- 
gather,  and  exuded  the  most  positive  promise  from  the  prince  never  on 
any  account  to  recall  him. 

His  own  interests  and  his  promi»e  to  his  deceased  father  were  utterly 
forgotten  by  the  young  Edward  in  his  anxiety  again  to  enjoy  the  company 
onus  accomplished  favourite,  and  having  astouiidod  his  riiggod  baroimby 
flisbandiiig  Ins  urmy,  lio  complied  their  wondering  indigiialioii  hy  Imstily 
sending  for  (.aveston.  Before  the  favourite  could  oven  reach  Kngland 
the  young  king  conforiod  upon  him  the  rich  earldom  of  Cornwall,  which 
aaa  lately  escheated  to  tiie  crown  by  the  death  of  Edmond,  son  of  the  kiiii; 


HISTORY   O;    THE  WORLD. 


297 


ol  the  Romans.  In  thus  bfistowinfr  upon  an  obsrure  favourite  the  rich 
possessions  and  I'eje  t.tie  that  had  so  recently  sufficed  a  prince  of  tho 
&ood  royal,  Edward  had  only  commenced  his  career  of  libera  ily;  weaUh 
and  honours  flowed  m  upon  the  fortunate  younff  man  whom  P^  Jai,i  1. 
length  allied  to  the  throne  itself  by  giving  i  ftfr  Ss  wiFe^hTs  owu  nelce 
the  sister  of  the  earl  of  Gloucester. 

The  folly  of  the  king  wag  in  nowise  excused  or  kept  in  the  back  around 
by  the  favourite.  nstead  of  endeavouring  to  disarm  the  anger  and  envy 
of  the  barons  by  at  least  an  affectation  of  humility,  Gaveston  receive? 
each  new  favour  as  though  U  were  merely  the  guerdon  and  the  due  of  his 
eminent  mentjm  equipage  he  surpassed  the  highest  men  in  ?he  realri 
and  he  took  delight  m  showing  the  wisest  and  most  powerful  that  h™' 
relying  only  upon  the  king's  personal  favour,  had  in  reality  a  power  and 
influence  superior  to  a  that  could  be  won  by  wisdom  in  the  council  Sr 
valour  in  the  field.  Wi  ty  he  made  the  nobles  his  butt  in  the  cour"  con- 
versauon ;  accomphshed,  he  took  every  opportunity  to  mortify  them  bv 
some  dexterous  sl.glit  in  the  tilt  yard  or  at  the  tourney ;  and  the  insoSnce 

firJt  aroused!        "'  """"^^'''^  '^'  ^''''^  ""^''^  "'«  foiirof  the  kfi^haS 

Soon  after  his  accession  to  the  throne  Edward  had  to  visit  France  in 

order  to  do  homage  to  Philip  for  Guienne.  and  also  to  csruse  tha?  moi" 

arch;8  daughter  Isabella,  to  whom  he  had  a  long  time  been  betrothed  -and 

i\Sn„'l^n^r  ^  '^"^  P'""°''"f  h'«  '»'«t»«'«d  affection  for  Gav. 
es ton,  by  not  only  prefernng  him  to  all  the  English  nobles  for  the  honour 
able  an(f  important  office  of  guardian  of  the  reHlm,  but  also  giving  h"mTn 
tha  capacity  more  than  usually  extensive  powers.  ^ 

e«l  to"lf;r7nH  &^*  ^''  y"""^  *!""""  '«  ^"g'»"d  he  introduced  Gav 
eston  toher,  and  showed  so  anxious  an  interest  in  the  favourite's  welfare 
hat  Isabella,  who  was  both  shrewd  in  observation  and  imper  oiis  h,  tern ' 
per,  instantly  conceived  a  mortal  hatred  for  tho  man  who  evSentlv  dos 
sessed  so  much  power  over  a  mind  which  she  deemed  that  she  atneffi 
a  right  to  beguile  or  to  rule.  Gaveston,  though  too  quick  of  perceDtron  ^o 
be  unaware  of  the  queen's  feeling,  was  not  wise  eZgh  to  aim  at  Soncil? 
atmgher  but  aggravated  her  already  deadly  emnity^bv  affvSnts  Sh 
were  doubly  injurious  as  being  offered  to  a  queen  by  the  mere  creitlre 
and  niinion  of  her  husband ;  a  prosperous  and*influted  Sventurei  whom 
.breath  had  made  and  whom  a  brea'th  could  just  as  easilj  destic^!  "'^°'" 
onn'firTnn  .        ^^f*^  that  such  a  person  should  both  share  her  husband's 

confidence  and  openly  deride  or  defy  her  owiiMnfluence  Isabella  J«vf 
every  encouragement  to  the  nobles  whom  shTperS  to  be  in^^^ 
0  Gaveston  ,  and  it  was  with  her  san,;tion,  if  nof  actually  li  her  suZa 
on,  thu  a  confederacy  was  formed  for  the  express  purpose  of  exSia' 
L«.  r'r'  f'''""''''^  ^'^°"'  ♦'^^  ^•«"'''-  At  the  head  of  this  confSerac; 
thS  bill  il!  '  "^^"  """^'"'  ''•h"'""^.  earl  of  Lancaster.  Fir«t  pr  n co  o^ 
he  blood,  he  was  also  possessed  of  both  greater  wealth  and  area  (.rDow« 

1h  rio,?Jf""~'  'l^'^^'r'  '"  '^'  «•«"''"'  »»J  i'  ^^"«  probably  iSssfmrnZ 
patnotic  feeling  than  from  vexation  at  seeing  his  private  influoilce  wit? 
the  king  surpassed  by  that  of  an  upstart  favoSrite,  tl.at  he  i  ow  rsllu 
ous^y  opposed  him.  This  powerful  noblo  asseinb  ed  arounlMm^il  those 
barons  who  were  inimical  to  Gaveston,  and  they  entered  into  an  alroe 

er  cv  miin  ni''"V"'''r"'f?'^>  ''"  '''^'  "«^«^  '°  break  up  t  "eir  c^K 
mZJuit  ^*%«'"«»  «hp"ld  be  expelle.l  from  the  kingdom.  Frojn  th  , 
.„H  .h.  """'"'^"PP""'^*""  ""»»y  opendisturbances  arose  in  the  kh  Sdom 
At  llt.r"""  'V^''''  "ynptoms  of  a  near  approach  to  ac Unrciv  f  wa? 
U,.  Sr  "  P^.'''""»«".'  «""•  «««>n>noned  to  meet  at  Westminster!  whidi 
ab  e  i  Hi  .t?,J  ^.'i"  ^'•«"'^'"^«  «"«»<»•"'  >^itb  'o  g .-eat  a  force,  that  hey  wore 

iMiiisneu,  ueiiiir  at  the  same  timn  awnm  n«»o.  «„  ~.. j  .». \  *'' 

T— irrtuuj,  aitu  inc  proiaioi 


m :  w 


...|iir.//' 


208 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


threatening  liim  with  excommunication  should  he  venture  to  do  gn 
Though  Kdward  conld  not  prevent  this  sentence  being  paased  upon  hi* 
minion,  he  contrived  to  deprive  it  of  its  sting  Instead  of  sending  Gaves 
Ion  home  to  his  own  country,  he  conferred  upon  him  the  office  of  lord 
leutenant  of  Ireland,  went  with  him  on  his  way  thither  as  far  as  Bristol 
and  made  him  a  parting  gift  of  some  valuable  lands.  ' 

During  his  residence  in  Ireland,  Gaveston  displayed  both  courage  and 
conduct  in  putting  down  rebellion,  and  probably  was  far  happier  in  his 
post  than  while  mingling  in  the  inane  gaities  of  the  English  court     fiui 
Edward  was  absolutely  wretched  at  the  loss  of  his  favourite.    Compara 
tive  peace  was  rest  >red  by  that  person's  absence,  but  peace  itseK  lo  the 
weak  king  seemed  valueless  until  Gaveston  should  return  to  grace  it    in 
order  to  pave  the  way  for  the  restoration  for  which  he  was  so  anxious 
the  king  endeavoured  to  gratify  the  most  powerful  of  the  barons.    The 
office  of  hereditary  high  steward  was  given  to  Lancastar,  and  gifts  and 
grants  were  profusely  lavished  upon  the  earls  Warenne  and  Lincoln 
When  by  these  means  Edward  had,  as  he  thought,  sufficiently  mollified 
Qaveston's  enemies,  he  applied  to  the  pope  for  a  dispensation  for  the 
favourite,  recalled  him  from  Ireland,  and  hastened  to  Chester  to  meet  him 
at  his  landing.  As  the  absence  of  Gaveston  had  in  a  great  measure  caused 
his  insolence  to  be  forgotten,  the  barons,  willing  to  oblige  the  kini/  con 
sented  to  the  favourite's  re-establishment  at  court. 

Had  Gaveston  been  taught  by  the  past  to  enjoy  his  good  fortune  unob- 
trusively  and  inoffensively,  all  might  now  have  been  well  with  him.  But 
the  doting  folly  of  his  master  was  fully  equalled  by  his  own  incurable 
insolence  and  presumption,  and  he  had  not  long  been  restored  to  his  for- 
mer  station,  ere  his  misconduct  aroused  the  barons  to  even  more  than  their 
former  hate  and  indignation. 

At  first  they  silently  indicated  their  anger  by  refraining  from  their  atten- 
dance m  parliament ;  but  perceiving  that  no  alteration  was  made  in  the 
profusion  of  the  king  or  the  insolence  of  Gaveston,  they  attended  parlia- 
ment,  indeed,  but  did  so,  in  contempt  of  an  especial  law  to  the  contrary 
with  a  force  powerful  enough  to  enable  them  once  more  to  dictate  to  the 
king,  to  whom,  in  the  form  of  a  petition,  they  presented  their  demand 
that  he  should  delegate  his  authority  to  certain  barons  and  prelates,  wlio, 
until  the  following  Michaelmas,  should  have  power  to  regulate  both  the 
kingdom  and  the  king's  household ;  that  the  regulations  thus  made  should 
become  perpetual  law ;  and  that  the  barons  and  prelates  in  question  should 
further  be  empowered  t<f  form  associations  for  securing  the  observance  of 
those  rejfulatlons.  In  brief  terms,  this  petition  did  really  create  an  impe- 
rtumtn  tmperto ;  and  the  degradation  of  the  royal  authority  was  not  a  jot 
the  less  complete  because  the  petitioners  professed  to  receive  the  vast 
powers  they  demanded  solely  from  the  free  grace  of  the  king,  and  prom- 
lied  that  this  concession  should  not  be  drawn  into  a  precedent,  and  that 
the  powers  demanded  should  determine  at  the  appointed  time. 

A.D.  l**!!.— Many  of  the ' regulations  made  under  the  extraordinary 
powers  thus  usurped  by  the  barons  deserve  all  praise,  inasmuch  as  they 
tended  to  provide  for  the  security  of  the  people  at  large  and  the  regular 
administration  of  justice.  But  the  main  object  of  the  barons  was  to  rid 
themselves  of  Gaveston,  who  was  accordingly  again  banished,  and  it  was 
It  the  same  time  ordained  that  should  he  ever  again  return  he  should  be 
considered  and  treated  as  a  public  enemy. 

To  all  other  alterations  Edward  was  wholly  indifferent;  but  the  banish- 
ment of  Gaveston  filled  him  with  rage  and  grief.  He  therefore  retired  to 
York,  and,  gathering  forces  about  him,  openly  invited  Gaveston  back 
from  Flanders,  while  he  declared  that  he  had  been  tyrnmiously  and  ille- 
-ally  biniBhed,  and  re-established  him  in  all  his  former  pomp  and  power, 
he  insolent  and  haughty  nature  of  Gaveston  was  now  so  well  known  to 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  ^  29U 

(he  btroiw,  that  they  felt  they  must  either  wholly  crush  hiin  or  prepare  to 
be  crushed  byhmi;  Lancaster  accordingly  summoned  around  Eira  a  for 
midable  confederacy,  at  tJie  head  of  which  were  Gny.  earl  of  Warw  ?k 

^5"";/''S7°^"r^'^"''^'  ?"''  ^y"'"  d«  Valence,  e Jl  of  Pe^^Eroke* 
Robert  de  Winche  sea,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  brought  thf  whole  «' 
the  clergy  to  the  aid  of  this  mighty  confederacyrand  so  geierarwi  the 
disgust  caused  by  the  kmg's  absurd  and  ruinous  filly,  that  EariWar^me 
80  long  faitljful,  now  openly  declared  against  him.  warenne, 

Lancaster  led  the  army  of  the  confederacy  to  York,  but  the  kinir 

IS    Her"),  h.  1  Jr'TT"'^'  ^^^""l^  ^e  embarked  for  Scarborough 
castle.    Here  he  left  the  favourite,  while  he  himself  returned  to  York 

In  the  meantime  Gaveston  was  far  less  secure  than  Edward  had  sun- 
posed.  The  castle  of  Scarborough  was  very  strong,  but  ifwas  insuT 
.lently  gamsoned,  and  still  more  insufficiently  provisioned ;  andTpembroke 

«ing  sent  to  besiege  it,  Gaveston  found  himself  compelled  to  capUulate 
He  lid  so  on  condition  that  he  should  remain  in  the  cuKy  of  Pembroke 
during  two  months,  which  time  should  be  employed  in  endeavours  tTbrin  J 
about  an  accommodation  between  the  king  and  the  barons  rthatsho"l3 
such  endeavours  fail,  the  castle  should  be  restored  unimpaired  to  Gave. 
B  on;  and  that  Henry  Piercy  and  the  earl  of  Pembroke  Eld  wiOiaU 
their  lands  guarantee  the  due  performance  of  these  articles 

On  the  surrender  of  Gaveston,  the  earl  of  Pembroke  treated  his  prisoner 
with  all  civih ty,  and  conducted  him  to  Dedington  castle,  near  3anburv 
where,  on  pretext  of  business,  he  left  him  wit^  only  a  very  weak  guard! 
Scarcely  had  Pembroke  departed,  when  Guy,  e^rl  of  Warwick  wh?  had 
from  the  first  exhibited  a  most  furious  zeaf  agains  Gaveston  mtncked 
the  castle  which  was  readily  surrendered  to  him  by  the  feSe  and  nrobl 
b ly  tutored  garrison.  Gaveston  was  now  hurried  IwTy  o  Warwick  cas- 
lie,  Where  Warwick  Hereford,  Arundel,  and  Lancaster,  afteravTrysiim 
mary  ceremony,  ordered  him  to  be  beheaded,  in  con  enipt  alike  of  the 
terms  granted  to  him  by  Pembroke,  and  of  the  general  laws  of  theLd 

When  Edvvard  first  heard  of  the  death  of  his  favourite,  ll  rage  seemed 
unappeasable  and  his  grief  inconsolable.  But  he  was  too  welkSed 
to  be  dangerous ;  and  even  while  he  was  threatening  the  utter  extermina- 

l'I,v  i^'  'Tf""'  '*'"y  '^«'^«»«i'«d  themselves  to  him  by  the  polite  a„d 
empty  orm  of  feigning  to  regret  the  deed  that  was  irrevocable,  and  pS 
fering  to  asK  upon  their  knees  pardon  for  the  offence.  The  quWK 
tween  the  king  and  the  barons  was,  for  the  present  at  least,  p2tclS  up^ 
and  the  people  hoped  from  this  reunion  of  such  powerful  mterestTsoi^ 
signal  vindication  of  the  national  honour,  especial  y  as  regarded  BcotS 

inhLtTf  'or  M ■■  rr  •''"«  ^''^  ^^'^  bravely Ld  sufce8s?uS  eSrU 
ing  1  mseir.  Of  the  hi  1  country  he  had  made  himself  entirely  mSter 
and  thence  he  had  carried  destruction  upon  the  Cummins  infheTor,h 
lowlands.  Seconded  by  his  brother  Edward  Hruce  and  by  the  relwnid 
Sir  James  Douglas,  Robert  was  continually  achieving  some^newc^nrest- 
and  he  nu.nificenc«  with  which  he  bestowed  upon  The  nobility  the  sS 
he  took,  grcatlv  tended  to  secure  him  thul  confidence  lor  waht  of  wE 
.lone  the  murcfored  Wallace  had  failed  in  hi.  patriotic  effons  WiU.  Se 
B-r^H^V'^..^'^'^  fortresses  he  had  subdue.!  the  whole  kingdom  and 
tnt.  ?Jhi  ^i '  n  ^"'''•»«"«"«  «f  Kn8'»nd.  had  been  forced  to  SseTi  to  a 
tru-e,  xyhich  Hruce  wisely  employed  in  consolidating  his  power  and  in 
employ. Mg.t  to  the  reformation  o/^the  numerous  .buses  wCwJ?  and 
license  had  necessarily  introduced.  "^°    ' 

«.D.  1314.— The  truce,  ill  observed  from  the  ..eginning,  at  lenirth  uam« 
ti  an  end,  and  Edward  now  assembled  a  vast  armv  with  the  dSn  of  i 
._-,  — .  _„._.y„.„  ...jjj  jiiiijjuysij  wntin  Daa  jjiveu 


UQoe  orushing  Bruiji 


800 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


TO  much  trouble  to  his  politic  and  warlike  father.    Besides  assembhne  all 
the  military  force  of  England,  he  called  over  some  of  his  powerful  yassS 


of  Gascony,  and  to  the  mighty  army  thus  formed  he'adcTedVhurJdigOT 
1  Welsh,  eager  for  plunder  and  peculiarly  well  fitted 


derly  force  of  Irish  and  „  .„..,  .„g^.  .„.  ^.„„„, 

for  the  irregular  warfare  of  a  mountain  land.  With'  this  variou's"foI^ 
*T"u  ^!?*»°  **  ^®*.*l"  hundred  thousand  men,  he  marched  into  Scoiland 
Kobert  Bruce,  with  an  army  of  only  thirty  thousand  mep,  awaited  Z 
approach  of  his  enemies  at  Bannockburn,  near  Stirling.  On  his  riS! 
flank  rose  a  hiU,  on  his  left  stretched  a  morass,  and  in  his  front  was  a  r  S 
let,  along  the  bank  of  which  he  caused  sharpened  stakes  to  be  set  in  niu 
which  were  then  lightly  covered  with  turfs.  ^ 

Towards  evening  the  English  appeared  in  sight,  and  their  advanced 
guard  of  cavalry  was  fiercely  charged  by  a  similir  body  of  Scots  led  bv 
Bruce  in  person.  The  fight  was  short  but  sanguinary,  and  the  EnriisS 
were  put  to  flight  upon  their  main  body;  one  of  their  bravest  genUeSen 
Henry  de  Bohun,  being  cleft  to  the  chin  by  the  battle-axe  of  Bmce 

1  he  combat  proceeded  no  further  that  night,  but  very  early  on  the  fol 
.owing  morning  the  English  army  was  led  on  by  Edward.  The  left  winJ 
VA^^J'''"'^'^^,'^^  entrusted  to  the  command  of  the  earl  of  Glouceste? 
Edward's  nephew,  whose  youthful  ardour  led  to  a  terrible  calamitv 
Disdaining  all  caution,  he  led  on  his  force  at  full  charge,  and  rider  and 
horse  were  speedily  plunging  among  the  staked  pits  which  Bruce  had  Dre- 
pared  for  just  such  an  emergency.  The  young  earl  himself  was  slain  at  the 
very  outset,  the  greater  number  of  his  men  were  utterly  disordered  and 
helpless,  and  before  they  could  recover  and  form  in  a  line  of  battle  thev 
were  so  fiercely  charged  by  the  Scottish  cavalry,  under  Sir  James  Douir. 
las,  that  they  were  fairly  driven  off  tlie  field.     As  the  hopes  of  Edward 

f„"H.u?T'^  °^  ^'"i'''!  ^^^  ""^'^^y  '■^^^"•^^  ^o  ^^^  English  superiority 
m  cavalry,  this  event  had  a  proportionate  effect  upon  the  spirits  of  both 
armies ;  and  the  alarm  of  the  fenglish  was  now  changed  into  a  perfect 
panic  by  the  success  of  the  following  simple  stratagem.  Just  as  the  Euff- 
lish  cavalry  were  in  full  retreat  from  the  field,  the  heights  on  the  left 
were  thronged  with  what  seemed  to  be  a  second  Scotch  army,  but  what 
really  was  a  mere  mob  of  peasants  whom  Bruce  had  caused  to  apDear 
m,T  J!'  J  '""*"'  P'll'."^  *"'*  banners  flying.  At  sight  of  this  new^e- 
ray  as  this  mere  rablile  was  deemed— the  Englisli  on  the  instant  lost  all 
heart,  threw  down  their  arms,  and  betook  themselves  from  the  field  in  the 
utmost  disorder.  Ihe  Scots  pursued  them,  and  the  road  all  the  way  to 
berwick,  upwards  of  ninety  miles,  was  covered  with  the  dead  aitd  dyin« 
Besides  an  immense  booty  which  was  taken  on  the  field  and  durinff  the 
pursuit,  the  victors  were  enriched  with  the  ransoms  of  upwards  of  four 
hundred  gentlemen  of  note,  who  were  taken,  in  addition  to  a  perfect  host 
of  meaner  prisoners,  to  all  of  whom  Bruce  behaved  with  the  humanity 
and  courtesy  of  a  true  hero.  ' 

Detea-miuod  to  follow  up  his  success,  Robert  Bruce,  as  soon  as  he  could 
recall  his  troops  from  the  pursuit  and  slaughter,  led  them  over  the  border 
and  plundered  the  north  of  England  without  opposition;  and  still  farther 
to  annoy  the  English  government,  he  sent  his  brother  Edward  to  Ireland 
with  four  thousand  troops. 

Lancaster  and  the  malcontent  barons  who  had  declined  to  accompany 
e.dward  upon  his  Scottish  expedition,  no  sooner  beheld  him  return  beaten 
and  dejected,  than  they  took  advantage  of  his  situation  to  renew  their 
Old  demand  for  the  establishment  of  their  ordinances.  The  king  was  in 
no  situation  to  resist  such  formilable  domestic  enemies ;  a  perfectly  n«w 
ministry  was  formed  with  Lancaster  at  its  head,  and  great  preparations 
were  made  to  resist  the  thicatened  hostilities  of  the  now  once  more  inde- 
pendent  Scotland.  But  though  Lancaster  showed  much  apparent  zeal 
agttiust  the  Scots,  and  was  actually  at  the  head  of  the  army  doiUned 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  g^j 

to  oppose  them,  it  was  strongly  suspected  that  he  was  secretly  favourable 
to  them  and  actually  held  a  private  correspondence  with  Bruce  SSf 
that  while  the  kingdom  was  thus  threatened  frorwXut  he  cotfh! 
more  easily  govern  the  king.  '"  '"'' 

In  the  meantime  Edward,  truly  incapable  of  self  reliance,  had  select. 
ed  a  successor  to  Gaveston  in  the  splendid  but  dangerous  honour  of  ht, 
favour  and  confidence.    This  person  was  Hugh  le  Despenser,  more  com 
mon ly  called  Spenser,  who  to  all  the  eloquent  accomplishment^Snd  SS 
,onal  graces  of  Gaveston,  added  no  small  portion  of  tW  presumption  Sid 
.nsolence  which  had  consigned  that  adventurer  to  an  unti3y  ^av" 
The  elder  Spenser  was  also  very  high  in  the  king's  favour?  and  whfws 
Bessed  great  moderation  as  well  as  great  experience  and  ability  he  m??ht 
probably  have  saved  both  his  son  and  the  Icing  from  Lny  misfortSs 
y  they  not  been  self-doomed  beyond  the  reacS  of  advice  or  warnS' 
.  /'A   ?K   7"^"^  favourite  of  the  king  would,  ipso  facto,  Yi^vThe^ndxs- 
Uked  by  the  barons ;  but  the  insolence  of  youn/snenser  snPPHiiv  m«^« 
him  the  object  of  as  deadly  a  hate  as  that  wTch^arubed  fflon    ' 

To  insolence  Spenser  added  cupidity.    He  had  married  a  niece  of  the 
Itmg.  who  was  also  a  co-heiress  o/^the  young  earl  of  Gloucester  wh«>  fell 

fvrh"^^^''"''"'^^"^  ^""^  *'»"'  ^«*l"'"d  considerable  proSy  on  th 
Welsh  borders,  which  he  was  so  anxious  to  extend  that  hrb/came  h 
rolved  n,  hot  dispute  with  two  neighbouring  barons,  Aubrey  and  Ammo" 

™sion        '""""°"  ''P"'*  '"'^"  ^"^  8""'^^  ^'^  «'««»  dishonesTyTnd 

.A-'"'  f^^K  "«'8hbourhood  he  got  into  a  still  more  serious  dispute  re. 

pectmg  the  barony  of  Gower.    This  barony  came,  by  inhLSe  into 

he  possession  of  John  de  Mowbray,  who  imprudent  y  L  S  imon'iM^ 

ession  without  complying  with  the  feudal  duty  of  taking  seizin  and  liverv 

from  t^ie  crown.    Spenser  being  very  desirous  to  possess  this Topertv 

persuaded  the  king  to  take  advantage  of  De  Mowbray'a  merely  feXSl 

lathes  declare  he  barony  escheatel,  and  then  bestow  it  upon  film      This 

vas  done,  and  the  flagrant  injustice  of  the  case  excited  suchVeneral  and 

ively  indignation,  that  the  chief  nobility,  including  the  ear  s„f  Lancaster 

S?.H?.r  K  '  ^""^i^^'  '^"""''"'  ^«g«r  de  Mortimer,  Roger  deCuS 

hil?^  barons  had  long  been  nursing  a  sullen  and  deep  discontent,  they 
hd  already  made  preparations;  they  accordingly  appeared  at  the  B 
of  a  powerful  force,  and  sent  a  message  to  EdwSrd,<reman5inethe  inst-nt 
dismissal  of  Spencer,  and  threatening,  should  that  be  refused  to  take  hii 

EZftr n '"'"  ""^""..T"  ^}''^''  fi"'h  the  Spensers  were  absent'on  the 
kings  business,  and  Edward  replied  to  the  message  of  his  barons   that 

conS  £  th?ahTo„'r '  ^'"^'  '^l!'  ™'"**^''«'  ^'«««»»  °f  his  SoroSn'oath 
made.  '  ^         '^*''""'  •""'"^"V"'  there  was  no  formal  charge 

».Tf''^  1*"™"*  probably  expected  some  such  answer-;  and  tliey  scarcelv 
deidthpTr*  't  «■! 't^y  "'"'^hed  their  forces,  devastatyandpS 
tenlJred  t„  h '"  '•  '^ '  -^".''"■''  '"**  ^^'"  P">c««ded  to  London  and 
Snsf  hSh  f  .?"''^"!f"''  "'hich  was  then  sitting,  a  complicated  charge 
BinAlS«  ""Jr"-  ^h"  parliament,  without  obtaining  orT 
manding  a  single  one  of  the  many  artic  es  of  this  charge,  sentenced  both 

ThP/r "  \^  ''«"fi«««tm"  of  foods  and  to  perpetSSlTxile  "  ^'^ 
rJJ^  I  ,""'  'h®y  "'®"'  through  the  mockery  of  solicitinji  and  obtainino 
from  the  king  an  indemnity  for  their  proceedings,  Sich "Lv  thus  S? 

«.nl!       ;•.'"  "*"8hty  confidence  of  security  from  any  attemnt  at  ven- 
*^S  w«  V**^  part  of  tlie  weak  king,  each  to  his  own  estate   ^ 
»«' weaK  and  mdolent  was  thn  nninrct  „f  i.Mu>».j  tu-.  i*  .•_  _  -i-ii, 


8M 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


that  he  would  have  left  the  barons  to  the  undisturbf  d  enjoyment  O!  thnr 
triumph,  but  for  an  insult  which  had  been  offered  to  his  queen.  Her  ma. 
jesty  being  belated  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Leeds  castle,  was  denied  a 
night's  shelter  there  by  the  lord  Badlesmere,  to  whom  it  belonged,  and  op 
Her  attendants  remonstrating,  a  fray  arose,  hi  which  several  of  them  w«<re 
wounded  and  two  or  three  killed. 

In  addition  to  the  fact  that  the  refusal  of  a  night's  lodging  was  chur> 
lish,  and  in  the  case  of  a  lady  doubly  so,  the  queen  had  ever  conducted 
hnrself  so  as  to  win  the  respect  of  the  baronage,  especially  in  her  sympa- 
thy  w|th  their  hatred  of  both  Gaveston  and  the  younger  Spenser;  and 
every  one,  therefore,  agreed  in  blaming  the  uncivil  conduct  of  Lord  Bad- 
esmere.  Taking  advantage  of  this  temper,  which  promised  him  an  easv 
victory,  Edward  assembled  an  army  and  took  vengeance  on  Badlesmere 
without  any  one  interfering  to  save  the  offender. 

Thus  far  successful,  the  king  now  communicated  with  his  friends  in  all 
parts  of  the  country,  and  instead  of  disbanding  his  force  on  the  accom. 

Klishment  of  the  object  for  which  alone  he  had  ostensibly  assembled  it 
e  issued  a  manifesto  recalling  the  two  Spensers,  and  devlaring  their  sen- 
tence  unjust  and  contrary  to  the  laws  of  the  land. 

A.  D.  1322.— This  open  declaration  he  instantly  followed  up  by  marchino 
his  troops  to  the  Welsh  marches,  where  the  possessions  of  his  most  con" 
oiderable  enemies  were  situated.    As  his  apprcJach  was  sudden  and  unex- 
pected he  met  with  no  resistance ;  and  several  of  the  barons  were  seized 
and  their  castles  taken  possession  of  by  the  king.     But  Lancaster,  the 
very  life  and  soul  of  the  king's  opponents,  was  still  at  liberty ;  and,  assem- 
bling an  army,  he  threw  off  the  mask  he  had  so  long  worn,  and  avowed 
his  long-suspected  connection  with  Scotland.    Being  joined  by  the  earl 
of  Hereford,  and  having  the  promise  of  a  reinforcement  from  Scotland 
under  the  command  of  Sir  James  Douglas  and  the  earl  of  Murray,  Lan- 
caster marched  against  the  king,  who  had  so  well  employed  his  time  that 
he  was  now  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  thirty  thousand  men.    The  hos- 
tile forces  met  at  Burton  and  Trent,  and  Lancaster,  who  had  no  great  rail- 
itafy  genius,  and  who  was  even  suspected  of  being  but  indifferently  en- 
dowed  with  personal  courage,  failing  in  his  attempts  at  defending  the  pas- 
sages  of  the  river  retreated  northward,  in  the  hope  of  being  joined  and 
supported  by  the  promised  reinforcements  from  Scotland.     Thoughjiotly 
pursued  by  the  royal  forces,  he  retreated  in  safety  and  in  perfect  order  as 
far  as  Boroughbridge,  where  his  farther  progress  was  opposed  by  a  division 
of  the  royal  army,  under  Sir  Andrew  Harclay.     Lancaster  attempted  tc 
cut  his  way  through  this  force,  but  was  so  stoutly  opposed  that  his  troops 
were  throwminto  the  utmost  disorder;  the  earl  of  Hereford  was  slain,  and 
Lancaster  himself  was  taken  prisoner  and  dragged  to  the  presence  of  his 
offended  sovereign.    The  weak-minded  are  usually  vindictive ;  and  even 
had  Edward  not  been  so,  the  temper  of  the  times  would  have  madeil 
unlikely  that  a  king  so  offended  should  show  any  mercy     But  there  was 
a  petty  malignity  in  Edward's  treatment  of  Lancaster  highly  disgraceful 
to  his  own  character.     The  recently  powerful  noble  was  mounted  i.pon  a 
sorry  hack,  without  saddle  or  bridle,  his  head  was  covered  with  a  hood, 
and  in  this  plight  he  was  carried  to  his  own  castle  of  Pontefract  and  there 
beheaded. 

Badlesmere  and  upwards  of  twenty  more  of  the  leaders  of  this  revolt 
were  legally  tried  and  executed  ;  a  great  number  were  condemned  to  the 
minor  penalties  of  forfeiture  and  imprisonment ;  and  a  still  greater  num- 
oer  were  fortunate  enough  to  make  th^ir  escape  beyond  seas.  Sir  Andrew 
Harclay,  to  whom  the  king's  success  was  mainly  owing,  was  raised  to 
to  the  earldom  of  Carlisle,  and  received  a  goodly  share  of  the  numerous 
forfeited  estates  which  the  kin^  had  to  distribute  among  his  friends.  Had 
this  distribution  been  made  with  anything  like  judgment,  it  had  tifTorded 


HISTOBY  OP  THE  WORLD 


SOS 


die  king  a  splendid  opportunity  of  increasing  the  number  of  his  friends 
and  of  qmckenmg  and  confirming  their  zeal.  But  the  king  and  his  favour- 
ite were  untaught  by  the  past ;  and  to  the  younger  Spenser  fell  the  lion's 
share  of  these  rich  forfeitures;  a  partiality  which  naturally  disgusted  the 
true  friends  of  the  crown.  ® 

To  the  enemies  whom  Spenser's  cupidity  thus  made  even  among  his 
own  party,  other  and  scarcely  less  formidable  ones  were  added  in  the 
persons  of  the  relations  of  the  attainted  owners  of  the  property  he  thus 
grasped  at;  and  his  insolence  of  demeanour,  which  fully  kept  pace  with 
liis  increase  m  wealth,  formed  a  widely-spread,  though  as  yet  concealed 
party  that  was  passionately  and  determinedly  bent  upon  his  destruction. 

A  fruitless  attempt  which  Edward  now  made  to  recover  his  lost  power 
ni  Scotland  convinced  even  him  that,  in  the  existing  temper  of  his  p^ple. 
success  in  that  quarter  would  be  unattainable;  and  after  making  an  in- 
glorious  retreat  he  signed  a  truce  for  thirteen  years. 

A.  D.  1324.-If  this  truce  was  seasonable  to  King  Robert  Bruce— for  king 
he  was,  though  not  formally  acknowledged  as  such  by  England-it  wai 
no  less  so  to  Edward;  for,  in  addition  to  the  discontent  that  existed 
among  his  own  subjects,  he  was  just  now  engaged  in  a  dispute  of  no  small 
importance  with  the  king  of  France.  Charles  the  Fair  found  or  feiffned 
some  reason  to  complain  of  the  conduct  of  Edward's  ministers  in  Guienne 
and  showed  a  determination  to  avenge  himself  by  the  confiscation  of  all 
Edward's  foreign  territory ;  and  an  embassy  sent  by  Edward,  with  Ids 

Franc"  ^^  ''*  **^'*'^'  ^^'^  ^^''^'^  to  pacify  the  king  of 

Edward's  queen,  Isabella,  had  long  learned  to  hold  him  in  contemot 
but  on  the  present  ^ccasion  she  seemed  to  sympathize  with  his  vexation 
and  perplexity,  and  offered  to  go  personallv  to  the  court  of  France  and 
endeavour  to  arrange  all  matters  in  dispute 

In  this  voluntary  office  of  mediation  Isabella  made  some  progress  ■  but 
when  all  the  main  points  in  the  dispute  were  disposed  of,  Charles,  qute  in 
accordance  with  feudal  law,  demanded  that  Edward  in  person  should  ap. 
pear  at  Pans  and  do  homage  for  his  French  possessions.    Had  he  alone 
been  concerned,  this  requisition  could  not  have  caused  him  an  hour's  de 
ay  or  a  minute  s  perplexity ;  not  so,  bound  up  as  his  interests  were  with 
those  of  Spenser.    That  insolent  minion  well  knew  that  he  had  given  tho 
deepest  offence  to  the  pride  of  Isabella;  he  well  knew  her  to  be  both 
bold  and  ma  ignant,  and  he  feared  that  if  he  ventured  to  attend  the  king  to 
Fans  Isabella  would  exert  her  power  there  to  his  destruction;  while  on 
the  other  hand,  should  he  remain  behind  he  would  be  scarcely  able  to  de- 
lend  hinise  f  m  the  king's  absence,  while  his  influence  over  that  weak 
pnnce  would  most  probably  be  won  away  by  some  new  favourite.     Isabel 
la,  who  probably  penetrated  the  caustf  that  delayed  her  husband's  ioui 
ney,  now  proposed  that,  instead  of  Edward  proceeding  to  France  in  oer- 
son,  he  should  send  his  son,  young  Edward,  at  that  time  thirteen  years  of 
age,  to  do  homage  for  Guienne,  and  resign  that  dominion  to  him.    Both 
^penser  and  the  king  gladly  embraced  this  expedient;  the  young  prince 
ZV.TT'1°  •"••*»««  5  and  Isabella,  having  now  obtained  the  custody 
nf  S»„c      **  i^u"^'""''  ^^-^^"^  ^«*^«  all  disguise,  declaring  her  detestation 
of  Spenser  and  her  determination  to  have  him  banished  from  the  presence 
and  influence  he  had  so  perniciously  abused ;  a  declaration  which  mado 
Isabella  very  popular  in  England,  where  the  hatred  to  Spenser  grew  dfeeo- 

Bnf«H.,!?''/%'"'"'®".*  ^"•'7  '^^y-  ^  8reat  number  of  the  adherents  of  the 
unfortunate  Lancaster,  who  had  escaped  from  England  when  their  leader 

aZ  .u^  ^"u  f"*  ^°  ^^""^^^  ^^''^  »'  this  time  in  France;  and  as 
3 Tj'^ '^"" '?®  *51"®*"' <^«'^»'«<*  Spenser,  their  services  were  nau 
SUn  ™*^  *2  ^^\l  Foremost  among  them  was  Roger  Mortimer. 
II1I8  young  man  had  been  a  oowerful  and  wealthv  hamn  in  ti.«  w.»ijsi. 


804 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


mwches,  but  haying  been  condemned  for  high  treason,  his  life  was  «»»»j 

TJaTT  °^'''t  'TVr^  ^  P"«°"«^  <■««•'"■«  '»  "he  Tower  of  Loff 
Aided  bv  friends,  he  had  been  fortunate  enough  to  escape  to  Praise  i.?; 
having  ».  the  first  instance  been  I'ntroduced  to  Isabella  only  in  the  cht 
ac ter  ot  a  political  partizan,  his  handsome  person,  accomplishments  anH 

bus  fallen  away  from  her  duty  to  her  husband,  she  was  easily  inducpd^^ 
mclude  him  in  the  enmity  she  had  hitherto  professed  to  confine  5ohS 
3  M*  J^  ''"^'i'*  henceforth  lived  in  the  most  unconcealed  intimacv 
Sin  K  ''  "v^  ?  ^^^^  '""*""'  correspondence  with  the  most  Ssa? 

fected  barons  in  England  was  made  known  to  the  king,  he  becam«al«rm 
ed,  and  sent  a  peremptory  message  requiring  her  not  onlv  tn  T^..^!  ?' 
England  but  also  to  6rin^heyoJngprLeh^ome  whh  he"^  To  tSme" 
sage  Isabella  as  peremptorily  replied,  that  neither  she  nor  her  so  lonM 
ever^agam  set  foot  in  England  until  Spenser  should  be  definirelTS^ 

Edward's  situation  was  now  truly  terrible.    At  hnmB  bp..™*  „«„    • 
cies  were  formed  against  him  ;  abrL  a  force  was  rapidly  peSfS; 
nvade  him;  the  minion  for  whom  he  had  encountered  so  manT2' 
30uld  do  but  little  to  aid  him  ,  and  his  own  wKid  child,  ThZl  near  S 
uecious  connexions  upon  whom  he  ought  to  have  been  able  to  Jefy^tS 
worst  of  circumstances,  were  at  the  very  head  of  the  array  that  threaten 

thA'«„"'*T;i,'^"°'  •"'  P^'r^:    '^he  king  of  France  enter^ed  warm  v  mo 
he  cause  of  the  queen ;  and  Edward's  own  brother,  the  earl  of  Kent  be!  2 

A.  D.  1326.— -With  all  these  elements  prepared  for  the  destruction  nf 
the  unhappy  Edward,  it  was  clear  that  nothing  was  warned  Swarthe 
commencement  of  a  civil  war  but  the  appearance  of  the  qneen  at  te 
m«ll  h?  '""^•^'^^i  '^"'''=^-  ^^''  appearance  Isabella  was  veVwilliL  S 
make;  but  some  delay  was  causeJ^  by  the  decent  unwillingness  ""^6 
king  of  France  to  have  an  expedition,  headed  by  the  wife  and  son  saj- 
from  any  of  his  ports  against  the  husband  and^ather  DeterS^d  in* 
her  purpose,  Isabella  removed  this  obstacle  to  its  accomplishment  b! 

iSd  ?^i!S""&avit^tl\',?'L'PH^     ',r^^*^^  «f  t^eZS  of'^nl 
ana  Hamaull.     Having  thus  allied  herself  w  th  this  prince,  Isabella  was 

speedily  enabled  to  collect  a  force  of  upwards  of  three  tSusand  men  ■  S 
With  this  force  she  sailed  from  Dort,  and  landed  safe  y  and  u^oddosS 
upon  the  coast  of  Suffolk.  Here  she  was  joined  by  he  ea  Is  of  Eolk 
Xf7f!!;  ^l^'^'  ^''^T  °^*^lr'  ^''^^^'^^  andWncoTn  who  broug 
down  to  Snff.  lie  !r.r'f  "j  ^l?'^  ^"''''■'  ^'^  WatteviUe,  who  was  sent 
down  to  Suffolk  at  the  head  of  a  force  to  oppose  her,  actually  deserted 

B^ill'LnhiV't^ir^  ^'^  'r^t     ^«  «he'p^rogressed  her  Ks  we 
BtiU  farther  increased,  men  of  substance,  thinking  that  they  ran  no  risk 

bv  iSi  Lni?/^'  ^"'■ '"  *^^  r"''"'"'  '♦"'^  'he  common  sort  being  ^1 "" 
by  the  general  professions  of  justice  and  love  of  liberty,  of  whiu  I    - 

inVorPPFHllrH   ^If  T^^l  ^^^  ^^"^^'^  *"^  "'^^  advancing  agai'    ■ 
in  force,  Edward's  first  endeavour  was  to  raise  the  Londoners  in  ms  uc- 
fence  rightly  judging  that  if  he  could  do  that,  he  would  stiU  have  a  ihai^e 
eitrSe«T/'„.'r '''^'  '"iT'-    ^"^^•«  *"«'»P'  ">«»  «'"h  no  success   hi 
departed  to  nake  a  similar  attempt  in  the  west. 

don  wS  ^T!J;Z\''^''  *^'  "*^"'''  *  »«"«"» insurrection  in  Lon- 
•hi'ph  thL  I:,..  :,?'!'*  *"^'*r  'W  •  "'as  the  chief  crime  againsf 
which  the  ivu^^oM  popiJace  levelled  u  rage;  the  next  heinou.  crime 


HISTOBT  OP  THE  TOBLD.  j„, 

oppue  .he  design,  and  deeire.  of  tKeen  °""  *^  '° 

dish  lid  HoUander»rtriat.er  comSIA  b^  E"!  «.■   ^'  "'.  1"' 
Ibmier,  torriiil,  diclu,  by  the  kiort  oin  hr„.L;  .S   °  ""inauli,  and  the 

riteda.  Briawl,  the  !infortunaKnr»M  d?«SnSnM 'i/'^k''''°h  ■*'; 

1.J  »«om,  wiihout  even  the  niMkerv  of  ,  .ri.i  hi  ""  3°'°"?  ?"•«»"». 
l(e bnitaliiy  of  hi.  enemia  end  ev/n  h.^ "  h'  °  """  "'"P'i-  "or  did 
Wi.  taken  Trom  the  Sbbel  md  h1«  h«5f,  \  *"  "'?  """"'y  dead  ere  bo 
h»  head  h.i„.  .4  "^r  ""»"■'  °'f■bi"d"?o^t'?„3^  '"^  ""'■ 
A'S^i  TSt'S!^.  IZXt""  ,•»  Stffiiient  force 

lZrf:.rhi?f»^erinS  «^^^^ 

malice  could  Sge  nothinfaS^ii,f  J^'"^'"  P\"y'  though  the  utmost 

^Xi^:^^^^^]^  well  as  the 

power  and  temper  of  the  rnnHnnm^;,  !  ^}^^  *''''™"^'  ^e"  knowing  the 
of  Hereford's Talace  n  Londo?  A ,  'h!?K  '^'^  T'^^PP^  ™^"  *«  '''^  bishop 
was  overpowefed  an  1  aftpr  ?;  i,  i  u*''  been  foreseen,  his  slender  guard 
be  was  thrown  into  Newa.i  Y  ^l'"  '^""^  maltreated  by  the\.ob 
wounds  or  of  poS.^^''^"'"'  "^^^'^  ^«  «'^<''"y  afterwards  died  of  his 

db;nd;iun\7mSn"^of^fhe^fLe  "^^  T''  ,^^  '"«?^'  ^'^'^  ''«-"«l  ^eeds,  giver. 
'0  oppose  her  nSsSres  Isabel  ?  "^""'^  ^'^f  '^°«^  ^''°  should  dare 
r.  Ctminste  /^d  a  iotm  and  forir'r''"''^  '  parliament  to  meet  her 
li-e  king.  Though  the  il  w/fiu^^'!,^  "^l"  presented  to  it  against 
and  obviously  Sredbvth?Lrf.''''T'^  "'™"^»  ingenuity, 

to  end  contain  a  E2  n™,^^  P*^^  malignity,  it  did  not  from  beginninf 

could  justly  have  Sn  DuSerhoP""  '"'*?•''  t^?  '"«'*"««»  ^^  ^Is  subject! 
son.  The  worst  that  w'Lsallpdap/-^'  ^l^^^^^'  ^'^^^'  '"  P»"«  <>'?"• 
of  talent,  unless  indeeT  wi  m«^v  ''!,'*'"'*  ^""  ^'^^  *  '""^^  P'^^ble  wanl 
charge  against  ^  sovereign  that^  £«'tf '"^  '■  "^'i*^"  ^f*'.*  ™°«*  ««'««8« 
prelates  who  had  been  rnnvintfi  r  f'**^  "nP"8oned  sundry  barons  and 
Uhave.been'ralJcrnotlL^^i'^:.  1^. .•":?- .«.^«-<l.  charge  it 
I.— 30  "    ' ~  "ttniv,  uui  SI  auvii  s,  cnarge  ii^ 


30» 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


been  presented  to  that  scandalous  parliament,  the  unhappy  kinir  wom^ 
still  have  been  pronounced  guilty,  for  thev  who  sat  in  judgment  ufonZ! 
could  only  confess  his  innocence  by  confessing  their  own  treason  and  i^ 
justice.  "  "'• 

At  the  very  commencement  of  these  disgraceful  proceedings,  the  vonno 
pnnce  of  Wales  had  been  named  as  regent;  he  was  now  pTonounJed  tS 
be  king  m  the  room  of  his  father,  whose  deposition  was  declared  in  tjS 
sama  breath.  But,  as  if  to  show  more  fully  how  conscious  thev  were  „ 
the  injustice  and  illegality  of  their  conduct,  these  malignant  and  seVviffl 
nobles  sent  a  deputation  to  Edward,  in  his  dungeon,  to  demand  his  "? 
nahon  after  they  had  pronounced  him  justly  deposed.  ^" 

Entirely  helpless  in  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  whose  past  conduct  auf 
ficiently  warned  hini  against  trusting  to  their  justice  or  compassion  th« 
unhappy  king  gave  the  resignation  required;  and  IsabellaTw  wi^Jj! 
triumphant  l,ved,in  the  most  open  and  shameless  adultery  with  her  ac 
complice,  Mortimer.  ^  '  ^*^* 

The  part  which  Leicester  had  taken  in  this  most  disgustinir  revolutinn 
had  procured  him  the  earldom  of  Lancaster;  but  not  eve 7th.s  valued 
and  coveted  title  could  reconcile  him,  conspirator  and  traitor  tliouah  £ 

under  which  his  royal  captive  was  already  suffering.  The  honourable 
J?,?uf  fihirr'^r^*  *^''**  Lancaster  bestowed  upoS  the  kinrfifi  the 
guilty  Isabella  and  her  paramour  with  fears  lest  the  earl  should  at  lenS 

thJ^rnli  *°  '"""^  •"°'"'  ^'''''^^  manifestation  of  his  good  feeling  JS 
iu^o/v  orfT/  TVr  ''if'^  '■''^"^  Kenilworth,  and%ommitted^o 

^^u"*^  Lord  Berkeley,  Maltravers,  and  Gournay,  each  of  whom 
guarded  h.m  an  alternate  month.  The  Lord  Berkeley,  ifke  the  ea  oT 
Lancaster,  had  too  much  of  true  nobility  to  add  to  the  miseries  of  hi 
his  prisoner  but  when  he  passed  to  the  Imnds  of  the  Xrtvvo  state  iai 
ers  they  added  personal  ill-treatment  to  his  other  woes.  E  Trytl  i.  g  h 
could  irritate  Hrst  and  then  finally  prostrate  the  spirit  of  thV3am)v 
king  was  put  in  practice;  and  when  at  length  they  despaired  of  b«akE 

tte7brIeXo2'".n  ^'!"  '''^''T  '''P'^^''^  "^Z  ^'^^ '«  indirect  meai 
tney  broke  through  all  restraint  and  put  him  to  death.    We  shall  not  de 

Zan^iS'^  "'"  minuteness  of  some  of  our  historians  the  ba  ba mis  „d 
tlfZ  ^^!T'\\y  '"'""'J  ^''^  '■"'^'*»  '^««P«"  perpetrated  their  diab," 
mi  To  h  wl'nf  ".f  ""l'  "'''  '  'Z^-^"'  '■•"''  ''^'l  ^'^«"  f«'-'^ibly  introduced 
roiUwftnrlrw/if*'""f"PPy?^^^^^  and  though  the  body  exhibited 
ffuardl  «n?nT„  1  .  .  V'^T^'  '''*  ^"'"'^  '^'''^  ''"''^  discovered  to  all  the 
fhe  castle    '*"*^"'^''"'''  ^^  "^^  ^"^''"'^  ^''^  ^vhich  the  agonized  king  filled 

fe/oHons  wrl'./.L'''''"^^'^  what  be.>ame  of  these  most  detestable  and 
tharevn„r£  n'  ^^^  ,P"^''"  ""J'?'"**'""  was  so  strong  against  them, 
hvr   Inri^r,  7    "'°  ""P/"^«»*  ««•"  of  Isabella  caused  her  downfall,  their 

Toml  nf  ih  •  "^  beheaded  on  the  way.  probably  at  the  suggoslion  of 
d?v,  lc«  i£?r  '^''"''"  ""^  '"?/"«5»"ly  crime,  who  feared  Inst  he  shonld 
finfl,  f  Vn.r  .  ?  "T*  '"  '  •  Maltravers  lived  for  some  years  on  tlu.  con- 
Inr"  i  ;r„l-  "**.''•  "V  "'*  ^'r^-m^i  of  some  services  to  his  victim's  son 
fh^  «i«r?,!i  n  '  ^""t"'^l;'Vr  "P'',"-,"'"'''  »'i'»  Hiid  sue  for  pardon,  which,  to 
the  eternal  disgrace  of  EdwanI  III.,  was  granted. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


807 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

THE   REIGN   Ot   EDWARD  III. 

A.  D.  1327.— When  Isabella  and  her  paramour  had  consummated  their 
nideous  guilt  by  the  murder  of  the  unoffending  Edward  II.,  the  earl  of 
Lancaster  was  appointed  guardian  of  the  person  of  the  young  king,  and 
the  general  government  of  the  kingdom  was  committed  to  a  council  of 
regnncy,  consistmg  of  the  primate  and  the  archbishop  of  York,  the 
bishops  of  Worcester,  Winchester,  and  Hereford,  the  earls  of  Norfolk, 
Kent,  and  Surrey,  and  the  lords  Wake,  Ingham,  Piercy,  and  Ross. 

The  first  care  of  the  dominant  party  was  to  procure  a  formal  parlia- 
mentary indemnity  for  their  violent  proceedings ;  their  next,  to  remove 
all  stigma  from  the  leaders  and  head  of  the  Lancastrian  party,  and  to 
heap  ail  possible  odium  and  disqualification  upon  the  adherents  of  the 
Spensers. 

Disgusted  as  tlie  people  were  by  the  gross  misconduct  of  Isabella,  her 
power  was  as  yd  too  formidable  to  be  opposed,  and  the  first  disturbance 
of  the  young  king's  reign  came  from  the  Scots.    Though  Robert  Bruce 
by  his  advanced  age  and  feeble  health,  was  no  longer  able  to  take  an  ac- 
tive personal  part  in  the  field,  as  had  been  his  wont,  his  brave  and  saga- 
cious  spirit  still  animated  and  instructed  the  councils  of  his  people. 
Feehng  certain  that  England  would  never  give  him  peace  should  its  do- 
mestic affairs  be  so  completely  and  calmly  settled  as  to  enable  it  advan- 
tageously to  make  war  upon  him,  he  resolved  to  anticipate  its  hostility 
while  It  was  labouring  under  the  disadvantages  which  are  ever  insep- 
arable  from  the  minority  of  a  king  and  the  plurality  of  the  regency.    Hav- 
iiig  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  Durham  castle,  he  gave  the  com 
niand  of  twenty-five  thousand  men  to  Lord  Douglas  and  the  earl  of  Mur- 
ray,  with  orders  to  cross  the  border  and  devastate  as  well  as  plunder  tlie 
northern  English  counties.    The  English  regency,  sincerely  desirous  of 
avoiding  war,  at  least  for  that  time,  with  so  difficult  and  "obstinate  aa 
enemy  as  Scotland,  made  some  attempts  at  maintaining  peace,  but,  find- 
ing  those  attempts  unsuccessful,  assembled  nn  army  of  sixty  thousand 
men,  exclusive  of  a  strong  body  of  highly-disciplined   foreign  cavalry 
under  John  de  Hainault ;  and  the  young  prince  himself  led  this  formida- 
ble  force  to  Durham  in  searcli  of  the  invaders.     But  the  difficulty  of  find- 
ing 80  active  and  desultory  an  enemy  was  only  inferior  to  that  of  con- 
quering  him  when  found.     Lightly  armed,  mounted  on  small,  swift  horses, 
so  hardy  that  every  common  supplied  them  with  abundant  food,  and  easily 
lubsisled  themselves,  these  northern  soldiers  passed  with  incredible  celer- 
ity from  place  to  place,  plundering,  destroying,  and  disappearing  with  iin- 
puralleled  rapidity,  and  suddenly  reappearing  in  some  dii-ection  quite  dif- 
lerent  to  that  in  which  they  had  been  seen  to  take  their  departure. 

On  110  occasion  was  their  desultory  activity  more  remarkable  or  more 
annoying  than  on  present.  Kdward  folh.wed  them  from  place  to  place, 
now  harrassing  his  troops  with  a  forced  march  by  difflcnlt  roads  to  the 
north,  and  now  still  morn  dispiriting  them  by  leading  them  to  retrace  their 
Bteps  aifain  ;  but  though  he  everywhere  found  that  the  Scots  had  b^m  in 
ihcphices  where  he  sought  them,  and  had  loft  fearful  marks  of  their  tern- 
porary  sHiy,  ho  everywhere  found  that  they  had  made  good  their  retreat  j 
Hiidtothis  htirniJismg  and  annoying  waste  of  activity  he  was  for  rioino 
nine  exposod,  in  spite  of  his  having  offered  the  then  very  splendid  reward 
Df  a  hundred  pounds  per  milium  for  hfe  to  any  one  who  would  give  him 
such  infoimation  as  would  enable  him  to  come  up  with  the  enemy,  i^i 
ifinjjth  ho  received  information  of  the  exact  localitv  of  iIim  enemv.  and  »•&!• 
fimr.io.i  to  come  up  with  Ihoin,  or  rather  to  bo  tantalized  with  tiie  wttht  of 


£1^.  *« 


r* 


^'Biii 


Lil^tU*.^- 


908 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


II 


Ihem  ;  for  they  had  taken  up  80  strong  a  position  on  the  soUliern  bank  m 
.he  met  Wear,  that  Vven  Edward,  young  as  he  was  and  burning  for  thj 
jombat,  was  obhged  to  confess  that  it  would  be  a  wanton  exposure  of  hi! 
orave  troops  to  certani  destruction  wer«  lie  to  attempt  to  cross  the  tZl 
while  the  foe  maintained  so  admirably  chosen  a  position.  Naturally  bravp 
Edward  was  doubly  annoyed  at  this  new  difficulty  on  account  of  hig  Z' 
irious  vain  reseavches;  and  m  the  excess  of  his  eiiihu^iasm  he  sent  a  for' 
mal  challenge  to  the  Scots,  to  abandon  their  extraneous  advantaaes  anrf 
meet  his  army,  man  to  man  and  foot  to  foot,  in  the  open  field.  rheoT 
erous  absurdities  of  chivalry  rendered  this  challenge  less  irreffular S 
laughable  than  it  would  now  be ;  and  Lord  Douglas,  himself  of  a  most  fie!v 
and  chivalric  spirit,  would  fain  have  taken  Edward  at  his  word  bS 
he  was  restrained  by  the  graver  though  not  less  courageous  earl  of  Mur 
rav,  who  drily  assured  EJward  ihat  he  was  the  very  last  person  from 
whom  the  Scots  would  like  to  i  ke  advice  as  to  their  Operations 

rhe  Scots  and  Edward  maintained  their  resj^ective  positions  for  several 
lays ;  and  when  he  former  at  length  moved  higher  up  the  river,  tiievdid  so 
«J![  h°  r""**]?^'*"^  ?'l''  'T^^  **  movement,  that  they  were  again  securely  li 
ea  before  Edward  had  any  chance  of  attacking  them.  Tiie  high  cXZ 
of  the  youthful  monarch  led  him  to  desire  to  attack  tiio  enemy,  no  niattfr 
at  what  risk  or  disadvantage  ;  but  as  often  as  he  proposed  to  do  so  he  was 
overruled  by  Mortimer,  who  assumed  an  almos'  despotic  authority  ovj 
him.     While  both  armies  thus  lay  in  grim  and  watchful,  thouuh  iiiadive 

5?P.  'I'nd"  "rnV?!'""  Pi'"'  ^'r^.h'^d  well  nigh  changed  the  fortui  Jof 
or  England.     Lord  Douglas,  audacious  and  enterprising,  had  not  merelv 
continued  to  take  an  accurate  survey  of  every  portion  of  Edward's  en 
campmont,  but  also  to  obtain  the  password  and  countersign ;  and  in  thi 
dead  of  night  ho  suddenly  led  two  hundred  of  his  most  resolu  e  follower 
nto  the  very  heart  of  the  English  camp.     His  intention  was  cither  to  c^d 
ture  or  slay  the  king,  and  he  advanced  immediately  to  the  royal  tent.    Ed- 
ward  s  chamberlain  and  his  chaplain  gallantly  devoted  theinselves  to  tl.e 
■afety  of  their  royal  master,  who  after  fighting  hand  to  hand  with  his  as- 
sailants, succeeded  in  escaping.     The  chamberlain  and  the  chaplain  were 
both  unfortunately  killed  ;  but  the  stout  resistance  they  made  not  only  eii«. 
bled  Edward   o  escape,  but  also  aroused  so  general  an  alarm,  that  Lord 
Douglas,  baulked  in  Ins  mam  design,  was  happy  to  bo  able  to  fight  his  way 
back  to  lis  own  camp,  in  doing  which  he  lost  nearly  the  whole  of  his  de- 
terminedhtlle  band.    The  Scots  now  hastily  broke  up  their  camp  and 
retreated  in  good  order  to  their  own  country  ;  and  when  Edward,  no  ion- 
ger  to  bo  restrained  by  Mortimer,  reached  the  spot  which  the  Scots  had 
occupied,  l»o  found  no  human  being  there  save  .-six  EngliHli  prisoners, 
whose  legs  the  Scots  had  broken  to  prevent  them  from  carrying  any  in- 
telligP^nce  to  the  English  camp.    Though  ilie  high  spirit  and  warlike  tem- 
per which  Edward  had  displayed  during  this  brief  and  bootless  cauipaiifii 
made  him  very  popular,  the  public  mind  was  justly  very  dissatisfied  witli 
the  absolute  nullity  of  result  from  so  extensive  and  costly  an  expediiioii; 
«nd  .Mortimer,  to  whom  all  the  errors  committed  were  naturally  uttrihu- 
ted,  became  daily  more  and  more  disliked.     So  puffed  up  and  insoiciit  m» 
nf  rendered  by  his  disgraceful  connection  with  Isabella,  that  his  ueneral 
want  or  popularity  seemed  to  give  him  neither  annoyance  nor  alarm,    Yel 
was  there  a  circumstance  in  his  position  which  a  wise  man  would  have 
•iriveii  to  alter.  Though  he  had  usurped  an  even  more  than  royal  power,aiid 
•(Billed  the  most  important  public  affairs  without  deigning  to  consult  eiihei 
tho  yoiiiitf  king  or  any  of  the  blood  royal ;  though  he  by  his  mere  word  had 
gone  Bc  fur  as  lo  settle  upon  the  adulterous  Isabella  nearly  the  whole  ol 
the  royal  revenue  ;  yet  in  forming  tho  council  of  the  regency  he  had  re- 
IM  so  much  on  his  power  that  ho  reserved  no  office  or  seat  therein  for 
Ulmaelf      Fhia  was  a  ginye  error.     He  a>uat  hav»  its«$> 


!«"•"•»:  ""---• 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


800 


if  ho  Imagined  that  the  mere  absence  of  nominal  power  would  procure  a 
charftcter  for  moderation  for  a  man  whose  authority  actually  superwded 
that  of  the  whole  council. 

A.  D.  1328.— To  all  the  other  offences  committed  by  Mortimer  he  now 
added  the  very  serious  one  of  wounding  the  pride  of  the  nation.  War 
upon  Scotland,  and  the  most  strenuous  attempts  to  reduce  that  nation 
(mce  more  to  the  condition  of  a  conquered  province,  were  universally 
popular  objects  in  England.  But  Mortimer,  aware  that  he  was  daily  be- 
coming  more  and  more  hated,  concluded  a  peace  with  Robert  Bruce,  fear- 
ing that  the  continuance  of  a  foreign  war  would  put  it  out  of  his  power 
to  keep  his  domestic  enemies  la  check.  He  stipulated  that  David,  son 
tnd  heir  of  Robert  Bruce,  should  marry  the  princess  Jane,  sister  of  the 
young  king  Ldward  ;  that  England  sliould  give  up  all  claim  to  the  hom- 
age of  Scotland,  and  recognise  that  country  as  being  wholly  independent, 
and  that,  in  return,  Robert  Bruce  should  pay  30,000  marks,  by  way  of  ex- 
penses. 

This  treaty  was  excessively  unpopular;  and  Mortimer,  conscious  of  this, 
now  began  to  fear  that  the  close  friendship  and  unanimity  that  existed 
among  the  three  royal  princes,  Kent,  Norfolk,  and  Lancaster,  boded  him  no 
good.  He  accordingly,  when  summoning  them  to  attend  parliament,  took 
upon  himself  to  forbid  them,  in  the  king's  name,  from  being  attended  by  an 
armed  force.  Whatever  had  been  their  previous  intentions,  the  three 
princes  paid  implicit  obedience  to  this  order  ;  but,  to  their  astonishment, 
they,  on  reaching  Salisbury,  where  the  parliament  was  to  meet,  found  that 
Mortimer  and  his  friends  were  attended  by  an  armed  force.  Naturally 
alarmed  at  this,  the  earls  retreated  and  raised  a  force  strong  enough  to 
chase  Mortimer  from  the  kingdom.  They  advanced  for  the  purpose  of 
doing  so,  but  unfortunately  the  earls  who  had  hitherto  been  so  closely 
united  now  quarrelled,  Kent  and  Norfolk  declined  to  follow  up  the  enter- 
prise, and  Lancaster,  too  weak  to  carry  it  out  by  himself,  was  compelled 
to  make  liis  submission  to  the  insolent  Mortimer. 

A.D.  1329.— But  though,  at  tlio  intercession  of  the  prelates,  Mortimer 
consented  to  overlook  the  past,  and  boro  himself  towards  the  princes  as 
ihoughthe  whole  quarrel  were,  forgotten  as  well  as  forgiven,  he  deter 
mined  to  make  a  victim  of  one  of  them,  in  order  to  strike  terror  into  the 
survivors.    Accordingly,  his  emmissaries  were  instructed  to  deceive  the 

into  tlin  >ii>lif>rtli!ir  If  iim  Tt^^Uimr/l  II   li.,.i  ..^>  i... »...  ...  j-...i. 


eiirl  of  Kent  into  tlio  belief  that  King  Edward  H.  had  not  been  put  to  death, 
but  was  Rtill  secretly  imprisoned.  Tluicaii,  who  had  suffered  much  from 
remorseful  remembrance  of  the  part  he  had  taken  against  his  unhappy 
brother,  eagerly  fell  into  the  snare,  uud  entered  into  an  undertaking  for 
setting  the  imprisoned  king  at  liberty,  and  replacing  him  upon  the  throne. 
I  he  deception  was  kept  up  until  the  earl  had  committed  himself  sufficient- 
ly  for  the  purpose  of  his  ruthless  enemy,  when  he  was  seized,  accused 
before  parliaiiiciil,  and  coiidoiiiiied  to  death  and  forfeiture;  while  Morti- 
mer  and  the  execralde  Isabella  hastened  his  execution,  so  that  the  younff 
hdwnrd  had  no  opjuirlunity  to  interpose. 

A.  n.  1330.— Though  the  corrupt  and  debased  parliament  so  readily  lent 
Itself  to  the  designs  of  Mortimer,  the  feeling  of  the  commonality  was  very 
ihfr«!rent  indeed,  and  it  was  quite  evening  before  any  one  could  be  found 
to  behead  the  betrayed  and  unfortunate  prince,  who  during  the  day  which 
mtervened  between  his  sontonco  and  execution  must  have  been  tortured 
mdeed  withthoutthtsofthei.nholy  zeal  with  which  he  had  served  the  royal 
adultercHs.  to  wliose  rage,  as  much  as  to  that  of  her  paramour  lu5  wa« 
now  Hflcriflced.  ' 

Pf  rceiyiiig  that  the  sympathy  of  the  people  was  less  courageous  than 
depji  and  lender,  Mortimer  now  threw  Lancaster  and  numerous  other 
l!../''J'lF'?""'."„"*K9harge  of  having  been  concerned  in  the  conspi- 
:--v«j  skvni.    .Any  evidejito,  however  siight,  sutfieod  10  jiwuro  couvjc. 


810 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


nhl'A    f  ^^  forfeiture  was  invariably  a  part  of  the  sentence,  Mortimer  h,/. 

;S!"i  '»«T°[^""''^''?«'^''"««ff  «"'^  '»»  adherents;  and  how  liuu 
jcrup  e  he  made  about  availing  himself  of  this  opportunity  may  bSTnlS 
from  the  fact,  that  the  whole  of  the  large  possessions  of  the  eLlort^^J 
were  se.zed  for  Geoffrey,  younger  son  Sf  Mortime  Thoug  uhL  t?er  rnT 
weairn?'.h'f  "''T'^y  in  possession  of  the  greater  poftion  «  the  K  , 
wealth  of  the  two  Spensers  and  their  adherents.  The  cupidi  y  aL  ?„ 
solence  of  Mortimer  at  length  produced  their  natural  conseqVe  ce  Jh!: 
estation  so  general  and  so  fierce,  that  nothing  warwanUngo  his  dt 
truction  but  for  some  one  to  be  bold  enough  to  make  the  first  att«PWnn« 
h.m ;  and  fortunately,  that  person  was  found  i.? the  j-^ung  khSLsS 

JJnlL^^'"  h  "?'"  "  f^^'f^l  ^"^  »^^'  Mortimer,  in  his  insoll.S^and  nnd. 
of  place,  had  overlooked  the  necessity  of  so  treating  the  king  while  K 

Ss  ml^rorily.'"'"'  ^''  '^''""^  '"^  ""PP°"  "''«"  "«  ''^""I'i atCglhaS. 

»;««  l?'"'^7''^*'^  ^."  *T  ^S^  ^"'^  generous  a  nature  to  have  been  other 

Zn  h  m  h  '^,S'^ . -^""8^  ^y  ^^  P'^^y  '"«"»l«  »»d  galling  restraintsTniposed 
upon  h  m  by  Mortimer;  and  now  that  he  was  in  his  Eighteen  h  vp^r  h« 

fo'r  »h 'r  k'  'i  '^'  ''?"'' '° -"^"^^  «"  '^^'^  «'  obtain  ng  the  i,SepJ,Se„ 
£  tlTp  °nrH 'm ''^.  80  long  sighed ;  he  therefore  communicated  hfsS 
to  the  Lord  Montacute,  who  engaffed  his  friends  thp  r,nr<i«  r>  w   J. 
Mohns  Sir  John  Nevil  Sir  Edw'ar^  BohuS  oS  rs'TJ^^^ffi"' 
Md  ^attempt  at  delivering  both  king  and  people  from  the  tyraimyof  Mor^ 

Queen  Isabella  and  her  paramour  Mortimer  at  this  time  resided  in  Nnt 
t.ngham  cas  le ;  and  so  jealously  did  they  guard  themselves  that  eleni^^ 
fh!!?  "'"V/'^y.^'Jovvod  to  have  a  few  attendants  S  IW  n  when  heSS 
there,  and  the  keys  of  the  outward  gales  were  delivered  to  traueenfpr 
self  every  evenfng.     Lord  Montacute,  however,  armed  wh  KkiS 

KS'S  ^""^  "°  '''^•'■"J^y. "'  r'"''"'S  the  concirrTnS,  Tf  Sir  VViS 
fcland,  the  governor,  who  let  tlie  king's  party  enter  by  a  subterraZ « 

SSfetlfwiL"!'  *"*M,""»  ^r  '■"••Fatten  a/id  cLked  up^wi'h  riS     S 
ELro.T"'"*'!"*^  '^''".•';  *'""  ^'"'  '"•'"«'l  "1^"  reached  the  queeni 
apartment  and  seized  upon  Mortimer  before  he  could  prepare  to  mako 
resistance.     Isabella  implored  them  to  "spare  her  centleZrlimer^C 

luerTT"n?r£'"  ^  ''''''  I'yT'''^'  powe^'o/'hSSieet 
alter  It.    A  parliament  was  mimodiate  y  summoned,  and  was  found  ..s 
supple  and   acile  an  instrument  A.r  his  ruin  as  it  iS  b    n  for  Sh 
pleasure.     He  was  accused  of  having  usurped  rcjral  power  of  fiavi  .i  nri 
cured  the  death  of  King  Kdward  II..  of  having  ^^813  "the  royaufn. 

Z%0^mJ:TJ  "'/r^t  ''"?^'','^"*  r^'''^'  secreting  twSds  0^ 
o  ir-  '  tL  h  P",'f  ^y  «?»'"'"';  »nd  a  variety  of  similar  misdenioan. 
eSlnn.  i.J^r"»'''y .'"'"'"  .P'*''''"'"^"^  '»  »'■  eagerness  to  condemn 
was  no?  .X^io  ""'"■'  ?'"'  ''"'  T''  """-agt^ous  criminal.     Kvidonce 

Clir^-  .^"^f' '  ''?\"'"'^  w.lncNscs,  but  this  parliament  conviried 
Mortimer  and  seiilenced  hnn  to  the  gibbet  and  forfeiture,  not  unoii  testi 

1^.1.  frict  justice,  scarcely  twcnity  years  had  passed  ere  his  illegally 
"  r.rVr'' ''""  "'.'"••••ed  to  his  son.  upon  ,ho  right  and  honourable  Jr  J 
o/  H  .^  «,  M  "  r"  '••"r^«^'"  ?'".'  '"'^vcvcr  morally  undeniable  th.  'guill 
of  the  elder  Mortimer,  us  conviction  had  been  the  result  not  of  evidence, 
nf  .h-  ™'"'  "'T'lr  »»•' »?""'"l"'"»-    «iinon  de  Beresfonl  and  some  others 

,rfnll.?-!i"'i'.  "''''' /'^'^V.*"'""'''  ^'•^'■"  ""rcutcl.  and  the  vilest  crimiuHl 
oi  oil.  the  adultorosft  Isabella,  was  confined  lar  liio  wimuindflr  af  l.«r  iju. 


BISTORT  OF  THE  WORLD. 


SU 


to  her  castle  of  Risings.  The  king  allowed  her  four  hundred  a  year  for 
her  support,  and  he  paid  her  one  or  two  formal  visits  every  year  •  but  hav- 
ing once  deprived  her  of  the  influence  of  which  she  had  made  so  bad  and 
base  a  use,  he  took  care  that  she  should  never  again  have  an  oDoortunitv 
of  regaining  It.  ^  t-i  j 

As  soon  as  Edward  had  wrested  from  the  usurping  hands  of  Mortimei 
the  royal  power,  he  showed  himself  well  worthy  of  it  by  the  manner  in 
which  he  used  it.  He  not  only  exhorted  his  judges  and  other  great  offi. 
cers  to  execute  justice,  and  to  put  a  stop  to  the  open  depredations  and 
armed  bands  of  robbers  by  which  the  country  was  now  more  than  ever 
infested  and  disgraced,  but  he  personally  exerted  himself  in  that  cood 
work,  and  showed  both  courage  and  conduct  in  that  important  task. 

A.  D.  1332.--Soon  after  the  completion  of  the  treaty  between  Ensland 
and  Scotland,  as  related  under  the  head  of  the  year  1328,  the  sreat  Robert 
Brace,  worn  out  even  more  by  infirmities  and  toil  than  by  years,  termina- 
ted  his  life;  and  his  son  and  heir,  David  Bruce,  being  as  yet  a  minor,  the 
regency  was  left  to  Randolph,  earl  of  Murray,  the  constant  sharer  of  Rob- 
ertsperils.     In  this  treaty  it  was  agreed,  that  all  Scots  who  inherited 
property  in  England,  and  uU  Englishmen  who  inherited  property  in  Scot- 
land, should  be  restored  to  possession  as  free  and  secure  as  though  no 
war  had  taken  p  ace  between  the  two  countries.    This  part  of  the  treaty 
had  been  faithfully  performed  by  England;  but  Robert  Bruce,  and,  subse- 
quenlly,  the  regent  Murray  had  contrived  to  refuse  the  restoration  of  con- 
siderable  properties  in  Scotland,  either  from  actual  difficulty  of  wresting 
them  from  the  Scottish  holders,  or  from  a  politic  doubt  of  the  expediency 
of  80  far  strengthening  an  enemy— which  they  judged  Kiiffland  must 
always  in  reality  be— by  admitting  so  many  Englishmen  to  wealth  and 
consequent  power  in  the  very  Jieart  of  the  kingdom.     Whatever  the  mo- 
tive by  which  Bruce  and  Murray  were  actuated  in  this  matter,  their  denial 
or  delay  of  the  stipulated  restoration  gave  great  oflTfiiice  to  the  numerous 
hnglish  of  high  rank  who  had  a  personal  interest  in  it.     Many  who  were 
thus  situated  were  men  of  great  wealth  and  influence;  and  their  power 
became  more  than  ever  formidable  when  they  were  able  to  command  the 
alliance  of  Edward  Baiiol.     He  was  the  son  ot  that  .Tohn  Baliol  who  had 
briefly  worn  the  Scottish  crown;  and  he,  like  his  father,  settled  in  France, 
with  the  determination  of  leading  a  private  life  rather  than  risk  all  comfort 
for  the  mere  chance  of  grasping  a  precarious  and  anxious  power.     This 
resolution,  though  consonant  with  the  soundest  philosophy,  was  not  cal- 
culated to  procure  him  much  worldly  estimation;  and  his  really  stronc 
claim  to  the  Scottish  royalty  procured  him  so  little  consideration  in  Franci-, 
that  for  some  infraction  of  the  law  he  was  thrown  into  gaol,  as  though 
he  had  been  the  meanest  private  person.     In  this  situation  he  was  discov 
ered  by  Lord  Beaumont,  an  English  baron,  who  laid  claim  to  the  Scotch 
earldom  of  Buclian.     Beaumcmt  without  loss  of  time  procured  Buliol's  re- 
lease and  carried  him  over  to  England,  where  he  placed  him,  nominally 
at  least,  at  the  head  of  the  confederation  which  already  had  meditated  the 
invasion  of  Scotland. 

King  Kdward  secretly  aided  Baliol  and  the  English  barons  in  prepariiiB 
lor  their  enterprise,  though  he  would  not  be  nersiiaded  to  give  tliern  any 
open  encouragement,  as  he.  had  bound  liimsolf  to  pay  20,000  nouiids  to  the 
pope,  should  he,  Edward,  commit  any  hostilities  upon  Scotland  within  a 
certain  period  which  had  not  yet  expired  ;  moreover,  the  young  king  Da- 
vid, still  a  minor,  was  aetiiully  married  to  Edward's  sister  Jane,  though 
nemariiage  was  not  yet  consummated  j  and  the  world  would  scarcely  fail 
to  censure  hdwart!  should  he,  under  such  circumstances,  eauso  a  renewal 
or  war  between  the  two  countries.  Under  these  circumstances,  eaocr  as 
Kdward  might  be  to  aid  his  nobles  in  their  enmity  to  Scotland,  h«  detei- 

Qinea  to  COnnno  hiinafllf  tn  nanrnt  nmnamAinifm  »«  ik.:.  K..u-ir. ■    .■ 

1. '--J •••5-  "t-  rismi    r_-trsin::  ;   titixi,  iiius 


fv.  ;     I  I 


312 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


aided,  their  nominal  leader,  Baliol,  was  soeedilv  at  thp  li«n^  «f  „  r 
two  thousand  five  hundred  men.  comlfdS  b^y  the  Lr?BeaumoJf^°^ 
fore  mentioned,  UmfreviUe,  earl  of  Angus,  the  lords  T^t,  MoSh 
other  eminent  baions  interested  in  the  Idventure.  As  such  a  foTrlJ  \i 
not  be  so  secretly  raised  as  wholly  to  have  escaped  fhe  notice  if  the  S.^ 
tish  regent,  who  would  naturally  expect  to  be  attacked  bv  the  P„„r°t 
border,  Bahol  and  his  friends  embarked  at  RavenspS  and^  lanHpH  fi''-'' 
force  on  the  coast  of  Fife.  The  former  regent,  Mumvw  J  Hp»h  ^^''l 
his  successor,  Donald,  earl  of  Mar,  was  far  hifer  o7to  hfmTn  »=rf  t'  '""^ 

gl.ng  over  some  broken  and  difficult  groundra'fd  soTmn  1  t»?fif" 

a  cSSrXr^mnifVnn    '"r"'  '"'">"f'"-«  openly,  and  having  obtained 
B  considerable  grant  from  parliament  for  that  purDose— which  ffmnt  w«ii 

ilCal  tr.s"-.ripH  »  InTJ  ""Tf"""  ""^  ""*  grieve  his  subjects  ^vill, 
iu«gai  fiix»  8  —He  led  a  considerable  army  to  Berwick  whflm  n  iii.w.»fftil 

s^hTeaieTrwr  vCaT  K ',  j^'^  i^i!""'"  Keiirr'So'iro  re'C 

e  Ihiw  e  .lZ^tK.^'„^^^^^  Bhould  obstinately  defend  Berwick,  and  whik- 
ue  thus  eiiaaged  the  attention  of  Edward.  Douglas  shoulH  lead  a  numerous 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD.  813 

enemy  over  the  border,  and  carry  the  horrors  and  losses  of  war  into  the 
enemy's  own  country.    But  Edward's  army  was  so  well  discS'ned  and 
80  well  provided,  hat  before  Douglas  could  march  into  Northumberland 
his  plan  of  operations  was  changed,  by  the  information  of  Sir  WH liani 
Keith  being  reduced  to  such  extremity,  that  he  had  engageu  to  surrender 
Berwick  should  no  relief  reach  him  within  a  few  days.    DoiVlas  marehed 
to  the  relief  o  that  important  place,  and  in  a  general  action  thftenS  the 
Scots  were  latterly  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  nearly  thirty  thousand  men 
The  English  loss  was  certainly  very  trifling ;  yet  we  cannot  without ™m" 
Biderable  hesitation  adopt  the  accounts  which  concur  in  assuring  us  ^hat 
he  total  English  loss  amounted  to  thirteen  soldiers,  one  esqui  e,^nd  one 
knight ;  a  oss  which  can  only  be  imagined  by  considering  that  ba  tie  to 
have  been  lit  le  better  than  a  disorderly  flight  on  the  one  nart  and  a  mnr 
derous  pursuit  on  the  other.  ^  ^      *""  ^  *""'" 

As  the  result  of  this  battle  Scotland  was  again  apparently  submissive 
0  Baliol.    He  was  acknow  edged  as  king  by  tie  Scottish  parliamem  and 
he  and  many  of  the  Scottish  nobles  did  homage  to  EdwarrwhTlhen  re 
turned  to  England,  leaving  a  detachment  to  support  Baliol     As  W  S 
this  detachment  remained  Baliol  was  most  submissively,  not  to  say  fer! 
vilely  obeyed  by  the  Scots,  even  when  he  stung  their  na  ional  pHde  ful 
deeply  by  ceding  in  perpetuity  to  England,  Berwick,  Dunbar,  RoxbSrch 
Edinburgh,  and  the  whole  of  the  south-eastern  counties  of  Scotland,    ffi 
as  soon  as  Baliol,  considering  himself  safe,  and  perhaps  being  seriouslv 
mconvenienced  by  the  expense  of  keeping  them^ent  away  his  eSS 
mercenaries,  the  Scots  again  rose  against  him,  and  after  a  variety  o 
Btruggles  between  him  and  Sir  Andrew  Murray,  who  acted  as  reffpni  fn 
oehalf  of  the  absent  David  Bruce.  Baliol  was  o^^^crmoJe  chased  from  aU 
Enjiaiid    ^   ^  ""'^'"'"^  '''  '^"^  permanently  conquered  foj  hiS  or 
A.D.  1335.-Edward  again  marched  to  chastise  and  subject  the  Scots 
H^ho  abandoned  or  destroyed  their  homes  and  sought  shelter  in  their 
mmintam  fastnesses,  but  only  to  return  again  the  inomei  t  S  ho  had 
retired.    In  this  obstinately  patriotic  course  the  Scots  we  egrealv  en 
couraged  bv  Edward's  position  with  regard  to  France.     He  had  for  vea^s 
laid  an  unfounded  claim  to  the  sovereiirntv  of  that  r-mmtrv  "!« j^.i?^      u 
r'^M^"."  r  •^r^^'""  '"^"^^  '"osrSSn'^.t  terms  rc"cogJisedS^^ 

2t  of  RobTt  d^Art'^'  '"".^[T  ^""^  ^'''  '^'^^^  '^''^  held!?hnt;u  ale! 
ment  of  Kobert  d  Artois  and  the  concurrence  of  Edward's  father  in  l-fw 

and  everal  o  her  sovereign  princes,  had  induced  Edward  to  persevere  in 
H  ivTi«  n"''  ^»«  opposed  to  common  sense,  and  plainly '^contrad'Jt" 
cd  by  h  8  own  deliberate  act  and  deed,  and  thus  laid  the  LuidSnoi 
a  nnitual  hatred  which  has  only  completely  subsided  wi  fin  Zmemorv 
r iTi"  ""t  ''W  "'■''  ^u"'  y«»"8-  "o  P'-«te"ded  thaThe  ougnt  to  suc^ 
S  f  i' ''^  ^1  !?'J'^  Isabella,  though  Isabella  horsdfTis  egX 
Z,;'™""/f  f^l»Jed  from  succeeding;  he  was  thus  guilty  of  t'e  spS 

li  Id  nS  '£±"?'"«^  ^^  r^'"''\  (^"'"  ^  *"'"'>»  '^  ''™^^»  «o  whic    a  woman 
rJpnpSr     •  f"''.?^  he  could  only  support  that  special  absurdity  upon 

thee  h    kZ  iLiL1?'i'"'  'T^^'T'  ''"''J"  '^^'  ^«««  ^"'^I'of  the 
Zi„        ,j  .  ?^  "*"  '®"  slaughters  whoso  r  ght  upon  that  Hcneral  nrin. 

walm'.'i'in"^'.'*:.''  ""^""^u?  "'  '''•■''  "-eally  ridiculous  as  well  as  unjust  claim, 
a  rel^SSLnf ':f  f"r"  K^^T^  demagogue  James  d'Are  eve  d^' 
^Zl^''j;i^l!^^::^I}^^^^'^^P-'^  'V  Po-er  over  his.fel 
■    """ "  "'^'"  '"  junwws  r.-siBtance  agauist  Uim 


msi  fi'itwir,.  ^ 


814 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


II 


legitimnt©  sovereigns,  he  himself  could  fill  all  the  other  towns  of  Fland.,™ 
nnln.  I'  "^^'"'l.t"^  Unprincipled  spies,  and  could  put  down  all  ch ule  J 
opposiuon  m  Ghent  itself  by  the  simple  process  of  ordering  the  opponem 
to  be  butchered-and  he  was  butchered  without  remorse  or  delavS 
this  demagogue  Edward  had  no  difficulty  in  recommending  himself-  hr 
with  the  servility  that  ever  accompanies  the  ambition  of  such  men  ihp 
demagogue,  who  detested  his  natural  superiors,  was  in  a  perfect  Rmerol 
gratified  vanity  at  being  solicited  by  a  powerful  foreign  monarch  aiHin 
vited  Edward  to  make  the  Low  Countries  his  'vantage  S'aiai S 
France ;  suggesting  to  him  that,  to  prevent  the  FlemingB from  havinIS 
scruple  about  aiding  him,  he  should  claim  their  aid,  as  righiful  kfnS 
France,  in  dethroning  the  usurper,  Philip  of  Valois ;   that  ^^  J. 

a'L'S'o^n^d'fJaTyT'"^ ''"^  '^  ""  '"""''  ^""'"  ''''^  '^^^^'^  ^'^^^^^^ 
The  king  of  France  was  greatly  aided  by  the  influence  of  t(,e  pope  who 
at  tins  time  resided  at  Avignon,  and  was  to  a  considerable  extent  Hp 
pendent  upon  Philip ,  the  king  of  Navarre,  the  duke  of  Brittany,  the  k£ 
of  Bohemia,  the  bishop  of  Liege,  and  numerous  other  powerful  allies 
tendered  their  aid  to  Philip,  as  being  really  interested  for  him ;  while  5 
ward's  allies,  boking  only  to  what  they  could  get  of  the  large  sunis  he  had 
irtirelrs™"™       ^^°^'^  ^'"'  *^''  ""J"«^'fi»''l«  enterprise,  were  slow  and  coid 
A.  D.  1339.— After  much  difficulty  in  keeping  his  hopeful  allies  even  an. 
parently  to  their  faith,  and  after  having  his  pretensions  to  tlie  c7own  o^ 
France  very  acouraiely  pronounced  upon  by  two  of  those  allies,  the  count 
of  Namur  and  the  count  of  Hainault-who  succeeded  his  father  and  Ed- 
ward  s  father-in-law  in  the  interval  between  the  old  count  joiniiiif  in 
hdward  s  scheme  and  the  actual  comme.icement  of  operations-the  two 
counts  m  question  abandoning  Edward  solely  on  the  plea  that  Philip  was 
tlieir  Itege  lord,  against  whom  they  as  vassals  could  not  fight,  Edward  en- 
camped near  Capelle  with  an  army  of  nearly  50,000,  the  majority  of  whom 
were  foreign  mercenaries.     Philip  advanced  towards  the  same  spot  with 
^f^lJu  ^!i!"^'f  thousand  of  his  own  subjects;  but,  after  simply  gazing 
at  each  other  for  a  few  days,  these  mighty  armies  separated  without  a 
blow.  Edward  marching  his  mercenaries  back  into  Flanders  and  there 
disbanding  them.     In  this  hitherto  bloodless  and  unproductive  contest  Ed- 
ward had  not  only  expended  all  the  large  sum  granted  by  his  people,  and 
pawned  fiverything  of  value  that  he  could  pawn,  even  to  the  jewels  of  his 
queen,  but  he  had  also  contracted  debts  to  the  frightful  amount  of  .£300,000. 
and  probably  It  was  the  very  vastness  of  the  sacrifice  he  had  made  that 
determined  him  to  persevere  in  a  demand,  of  the  injustice  of  which  he 
must  have  been  conscious  from  the  very  outset.    Aware  that  he  had  un- 
mercifully pressed  upon  the  means  of  his  subjects,  and  finding  that  they 
were  daily  growing  more  and  more  impatient  of  his  demands,  Edward 
MOW  returned  to  England  and  offered  his  parliament  a  full  and  new  con- 
nrmation  of  the  two  charters  and  of  the  privileges  of  boroughs,  a  pardon 
orold  debts  and  trespasses,  and  a  reform  of  certain  abuses  in  the  common 
aw.     I  he  first  of  these  the  king  ought  to  have  been  ashamed  to  confess 
to  be  necessary.     But  public  spirit  and  the  control  of  parliament  over  the 
royal  expenditure  were  as  yet  only  in  their  infancy,  and  the  whole  con- 
cessions  were  deemed  so  valuable,  that  the  parliament  in  return  granted 
inc  king— from  the  barons  and  knights,  the  ninth  sheep,  fleece,  and  lamb 
irom  their  estates  for  two  years ;  from  the  burgesses,  a  ninth  of  the.' 
whole  moveab  es  at  their  real  value ;  and  from  the  whole  parliament,  h 
duty  of  forty  shillings  on,  Isi.,  each  three  hundred  wool  fells,  and  2d., 
each  last  of  leather,  also  for  two  years     It  was  expressly  stated  that  this 
grant  was  not  to  be  drawn  into  a  precedent ;  but  as  the  king's  nercssities 
were  great,  it  was  additionally  determined  that  twenty  thousand  sacks  ol 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  81ft 

wow  should  immediately  be  put  at  his  disposal,  the  va.ue  to  be  deducted 
tVom  the  nmths  wh.rh  would  of  necessity  come  in  m.,re  slowly  WWl? 
the  parliament  of  hngland  acted  thus  liberally  in  forwardin^^Edward's 
desm.  upon  France,  they  made  a  formal  declaration  that  they  aided  him 
38  king  of  England,  and  not  as  king  of  France,  and  that  in  the  even  S 
h,sconauenng  the  latter  country  the  former  must  ever  remaJn  whoilv 
distuict  from  and  mdependent  of  the  latter.  But  had  Edward  hefn-.n 
cessfulit  certainly  would  not  have  been  this  bare  and  iile  protest  S 
wou  d  have  prrvonted  so  resolute  and  self-willed  a  monar.?h  ffon  remo? 

l^Li^Vdte^I  uT"""'  °  ^"""' '"'  '"^''•"^  ^"^''^"'^ ' '--  p- 

^•"l^^^Si"7'^^'''?!^®P'  t  ^vatchful  eye  upon  the  English  movements 
and  when  Edward  at  length  sailed  with  a  fleet  of  two  fiundred  aS?fo  ?v' 
vessels,  he  was  encountered  off  Sluys  by  a  French  fleet  of  nearly.four  huS 
dred  vessels,  carrymg  forty  thousand  men.  The  inferior  force  of  the 
English  was  at  the  very  outset  fully  compensated  for  by  the  skill  of  heir 
naval  commanders,  who  got  the  weather-gage  of  the  enemv  anrf  thl  ,T 
vantage  of  fighting  with  the  sun  to  their  ba?ksT  whUeth^actiSf,  t^kiuJ 
p  ace  so  near  Flandors,  the  Flemings  hastened  outTo  oin  the  ESsh,  m^^ 
the  result  of  the  ob.stinate  and  sanguinary  action  was  the  total  defmol 
he  trench,  with  the  loss  of  two  hundred  and  thirty  vessels  and  thirty 
thousand  men,  jncluding  two  of  their  admirals.  ^ 

Edward,  whose  loss  had  been  comparatively  trifling,  now  marchcA  tn 
:he  frontiers  of  France  with  an  army  a  hundred  tSsud  Ttrong  hS 
recent  triumph  having  caused  a  host  of  foreigners  to  joi .  hii  i  o,,  Sknd 
mg  Robert  d'Artois,  in  the  hope  of  corroborating  thi  success  of  Edward 
mid.siegetoSt.Omers  But  though  his  force  numbered  5o!ooOmrnt' 
was  chiefly  composed  of  a  mere  rabble  of  artificers,  so  little  expeSed 
m  war  or  m  love  with  its  perils,  that  a  sally  of  the  earrison  nnt  iW,lh«^- 

Si;!:  ^zair '°  "*'•  •" "-" «'"'  -■^anro^rraii^Vaa 

Edward's  subsequent  operations  were  by  no  means  so  sucnp^ful  %Ju 
greatly  distressed  Tournay,  indeed,  and  he  suffere^no  very  great  advJ^ 
tage  even  1.1  the  way  of  manoeuvre  to  be  gained  by  the  S-h  •  Im  eveJl 
day  brought  some  new  proof  that  his  very  allies  were  at  hear  loitUe  K 
his  purpose,  and  only  supported  him  in  their  own  greediness  of  car  while 
on  the  other  hand,  supplies  arrived  so  slowly  from  E^and  that  11^^ 
utterly  unable  to  meet  the  clamorous  demands  of  his  c  e&rs  A  Ions 
truce,  therefore,  was  very  gladly  agreed  to  by  him  and  he  Kiv  -VnH  h5 
absolute  stealth  returned  to  En/la,fd.  Annoyed  a't  his  wa  u  o  ^8.*^ess^ 
nd  attributing  it  chiefly  to  the  slowness  wilh^vhieh  sup^es  had  reaSd 
h.m,Ldward  no  sooner  arrived  in  England  than  he  begaS  to  vei  fh  s  a nier 
rTrin.if'""P'''r''^'^''?'  =""'  *'«  with  great  impolicy  show"  I  espeS 

To  e  U.rdy/uU  L':^^"'^;  "'^'"'•^^P  °^  Cante'rburJ,  upoTi  whnrhad 
!L  .!j  u  fi  ^''"^'"  '  and  not  very  pleasant  task  of  realisini/  the  taxfs 
granted  by  he  parlianient.     It  was  in  vain  to  urge  trEdward  that  the 

1    tedtuh— ^I'l'''''^''''^^     """'»^»  taxes?  wore  neceisa    ycoU 
wa  dHSm^H T*'  «'T"^»«  !  he  was  enraged  at  his  own  ill  success,  and 

the  prW    3  Sir°Tohn  if"P""  ^''  ""r^r"''  ^''  •^"''»  ^t.  Paul,  keep;?"' 
ne  prin  seal,  hir  John  Stoner,  chief  justice,  the  Mayor  of  London  and 

OiebishoDs  of  Chichester  and  Litchfield,  were  imprisoned  VaXhe  arch 
mhop  0^  Canterbury  only  escaped  the' like  indE  by  chanc  nff  tS  te 
absent  from  London  on  Edward's  arrival  ^  ^  caancing  lo  oc 

A.  D.  1341.— Archbishop  Stratford,  who  really  seems  onlv  to  have  fail..fi 
«  his  duty  from  the  novel  and  difficult  nature  of  it/was  Lt  of  rtemier 

i  c"ct''Era5'3'i"'?^"  r'}  ""'r  P»-erf,r;nTVass?;^S" 
S'tuf -.^-"'"f'.""^  O"  •e»''n'"g  to  what  lengths  tl.o  kin^  Iwid  anno 
-Jtfc  the  uwicr  grcai  omcers  ur»tui,e.  the  archbislfop  issued  a  gonurarse;," 


IkU 


ffi 


316 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


tence  of  excommumcation  against  all  who  should  asaail  the  clerjrv  r  ith« 
m  person  or  property,  infringe  the  privileges  secured  to  them  by  ih, 
eccle8ia8t.cal  canons  and  by  the  great  charter,  or  accuse  a  preEJe  S 
ZTV-A  ^u  ^ny, other  crime  to  bring  him  under  the  Icing's  displeasure 
Nor  did  the  bold  and  somewhat  arrogant  archbishop  stop  even  heS" 
After  having  thus  generally  aimed  at  the  king's  conduct,  anclafter  haviS 
irJn"  T^i°  emp  oy  the  clergy  in  painting  that  conduct  in  the  dark? 
colours  to  the  people,  Stratford  personally  addressed  a  letter  to  the  kina 
m  wh.ch  he  asserted  the  superiority  of  the  clerical  to  the  civil  pow^' 
reminded  him  that  the  priesthood  were  answerable  at  the  divine  tribZl 

fnr^l'/°^^'^«^^'.  ^^^  'V^j'"'«'  ^"^  "^^'^t^e  spiritual  fathers  of  ie 
former  as  of  the  latter,  and  were  therefore  manifestly  and  fuUv  en  iS 
both  to  direct  them  to  right  conduct  and  to  censure  tliem  for  traS  ' 
sions     Th.8  bold  and  unlimited  assertion  of  superiority  was  in  noS 
calculated  to  soothe  Edward's  irritation,  and  he  marked  his  sense  of  C 
ford  s  conduct  by  sending  him  no  summons  to  attend  the  parliament.    £ 
the  archbishop.  attendeJ  by  a  numerous  and  imposing  train  of  peers 
spiritual  and  temporal,  presented  himself,  crosier  in  hand  and  in  ful  Mn 
tificals,  and  demanded  admission.    For  two  days  the  king  refused  to  aCi 
him;  but  at  length,  fearing  the  consequences  of  too  complete  a  breach 
with  the  ecclesiastical  power,  he  not  only  permitted  him  to  take  his  seat 
in  parliament,  but  also  restored  him  to  his  former  high  office 
♦KoVl?  '"*^""  "f  ^^%  English  parliament  seems  at  that  time  to  imve  been 
that  the  necessity  of  the  king  should  be  made  the  advantage  of  the  sub 
^ct.     liie  close  restrictions  which  had  been  laid  upon  Henry  III  and 
Edward  11  were  now,  as  far  as  was  deemed  safe,  made  tlie  basis  of  the 
parliament's  demands  upon  Edward  III.  for  concessions  to  be  eranted  br 
him  m  return  for  a  grant  of  twenty  thousand  sacks  of  wool.    Edwird  waa 
BO  pressed  by  his  creditors,  that  he  was  obli{red  to  comply  with  the  terms 
hard  as  they  were;  but  as  soon  as  his  necessities  ber-amo  somewhat 
mitigated  he  revoked  all  that  he  deemed  offensive,  alledfiinir  that  he  was 
advised  to  do  so  by  ,^me  of  his  barons,  and  that  in  originally  inakiniVuch 
concessions  ho  had  dissembled  and  had  made  them  with  a  .ecr/ pEt 
A  most  dishonest  plea  in  itself,  and  one  which,  it  is  obvious,  would,  if 
and  moJke^rier  '""^^  ^*''^'""  ^"''''^  engagements  mere  deceptions 

„.„t  r"v?^~"r?'®^®'^^'°"*u'"  Brittany  led  to  a  state  of  affairs  which  re- 
viyed  Edward's  expiring  hope  of  conquering  France.  He  accordingly 
sent  a  strong  fleet  and  army  thither  to  the  aid  of  the  countess  of  Mount- 
fort,  who  was  besieged  by  Charles  of  Blois.  Robert  d'Artois,  who  cora- 
manded  this  force,  fought  a  successful  action  with  the  French,  and  landed 
his  troops  III  Brittany.  He  laid  siege  to  Vannes  and  took  it,  but  shortly 
afterwards  died  of  a  wound  received  at  the  retaking  of  that  place  by  a 
party  of  Breton  nobles  of  the  faction  of  Charles.  Deprived  of  tlie  services 
01  Kobert,  upon  whose  ability  and  valour  Edward  had  great  reliance,  he 
now  determined  to  proceed  in  person  to  the  aid  of  the  countess.  The 
truce  between  England  and  France  had  expired,  and  the  war  was  openly 
and  avowedly  to  be  carried  on  between  these  two  powers,  which  for  some 
time  had  really  been  breaking  their  truce  in  the  character  of  partisans  to 
the  respective  competitors  for  the  duchy  of  Brittany.  HaviiiR  landed 
near  Vannes  with  an  army  of  twelve  thousand  men,  Edward,  anxious  to 
make  some  important  impression,  and  greatly  over-rating  his  means  of 
doing  so,  simultaneously  commenced  three  sieges  ;  of  Vannes,  of  Ren- 
nes,  and  of  Nantes.  As  might  have  been  expected,  but  little  proRress  was 
made  by  a  small  force  thus  divided.  Even  the  chief  siege,  of  Vannes, 
that  was  conducted  by  Edward  in  person,  was  a  failure  ;  and  Edward  was 
at  lengh  obliged  to  concentrate  all  his  troops  in  ttjat  neighbourhood,  ou 
account  of  the  approach  of  Philip's  eldest  son,  the  duke  of  Normaiiuv 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  817 

ffith  an  army  of  thirty  thousand  foot  and  four  thoMsnn,i  hnr—     pj 
strongly  entrenched  himself;  but  he  80.m  bScamrso  Ifrcssed  foJ?r? 
visions,  while  his  antagonists,  both  of  the  fortress  anH.h»o.         P'°' 
well  and  fully  supplied,  that  he  was  dad  to  entfr  into  «  »t  *""y;  r'** 
years,  and  consent  to  Vannes  remafninff  in  the  h?Jds  S  *'""*'*' 

who  negotiated  the  truce,  and  all  the  Zer  8  rnnSw    ""rV  •  P^  '  '^«*'*-'' 
main  in  the  hands  of  ihosrwho  then  &^^^ 

England,  and  though  he  had  made  a  t'uee  for  the7ong^erTn  of  three"vl  *" 
it  is  quite  clear  from  his  conduct  that  he  merSv  dTso  n  pI  !  II  ^l-"' 
self  and  his  followers  from  actual  caDture     Hp  m.H„  !.?      f^}'"^^^f  him- 
tual  breach  of  the  treaty  by  the  puSrent  oUenlTo^Zt'^ 
were  partisans  of  England:    and  thp  nn^-iia^^r.     j     .•         .    ®' "^"'^ 
granted  him  a  fifteenth  fro  n  hrcountles^  a^^^  ti;fh'^?P^'''?u'*V'  ^'"T' 
for  two  years,  to  which  the  c  ergradded  a  tenth  fo  Srl?v  '^'  ''T"«^"' 
earl  of  berby,  son  of  the  earl  rLancas^e    "^3  tusin  o'^th^l-  """"^ 
now  sent  with  a  force  into  Guienne    and  ?,=«;„.  ^    f     ^L^^,^  '^'"^'  ^''^^ 
from  that  province,  he  XweTthe  count  of  LTsf.thl'p"'^  f  ^^^^il^ntn 
Bergerac   beat  him  from  his  eniJeSemt  td' took^^^^^^^^^^ 
afterwards  subjected  a  great  oart  of  Ppri<rnr,>  7  ^^a  *t  P'ace.    He 

b.lng  r..colle'cted  mi  SeinfoS  hi,  Tr^ a,  eid\„'™"'„?'  ^'l''- 

Ihecanitfll  wnniVi  -    T       supply  his  army,  while  the  very  proximitv  to 

Mrta  nee      Th  ,  Z"!^^'  ?"y  ""P'-e^ion  made  there  of  proportiomte  in" 

C   withTou  thou'sSK  T^^  ^''i'''''^  speedily'dis'embark  at  La 

~  ^'i^^unaHu  iiisii  uifaiurv,  Wlia 


318 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


I 


if  not  very  important  in  actual  line  of  battle,  were  admirably  aJanteil  m 
quality,  of  foragers  and  scouts,  to  be  serviceable  to  their  own  'ore«  .«S 
most  mischievous  to  the  enemy.  "" 

Having  destroyed  the  shippmg  in  La  Hogue,  Cherbourg,  and  Barfleur 
Edward,  who  on  landing  had  knighted  his  son  Edward  and  some  of  the 
young  nobility,  dispersed  alt  his  lighter  and  more  disorderly  trooos  an 
over  the  country,  with  orders  to  plunder  and  destroy,  without  other  res! 
tnction  than  that  they  should  return  to  their  camp  by  night.     The  effect 
of  this  order  was  to  spread  the  utmost  consternation  not  only  all  over  thn 
province,  but  even  to  Paris  itself;  and  as  Caen  seemed  most  likely  to  bs 
the  next  object  of  Edward's  enterprise,  the  Count  d'Eu,  constable  of  Franc* 
and  the  count  of  Tancarviile  were  dispatched  with  an  army  to  its  defenM 
As  had  been  foreseen,  Edward  could  not  resist  the  temptation  to  attack 
so  rich  a  place ;  and  the  inhabitants,  encouraged  by  the  presence  of  rear 
alar  troops,  joined  them  in  advancing  against  the  English.    But  the  zeal 
jf  these  civilians  gave  way  at  the  very  first  shock  of  battle,  the  trooDs 
were  swept  along  with  them,  both  the  counts  were  taken  prisoners  and 
the  conquering  troops  entered  and  plundered  the  city  with  every  circum 
stance  of  rage  and  violence.    The  unhappy  people  sought  to  procrasti! 
nate  their  doom  by  barricading  their  houses  and  assailing  tiie  English  wiih 
missiles  from  the  windows  and  house-tops,  and  the  soldiers,  enraired  at 
this  more  insulting  than  injurious  opposition,  set  fire  to  two  or  three 
houses  in  various  parts  of  the  town.    But  Edward,  alarmed  lest  the  spoil 
should  thus  be  lost,  stopped  ths  violence  of  his  troops,  and,  havin«r  made 
the  inhabitants  give  up  their  vain  resistance,  allowed  his  soldiers  To  plun- 
der the  place  in  an  orderly  and  deliberate  way  for  three  days,  reservini 
to  himself  all  jewels,  plate, silk,  and  fine  linen  and  woolen  cloths.    These 
together  with  three  hundred  of  the  most  considerable  citizens  of  Caen 
he  sent  over  to  England.  ' 

Edward  now  marched  towards  Rouen,  where  he  expected  to  have  a 
similar  profitable  triumph ;  but  finding  the  bridge  over  the  Seine  broken 
down,  and  the  king  of  France  in  person  awaiting  him  with  an  armv.he 
marched  towards  Pans,  plundering  and  committing  the  most  watitoiide- 
struction  on  the  road.  He  had  intended  to  pass  the  Seine  at  Poissy,  but 
found  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river  lined  with  the  French  troops,  and 
that  and  all  the  neighbouring  bridges  broken  down.  By  a  skilful  ma- 
noeuvre he  drew  the  French  from  Poissy,  returned  thiiher,  repaired  the 
bridge  with  wonderful  rapidity,  passed  over  with  his  whole  army,  and 
naving  thus  disengaged  himself  from  danger,  set  out  by  hasty  marches 
from  !<  landers.  His  vanguard  cut  to  pieces  the  citizens  of  Amiens,  who 
attempted  to  arrest  their  march ;  but  when  the  English  reached  the 
homme  they  found  themselves  as  ill  situated  as  ever,  all  the  bridges  be- 
ing either  broken  down  or  closely  guarded.  Guided  by  a  peasant,  Edward 
found  a  ford  at  Abbeville,  led  his  army  over  sword  in  hand,  and  put  to 
flight  the  opposing  French  under  Godemar  de  Faye,  the  main  body  of  the 
French,  under  their  king,  being  only  prevented  from  following  Edward 
across  the  ford  by  the  rising  of  the  tide. 

After  this  narrow  escape,  Edward,  unwilling  to  expose  himself  to  the 
enemy  s  superior  cavalry  force  in  the  open  plains  of  Pieardv,  halted  upon 
a  gentle  ascent  near  the  village  of  Crescy,  in  a  position  very  favourable 
for  his  awaiting  the  approach  of  the  French.  Having  disposed  his  army 
in  three  lines,  he  intrenched  his  flanks,  and  there  being  a  wood  in  iiis  rear, 
in  that  he  placed  his  baegage.  His  first  and  second  lines  he  committed 
to  the  young  prince  of  Wales,  with  the  earls  of  Warwick,  Oxford,  Arun. 
del,  and  Northampton,  and  the  lords  Chandos,  Holland,  Willoughby,  Ross 
and  other  eminent  leaders  ;  while  the  third  line,  under  his  own  immediate 
command,  he  kept  back  a    -x  corps  dt  reierve,  either  to  support  the  formef 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD.  819 

IJoVKemJ?"'''  *"'  ^  ""''"''^  *"^  impression  that  they  might  make 
In  addition  to  the  care  with  which  Edward  had  secured  his  flanks  and 
rear,  he  placed  in  his  front  some  cannon,  then  newly  invented  and  never 
before  used  to  any  extent  m  actual  battle.  His  opponent,  though  he  also 
possessed  cannon,  had  ,t  should  seem,  left  theni  behind  in  his  hasfv  and 
turious  march  from  Abbeville.  - 

Philip's  army  amounted  to  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  men;  but 
the  superiority  of  the  English  archers,  and  the  inefficiency  of  The  bow- 
strings  of  the  archers  on  the  French  side,  from  their  not  having  been  si 
cured  agamst  rain,  caused  the  very  first  charge  to  be  injurious  to  this  vaS 
and  tumultuous  host.  Young  Edward  no  soLer  percS"he  confusion 
that  took  place  in  the  crowded  ranks  of  his  enemy,  than  he  led  h is  1  nS 
steadily  into  the  mel6e,  and  so  furious  was  the  coSbat,  that  the  ear  of 
Warwick,  alarmed  lest  the  gallant  young  prince  should  be  overpowered 
sen  to  the  king,  who  surveyed  the  battle  from  a  neighbouring  hXand  in- 
treated  hnn  to  send  a  reinforcement.  Learning  thft  the  prince  was  not 
■vounded,  the  king  said  in  reply  to  Warwick's  message,  "Return  to  mv 
«>n,  and  tell  him  that  I  reserve  the  honour  of  the  day  to  him  ;  I  am  co"£ 
dent  tha  he  will  show  himself  worthy  of  the  honour  of  knighthoo?wh"ch 

r  '^t "!!."!  of  ^'rance,  far  from  inactive,  did  his  utmost  to  sustain  the  first 
me  by  that  which  was  under  his  own  command.     But  the  first  disadvan- 

pZin"hl3  It^',  'Tf''^'  t""^  '^?  «'^"^h^«^  momentaril^ecame  grS. 
Phihp  had  already  had  one  horse  killed  under  him,  and,  being  re-mounted 
wasagain  rushing  into  the  thickest  of  the  fight,  when  John  of  Ha  "ault 
seized  the  bridle  and  literally  dragged  him  from  the  field.  The  b"t1L Ta, 
uow  changed  into  a  complete  rout,  and  the  vanquished  French  were  pursued 
and  iaughtered  until  nightfall.  When  the  king  received  his  gallant  son. 
hnnnlhl  ''''''  ^"  ^'T^  exclaiming,  "My  brave  son.  persLvfre  in  you; 

^  Theloss  to  hf  F^^'"/*'"  "i-""  "*"^"  yourself  worth/of  empire." 
knSs  HOoVp^fH!  '.nL^*"'"  '""''  ^^^^^  «^°*^'°n  amounted  to  1200 
rinrr.nl,  2  P"'T^"^'*?°^"»^"-^*-^™«'  2"^  ^bout  30,000  men  of  infe- 
and  Bourbo.fr""  'f  'S  «f/»P«^i«r  rank,  were  the  dukes  of  Lorraine 
nf  \S  •  ^/  ^^'}^  "f  Flanders,  Blois,  and  Vaudemont,  and  the  kings 
of  Majorca  and  Bohemia.  The  latter  king,  though  very  old  and  qu"fe 
ad  hi  SSrr  «f  ^T.^'^'u  f'-«'"/^'^i"?  -  personal  part  L  the  bat?le?bit 
oJrn  orHpr  ir  1m  "^^'^k''  u^°'^  °^  '"'^  attendants,  and  was  thus,  by  his 

S  T  !;    "^^iJ'l^  motto  were  a  triple  ostrich  plume  and  the  words  IcA 

b2e  bv^r'hl?"^  ^""^  '•^^P'^''  ^y  "'«  P""««  "<■  ^Vales,  and  have  been 

Of  thi«  hlni    successors,  in  memory  of  this  most  decisive  battle, 
beenririit  "^^  ""^y  ""emark  as  of  a  former  one,  that  it  seems  to  have 
ai  a  n  ,mh5''%™']f^^''«"'^y/«"«^^«'^  »P'  for  ^vhile  the  French  lost  so 
mleZ^fl  ""^  *"  ranks  the  English  lost  only  three  knights,  one 
esquire,  and  a  few  common  soldiers 

manv  eirmimi''''*'"''''  '''''*°'*^  T"^'*'*'  dearly  perceived  that  for  the  present 

SarJthnT       m"?',)^'^"'^''  *'''"  *°  !""'*  his  ambition  to  capturing  soine 

cor  Slv  Sif  '»"/'"?««  ^^7^  •l*'"  ^  ^'^^y  entrance  iiUo^-'ranfe    and 

soil  •  «"„ t'  7'^""^^''ll'?''*  "f  Burgundy,  commanded  this  important  garri- 
H^Z  we  r/uonlS  w'ir'' '"  '"%^Yy '"?h  reputation  anS  eipeS. 
nni«!it  L.       PuPPl'ea  with  means  of  defence ;  and  Edward  at  the  ven; 

,^n,      ric  aut-urujr.j{iy  mtrencnea  tiio  wiioie  city  and 


320 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


f 


formed  his  camp,  causing  his  soldiers  to  raise  thatched  huts  for  their  pro. 
tection  fium  the  severity  of  the  weather  during  the  wiiitnr.  De  Vieiine 
judging  wlmt  was  Edward's  design,  sent  all  the  superfluous  hands  out  of 
the  city,  and,  to  the  honour  of  Edward  be  it  said,  he  not  only  let  the  belt), 
less  people  pass  through  his  lines,  but  even  supplied  them  with  money  U) 
aid  them  in  seeking  some  other  place  of  refuge. 

During  twelve  montlis  Edward  was  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Calais  and 
the  earl  of  Derby  was  during  that  period  carrying  on  war  in  Guienne 
Poicters,  and  the  southern  provinces  of  France.     Charles  of  Blois  at  the 
same  time  invaded  Brittany,  and  laid  siege  to  the  castle  of  Rochelle  de 
Rien,  where  he  was  attacked  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  countess  of  Mom 
fort.    Wiiile  she  and  her  rival  and  antagonist,  the  wife  of  Charles  de  Blois 
were  displaying  their  courage  and  talents  in  France,  King  Edward's  queen 
Philippa,  was  still  more  importantly  exerting  herself  in  England.    The 
Scots  had  a  few  years  before  recalled  their  king,  David  Bruce,  and  though 
they  could  not  greatly  rely  upon  his  talent  or  prowess,  they  were  ciicoiir 
aged  by  the  engagement  of  Edward  in  France  to  make  an  irruption  into  the 
northern  English  counties,  to  which  they  were  strongly  urged  by  the  kino 
of  France,  who  in  all  his  truces  with  Edward  had  siiown  groat  regard  for 
the  safety  and  welfare  of  Scotland.     With  an  army  of  50,000  men  David 
Bruce  broke  into  Northumberland,  and  ravaged  and  devastated  the  couii. 
try  as  far  south  as  the  city  of  Durham.     I'hilippa,  doubly  indignant  th»t 
such  an  outrage  should  be  committed  during  llin  absence  of  h(;r  husband 
got  together  an  army  of  only  about  12,000  men,  which  she  placed  under 
the  command  of  Lord  Piercy,  and  accompanied  it  and  him  to  Neville's 
cross,  near  Durham.     Here  she  addressed  tlie  troojjs  in  a  very  spirited 
speech,  and  could  scarcely  bo  persuaded  to  retire  even  when  the  haltle 
actually  commenced.     The  result  was  proportionate  to  the  gallantry  ol 
the  attempt.   The  Scots  were  completely  routed,  with  a  loss  of  from  fifinci: 
to  twenty  thousand  killed,  among  whom  were  Keith,  the  earl  inarBlial,  and 
Sir  Thomas  Charteris,  the  chancellor;  and  among  a  vast  number  of  pris- 
oners were  David  Bruce  himself,  the  earls  of  Fife,  Sutherland,  Monteilh 
and  Carricik,  the  lord  Douglas,  and  many  nobles  of  less  note. 

Queen  Philippa,  after  lodging  her  important  prisoners  in  tlie  Tower  ol 
London,  was  herself  the  bearer  of  the  news  to  Edward,  who  was  still  be- 
fore Calais,  where  she  was  received  with  all  the  applau.ie  and  admiration 
due  to  her  gallant  and  more  than  womanly  devotion  under  circuinstancei 
so  dillicult. 

A.  I).  1347.— John  de  Vienne  in  his  defence  of  Calais  had  well  justified 
nis  sovereign's  choice  of  him.  But  as  Philip  had  in  vain  endeavoured  to 
relievo  him,  and  a<;tual  famine  hitd  begun  its  dreadful  work  upon  the 
garrison,  De  Viuiine  now  offered  to  surrender,  on  condition  that  the  live* 
and  liberties  of  his  brave  fellows  should  be  spared.  But  Kdward  was  so 
irritated  by  the  very  gallantrv  which,  as  Do  Vienne  very  pertinently  ar 
gued.hn  would  have  expected  from  any  one  of  his  own  knights  under  sim- 
ilar ciroutiistances,  that  he  at  first  would  hear  of  nothing  short  of  the 
whole  garrison  surrendering  at  discretion ;  but  he  was  at  length  persiia 
ded  to  alter  his  terms,  though  even  then  he  required  that  the  keys  of  the 
place  should  be  delivered  to  him  by  six  of  the  principal  citizens,  biirehomlod, 
and  with  ropes  upon  their  necks,  and  that,  as  the  price  of  the  safely  of 
the  Harrison,  these  six  men  should  bo  at  his  absolute  disposal  for  either 
life  or  death. 

'I'o  NtMul  six  mull  to  what  seemed  certain  destruction  could  not  fail  to  Ik? 
a  lorrifying  proposition.    Tho  whole  garrison  was  in  dismay ;  but  Kuslice 
St.  Pierre  nobly  volunteered  ;  his  example  was  followed  by  five  oilier  m 
triots,  and  the  six  brave  men  appeared  in  the  prescribed  form  before  Ed 
ward,  who  only  spared  their  lives— even  after  this  touching  proof  of  tlieit 

Philippa.  *  ' 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


Mt 


Oil  taking  possession  of  Calais,  Edward  adopted  a  plan  far  more  politic 
than  any  inhuman  execution  of  brave  men  could  have  l,een;  for.  cSid. 
ering  that  everv  I-  renchman  must  needs  be  an  enemy  to  hii,  ho  cleared 
this  important  key  to  France  of  all  its  native  inhabitants,  and  made  it  ! 
complete  English  colony.  " 

A.  D.  1349.— Even  this  politic  measure,  and  a  truce  which  now  exister! 
between  trance  and  England,  had  well  nigh  failed  to  preserve  to  Edward 
this  only  valuable  ftruit  of  aU  his  expense  of  blood  and  treasure     He  en- 
trusted  the  governorship  of  Calais  to  a  native  of  Paris,  who  had  the  reou- 
fation  of  bravery,  but  wfio  was  utterly  unrestrained  by  any  feelinirof  fl<fe|. 
ity;  and  this  man  volunteered  to  deliver  his  important  trust  to  Geoffrev 
deCharni.the  commander  of  the  nearest  French  troops,  on  pavment  ol 
twenty  thousand  crowns.    The  traitor  was  himself  betrayed  by  his  secre- 
tary, who  despatched  tidings  of  the  intended  treachery  in  time  to  enahli. 
Edward  with  Sir  Walter  Manny  and  the  prince  of  wifei?  to  riach  Cala  s 
with  a  thousand  men.     The  governor  was  secured  and  taxed  with  h  « 
crime;  and  easily  consented  as  the  price  of  his  pardon,  to  lead  the  French 
into  the  ambush  prepared  for  thein  by  Edward.     The  French  appeared 
and  were  attacked  and  coiufuered.     Edward  himself  fought  as  a  mere  Dri- 
vate  gentlemen,  and  was  twice  felled  to  the  earth  by  his  gallant  antagonist, 
Sir  Kiistace  de  Hibaumont,  who  at  length  suriendered  to  him.    Those  of 
the  French  officers  who  were  captured  were  treated  with  much  distinc- 
tion  by  hdward  and  his  heroic  son  ;  and  the  king  not  only  gave  Eustace 
de  Ribaumoiit  his  liberty  without  ransom,  but  also  presented  him  with  a 
handsome  cliap  et  of  pearls,  which  he  desired  him  to  wear  in  memory  of 
having  proved  t!ie  stoutest  knight  with  whom  the  king  of  England  had  ever 
been  personally  engaged.  «"c»Dr 

Edward,  partly  in  commemoration  of  his  toils  in  France  and  partly  to 
elevate  the  warlike  spirit  among  his  nobles,  shortly  afterwards  established 
he  order  of  the  Garter;  an  order  which,  being  to  this  very  day  limited 
to  twenty-five  persons  beside  the  sovereign,  is  one  of  the  proudest  and 
most  envied  rewards  of  eminent  merit. 

A.D.  1349.— This  year  deserves  especial  remark  from  the  awful  posti- 
ence  which,  arising  iii  the  Rust,  swept  with  fierce  and  destroying  power 
hrough  Kngland,  as  throiifri,  „ii  the  rest  of  Europe,  carrying  off  on  an  ave 
rage  a  lull  tlurd  of  the  population  of  evciry  country  in  which  it  made  its 

Ja'v  \^^^xT'^}'^^  miseries  inflicted  by  the  pestilence  upon  both  France 
and  Lngiand  tended  to  prolong  the  cessation  of  arms  between  them  ;  but 
tharles,  king  of  Navarre,  surnamed,  very  appropriately,  the  Had,  caused 
much  bloodshed  and  disturbance  in  France  ;  and  Edward,  at  length  wea- 
ned with  peace,  allied  himself  with  the  French  malcontents,  and  sent  an 
armv  under  the  heroic  prince  of  Wales— who  was  now  generally  known 
hy  the  title  of  the  Black  Prince,  from  the  colour  of  his  armour-to  make 
an  incursion  on  the  side  of  OuicMine,  while  he  himself  broke  in  on  the  aide 
01  ivBlais. 

Each  of  these  incursions  was  productive  of  great  loss  to  the  French. 

Sana  01  numerous  prisoners  and  much  spoil  to  the  English,  but  led  to  no 
-neralor  decisive  engngoment ;  and  before  any  such  could  bo  brought  on. 
dward  was  ca  led  over  to  England  to  prepare  for  a  threatened  invasion 
,J.i  , .  ?  ?•  *''°  ''."'^  Hurprised  Herwick,  and  had  gathered  an  army  mere 
ready  to  fall  upon  the  north  of  England.  Hut  at  Edwanl's  approach  flioy 
^ircii  to  the  mouiilaiiiH,  and  ho  marched  without  encountering  an  eneniv 
TZ  txVi^  to  Edinburgh,  plundering  and  burnin«  at  every  step.  Baliol 
a  ended  Edward  on  this  occasion,  and  was  either  so  disgusted  with  thi. 
win  which  ho  saw  inflicted,  or  so  utterly  hopeless  of  ever  establishin.^ 

"on  01  his  nreteiisioiis,  la  exchange  for  a  pension  of  two  thousand  poun.U 


m' 


^im^iii 


822 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


A.  D.  1356. — The  prince  of  Wales  in  the  meantime  iiad  penetrated  into 
the  very  heart  of  France,  and  committed  incredible  havoc.  Having  only 
an  army  of  12,000  men,  most  of  whom  were  foreign  mercenaries,  lie  was 
anxious  to  march  into  Normandy,  and  form  a  junction  with  the  king  of  Na- 
varre and  the  English  force  that  was  assisting  that  monarch,  under  the 
command  of  the  earl  of  Lancaster  ;  but  every  bridge  being  broken  down 
and  every  jjass  guarded,  he  next  directed  his  march  towards  Guienne. 
John,  king  of  France,  who  had  succeeded  Philip  of  Valoia,  though  a  mild 
and  just  prince  was  a  very  brave  man;  and,  being  enraged  by  the  destrup 
tion  wrought  bv  the  young  prince,  he  got  together  an  army  of  nearly 
60,000  men,  with  which  he  overtook  the  Black  Prince  at  Maupertuis,  near 
Poitiers;  and  the  prince  having  done  all  that  hiy  in  his  power  to  prevent 
himself  from  being  compelled  to  fight  at  a  disadvantage,  now  exerted  him- 
self no  less  to  avoid  defeat  even  while  so  fighting. 

With  so  great  a  superiority  of  force,  the  French  king,  by  merely  sur- 
rounding  the  English,  might  without  any  risk  have  starved  them  into 
submission  ;  but  both  John  and  his  principal  nobles  were  so  eager  to  close 
with  and  totally  destroy  so  daring  and  mischievous  an  enemy,  that  they 
overlooked  all  the  cooler  suggestions  of  prudence.  Even  this  hot  haste 
would  perhaps  have  proved  fatal  to  the  English ;  but,  fortunately  for  them, 
though  John  had  no  patience  to  surround  Tiis  enemy  and  starve  him  into 
submission,  lie  did  allow  his  impetuosity  to  be  just  sufficiently  checked 
to  afford  that  enemy  time  to  make  the  very  best  of  his  situation,  bad  as  it 
really  was. 

The  French  had  already  drawn  up  in  order  of  battle,  and  were  prepar- 
ing for  that  furious  and  instant  onset  which,  next  to  patient  hemming  in  of 
the  English,  would  have  been  their  most  certain  means  of  success,  when 
King  John  suffered  himsef  to  be  delayed  to  enable  the  cardinal  of  Peri- 
gora  to  endeavour  to  bring  the  English  to  terms  without  fartiier  blood- 
shed. The  humane  endeavour  of  the  cardinal  was  not  ill  received  by  the 
Black  Prince,  who  was  fully  sensible  of  the  disadvantageous  position 
which  he  occupied,  and  who  frankly  confessed  his  willingness  to  muke 
any  terms  not  inconsistent  with  honuor ;  and  offered  to  purchase  nn  uiiiis- 
sailed  retreat  by,  Ist,  the  cession  of  all  the  conquests  he  iiad  made  during 
this  and  the  preceding  campaign,  and  2dly,  pledging  himself  not  to  serve 
against  France  for  seven  years  from  that  date.  Happy  would  it  have 
been  for  John  had  ho  been  contented  with  those  prof!ored  advantages. 
But  he  imagined  that  the  fate  of  the  English  was  now  absolutely  at  his 
disposal,  and  he  demanded  the  surrender  of  Calais,  together  with  Prince 
Edward  and  a  hundred  of  his  knights  as  prisoners ;  IcrniH  which  Kdward 
indignantly  refused. 

By  the  time  that  the  negotiation  was  terminated  the  day  was  too  far 
spent  to  allow  the  commencement  of  action,  and  Edward  thus  gained  the 
inestimable  advantage  of  having  the  whole  night  at  his  disposal  to  strength- 
en his  post  and  alter  the  disposition  of  his  forces.  Besides  greatly  adding 
to  the  cxt(>nt  and  stn-ngth  of  his  intrcnchments,  he  caused  the  ciiptal  de 
Buoho,  with  three  hundred  archers  and  the  like  number  of  men-nt-arms, 
to  make  a  circuit  and  lie  In  junbush  ready  to  seize  the  first  favourable  o[h 
poitmiity  of  falling  suddenly  on  the  Hank  or  roar  of  the  encniy.  The 
main  body  of  hia  troops  the  prnice  had  under  his  own  connnand  ;  the  van 
ho  entrusted  to  the  earl  of  Warwick  ;  the  roar  to  the  curls  of  Salisbury  and 
Suffolk  ;  Hi^d  even  the  chief  subdivisions  were  headed,  for  the  most  part, 
by  warriors  of  scarcely  inferior  fame  and  experience. 

The  king  of  France  also  drew  nnt  his  army  in  three  divisions;  thn  fir^t 
of  which  was  commanded  by  his  orothcr  the  duke  of  Orleans,  the  smmd 
by  the  dauphin  and  two  of  John's  younger  sons,  and  the  third  by  John  him- 
•«lf,  who  was  nccompanic'l  by  his  fourth  son,  Philip,  then  only  f(>orte<'n 
yMn  uld 


HIST.ORY   OF  THE   WuRLD. 


823 


The  compaiatjve  weakness  of  the  English  army  was  compensated  bv 
,18  position,  which  only  allowed  of  the  enemy  approaching  it  along  a  nar- 
row lane  flanked  by  thick  hedges.    A  strong  advanced  guard  of  the 
French,  led  by  marshals  Clermont  and  Andreheu,  commenced  the  engage- 
ment  by  marching  along  this  lane  to  open  a  passage  for  the  main  armv 
This  detachment  was  dreadfully  gallecfand  thinned  by  the  English  arch- 
ers, who  from  behind  the  hedges  poured  in  their  deadly  arrows   with- 
out being  exposed  to  the  risk  of  retaliation.     But,  in  spite  of  the  terrible 
slaughter,  this  gallant  advanced  guard  pushed  steadily  forward,  and  the 
survivors  arrived  at  the  end  of  the  lane  and  bravely  charged  upon  a  strons 
body  of  the  English  which  awaited  them  under  the  command  of  the  princi 
in  person.    But  the  contest  was  short  as  it  was  furious;  the  head  of  this 
brave  and  devoted  column  was  crushed  even  before  its  rear  could  fairly 
emerge  from  the  lane.     Of  the  two  marshals,  one  was  taken  prisoner  an5 
the  olher  slam  on  the  spot,  and  the  rear  of  the  beaten  column  retreated  in 
disorder  upon  its  own  armv,  galled  at  every  step  by  the  ambushed  arch- 
ers.    At  the  very  instant  that  the  hurried  return  of  their  beaten  friends 
threw  Ifie  French  army  into  confusion,  ll*  captal  de  Buche  and  his  de- 
tachment  made  a  well-timed  and  desperate  charge   upon  the  French 
flank,  so  close  to  the  dauphin,  that  the  nobles  who  had  the  charjre  of  that 
young  prince  became  alarmed  for  his  safety,  and  hurried  him  from  the 

The  flight  of  the  dauphin  and  his  immediate  attendants  was  a  signal  for 
that  ofthe  whole  division;  the  duke  of  Orleans  and  his  division  followed 
the  example;  and  the  vigilant  and  gallant  Lord  Chandos  seized  upon  the 
important  instant,  and  called  to  Prince  Kdward  to  charge  with  all  his 
chivalry  upon  the  only  remaining  division  of  the  French,  which  was  under 
tf.Tlff  ^  command  of  John  himself.  Feeling  that  all  depended  upon 
h.8  one  eff-ort,  John  fought  nobly.  The  three  generals  who  commanSed 
the  German  auxiliaries  of  his  army  fell  within  sight  of  him ;  young  Philip. 
itZTl^,  T?H  ^J^>'^\^.^*'»' «  hero's  spirit  in  defence  of  hj;  father,  wa^s 

iTvS?  •■     V!"-^  <""«  ^""''^^'^  ^"«  "^^^f"'  '''n«8  «">y  8«ved  from  death 
by  the  desire  of  his  immediate  assailants  to  make  him  prisoner;  yet  still 

J!„i?  ?k'''^  ^''T'^'"^  and  brandished  his  blade  as  brntely  as  though  his 
hHil^f  ?J?^  triumphant.  Even  when  ho  was  sinking  with  fatigue 
Iptfr^^  l^f  the  prince  in  person  should  receive  his  sword;  but  at 
S  'nfff 'I''!'"®"^  I'y  numbers,  and  being  informed  tliat  the  prince  was 
n^  ..a  n  °.^k''"^'"  '"  '''"  "P*"'  h«  threw  down  his  gauntlet,  and  he 
2  iJ  „f^f""^  ^7  were  taken  prisoners  by  Sir  Dennis  do  Morbec,  a 
Sder  '  ^'"°'"  his  country  on  being  charged  with 

h  J'f!  *^r""i  ^^"11  ^\'''^h  John  had  displayed  ought  to  have  protected 
trhnri«i"''^'';u'  ''"'  '°'"«  ^'"Kh«h  -'I'liors  rescued  him  from  de 
Jon.  „;.  Tf  °[  h"'"K  rewarded  as  his  actual  captor.  ;  and  some  Gas- 
S.  lu''?  the  same  motives,  endeavoured  to  wrest  him  from  the 
thSlni/1.^  '.'"'^?''*'v':'*"  'I'®  '^'■P'''*''  *hat  some  on  botli  sides  loudly 
nent,  whlf  ^'T  '".""^  ^""  "'.'»"/"  P""  ^"h  him  living  to  their  oppi 
ELL  nir^  fortunately,  the  earl  of  Warwick,  dispatched  Ey  the  priiu^  of 
wales,  arrived  up<)n  the  s,K)t  and  conducted  him  in  safety  to  the  rdyal  tent. 
Bbin  rhi,,,  .r'"" .,"  *=°»f«8"  n"J  «'>nrf"''t  i"  Iho  field  wore  not  more  credit- 
hennas  .,".'""'  ""•''*'!'«>"''  perfectly  unafTecled  humanity  with  which 
due  ?H  h  111  ''''  ^»"4""'.h«'l  enemy,  llerocoived  him  at  histent.  and  con- 
uuciea  nimseir  as  an  Inferior  waiting  upon  a  superior  ;  onrnestlv  and  trulv 

Sm     i?"'  prisoner's  chair  during  the  banquet  witli  which  ho  was 

l.rilon;r.wiL"!^^P'^"^''J''  P"""'"  **"  foUowrdbyhisarmy;  an  the 
IIl°ir;"„*f.^"."!""?.'''^'  ?"'l_»t  ^  '«h  modurato  ransoms  as  did  not  press 
dlfTB  wotlthy'"^'""*"^*  '"""•'*'  ^"""^  '^reat  number  made  the  Englkh  i«o' 


324 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Ldward  now  made  a  truce  with  the  French  for  two  years  and  conducu 
ed  John  to  to  London,  treating  him  not  as  a  captive  but  as  a  monan-h. 
taking  care  himself  to  appear,  alike  as  to  horse  and  attire,  as  a  neS 
of  inferior  station.  '     "" 

King  Edward  showed  his  approval  of  his  son's  modest  and  delicate  con 
duct  by  closely  imitating  it;  advancing  to  Southwark  to  meet  John  on 
his  landing  there,  and  in  every  sense  treating  him  not  as  a  captive  but  »« 
a  monarch  and  voluntary  visitor.  ^  ^ 

Edward  had  now  two  kings  his  prisoners  in  London.  But  the  contin 
ued  captivitv  of  David  Bruce  had  proved  less  injurious  to  Scotland  than 
fcdward  had  apticipated,  the  power  of  that  country  being  ably  and  imle 
fatigably  directed  by  David's  heir  and  nephew,  Robert  Stuart.  Edwari 
therefore  restored  David  to  liberty  at  a  ransom  of  100,000  marks  forth), 
payment  of  which  the  sons  of  his  principal  nobles  became  hostages 

A.  D.  1358.— Though  the  very  virtues  of  John,  king  of  France,  werecal- 
culated  to  encourage  disobedience  to  him  in  so  turbulent  and  ill-regulated 
an  age,  and  m  a  country  so  often  convulsed  as  France  was  by  beini  made 
the  theatre  of  war,  yet  his  absence  was  early  and  visibly  productive  ofin- 
Jury  and  disturbance  to  his  kingdom.     If  his  goodness  had  been  some- 
times imposed  upon  and  his  kindness  still  more  frequently  abused  vet 
as  It  was  well  known  that  he  had  both  wisdom  and  courage,  his  nres. 
ence  had  kept  the  ill-disposed  within  certain  bounds.     The  dauphin,  upon 
whom  the  difficult  task  now  lay  of  ruling  during  the  imprisonment  of  h^s 
fa  her,  was  brave  and  of  good  capacity ;  but  heliad  one  fatal  defect,  in  it- 
self  sufficient  to  incapacitate  him  for  fully  supplying  his  father's  place :  he 
was  only  eighteen  years  of  age.    How  far  that  circumstance  weakened 
his  authority  appeared  on  the  very  first  occasion  of  his  assembling  tht 
Btates.  Though  his  father  was  now  made  captive  in  defending  the  kingdom 
the  young  dauphin  no  sooner  demanded  the  supplies  which  his  father's  cap 
tivity  and  the  situation  of  the  kingdom  rendered  so  necessary,  than  he  waf 
met  not  by  a  generous  vote  of  sympathy,  confidence,  and  assistance,  bm 
by  a  harsh  and  eager  demand  for  the  limitation  of  the  royal  authoritv,  foi 
redress  of  certain  alledged  grievances,  and  for  the  liberation  of  the  kingo) 
JNavarre,  who  had  been  so  mischievous  to  France  even  while  John  was  ai 
liberty  to  oppose  him,  and  whose  liberation  now  might  rationally  be  ex 
pected  to  be  productive  of  the  very  worst  consequences.    This  ungener 
ous  conduct  of  the  states  did  not  lack  imitators.     Marcel,  provost  of  th.< 
merchants,  the  first  and  most  influential  magistrate  of  Paris,  instead  oi 
using  the  weight  of  his  authority  to  aid  the  dauphin,  actually  constituted 
himself  the  ringleader  of  the  rabble,  and  encouraged  them  in  the  most  in- 
solent and  unlawful  conduct.     The  dauphin,  tlitiH  situated,  found  that  he 
was  less  the  ruler  than  the  prisoner  of  these  ungrateful  men,  who  carried 
their  brutal  disrespect  so  far  as  to  murder  in  his  presence  the  marshals 
de  Clermont  and  do  Conflans.     As  usual,  the  indulgence  of  ili-dispoai 
tions  increased  their  strength;  all  the  other  friends  and  ministers  of  the 
dauphin  were  threatened  with  the  fate  of  the  murdered  marshals,  and  he 
at  length  seized  an  opportunity  to  escape.    The  frantic  demngogues  of 
Fans  now  openly  levied  war  against  the  dnupliin,  and  it  is  scarcely  iieces- 
aary  to  add  that  their  example  was  speedily  followed  by  every  large  town 
in  the  kingdom.     Those  of  the  nobles  who  deemed  it  time  to  exert  ihm- 
selves  in  support  of  tho  royal  authority  wt-ro  taunted  with  their  flight  from 
the  oattle^of  Maupertuis,  or  as  it  was  generally  termed,  of  Poitiers ;  the 
yj     ^*^"^'*   «""  liberated  from  prison  by  aid  of  the  disafl^ccted. 
and  the  whole  kingdom  was  the  prey  of  the  most  horrible  disorders. 

The  dauphin,  rather  by  his  judgment  than  by  his  military  tnlenis,  re- 
duced the  country  at  length  to  something  like  order.  Edward  in  the 
meantime  had  practised  so  Buccossfully.  and,  we  may  add,  so  ungen- 
flrOUlly.  UDOn  the  raotivc  John.  ««  to  i>id>>'*'>  >>■  —  'o  ■>"••  -  ••■oiu>  vJhinh 


HISTOBY  OP  THE  WORLD.  325^ 

wia  80  manilestly  and  unfairly  injurious  to  France,  that  the  dauphin  re. 
fused  to  be  bound  by  it.  (a.  d.  1359-60.)  War  consequently  was  te- 
commenced  by  Edward ;  but  though  the  English  armies  traversed  France 
from  end  to  end,  and  committed  the  most  disgraceful  ravages,  Edward's 
success  was  so  disproportionate,  and  his  advantages  constantly  proved  so 
fleeting,  that  even  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  his  own  near  relative  and  zeal- 
ous  as  well  as  able  general,  remonstrated  with  him  upon  his  absurd  obsti- 
nacy m  insisting  upon  terms  so  extreme,  that  they  were  calculated  rather 
to  induce  desperation  than  to  incline  to  submission. 

These  remonstrances,  backed  as  they  were  by  the  whole  circumstances 
of  the  case,  at  length  led  Edward  to  incline  to  more  reasonable  terms 
By  way  of  salvo  to  his  dignity,  or  pride,  he  professed  to  have  made  si 
vow  during  an  awful  tempest  which  threatened  the  destruction  of  his 
armv,  and  in  obedience  to  this  his  alledged  vow  he  now  concluded  peace 
on  the  following  footing,  viz.:  that  King  John  should  be  restored  to  lib- 
erty at  a  ransom  of  three  millions  of  golden  crowns ;  that  Edward  should 
for  himself  and  his  successors  renounce  all  claim  to  the  crown  of  France, 
and  to  his  ancestral  provinces,  Anjou,  Touraine,  Maine,  and  Normandy: 
and  should  in  exchange  receive  other  specified  districts  in  that  direction, 
with  Calais,  Guisnes,  Montreuil,  and  Ponthieu,  on  the  other  side  of  France 
in  full  and  independent  sovereignty ;  together  with  sundry  other  stipula-' 
tions  John  was  accordingly  restored  to  liberty;  and  as  he  had  been  per- 
gonally  well  treated  in  England,  and,  besides,  was  at  all  times  greatly  in- 
dined  to  sincerity,  he  seems  to  have  exerted  himself  to  the  utmost  to 
cause  the  treaty  to  be  duly  fulfilled.  But  the  people  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Guienne  were  obstinately  bent  against  living  under  the  English  do- 
minion;  and  some  other  difficulties  arose  which  induced  John  to  return 

'"    ",^i5S«    '"  "'®  ^°P®  °^  adjusting  matters,  when  he  sickened  and  died. 
A.  D.  1363. 

A.  D.  1364.— Charles  the  dauphin,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  ot 
France,  devoted  his  first  efforts  to  settling  all  disturbances  in  his  owrt 
realm,  and  ridding  it  ol  the  numerous  "free  companions,''  who,  soldiers  in 
Ume  ol  war  and  robbers  in  time  of  peace,  were  one  of  the  principal 
causes  of  all  the  disorder  that  reigned;  and  he  was  prudent  enough  to 
cause  them  to  flock  to  that  Spanish  war  in  which  the  Black  Prince  most 
imprudently  took  part. 

Having  got  rid  of  this  dangerous  set  of  men,  and  having  with  secret 
gladness  boheld  the  Black  PriiicQ  ruining  himself  alike  in  health  and  for- 
Uine  in  the  same  war  which  drafted  so  many  desperate  ruffians  from 
Prance,  (.liailes,  in  the  very  face  of  his  father's  treaty,  assunuul  a  feudal 
power  to  which  he  had  no  just  claim.  Edward  recommenced  war;  but 
inough  b  ranee  once  more  was  extensively  ravaged,  a  truce  was  at  length 
■ped  upon,  when  the  varied  events  of  war,  consisting  rather  of  the 
iKirmishes  of  freebooters  than  of  the  great  strife  of  armies,  had  left  Ed- 
ward  scarce  a  foot  of  ground  in  France,  save  Calaia,  Bourdeaux,  and 

A.  D.  1376.-Ed ward  the  Black  Prince,  feeble  in  health,  had  for  some 
limo  past  been  visibly  hastening  to  the  grave.  His  warlike  prowess  and 
n  I  unsullied  virtuo-unsullied  save  by  that  warlike  fury  which  all  man- 
ma  are  prone  to  rate  as  virtue— made  his  condition  the  source  of  a  verv 
leep  and  universal  interest  in  England,  which  was  greatly  heightened  bv 
he  unpopularity  of  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  who,  it  wai  feared,  would 
PriL    .  "  ^^"  "f  '''^  minority  of  Richard,  son  and  heir  of  the  Black 

and  pa mful,  and  the  Black  Prince,  amid  the  sorrow  of  the  wliole  nation. 
cf,5L  ""  mu  ?'*'  ^^  •'""«•  '"  *''«  very  prime  of  manhood,  aged  only 
fonviix.    The  king,  who  was  visibly  affected  by  the  !»»•  of  his  -isi^ 


326 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


I 


lived  only  a  year  longer,  dying  on  the  2l8t  of  June,  1377  in  the  su»  „ 
of  his  reign,  and  in  the  65th  of  his  age.  ^'*'  y*^ 

The  sense  of  power  is  usually  more  influential  on  men's  iiifl„m»  . 
Uian  the  sense  of  right;  and  though  his  wars  both  with  ScoST] 
Ht«?l''?"''VjL^'"''*^'^ '"  tyrannous  self-will,  the  splendour  of  hU^w? 
m^L?h"\'*"'*  th«vigour  of  his  character  made  him  belLd  S  '. 

love  to  linger  over  his  re  gn.     His  verv  iniustifP  tr.  fnr«^„„  1    "'^""sn 
sedition  and  its  fearful  evifs  afar  t^mlCrLbj/ctr-^^^^^^^^^ 
himself  but  too  burdensome  In  the  way  of  taxauiriie  at  lea  tt?' 

irS  t\l^^\^^-  '^^  P^°P'^  «*  ^^'Se  to  be  unmolested  in  the?r  privSS' 

Tended  ir%\hL'"-T''\'  l^""''^''^^  «"d  'heir  reasonable  demands  I' 
It^hil       It  has,  indeed,  been  generally  admitted  that  he  was  on/ri 

^nd  th»  T^  /"n'  '""«'"«»«  »^ing«  that  ever  sat  on  the  EnglTsh  tlimne 
and  that  his  faults  were  great  v  outweiffhed  hv  his  h*...^;!.  I,:  V  '"™"^' 
amiable  qualities.  On  theVholJ,  the  Td|„  of  fiLird  IlT  as  if  wa«  ? 
of  the  longest,  so  was  it  also  one  of  the  brightest  in  EnglaJiA  WsTory    ' 


CHAPTER  XXVn. 

THE   REIQN    OF   RICHARD    II. 

Di*"  ,'*•*?''''— Edward   HI.  was  succeeded  by  Richard  H     son  nf  th^ 

hit  hp^v."^?,-    ^^'  ""r  l'"^  ^««  ^"'  l"t'«  '""'•«  ban  ele";;! '"ears  ol5 
but  he  had  three  uncles,  the  dukes  of  Lancaster,  York   and  CMmirpCf; 
whose  authority  aided  by  the  habits  of  obedience  wh  ch  Jhe  RmruRl 
S^mSif;'"''^''"'^''^^"        '°  P"-"-'-  ^'  ^he  lea'st'^'tdi:' 

haJl:i::5^^"='3s:5tK^r^ 

tL^  nh  """"'".f "^"  ""'^  J'*  ''^^P  ^"«  order  and  gravUy  n  the  iebTs 
fe  luot' Pker  I'T  V*'""'^''  ''"'  little  gratitude^  to  tL  late  ling  fS 
msiUon  tf^he  iLL  kil*"'"'  "  •"?"  ''*^^^'*'^  distinguished  himself  by  op- 
C^t  Xou  If  V^  "iims ters,  and  had  been  imprisoned  for  u  vio- 
ent  attack  on  Alice  Pierce  or  Perrers.)  who,  as  the  king's  mistress  had 

to  Ce  .r  "'.'P"''"'"'"  '"  '^""fq^'^^  "^  the^nfluence  sUwas  s    po 

tentiroVtL'n"!^"  °f  i^''  P""'""  '■"'■  ^P"'"*"  ^•'^  "«'  '"dicate  any  in 
KhVI  P«r].  "f  the  commons  towiirds  too  submissive  a  conduct 

irnment  h^t  'I^!^fi^  '  f  "'°T  "">^  ^^^""^  ""^'"'^  to  interfere  in  the  gov 
of  S  rnmnnS  f''.  "'?"^«'y««  to  petitioning  the  lords  that  a  council 
to  CO  duct  Z  nnh.,"^*"''''''''"'^^,""^  ^'""""^  '"''"•  »h«"ld  be  appointed 
if  t^  vo  ,ni  k^l  H  -"'T''  ""^  "  superintcn !  the  life  and  education 
wa«  an«w»r£i  h,*.i  "'"'^  "f  '»'»"".ty:  ^he  former  part  of  the  petition 
SaUHh  irv  thi  J     '  «PP»'>'tinent  01  the  bishops  of  London,  Carli  le.  and 

He  .rv  !«'  iorn^nV  ^^'^^  ""'^  ^'"f"''^'  »'"'  «'"  "*^hard  de  Stafford, 
Henry  le  Scropc,  John  Devcreux,  and  Hugh  SeHciavo,  who  were  em- 

t^hTSt'r r'^'^V 'i'  P"^"?^  •^"•''''"'"  foroneySan   'wiih  re.^c   to 

riuMomM    l"  ''[^^?  P'""°"'  ^^"^  '"'"^'•'  ^'"'hned  interfering  with  it, 

.mToH      r      ""i*^  "?•'  ^'^  '".*"'''^'''''  '»  the  young  prince's  private  life 

^n«rth  ..,'"'  ","''*'"  ''."  '■"y*'  ""<='««  P«'ved  careless  or  inimical,  would 
oe  neither  dcluNite  nor  just. 

Of  the  tkreeuuclus.  the  duko  of  l.!ii,,.uui<.,  .....  . „....i..i..  k..  «...  a.. 


HISTOKY  OF  THE   WOKLD.  ,27 

ablest,  and  probably  not  the  least  anrjbitious;  and  ihojgn  thei-e  was  no 
one  to  whom  any  authority  was  ostensibly  or  formally  given  to  control 
(he  council,  Lancaster  seems  to  have  been  the  actual  regent  who  for  some 
years  not  only  governed,  but,  by  his  irresistible  though  secret  influencT 
even  appointed  the  council.  muucuoc 

As  is  usual  with  popular  and  numerous  assemblies,  the  commons,  ou 
finding  their  interference  complied  with  instead  of  being  resented/be- 
came  anxious  and  somewhat  impatient  to  push  it  still  farther.  Scarcely 
had  the  greater,  and  also  the  most  important  part,  of  their  first  petUioJ 
been  acted  upon  ere  they  presented  another,  in  ^hich  they  prayed  he 
king  and  his  council  to  take  measures  to  prevent  the  barons  from  confed- 
erating  together  to  uphold  each  other  and  their  follow^rfn  vTle.U  an^ 
unlawful  deeds.  A  civil  answer  was  given  to  this  petition ;  but  though 
the  answer  was  couched  m  those  general  terms  which  really  bind  tSe 
parties  using  them  to  no  particular  course,  it  speedily  called  forth  another 
petition  of  a  far  more  ambitious  nature,  and  calculated  to  add  at  one  step 
most  prodigiously  to  the  influence  of  the  commons,  who  now  prayed  that 
during  the  minority  of  the  king  all  the  great  officers  should  be  appoinuTd 
lff'fhT„".'7'  rS^  T'"""e  that  the  mere  appointment  by  thSo  3s 
iinn,  Tr'"'*'  .V  "^"*?  ^^"'^''y  »">^««  •»  were  confirmed  by  the 
commons.     Phis  petition  did  not  meet  with  so  favourable  a  reception; 

il°J?f 'i'  r'^'Tl'''  themselves  the  power  of  appointing  to  the  grea 
ScquiSnce"'  ^'^  '''^'"'"""  '"^'^  P"'  •"  ^^«  apVintm'ents  onfy  by' 

^JlTn'r  Ihi*"  ^^'^  parliament  being  dissolved  the  commons  gave  another 
proof  of  their  consciousness  of  their  own  growing  importance,  by  repre- 
S'"/n?hv"'"'''7  ''  >vell  as  propriety  of  their^being  annua  ly^assem. 

£n.h,  nLT'*''l''".l'^*'u"fu'^^''"  """'^"^r '°  receive  and  disburse  two- 
fifteenths  and  two-tentlis  which  had  been  voted  to  the  king. 

t\t°\n3rrT^^'  ^\^  "'^"'  '^'"^  ^'■a"<=«  broke  forth  from  time  to 

S  R„?%  '  *5^  "J"'"*'/  operations  were  not  such  as  to  demand  de- 
StinSj  ""productive  of  glory  or  territory,  the  war  was  not  the  less 
destructive  of  treasure;  and  on  the  parliament  meeting  in  1380,  it  was 

leceiiS'oMh '"  °''^'''  ''^  ^''''''^'  ^°'-  'h«  P'«««'"&  and  indispensaWe 
necessuies  of  the  government,  to  impose  a  poll-tax  of  three  groats  upon 
svery  person,  male  and  female,  who  was  more  than  fifteen  yetrs  of  a^ 
There  was  no  foreign  country  with  which  England  had  so  dose  and 

Fni.l  for  if  ""'"■"r'"'?  T  ^*"'  ^^'^"''«"'  ^'''«^'  greatly  depended  Sn 
England  for  its  supply  of  the  wool  necessary  for  its  manufactures.     The 

«pllifip"n  Pfi^^h""?  '?'  had  arisen  among  the  Flemish  peasants,  us 
lTAJf^•^^''"'*'''i'l^'"''Mh«yhad  committed  upon  their  nat-" 
h«  .,1?„ ,  f^  '  ■""'""'  "/'^.^•^^  servility  with  which  they  had  submitted  to 
ttlf  to  h.  1^""^  ".'  '^"  t""1'  «f "»  ^r^^^**'-  ""^^  b«8a"  to  communicate 
he  e  Ita  H  '  "'■^'''" '"  ^"«''*"^'  '^*^«"'  »«  '"  '■"'•  "'"'■e  modern  times, 
SinTo     demagogues  who  sought  to  recommend  themselves  to  the 

eauHl  tv  uS  •  '"'t^"",  P'u^  HP""  "'«•"  ^y  'he  loud  inculcation  of  an 
T.  S  ^  fnankind,  which  no  man,  not  decidedly  inferior  to  all  the 
;i  i  "'''!u"  ^l'^  ''""•'^y  *'f  intelligence,  can  fail  to  see  is  but  par- 
SuZl  I.'J  at.'«"-'"'t.  and  wholly  false  by  force  of  circumstanceH 
aTJr,l  ^  "',"**'  "levitable  and  perfectly  independent  of  the  form  of 
EiT  i"*"''  """"'  "'^  '•'«  K"'"!  o'  had  administration  of  the  laws, 
rn  !.  1  dcnagogues  who  just  at  this  period  raised  their  voices  to  de- 
bill  S  '.  ""^•''''  ""■  "'"'i''"de,  was  one  John  Ball,  a  degraded  priest, 
?in ,  nfT  ^  ','"  T'"'^  destitute  of  ability.  To  such  a  man  the  imposi- 
Znr  n , Vi'!  '''''"'"''  '''"'  ^''*''  excessive  and  cruel  in  the  then  state  of 
is  lit  !?  ""'*^'"  ''""'  "  P'^'^f'"''  godsend;  and  the  opportunity  it  af. 
"'■  rT'VJ!!-^  vent  to  excitinA  and  piauaibie  deciuiimiioii,  waa  aot 


928 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


diminished  by  the  bitter  and  impolitic  mockery  of  a  recommendation  fron. 
the  council,  that  when  this  new  poll-tax  should  be  found  to  press  too  se 
verely  on  the  poor,  the  wealthy  should  relieve  them  by  increasine  thpil 
own  contribution.  ^   "^" 

It  is  not  easy  to  imagine  any  circumstances  under  which  so  excessive 
a  demand  upon  a  suffering  population  could  have  failed  to  cause  discon 
tent  and  sedition ;  but  when  to  the  excess  of  the  tax  the  excited  temper  ol 
the  people  and  the  activity  of  their  deluders,  the  demagogues,  was  added 
an  insolent  brutality  on  the  part  of  the  collectors,  there  could  be  little 
doubt  of  the  occurrence  of  great  and  extended  mischief. 

The  tax  in  question  was  farmed  out  to  the  tax-gatherers  of  the  various 
districts,  who  thus  had  a  personal  interest  in  the  performance  of  their  in- 
vidious  duty,  which  was  certainly  not  likely  to  make  them  less  urgent  or 
less  msolent     Every  where  the  tax  raised  complaints  both  loud  and  deep 
and  every  poor  man  was  anxious  to  avail  himself  of  any  possible  misreo- 
resentation  as  to  the  age  of  the  children  for  whom  he  was  charged     Tl^ 
blacksmith  of  a  village  m  Essex  having  paid  for  the  rest  of  his  familv. 
relused  to  do  so  for  a  daughter  whom,  whether  truly  or  falsely  does  no 
appear,  he  stoutly  averred  to  be  under  the  prescribed  age;  and  the  tax- 
gatherer,  a  low  brutal  fellow,  offered  a  violent  indecency  to  the  eirl  in 
proof  of  his  right  to  the  demand.    The  father,  poor,  irritated  at  the  loss  of 
the  money  he  had  already  paid,  and  doubly  indignant  at  tlie  outrage  thus 
Offered  to  his  child,  raised  the  ponderous  hammer  he  had  just  been  usine 
in  his  business,  and  dashed  the  ruffian's  brains  out  on  the  spot.    Under  a 
state  of  less  violent  excitement  the  bystanders  would  probably  have  been 
shocked  at  the  smith's  fatal  violence ;  but  as  it  was,  the  murder  acted  like 
a  talisman  upon  the  hitherto  suppressed  rage  of  the  people,  and  in  a  few 
hours  a  vast  multitude,  armed  with  every  description  of  rude  weapon,  was 
gathered  together,  with  the  avowed  intention  of  taking  vengeance  on  their 
tyrants  and  of  putting  an  end  to  their  oppression.    From  Essex  the  flame 
spread  to  all  the  adjoining  counties ;  and  so  sudden  and  so  rapid  was  the 
gathering,  that  before  the  astounded  government  could  even  determine  on 
what  course  to  follow,  upwards  of  a  hundred  thousand  desperate  men  had 
assembled  on  Blackheath,  under  the  command  of  Wat  Tyler,  the  blacit- 
smith,  and  several  other  ringleaders  who  bore  the  assumed  names  of  Hob 
Carter,  Jack  Straw,  and  the  like.    The  king's  mother,  the  widow  of  the 
neroic  Black  Prince,  in  returning  from  a  pilgrimiige  to  Canterbury,  had 
to  pass  through  this  desperate  and  dissolute  multitude;  and  such  was  their  in- 
aiscriminate  rage,  that  she,  to  whom  they  owed  so  much  respect,  was  taken 
irom  her  vehicle,  insulted  with  the  familiar  salutes  of  drunken  clowns,  and 
her  attendants  were  treated  with  equal  insult  and  still  greater  violence 
At  length,  probably  at  the  intercession  of  some  of  the  least  debased  of  the 
loaders,  she  was  allowed  toproc^ied  on  her  journey. 

The  king  in  the  meantime  had  been  conducted  for  safety  to  the  Towei 
of  London,  and  the  rebels  now  sent  to  demand  a  conference  with  him. 
He  sailed  down  the  river  in  a  barge  to  comply  with  their  request,  but  as 
tie  approached  the  shore  the  mob  showed  such  evident  inclination  to  brute 
violence,  that  he  was  compelled  to  return  to  the  fortress. 

In  London  the  disorder  was  by  this  time  at  its  height.  The  low  rabble 
or  the  city,  always  in  that  age  ripe  for  mischief,  had  joined  the  rioters  from 
the  countiy ;  ware-houses  and  private  houses  were  broken  open,  and  not 
merely  pillaged,  but  the  contents  burned  or  otherwise  destroyed  when  they 
could  not  be  carried  away  ;  and  the  Savoy  palace,  the  property  of  the  duke 
of  Lancaster,  which  had  so  long  been  the  abode  of  the  king  of  France,  was 
m  wanton  mischief  completely  reduced  to  ashes.  Ascribing  their  sutfer. 
ings  to  the  richer  and  bettci-  instructed  classes,  the  mob  not  merely  mal 
treated,  but  in  very  many  cases  even  miirdored,  such  gentlemen  as  new 


1 

ll 

H 

mil 

f 

WM 

P9HBH      ni 

unfortunate  c 

treated  withe 

The  king  i 

End,  where  c 

surrounded  h 

earned  in  the 

tolls  and  imp 

holdings,  Inst 

condition  to  ( 

the  above  we 

was  thus  sent 

But  the  dar 

rebels,  headec 

meantime  brc 

cellor  and  arc 

with  some  otl 

smg  through  I 

place.    The  k 

now  only  sixt 

viouslyleft  hii 

whole  of  the  i 

Flushed  with 

such  menacin( 

the  then  mayo 

that  he  struck 

A  fierce  yell 

leader;  but  be 

rode  steadily 

command  whic 

exclaimed,  "  M 

that  ye  have  Ic 

be  my  people's 

surprise  his  co 

them,  the  king 

loined  by  an  ai 

ert  and  his  oth( 

to  urge  them  ii 

this  band  as  p( 

Mile  End,  and  I 

While  the  kii 

try  in  all  parts 

their  retainers  i 

of 40,000  men; 

and  the  charter 

unfit  for  the  sta 

of  execution,  w 

as  having  been 

had  banded  togi 

quinary  and  sw 

sovereign  so  yi 

Richard  did  on 

the  bright  prom 

A.  D.  1385.—! 

when  the  attitut 

tise  and  check  ; 

lered  Scotland 

body  of  French 

in  thn    ™ 4-T 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  329 

The  king  at  length  left  the  Tower  and  proceeded  to  a  field  near  Mile 
End,  where  one  of  the  mam  bodies  of  the  rioters  had  assembled  They 
surrounded  him  with  peremptory  demands  for  a  general  pardon  for  all  con- 
cerned mthe  msurrection,  the  instant  abolition  of  all  villeinaee  andof 
tolls  and  imposts  in  all  markets,  together  with  aVxed  money  enlVkn^^^ 
holdings,  instead  of  personal  service.  The  government  waJas  vet  in  no 
condition  to  proceed  to  forcible  measures  ;  and,  conieSSly  cCsiJ 
the  above  were  hastily  drawn  out  and  delivered,  and  tliis  bddy  of  rioters 
was  thus  sent  peaceably  away.  ^       noiera 

But  the  ganger  was  as  yet  only  partially  past.    A  larger  body  of  the 
rebels,  headed  by  Wat  Tyler  and  other  leading  insurrectionists;  had  hi  £ 
meantime  broken  into  the  Tower  and  put  to  death  Simon  SudCy,  char^ 
ce  lor  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  Sir  Robert  Hales  the  treasurer 
with  some  other  persons  of  high  rank,  though  of  less  note ;  and  were  nae: 
sing  through  Smithfield  just  as  the  king  and  his  attendants  enreredthJ 
plact'.    The  king  wi  h  a  sp  rit  and  temper  far  beyond  his  years!  for  he  was 
now  only  sixteen,  entered  into  conference  with  Wat  Tyler,  who  had  we! 
Tiously  left  his  band  with  an  order  to  rush  on  at  a  given  signal,  murShe 
whole  of  the  royal  retinue,  and  make  the  young  monarch  their  Sorter 
Flushed  with  his  brutal  and  hitherto  unchecked  triumph,  Wat  Tyfe   S 
such  menacing  gestures  as  he  spoke  to  the  king,  that  Wi  liam  Walsworth 
the  then  mayor  of  London,  was  so  provoked  out  of  all  sense  of  the  dZer! 
that  he  struck  the  ruffian  to  the  ground,  and  he  was  speedily  dUpSched 
i  Jpr'^hf  f  "h  ^f  *""  ?'  '^^'}^  proclaimed  their  rage  at  the  loss  Kel^ 
leader    but  befere  they  could  rush  upon  the  royal  party,  young  Richard 
rode  steadily  up  to  them,  and  in  that  calm  tone  of  hi|h  confident  aid 
command  which  has  so  great  an  influence  over  even  the  most  violent  men 
exclaimed,  "  My  good  people !    WTiat  means  this  disorder  ?    Are  ye  aJl^ 
Jatye  have  los  your  leader?   I  am  your  king !  follow  me  !  I  m/self  S 
be  my  people's  leader !"    Without  giving  them  time  to  recover  from  The 

hTfhe  ki„'rL"f  t?"^  '^'  "^'^'4  °f '^•^  «>'«"^  appearance  had  cSiaed 
Sfn^Hh  ^  ^^i9^  "^^y  '"^0  'he  neighbouring  Helds,  where  he  was 
iomed  by  an  armed  force  under  Sir  Robert  KnollesT    Cautioning  Sir  Rob! 

to u  Se  them  inro'llS'  '°  """V '*'•"/  «^°''  "^  '^e  most  ^^tafneces^ty  • 
0  urge  them  into  violence,  the  king  after  a  short  conference,  dismissed 

Mi'leEnd  ^^'''^^'"^r  '^.^  .^«\«^"««^^  ^»  "^^  ^^^  the  former  oieat 

wh     .K    1  •  ^y  ^^.^".^  "^^  &'^'"?  *'i^""  Similar  charters. 
.rJ!n  in  n®  ^'"^Al**  '•'"^  ^''■^'■""y  ''^^n  temporising,  the  nobility  and  gen- 
try  m  all  parts  of  the  country  had  been  actively  assemblino-  and  anJiiw 

f  So 'men  •'  the'r-n^  'T  "'i'^*^",'^  ^''^  ^"'^  *"  ^^"^^  ^^-^  field  at  theTaS 
»L  »r  K       '  "^®  F'P*^"  dared  no  longer  to  appear  openly  and  in  forc.i- 

0  execution  wl«f^^    country  at  that  time,  but  actually  impractioablJ 

01  execution,  were  formally  revoked,  not  only  upon  that  ground,  but  also 

d  brffedrJtr'i^'^  ^'il^  ^M  H!"1"^«  ""•^^^  constrai'  o"  Vei  who 
2nSv  ,nV  ^  ^^■'"  *°  '""""l^"  *"  ^^^  higher  ranks  and  bring  aboufa  san- 
sTeSllTf'"^-  '«^°»""°"-  ,  It  "  ««"cely  possible  to  imagine  a 
Richarddirl  ^rr®  ^T""^  "^"'^  clear  proof  of  courage  and  ability  than 
£  brlt  nr?  •*''M^**  °  ••'*"'?"  V^ut  his  later  years  by  no  rfieans  fulfilled 
""gft  promise  thus  given  by  his  boyhood. 

when"'th«  nf.'iTlJf  "?f/  Z"^  peace  restored  after  this  alarming  revolt^ 
Sill  .  .'"^u  ""^  'ha  Scots  rendered  it  absolutely  necessary  to  chas! 
i  ScotS  ?'«  ^'^^ordingly  the  king  with  a^numerous^a  my  et 
tered  Scotland  by  Berwick.  But  the  Scots,  who  had  a  stronff  auxUiarv 
H-°  ~^'"^"?'  "^^^'.^y.'  ^"^^  ^''^^dy  secured  all  their  moTabfe  oronerS 
«i  m.  muuiuams,  ana,  leaving  iheir  houses  to  be  burned,  they"  enterea 


S30 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


England,  dispersed  themselves  in  large  marauding  parlies  lliroughout  Cum 
berland  Westmoreland,  and  Lancashire,  and  relumed  laden  wUhbo!!^ 
without  having  met  with  any  show  of  resistanee.  ^ 

The  English  army  under  Richard  had  in  the  meantime  marched  unon 
posed  to  Ldinburgh,  burning  all  the  towns  and  villages  on  their  wav 
Perth,  Dundee,  and  a  vast  number  of  other  places  in  the  Lowlands  wer* 
treated  in  the  same  manner.  But  when  news  reached  the  armv  of  til 
successful  inroad  of  the  Scots  upon  the  northern  counties  of  En-rland  Z 
true  nature  of  Richard,  his  frivolity,  and  his  determined  prefWe  rS 
pleasure  to  action,  only  too  clearly  appeared  ;  for  he  positively  refused  to 
make  any  attempt  at  cutting  off  the  retreat  of  the  spoU-laden  enemv  a.  d 
immediately  led  his  army  home.  ^'  *'"' 

A.  D.  1386.— The  French  had  aided  the  Scots  chiefly,  if  not  solelv  with 
a  view  to  annoy  the  English;  and  Flanders  being  now  at  peace  with 
France,  a  large  fleet  and  army  assembled  in  the  Flemish  port  of  Slavs  fo 
the  invasion  of  England.  The  fleet  actually  sailed,  but  was  scarcefy  ow 
of  port  when  it  encountered  a  terrible  storm,  which  dispersed  it  and  dp 
stroyed  many  of  the  largest  ships.  The  English  men-of-war  attacked  and 
took  the  remainder,  and  thus,  for  the  present  at  least,  this  new  danger  was 

But  though  this  expedition  had  completely  failed,  it  turned  the  attention 
of  the  nation,  as  well  as  the  king  and  council,  towards  those  circimistan. 
ces  which  made  it  only  too  certain  that  a  similar  attempt  would  be  mado 
at  no  great  distance  of  time.  The  disturbances  which  had  so  recentlv 
agitated  England  from  one  end  to  the  other  could  not  fail  to  act  as  an  in- 
vitation  to  foreign  enemies  ;  and,  to  make  the  matter  still  worse,  the  best 
of  the  Lnghsh  soldiery,  to  a  very  great  uumber,  were  at  this  time  in  Spain, 
supporting  the  duke  of  Lancaster  in  the  claim  he  had  long  laid  to  the 
crown  of  Castile.  Perhaps  the  alarm  which  called  attention  to  these  cir 
cumstances  mainly  served  to  avert  the  danger;  at  all  events,  it  speedilv 
appeared  that  the  peace  of  England  was  in  greater  danger  from  Enaiish 
men  than  from  foreigners.  '-"e""" 

We  have  already  had  occasion,  under  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  to  poini 
out  the  propensity  of  weak-minded  princes  to  the  adoption  of  favourites 
to  whose  interests  they  delight  in  sacrificing  all  other  considerations,  in- 
eluding  their  own  dignity  and  even  their  own  personal  safety.  Richard. 
wftu  had  shown  so  much  frivolity  in  his  Scotch  expedition,  now  gave  8 
new  proof  of  his  weakness  of  mind  by  adopting  a  successor  to  the  S pen- 
sers  and  the  Gavestons  of  an  earlier  day. 

Robert  de  Vere,  earl  of  Oxford,  of  noble  birth,  agreeable  manners,  and 
great  accomplishments,  but  extremely  dissolute  and  no  less  vain  and  am- 
bitious,  made  his  company  so  agreeable  to  Richard,  that  the  young  mon- 
arch  seemed  scarcely  able  to  exist  but  in  his  presence.  In  proof  of  his 
attachment  to  him,  the  king  made  him  marquis  of  Dublin— the  title  being 
then  first  used  in  England— created  him  by  patent  vice-king  of  Ireland  for 
life,  and  evinced  his  preference  for  him  by  various  other  marks  of  royal 
favour.  ^ 

As  is  uniformly  the  case  with  such  favouritism,  the  favourite's  rapacity 
and  insolence  kept  full  pace  with  the  king's  folly ;  the  marquis  of  Dublin 
became  the  virtual  king ;  all  favours  were  obtainable  through  his  interest 
justice  Itself  scarcely  obtainable  without  it;  and  the  marquis  and  his  sat- 
elhtes  became  at  once  the  plague  and  the  detestation  of  the  whole  nobility, 
but  more  especially  of  the  king's  uncles,  who  saw  the  influence  which 
they  ought  to  have  possessed,  and  much  that  ought  to  have  been  refused 
oven  to  them,  transferred  to  a  man  of  comparative  obscurity.  The  min- 
isters, though  they,  it  is  quite  clear,  could  have  little  power  to  corref« 
their  master's  peculiar  folly,  shared  the  sovereign's  disgrace,  and  tlw 
wbo.e  kingdom  aoon  rang  with  complaints  and  threatenings. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  331 

'"^M'n^L'ofllf  t*''p'?"^"'""f"'J"J  1®™P««^  «''o«^«'l  ''»«lf '"  a  fierce  attack 
Ojion  M  chae  de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk,  the  chancellor.  'I'hough  he  was 
onginally  only  the  son  of  a  merchant,  he  had  won  a  high  and  well  deservecl 
celebrity  by  his  valour  and  conduct  during  the  wars  of  the  late  king,  and 
nad  since  shown  very  splendid  civil  ability.  He  was  supposed  to  Be  the 
chiefconfidential  friend  of  the  kin*  and  of  De  Vere,  who  was  nnw^from 
the  marquisate  of  Dublin  raised  to  the  dukedom  of  Ireland ;  and  the  duke 
of  Gloucester  consequently  singled  him  out  for  persecution.  Gloucester! 
who  was  both  able  and  ambitious,  had  secured  a  most  potent  sway  over 

'""fnf'J.Si,'h"1-''''T°?''^"'^''«  now  induced  thelattSr  to  impeach  the 
earl  of  Suffolk  before  the  former:  a  power  and  mode  of  proceeding  which 

SVdTaTd  III       P"*"'''**^  themselves  of  towards  the  close  of  the  reign 

The  impeachment  of  the  most  eminent  of  his  ministers  naturally  alarmed 
the  king  for  himself  and  his  favouiite;  and  he  retired  to  the  royal  pakce 
at  Eitham  to  be  out  of  immediate  danger,  and  to  deliberate  upon  his  Sure 
course.  Rightly  judging  that  while  the  king  was  thus  comparatively 
removed  from  danger  and  annoyance  they  would  have  little  chance  of 
bnngmg  him  to  compliance  with  their  wishes,  the  parUament  sent  to  in- 
form him  that  unless  he  immediately  returned  they  would  dissolve  with- 
ont  making  an  a  tempt  at  preparation  for  the  French  invasion  with  which 
henation  was  at  that  time  threatened.  And  lest  this  threat  should  faU 
to  compel  the  king  to  compliance,  they  called  for  the  production  of  the 
parliamentary  record  of  the  deposition  of  Edward  II.  This  hint  was  too 
mtelligible  to  be  disregarded,  and  the  king  atonce  consented  to  return,  on 
the  sole  condi  ion  that,  beyond  the  impeachment  already  commenced 
agains  the  earl  of  Suffolk,  no  attack  should  be  made  upon  his  ministers  • 

J^^tTe  dtfof  reir  ^'^^'  ^«  ^''•^^^  -^«  -'»»  ^  --  ^«  '»»« 
The  charges  against  Suffolk  were  directed  almost  wholly  against  his 

dfJT""'rT'-  "^  r*?  ^""««^'  f«r  ''"t«"c«.  of  hav'ng  ex! 
»S/  wiZhfb  "*^  ^"Tt^^  V*'^*  A«  had  fairly  inherited,  for  lands  of  equal 
S™  J  the  king;  of  having  purchased  a  forfeited  crown  annuity  ot 
fifty  pounds  and  induced  the  king  to  recognise  it  as  being  valid;  aiH  0 
haymg  obtained  a  grant  of  500/.  per  annum  to  support  hii  dignity  on  his 
being  created  earl  of  Suffolk.     The  first  of  these  charges,  it  is  dS,  could 

^l  Sll'^f"  '"'f.u  ^  ""'"  ""^^  *"«  ««J'y  ^t  «  !«««  for  some  vv'eapon 
with  which  to  assail  their  enemy;  the  second  was  ill-supported  ;  and  the 

SthT^fs.tiiT"''  '  '"'^  '^^-^'l''  '■'•°'»  Gloucester,  who,  though  as 
rin^K  ^"'^«'V'^8  poor,  was  himself  in  receipt  of  just  double  the 
amoual  by  way  of  pension!  When  to  this  we  add  that:  as  to  the  first 
S  n/f'  positively  proved  that  Suffolk  had  made  no  sort  of  purchase. 

reader  wnnW  hi"'''  1";°'"  '^'  •'•■°7"  .'^"""^  '»«  enjoyment  of  office,  the 
i.nH?i  in^  &;?«''y  surprised  at  learning  that  he  was  convicted  and 
tTced^Se  evpitf  Jh-  "*"*=«-"^''  r'%  P°^«'^'«  f«'  ihe  reader  to  have  no! 
Irfiil  m„„  h?  ^i"*^ "i'^'^u^  ^i:*"  ^''"^  ^^^f  "^''hout  learning  that  when  pow- 
ZtZZ  ^"'^  '^f  P'J^'  ^^^y  ^'^  "«'  ••^^"•'•e  either  very  important  charges 
orrery  clear  evidence  to  induce  them  to  convict  the  Jarty  hated.  ^ 
higher  nnLTJ"  ^u^^^  anti-favourite  party  emboldened  them  to  fly  at  a 
mSde  nSmLr  ^,^%^^P^  '^e  letter  of  their  agreement  with  the  king,  and 
This  own  n^f.v.n-f'^'V^P""  *"'  '"""8'«'-s;  but  atonce  proceeded  .0 strike 
stereiZ  «nt&^  by  appointing  a  council  of  fourteen,  to  which  the 
ScSrn^wSr»  '"*  '*,'  f«"sfe"ed  for  a  year,  the  council  in  aues- 
DersS?  fS»  "V^®  ?'"^'^  exception  of  the  archbishop  of  York,  ol  the 
ffil  whn««  hn"h  ^Tl^'T  ""^  '^^  ^"''^  °^  Gloucester-:  and  thu^  Rich- 
es at '1^^^!,°^''''",'^  ^'^"^  promised  so  vigorous  and  splendid  a  reign, 
rH\ttcr  -^."?'-"^^''*'."*.y-«^^  virtually  deposed,  and  a  mere  p«p?el 
""*■      ''^^  ^"  '"^  "^""3  or  nis  enermea.    No  ciiance  n{  present  resisu 


832 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


ance  offered  itself,  and  the  unfortunate  and  weak  king  signed  the  comm.c 
woa  which  in  reality  uncrowned  him,  increasing  rather  than  dimiSE 
the  pleasure  and  triumph  of  his  enemies  by  an  impotent  protest  w  ich  h2 
made  at  the  end  of  the  session  of  parliament,  to  the  effect  that  ,otS  t 

onhe  I^rowT"  ^'  ''***  ''^'^  """'  '".''*  ^^^^  '•*  '""P*''  ^^'  preroS; 

A.  D.  1387.— The  pampered  favourite  and  his  supporters,  as  thev  hadsn 

greatly  profited  by  the  king's  weak  misuse  of  his  power,  d  d  not  fail  to  dJ 

their  utmost  to  stimulate  his  anger  and  to  induce  him  to  make  some  effort 

TntedZn  he  wal.""^  ^°"'^' '"  "'^'"^' '"  '''"^'  '^'^  ^"'^  ^^'  '»"'*«'«" 
Estranged  as  the  lords  seemed,  he  resolved  to  endeavour  to  infln 
ence  the  sheriffs  to  return  a  commons' house  calculated  for  his  purDose- 
.w  iu'^i^  ^T^  himself  completely  anticipated  by  the  fact  that'^mSst  of 
LAh"^'  ''"^  magistrates  were  the  partizans  of  Gloucester,  aud  actually 
owed  their  appointments  to  his  favour.  di-iuiuiy 

fh^r^fU'i!?  '^^is  quarter,  he  now  tried  what  use  he  could  make  of  theau. 
if  thiVilLl^  ^^^T  ?*""^  T\'  I'  Nottingham,  Tresilian,  chief  just  ce 
nL ^  l^  *  ^®"''^  *"**  "«''«•■*'  •'f  ^^^  °'her  most  eminent  judges,  he  uZ 
posed  to  them  certain  queries,  to  whicii,  in  substance,  they  replied  "C 
!nH^.r.T^'""  was  derogatory  to  the  prerogative  and  royalty  of  the  kint 
and  that  those  who  urged  it  or  advised  the  royal  compliance  with  it  S 
punishable  with  death ;  that  those  who  compelled  h.m^ere  guilty  of  rre^ 
son;  that  all  who  persevered  in  maintaining  it  were  no  less  guilty ;  that 
the  king  had  the  right  to  dissolve  the  parliament  at  his  pleasure ;  that  he 
parliament  while  sitting  must  give  its  first  attention  to  the  business  of  the 
king;  and  that  ^ylthout  the  king's  consent  the  parliament  had  noriirhtto 
impeach  his  ministers  or  judges. "  '' 

Richard  did  not  consider  when  he  took  this  step  that  even  the  fa 
vourable  opinions  of  judges,  are  only  opinions,  and  of  little  weight  when 
opposed  to  usurped  power,  armed  force,  and  an  iron  energy.  Moreover. 
he  could  scarcely  hope  to  keep  his  conference  and  the  opinions  of  the 
ludjes  a  secret ;  and  if  lie  could  do  so  of  what  avail  could  be  the  latter! 
And  would  not  this  step  sharpen  the  uctivity  of  his  enemies  by  leading 
them  to  fear  that  It  was  but  the  prelude  and  foundation  of  a  farmore  deci. 
ded  step]  It  actually  had  that  effect;  for  as  soon  as  the  king  returned  to 
lrf)n(Ion,  Woucester  ^  party  appeared  with  an  overwlielming  force  at  Hiuh. 
gate,  whence  they  sent  a  deputation  to  demand  that  those  wiio  had  given 
hiin  false  and  perilous  counsel  should  be  delivered  up  to  them  as  traitor* 
alike  to  the  king  and  kingdom ;  and  they  speodily  followed  up  tliis  message 
by  appearing  armed  and  attended  in  his  presence,  and  accusing  of  havin.' 
given  such  counsel  the  archbishop  of  York,  the  dnkeof  Ireland,  the  earl 
or  Suttoik,  Sir  Robert  Tresilian,  an<l  Sir  Nicholas  Brctmbre,  as  public  ene- 
mies.     1  his  accusation  the  lords  offered  to  maintain  by  duel,  and  in  token 

°'m,  ",T  "?'."'^^  ^°  ''"  ^"  ^^^'y  'it^tu'illy  llii-ew  down  their  gauntlets. 

1  he  (luke  of  Ireland,  at  the  first  appearance  of  this  now  and  urgent  dan- 
ger, retired  into  Cheshire  to  levy  troops  to  aid  the  king;  but  ho  was  met 
hy  Uloutrester,  as  he  hastened  to  join  Richard,  and  totally  defeated.  Thi« 
defeat  deprived  him  of  all  chance  of  being  of  use  to  his  friend  and  maslor 
and  he  escaped  to  the  Low  Countries,  where  he  ronminod  in  exile  and 
compa.ative  obscurity  until  his  death,  which  occurred  not  many  yean 
afterwards.  ' 

A.  D.  1388.— -Rendered  bolder  and  more  eager  than  ever  by  this  defeal 
Of  the  duke  of  Ireland,  the  lords  now  eutered  London  at  the  head  of  an 
army  of  40,000  men  •,  and  the  king  being  entirely  in  their  power,  wui 
obUgeu  to  Buminon  <t  parliament  which  ho  well  knew  would  be  a  mere 
passive  instrument  in  tlie  hands  of  his  rebellious  U)rd».  Heloro  this  pucked 
aud  lltivish  DarliamonLau  accuaatiun  u/ng  nnai  mnji"  •"^'•"•t  ih<>  n«s  'ts*- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


333 


jonages  wlio  had  already  beon  denoiiii(;ed ;  and  this  accusation  xvas  bud- 
ported  by  five  of  the  most  powerful  men  in  England,  viz.,  the  duke  of  Glou- 
cester, uncle  to  the  king  whom  he  whs  endeavouring  to  ruin,  the  earl  of 
Derby,  son  of  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  the  earl  of  Arundel,  the  earl  of  War- 
wick, and  the  earl  of  Nottingham,  marshal  of  England. 

As  if  the  combined  and  formidable  power  of  these  great  nobles  had 
been  insufficient  to  crush  the  accused,  the  servile  parliament,  though  judir- 
Min  he  case,  actually  pledged  themselves  at  the  outset  of  the  p.oceeS- 
iDgs  "to  live  and  die  with  the  lords  appellant,  and  to  defend  them  against 
all  opposition  with  their  lives  and  fortunes !"  Sir  Nicholas  Brembre  was 
tiieonly  one  of  the  five  accused  persons  who  was  present  t«  hear  the 
u^'TT  ^^""^^^  made  agamst  him  and  the  other  four  persons  accused. 
He  had  the  mockery,  and  but  the  mockery,  of  a  trial;  the  others  beinir 
absent  were  not  even  noticed  m  the  way  of  evidence ;  but  that  did  not  pre- 

Z  q  r"  R„&r?Tr!!"fi  '^"""f  ^'^^^  "^  ^'^^  *••«»««»•    ^ir  Nicholas  and 
also  Sir  Robert  TresiTian,  avIio  was  apprehended  after  the  trial,  were  ex- 

S  .n^^^K,      "  '^™'S^'  ^'^^^  ^^^"  supposed  that  even  these  rancorous 
lords  and  their  parliamentary  tools  would  have  halted  in  their  career  ot 
chicane  and  violence  ;  but  far  other  was  their  actual  conduct.    All  the 
other  judges  who  had  agreed  to  the  opinions  given  at  Nottingham  were 
condemned  to  death,  but  afterwards  banished  to  Ireland;  and  Lord  Beau- 
champ  of  Holt,  Sir  James  Berners,  Sir  Simon  Burley.  and  Sir  John  Salis- 
bury were  condemned,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  last-named,  executed. 
I  he  execution,  or  to  speak  more  truly,  the  murder  of  Sir  Simon  Burlev. 
mode  a  very  great  and  painful  sensation  even  among  the  enemies  of  the 
king;  for  he  was  highly  and  almost  unfversally  popular,  both  on  account 
of  his  personal  character  and  from  his  having  from  the  earliest  infancy  oj 
thelamented  Black  Prince  been  the  constant  attendant  of  that  hero,  who, 
88  well  as  hdward  III.,  had  concurred  in  appointing  him  governor  of  the 
present  king  during  his  youth.    But  the  gallantry  which  had  procured  him 
he  honour  of  the  garter,  and  the  imperishable  tnme  of  a  laudatory  men- 
ion  in  the  glowing  pages  of  Froissart,  the  beggarly  nature  of  the  charges 
against  him  and  the  very  insufficient  evidence  by  which  even  those  char- 
ges were  supported,  and  the  singularity  of  his  case  from  the  circumstances 
Which  would  have  excused  a  far  more  imnlicit  devotion  to  the  king  whose 
S  "in  I      '•  watched,  were  all  as  nolliing  when  opposed  to  the  fieice 
ihl  t,^T     r  "'^  •?"  '""^-  '"*  sovereign's  implacable  enemies.    Nay  more, 
■nnJ   ^V'"^.,''''*?^  V'"''^  had  obtained  her  from  the  people  the  affir- 
nntll     ^^  '•''  ^"""^  ^"^*'"  ^""*''  "«'"''"y  f«"  "P«n  her  knees  before 
Sf  .f '  Tr'  '"/'"v*  P°'i"'*'  '■°'"  *'"■"«  ''"»■'«  l>«^8ought,  and  vainly  be- 
sought,  the    ifc  of  the  unfortunate  Burley.    The  stern  enemies  of  his 

cordiSdy  "  '"'''"''""'  '""^*''  *°  '^'^'  ■*'"'  *'"  *"'''  executed  ac 

Arl^^A  '"^  f onscious  of  their  enormous  villany,  and  already  beginning  lo 
dread  relribution,  the  parliament  concluded  this  memorably  evil  session 
oy  an  Hc  ,  providing  for  a  general  oath  to  uphold  and  maintain  all  the  acts 
lesS      ''  "'     nttainder  which  had  previously  been  passed  during  the 

ihfl  .ll'ol^?'."'^'!*'  '''?l*'"ee  with  which  the  king  had  been  treated,  and 
itm  degradation  to  which  he  had  been  reduced,  seemed  lo  threaten  not 

Hit  »i!.?r'"r'"*"^''y''""8^'''''  ""thority,  but  even  his  aotnal  destruction, 
amoni  h„  ''■  ,  "'  "''"i""  ^v^'af'ne""  "f  their  striig^lts  from  disBgreemonIs 
r*  1. 1"""'"^"''"'  ^"'^  "^'"'^  '^'"'"'  »f  "'« interfrrrncc  of  the  rommoiiH, 
tir.3  *'"/"'»'»»  !"<"•"  powerful  and  more  ready  to  use  their  power 
Rirhal    .1° .  .      n'!*lcontontB  were  so  little  able  or  inclined  to  oppose 

open  council  that  he  had  fully  arrived  at  an  aifo  to  Bovern  fnt  him.nir  «,„l 
««;nonceii>iiriho  would  g'x'era  both  the  Kingdom  and  his  uwu  houBf 


I  Ml 


i»i)»t>/ 


334 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


hold;  and  no  one  of  all  his  lately  fierce  and  overbearing:  opponents  ven. 
lured  to  gainsay  him.  The  ease  with  which  the  king  regained  his  au. 
thority  can  only  be  accounted  for,  as  it  seems  to  us,  by  supposing  thai 
circumstances,  no  account  of  which  has  come  down  to  us,  rendered  the 
king's  enemies  afraid  of  opposing  him. 

From  whatever  cause,  however,  it  is  certain  that  the  king  suddenly  re 
gained  his  lost  power.  His  first  act  was  to  remove  Fitzallan,  archbishoo 
of  Canterbury,  from  the  office  of  chancellor,  and  to  replace  him  by  the 
celebrated  William  of  Wykeham,  bishop  of  Winchester.  Proceedinff  in 
the  obviously  wise  policy  of  substituting  friends  for  foes  in  the  hi^h  of 
fices  of  state,  the  king  dismissed  the  bishop  of  Hereford  from  leinu 
treasurer,  and  the  earl  of  Arundel  from  being  admiral.  The  earl  of  War* 
wick  and  the  duke  of  Gloucester  were  removed  from  the  council ;  and 
even  this  evident  sign  of  the  king's  determmation  to  deprive  his  enemies 
of  the  power  to  injure  him  called  forth  little  complaint  and  no  opposition 

To  the  policy  of  what  he  did,  the  king  in  what  he  left  undone  added  a 
still  higher  wisdom,  which  his  former  infatuation  gave  but  little  promise 
of.  He  did  not  show  the  slightest  desire  to  recall  the  duke  of  Ireland- 
and  while  he  took  care  to  purge  the  high  offices  of  state,  he  did  not  by 
any  part  of  his  demeanour  leave  any  room  to  doubt  thai  he  was  heartily 
and  completely  reconciled  to  the  still  powerful  uncles  who  had  caused 
him  80  much  misery.  Nay,  more,  as  if  determined  to  remove  all  dangei 
of  the  revival  of  past  animosities,  he  of  his  own  motion  issued  a  procla- 
mation confirming  the  parliamentary  pardon  of  all  offences,  and,  still  more 
eompletely  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the  tax-burdened  people,  he  volun- 
tarily  declined  levying  some  subsidies  which  had  been  granted  to  iiim  by 
the  parliament. 

Partly  as  a  consequence  of  these  really  wise  and  luimane  measures 
and  partly,  perhaps,  owing  to  the  return  from  Spain  of  the  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, Richard's  ffoveriiment  for  llie  next  eight  years  went  on  so  smoothly 
and  so  prosperously,  that  not  a  single  dispute  occurred  of  consequence 
enough  to  he  related.  Lancaster,  between  whom  and  Ricliard  tiiere  had 
never  been  any  quarrel— unless  we  may  interpret  the  past  condnct  of  the 
duke's  son  as  the  indication  of  one— was  powerful  enough  to  keep  his 
brothers  in  check,  and  was  at  the  same  time  of  a  more  inihi  and  peace- 
loving  temper.  And,  accordingly,  the  duke  was  extremely  useful  to 
Richard,  who  in  turn  took  every  opportuiiity  of  favouring  and  gratifying 
nis  uncle,  to  whom  at  one  time  he  oven  ceded  Guienne,  though,  from  the 
discontent  and  annoyance  expressed  by  the  Gascons,  Richard  was  shortly 
afterwards  obliged  to  revoke  his  grant.  The  king  still  more  strongly 
testified  his  preference  of  Lancaster  on  occasion  of  a  diflorriico  which 
•prang  up  between  the  duke  and  his  two  brothers.  On  the  dialh  of  the 
Spanish  princess,  on  atrcount  of  whom  Lancaster  had  entertained  such 
high  but  vain  hopes,  and  expended  so  much  time  and  money,  the  duke 
married  Catharine  Swainford,  by  whom  he  had  |)revi()U9ly  liml  children, 
and  who  was  the  daughter  of  a  private  Hainault  knight  of  no  gronl  wealth. 
Lancaster's  two  brothers  loudly  exclaimed  against  this  inntch,  which 
they,  not  wholly  without  reason,  declared  to  bo  derogalorv  to  the  honour 
of  the  royal  family.  Uut  Richard  stepped  in  to  the  support  of  his  uncle. 
and  caused  the  parliament  to  pass  an  act  legitimatizing  the  lady's  ehildreii 
born  before  marriage,  and  ho  at  the  same  time  created  the  eldest  of  them 
earl  of  Somerset. 

While  these  domestic  events  wore  passing,  occasional  wai  had  itill 
bflon  g»iug  nn  hnth  with  France  and  Scotland  ;  hut  in  each  inHlanco  thf 
actual  (Ighiiiig  was  both  feeble  and  unfreciuent.  This  was  especially  thf 
case  as  to  Franco ;  while  the  most  important  battle  on  the  Scottish  iid« 
was  tli;it  of  Otterhourrie,  in  which  the  young  Piercy,  surnamed  Miirr) 
Hotspur,  from  his  impetuous  teinoer,  was  taken  Drisonor.  and  Ooualw 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Ii3& 


arising 


kiUed,  but  tins  really  was  less  a  national  battle  than  a  comba 
out  of  a  private  quarrel  and  individual  animosity. 

A.  D.  1396.-The  insurrections  of  the  Irish  having  become  so  frequent 
88  to  excite  some  fear  for  the  safety  of  that  conquest,  the  king  wen 
hither  III  person;  and  the  courage  and  conduct  he  displayed  in  reducing 
the  rebels  to  obedience  did  much  towards  redeeming  his  character  in  h5 
ludgment  of  his  people  A  still  farther  hope  was  raised  of  the  tranquiUitv 
and  respectability  of  the  remainder  of  this  reign  by  a  truce  of  twenuJ 
five  years  which  was  now  made  between  France  and  England.  To  ren- 
der  thi8  truce  he  more  solid,  Richard,  who  ere  this  had  buried  the  "GoSd 
Queen  Anne,"  was  affianced  to  Isabella,  the  daughter  of  the  V-V^ 
France,  then  only  seven  years  old.  It  seems  probable  that  KichardVstm 
feeling  insecure  in  the  peacefuliiess  of  his  uncles  and  the  barons  «en 
eraly,  sought  by  this  alliance  not  only  to  strengthen  the  truce  between 
the  two  na  ions,  but  also  l^  obtain  from  it  additional  security  against  an" 
domestic  attacks  upon  his  authority.  -k««'"3i  an. 

But  though  he  thus  far  gave  proofs  of  judgment,  there  were  other  parts 
0  his  conduct  whicii  were  altogether  as  impolitic  and  degrading  uf.sS 
ble  inconsistent,  wildly  extravagant,  and  openly  dissolutl,  the  k  ur  c  ffet 
lually  preven  ed  his  popularity  from  becomiiig  Jonfir.ned.  Havi  Zhown 
HO  much  wisdom  in  refraining  from  recalling  the  duke  oflreKd-and 
perhaps  even  that  arose  less  from  wisdom  than  from  satieiy  of  h's  former 
mimoi.-he  now  selected  as  his  favourites,  to  almost  an  equal  yoSve 
extent,  his  hr,  ^  brothers  the  earls  of  Kent  and  HuntingdoS,  to  whom  he 
80  completely  committed  the  patronage  of  the  kingdom  as  o  reiTdSim! 
elf,  in  hat  respect  at  least,  little  more  than  their  mere  tool.  Th.V  wiTh 
h  3  indolence,  excessive  extravagance,  indulgence  at  the  table  and  o7h  u 
issolute  pleasures,  not  only  presented  his  growing  popuarity  from  eJe 

A.  n.  1397.— AVhat  rendered  this  impolitic  conduct  the  more  surelv  nnH 
entirely  destructive  to  Richard,  was  the  profoundly  arlM  mam.er  hi  wh^ch 

ftn  ""In^'ttd' oftrn''"  '"''"^' "'^ ''"'^^  pf|;ioucesTe'r? avLiod  hin- 
seii  01  it.    instead  of  endeavouring  to  vie  w  th  Richard's  favourites  and 

0  invite  a  share  of  his  partiality,  the  duke  almost  retired  from  tl^co  *r 

app|n,ng  there  only  on  the  public  occasions  which  wouhrimvo  caused 

hi«  absence  to  have  been  ill  remarked  on,  and  devoting  all    he  rest  of  his 

Who  T;il!S't7"i?"'T'''"""^  ^'■'"'^'y  "'•'  "f  wlllch  liJ  wis"[n    ! 
h«  m„«    nJ     f  ^  ^°  offer  his  opinion  in  council,  ho  took  care  to  give 

Sid  with  rr,.?^*'     ^^ ."'®  """''®.  ""•'  "'"""••«  w'"''''  I^'«l'ard  had  con- 
t  ufled  with  I  ranee  were  almost  universally  unpopular.  (Jlouccster  to     I 
orHers  of  men  who  h.ul  approach  to  him,  airectccl  ih    u  mosrporso  m  sor 
o«r  and  patriotic  indignati.m  that  Richard  had  so  ...mpTe  o  yTcfs  aZi 
Hi  ly  dcpnorated  from  the  high  anti-(Jallican  spirit  of  I  is    ?nZned  am 

K     tVand'S  '"'V,"  "'""  '''^^>«'-hasti;e^Xa7'?ols'o 

S  rvn.       '       '^'^«"^««»    '0  t'-easure- house  of  Kngland's  high-horn 
mn  isU-^liT/y  y^r""-     '°  '^?"  '»  '^'"'  '"'«  intore.sled  opinioni 

Si  r   iiZr,l  hP"''''^''*'  .*r"y '**"''"»"•  "'"'"•  f"''^'"-:  »"<l  the' more  H- 
popiil'ir  Richard  became,  the  more  openly  and  eariicstiv  did  the  ne..,  « 

i!"tZ  :r?i""y  '."«  '"""^y'  ''«"'»••"  that  the  link?.,    Glouc'  St  X^ 

?vX:t.:.a^!:r  *""'  "''''^^"''  '"^  '«  woiruSrSrarilunr [er^ 

d«»mll'/iS«r'n  '?'  *, '.'"'»  •''"«  '"»''  harboured  the  most  treasonable 
!!""{l!!u"»'i""'  ^)«)'«"-d  IS  quite  certain  from  even  his  own  cnnf.."" .. 
--•.  ..:-.:i;jru,  lugca  Dy  iii«  advice  not  oniv  of  hiii  favourites,  but  also  bv 


R3({ 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


the  king  of  France,  suddenly  catiscd  Gloucester  to  be  arrested  and  con 
veyed  to  Calais,  while  nt  the  same  time  his  friends  the  earls  of  Arundel 
and  Warwick  were  seized  and  thrown  into  prison.  As  both  the  dukes  o 
Lancaster  and  York  and  their  eldest  sons  approved  of  and  supported  the 
king's  suddenly  adopted  course,  the  friends  of  the  imprisoned  nobles  saw 
that  resistnnce  would  only  serve  to  involve  themselves  in  ruin.  The 
king,  too,  by  influencing  the  sheriffs,  caused  a  parliament  to  be  assem. 
bled,  which  was  so  completely  subservient  to  his  wishes,  that  it  not  only 
annulled  the  commission  which  had  so  extensively  trenched  upon  the 
royal  authority,  and  declared  it  high  treason  to  attempt  the  renewal  of  a 
like  commission,  but  even  went  so  far  as  to  revoke  the  general  pardon 
that  Richard  had  voluntarily  confirmed  after  he  regained  his  authority  and 
to  revoke  it,  in  the  face  of  that  fact,  upon  the  ground  of  its  having  beei 
extorted  by  force  and  never  freely  ratified  by  the  king ! 

The  duke  of  Gloucester,  the  earls  of  Arundel  and  Warwick,  and  tht 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  were  now  impeached  by  the  commons.  Aran- 
del  was  executed,  Warwick  banished  for  life  to  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  the 
archbishop  was  deprived  of  his  temporalities  and  banished  the  kingdom 
That  they  all  really  were  cognizant  of  and  concerned  in  Gloucester's  more 
recent  treasonable  projects  there  can  be  no  moral  doubt ;  and  yet,  legally 
these  men  were  all  unjustly  condemned,  for  they  were  condemned  not 
for  any  recent  treason,  but  for  that  old  rebellion  which  the  king  had  par 
don^  d  voluntarily  and  while  under  no  restraint.  The  chief  partizans  of 
Gloucester  being  thus  disposed  of,  the  governor  of  Calais  was  ordered  to 
bring  the  duke  himself  over  for  trial;  but  to  this  order  he  returned  word 
that  the  duke  had  suddenly  died  of  apoplexy.  When  it  is  considered  thai 
this  sudden  death  of  the  duke  happened  so  conveniently  for  releasing  tht 
king  from  the  unpleasant,  practical  dilemma  of  either  setting  at  liberty  a 
powerful  and  most  implacable  foe,  or  incurring  the  odium  which  could 
not  but  attach  to  the  act  of  putting  to  death  so  near  a  relation,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  withhold  belief  from  the  popular  rumour  which  was  very  rife  at 
the  time,  and  still  more  so  during  the  next  king's  reign,  that  the  duke  was, 
in  fact,  smothered  in  his  bed,  in  obedience  to  a  secret  order  of  his  kint 
and  nephew. 

Ere  the  parliament  was  dismissed,  very  extensive  creations  and  pro. 
motions  took  place  in  the  peerage,  of  course  among  those  who  had  been 
most  useful  and  zeulons  in  aiding  the  recent  royal  severity;  and  at  the 
very  close  of  this  busy  and  discreditable  session  the  king  gave  a  singu- 
larly striking,  though  practically  unimportant,  proof  of  his  inconsistency; 
he  exacted  an  oath  from  tho  parliament  perpctuiilly  to  maintain  the  acts 
they  had  pB8se(i— one  of  those  very  acts  being  in  'lircci  and  .-^lianiefiil  vio 
lation  of  a  prerisoly  similar  oath  which  had  been  subsequently  snnctioneJ 
by  tho  king's  free  and  solemn  ratification ! 

A.  D.  1.3!)^!.— When  the  parliament  met  at  Shrewsbury,  in  January,  1398, 
the  king  again  manifested  his  anxiety  for  tho  security  of  the  recent  acts, 
by  causing  both  the  lords  and  commons  to  swear,  npon  the  cross  of  Can- 
terbury, tliat  they  would  maintain  them.  Still  ill  at  ease  on  this  point, 
he  shortly  afterwards  obtained  the  additional  security,  as  he  deemed  it, 
of  a  inill  from  the  pope,  ordaining  the  pt  manenco  of  these  acts.  At  the 
same  timo,  as  if  to  show  the  folly  of  swearing  to  the  perpetuation  of  acti, 
the  parliament  reversed  the  attainders,  not  only  of  Tresilian  and  the  oilier 
Judges,  for  the  secret  opinions  they  had  given  to  the  king  at  Nottingham, 
out  also  of  the  Spensers,  father  and  son,  who  were  attainted  in  the  reim 
of  Edward  II. 

Though  the  enmity  towards  Gloucester  of  the  nobles  who  had  so  zeal 
OUsly  aided  in  the  destruction  of  that  prince  hsd  united  them  in  apparently 
♦ndlssolulilu  friendship  while  the  dnko  lived,  animosities  and  hearthuriiingsi 
■OOP  sprang  up  among  them  when  this  common  bond  of  union  was  rr 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


037 


'^^"flu  ?t  f\?^  r"n™C*'l*'  'P  •"»  P^»''«  in  parliament  solemnly  ac 
cused  the  duke  of  Norfolk  of  having  slandered  tL  king,  by  imputing  to 
bim  the  intention  of  destroymg  some  of  the  highest  of  the  nobility ;  Nor- 
folk  gave  Hereford  the  he,  and  demanded  the  trial  by  duel.  The  challenop 
was  allowed  and  accepted;  and  as  the  parliament  was  now  separating 
and  legislative  authority  might  yet  be  rendered  necessary  by  the  result  S 
this  duel,  a  singular  and  somewhat  hazardous  expedient  was  resorted  to  • 
Ihatof  delegating  the  full  powers  of  the  parliament  to  a  committee  of 
twelve  lords  and  six  of  the  commons.  ">»int5c  oi 

The  lists  for  the  duel  were  fixed  at  Coventry,  the  king  in  person  was 
to  witness  the  combat,  and  the  whole  chivalry  of  England  w^^spht  TiZ 
two  parties,  sidmg  with  the  respective  champions.  ^But  on  the  day  of 

Hmf5?d  friife  ''^'  '''"'''''"»  ^°'^''^^  f"*"  *''"  y««r8  and 

The  great  inconsistency  of  Richard  makes  it  difficult  to  write  his  reign 
By  the  act  we  have  just  recorded  he  showed  sound  and  humane  pS 
yet  ,n  the  very  next  year  we  find  him  committing  a  most  waniSn  and 
despotic  wrong;  as  though  he  would  balance  the  prudence  of  mlZefn 
end  to  one  source  of  striTe  among  his  nobles  by  taking  the  earliest  nossT 
ble  opportunity  to  open  another !  ^        earnest  possi- 

i.  D.  1399.-The  duke  of  Lancaster  dying,  his  son  applied  to  be  put 
into  possession  of  the  estate  and  authority  of  his  father,  as  secured  by  the 
king's  own  patent.  But  Richard,  jealous  of  that  succession,  caused  he 
committee  to  which  the  authority  of  parliament  had  been  so  strangely  dl 
epted,  to  authorize  him  to  revoke  that  patent,  and  to  try  and  cWemn 
Uncaster's  own  attorney  for  having  done  his  duty  to  his  employer 'Thi! 
monstrous  tyranny  was  not  carrie3  to  the  length  of  actually  butting  the 
at  ornev  to  death,  in  pursuance  to  the  sentence,  but  that  extreme  Sou? 
»"88  only  commuted  to  banishment !  c*ironio  rigour 

The  tyranny  of  this  strange  act  was  indisputable  and  detestable  •  but 
y  no  means  niore  strnnge  and  unaccountable  than  its  singular  impolicv 
It  would  have  been  impossible  to  name  a  noble  tiien  living  who  wm  more 
generally  and  universally  popular  than  Henry,  the  new  diL  of  La"a7e  ' 
Ffe  had  served  with  great  credit  against  the  Infi.lols  in  Lithuania!  hrias 
closely  connected  by  blood  with  many  of  the  most  powerful  o  the  noS 
ity,  and  by  friendship  with  still  more ;  and  his  own  popularitv  and  the 
oetestation  into  whicfi  the  king  had  now  fallen,  cau J"d  Z  g  ?at  malor  tv 

'lone  to  the  duke,  but  also  to  hope  that  the  vastness  of  his  wfonffs  would 
mduce  him  to  become  the  avenger  of  tiicirs.  ^  '^ 

Notwithstaiiding  the  mere  irritating  and  driving  out  of  the  ronnfrv  « 
inw J^";  ""\"  ^y^^''^'  popularity,  and  talei  ts^  ^a,  so  well  ca^clTed 
"nrny'"*''?J'''"u'*l' '°l'«""f''  "'™n«'  'h«  infa  uated  Richard  now  left 
lome  attempt  likely  to  consummate  h  s  probable  ruin '     His  roimin  nnS 

S^BSr  «r-^-  :^^^iSs 

in  YorkrhS.  Vni  rj  ","'y  "i^'y  '"  ""'"^'«^' '''«  «'"ko  landed  at  Ravonsm" 
ISd  Who  nr  •I"""'** '•>:"'"  «'"••»  "f  Northumberland  and  West- 
Wihnnnfp    .^r  prcsencc  of  these  two  potent  nobles,  and  of  the  arch 

dS  Lh  5tr^"'-V'\^""^'  'r '"'«''•  ""P^'"^'  '^^  young  earl  n    Aru,.- 

inly  ,„1d  S  tilt??  5'"  r"'P1"'''"\f^"'"  NaSles.  the  dX 
DurnZ  tUn  I  »  V  '"'*  *'"''"''  returned  to  the  country  with  no  other 
Sid  mm  hi  [?''7«""»  hia  duchy  that  had  been  »o  (vrarmica  y 
Wthrw?„i'"<L.„'}5!i"^^^  "'«  '«"»  -""ans  to  appease  .h' 

l—il  "  "  ""  "'-""'•  =««  "'  ««c  numerous  iOvern  of  peai-e  whom 


338 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


the  dread  of  a  civil  war,  as  a  consequence  ol  his  aiming  at  the  throne 
would  otherwise  have  rendered  hostile  to  him,  the  duke  invited  not  onlv 
all  his  own  friends,  but  all  in  England  who  were  true  lovers  of  justice,  to 
aid  and  uphold  him  in  this  incontestably  just  and  reasonable  design;  and 
his  appeal,  partly  from  personal  aiTection  to  him,  but  chiefly  from  general 
and  intense  detestation  of  the  absent  king,  was  so  eagerly  and  speedily 
answered,  that,  in  a  very  few  days,  he  who  had  so  lately  left  Nantes  with 
a  slender  retinue  of  only  sixty  persons  was  at  the  head  pf  an  army  of  as 
many  thousands,  zealous  in  his  cause,  and  beyond  expression  anxious  to 
take  signal  vengeance  for  the  numerous  tyrannies  of  Richard. 

On  leaving  England  for  the  purpose  of  chastising  the  Irish  rebels,  Rich 
ard  gave  the  important  oflice  of  guardian  of  the  realm  to  the  duke  ol 
York.  This  prince  did  not  possess  the  talents  requisite  in  the  dangerous 
crisis  which  had  now  arisen ;  moreover,  he  was  too  closely  connected 
with  the  duke  of  Lancaster  to  allow  of  his  exertmg  the  sincere  and  ex 
•leme  rigour  by  which  alone  the  advances  of  that  injured  but  no  less  am- 
bitious noble  could  be  kept  in  check ;  and  those  friends  of  the  king  whose 
power  and  zeal  might  have  kept  York  to  his  fidelity,  and  supplied  his 
want  of  ability,  had  accompanied  Richard  to  Ireland.  Everything,  there- 
fore, seemed  to  favour  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  should  ambition  lead  him 
to  attempt  something  beyond  the  mere  recovery  of  his  duchy. 

The  duke  of  York,  however,  did  not  at  the  outset  show  any  want  ol 
will  to  defend  the  king's  rights.  He  ordered  all  the  forces  that  could  be 
collected  to  meet  him  at  St.  Alban's ;  but  after  all  exertion  had  been  made, 
he  found  himself  at  the  head  of  no  more  than  forty  thousand  men ;  ana 
these  far  from  zealous  in  the  royal  cause.  Just  as  he  made  this  discovery 
of  his  twofold  weakness,  he  received  a  message  in  which  the  duke  of  Lan 
caster  begged  him  not  to  oppose  his  recovery  of  his  inheritance,  to  which 
he  still  with  consummate  hypocrisy  affected  to  limit  his  demands  and 
wishes.  York  confessed  that  he  could  not  think  of  opposing  his  nephew 
in  so  reasonable  and  just  a  design,  and  York's  declaration  was  received 
with  a  joy  and  applause  which  augured  but  ill  for  the  interests  of  the  ab- 
sent king.  Lancaster,  still  pretending  to  desire  only  the  fecovery  of  his 
right,  now  hastened  to  Bristol,  where  some  of  the  ministers  had  talcen  re- 
fuge, and,  having  speedily  made  himself  master  of  the  place,  gave  the  lie 
to  all  his  professions  of  moderation  by  sending  to  instant  execution  the 
earl  of  Wiltshire,  Sir  John  Bussy,  and  Sir  He»iry  Green. 

Intelligence  of  Lancaster's  proceedings  had  by  this  time  reached  Rich- 
ard, who  hastened  from  Ireland  with  an  army  of  20,000  men,  and  landec 
at  Milford  Haven.  Against  the  force  by  which  Lancaster  had  by  this 
lime  surrounded  himself,  the  whole  of  Richard's  army  would  have  availed 
but  little ;  but  before  he  could  attempt  anything,  above  two-thirds  of  even 
that  small  army  had  deserted  him,  and  ho  found  himself  compelled  to 
steal  away  from  the  "lithful  remnant  of  his  force  and  take  shelter  in  thu 
Isle  of  Anglesey-  >  aence  he  probably  intended  to  embark  for  France, 
there  to  await  .  .ik  change  of  affairs  which  might  enable  him  to  exert 
himself  with  at  least  some  hope  of  succesH. 

Lancaster,  as  politic  as  he  was  ambitious,  saw  at  a  glance  how  much 
mischief  and  disturbance  might  possibly  accrue  to  him  from  Hiciliard  ob 
taining  the  support  and  sheltLM  of  France  or  even  of  Ireland,  nnd  deter- 
mined to  possess  himself  of  the  unhappy  king's  person  previous  to  wholly 
throwing  off  the  thin  mask  he  still  wore  of  moderation  and  loyalty.  He, 
therefore,  sent  the  carl  of  Northumberland  to  Richard,  ostensibly  for  the 
purpose  of  assuring  him  of  Lancaster's  loyal  feeling  and  niudoratc  aim{ 
and  Northumberland,  as  instructed,  took  the  opportunity  to  8(Mze  npon 
Richard,  whom  ho  conveyed  to  Flint  castle,  wl ere  Lancaster  anxiously 
awaited  his  precious  prize.  The  unfortunate  R  chard  was  nowconveyc<i 
10  London,  nominally  under  the  protection,  but  roallv  as  the  prisoner  of 


HISTORY  OF   THE   WORLD. 


dSO 


Lancaster,  who  throughout  the  journey  was  every  where  received  nrifh 
the  submission  and  acclamations  that  o'f  right  beLgedTo  his  sovereTin 
The  Londoners,  especially  showed  unbounded  affecUon  to  the  duke-  and 

foTu't  SaJdToSeS'"'  Sn'  '^'^^  1^  '^'"  ••«^«^'^«'-'  »d^i««d  Lancaste; 
to  put  Kichard  to  death.  However  atrocious  this  advice,  the  spirit  of  that 
age  was  such  as  by  no  means  to  make  it  impossible  that  it  was  giveS 
But  Lancaster  had  deeper  thoughts,  and  had  no  intention  of  lettin?  hi^ 
whole  designs  be  visibe,  or  at  least  declared,  until  ho  could  do  so  with 
oerfect  safety  from  having  the  chief  authorities  of  the  nation  compromTsed 

fnfhTLde"u8e  V'thf r'  ?'''°'^"''y  P""'"^  an  endrtheTa™  ve 
King,  ne  made  use  of  the  royal  name  to  sanction  his  own  measures 
Richard,  helpless  and  a  prisoner,  was  compelled  to  summon  a  pa^Uamen?. 

;;  insf the  kiig  'tosTof'  th'iK'"^  r'''^'  «/  acc^i^foS  wna"[d' 
againsi  ine  King.    Most  of  the  nobles  who  were  fr  endlv  to  Richard  hail 
secured  their  own  safety  by  flight ;  and  as  Lancaster  3at  once  powerful 
and  popular,  we  may  fairly  believe  that  Richard  was  as  S  provided^wiSi 
friends  m  the  commons  as  in  the  lords.    But  the  bishop  of  CaSe  in  the 
latter  house,  nob  y  redeemed  the  national  character  Ey  the  abmi  and 
firmness  with  which  he  showed,  at  once,  the  insufficiency  of  the  cLJes 
made  against  Richard,  and  the  unconstitutional  and  irreguUr  nature  of  ?hl 
treatment  bestowed  upon  him.    He  argued,  that  even  those  of  Se  charges 
pfl"nnA'f"'^'^r''"=^  •"'^^^  ^^"^7  ^«  *^^i"ed  to  be  true!  were  ra  he? 
evidence  of  youth  and  want  of  judgment  than  of  tyranny  Tnd  that  thl 
deposition  of  Edward  H.,  besides  that  it  was  no  otherwise  a  precedent 
n  thif.„'  7h'  ^  ^"'''^^^^'■"l  T'  of  violence,  was  still  further  no  S  ecedeS 
nWokte  his  son"bPi„?n^'  ^^''^'^^l  «f  P^'a'd  'he  succession'^^^aslej 
Sr  whom  rJiJ^  P''*''^'^  "P°i'  "'^  ^'^™»« '  while  the  duke  of  LaS- 
m„.S.S?^      ^^^  now  proposed  to  substitute  for  Richard,  could  only 
rthiVh?^  '''""r'.  •''^,"  ?"«■■  I^ichard's  deposition,  by  violating  the  riffi 
whnrfE'''"'"  ""^  t"/^'''"''  '^^'"  brother,  Lionel,  duke  of  cffence,  upon 

The  s^uSTn^''  ^r""  ^^'"'""ly  ^''"''^'^  ^y  »he  parliament        •    ^ 
m  h?l!Sf  .  i  r*^  ••"''  •=""''"<=*  °^  ^he  able  prelate,  however  honourable 

cterTom'  t^e  chZTof  r^'""'.  "^1  ^  '«'"''  '•^^^"'"S  '^'  nationaTcfar 
.prvLl  ?^.u        .  "^^^  "X^®""^  ""^'■•y  '«*'  to  all  sense  of  right,  was  of  no 

8  thoui^S  hP  S'^Py  "'? ^"■^-  ^^'  ^'«'««P  w»«  heard  by  tL  pS  amen^ 
?U8  iceMhech«r.!r"  """"""r  to  something  of  incredible  folly  and  in- 
El  nf  I  f^*^*  ^^""^  ^*"^^  '"  he  proven  against  Richard ;  and  the 

SJcoJi  arrS^'-r  "^  r*'""^  ^"""'Ph' »t,  immldiately  had  the  bishop  of 
«  mnri^^.K    '^  ^"'^  ^^"'  pnsoner  to  St.  Alban's  abbey,  there  to  acquire 

EarS^bein'irTn  S-l.^^''^''"^  V^t  P^^^'P'^^  ^^  constitutionallaw 

rerflntlv  ma^  ^  .u^.'L®  ^""l"^  deposed,  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  who  had  so 

Sh  f uf      °^'h    hat  he  sought  only  the  recovery  of  hi^  ducliy-^f 

mni  p1„  ^y°"i  ''"  'l"^'"''"  'hat  he  had  been  most  Wrongfully  deri^ 

8    niirS/vnTn"^'  'T''!!  *''."''•'"■  '"  'he  forehead  and  breast  with  mmh 

Holv  ?'1.1.  T  h'  """^  V^'     '"  ^^^  "^"'^  «f  'he  Father,  the  Son,  and   he 

thSrSS   and  »frZ°^  Lancaster,  challenge  this  realm  of  England;  and 

ended  b^^iiilninfTh^'M"''/"'^  appurle.iances  also,  thati  am  des- 

ThiH  uLT^  '"1"  ^J  *he  blood,  coming  from  the  good  king  Henry  the 

heEf  kin  »nH  n7^  'r"'  "i^*"  •^«'  ««d  "f  his  gracf  hath  sent  me7w  Jh 

of  beiL  inHon«  L^J  ["^if'l  *"  '"'"'"  " '  'h«  '^hich  realm  was  on  po  nt 

ThK,. .      u-^r?"'.'  ""^  governance  and  undoing  of  the  good  laws." 

JbuHt  "  '^'^'S''  '•;"  ''"'*«  «*■  Lancaster  hero  pretends  requires  a  few. 

Irv  ice  v^h'  Z"^"  ".  «TP'""""°"'    " There  was,"  says  Hume,  ••  asil^; 

Sr  8„i  o?  h"""*  h'  '4ir5*  "^  "'"  ^"'K'^'-'  'h»'  Edmond,  ear  of  Lan- 

bl  that  bi  reLnn  n7  "'^  ^^'J^'  ^"''  ''•"'"y  'h«  '"«'•  hrother  of  Edward ; 

in  he  s„cL' i^  ».  I't!""  ''«f"'''"\'y  '"  his  person  he  had  been  postponed 

Dload     Ai  .h„  ' '      ^^  his  younger  brother  imposed  upon  the  na  ion  in  hia 

lu'au.    AS  the  present  dukn  of  Lancastpc  isihi-ritpH 


r-.._.  L'.i 1    1  _    •  1  , 

!ii':ix  rjtniiuiili,  t;y  lll'i 


■m  ■•>  f  I 

1^.  ml 


IffiJ  irtfj^ 
Mi 


340 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


11 


i  i 


It  ,'i 


mother,  this  grenealogy  made  him  the  true  heir  of  the  monarchy,  ar.d  n  U 
therefore  insinuated  in  his  speech,  but  the  absurdity  was  too  gross  to  be 
openly  avowed  either  by  him  or  the  parliament." 

But  if  too  gross  for  formal  parliamentary  use,  it  could  scarcely  be  too 
gross  for  imposing  upon  the  changeful,  ignorant,  and  turbulent  rabble  and 
Henry  of  Lancaster  was  far  too  accomplished  a  demagogue  to  overlook 
the  usefulness  of  a  falsehood  on  account  of  its  grossness. 

The  deposition  of  Kichard  rendered  it  necessary  that  the  parliameni 
should  be  dissolved ;  but  in  six  days  after  that  took  place  a  new  parliament 
was  called  by  his  usurping  tiuccessor.  This  parliament  gave  a  new  prool 
of  the  absurdity  of  swearing  the  parliament  and  people  to  the  perpetuity 
of  laws ;  all  the  laws  of  Richard's  former  parliament,  which  had  not  only 
been  sworn  to  but  also  confirmed  by  a  papal  bull,  being  now  abrogated  at 
one  fell  swoop !  And  to  make  the  lesson  still  more  striking  and  still  more 
disgusting,  all  the  acts  of  Gloucester's  parliament  which  had  been  so  sol- 
emnly  abrogated,  were  now  as  solemnly  confirmed !  For  accusing  Glou- 
cester, Warwick,  and  Arundel,  many  peers  had  been  promoted;  they  were 
now  on  that  account  degraded  !  The  recent  practice  had  made  appeals  in 
parliament  the  rightful  and  solemn  way  of  bringing  high  offenders  to  jus- 
tice ;  such  appeals  were  now  abolished  in  favour  of  common  law  indict- 
ments. How  could  peaceable  and  steady  conduct  be  expected  from  a  peo- 
ple whose  laws  were  thus  perpetually  subjected  to  chance  and  change,  to 
the  rise  of  this  or  to  the  fall  of  that  party? 

Henry  of  Lancaster,  by  due  course  of  violence  and  fraud,  of  hyprocrisy 
and  of  perjury,  havir;,  usurped  the  crown,  the  disposal  of  the  person  of 
the  late  king  naturally  became  a  question  of  some  interest ;  t  nd  the  earl 
of  Northumberland,  who  had  acted  so  treacherous  a  part,  was  deputed  io 
ask  the  advice  of  the  peers  upon  that  point,  and  to  inform  them  that  the 
king  had  resolved  to  spare  Richard's  life.  The  peers  were  unanimously 
of  opinion  that  Richard  should  be  confined  in  some  secure  fortress,  and 
prevented  from  having  any  communication  with  his  friends.  Pontefract 
castle  was  accordingly  fixed  upon  as  the  deposed  king's  prison,  and  here 
he  speedily  died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-four.  That  he  was  murdered 
no  historian  denies ;  but  while  some  say  that  he  was  openly  attacked  by 
assassins  who  were  admitted  to  his  apartments,  and  thai  before  he  was 
dispatched  he  killed  one  of  his  assailants  and  nearly  overpowered  the  rest- 
others  say,  that  he  was  starved  to  death,  and  that  his  strong  constitution 
inflicted  upon  him  the  unspeakable  misery  of  living  for  a  fortnight  after 
his  inhuman  gaolers  hsd  ceased  to  supply  him  with  any  food ;  and  this 
latter  account  is  more  likely  to  be  the  correct  one,  as  his  body,  when 
exposed  to  public  view,  exhibited  no  marks  of  violence  upon  it.  Whatevei 
his  fault,  it  is  impossible  to  deny  that  he  was  most  unjustly  treated  by  the 
usurper  Henry,  and  very  basely  abandoned  by  both  houses  and  parliament; 
and  his  fate  furnishes  a  new  proof  that  the  smallest  tyrannies  of  a  weak 
sovereign,  in  a  nide  and  unlettered  age,  will  provoke  the  most  sanguinary 
vengeance  at  the  hands  of  the  very  same  men  who  will  patiently  and 
basely  put  up  with  the  greatest  and  most  insulting  tyrannies  at  the  hands 
of  a  king  who  has  either  wisdom  or  courage. 

Apart  from  the  sedition  and  violence  of  which  we  have  already  givini 
a  detailed  account,  the  reign  of  the  deposed  and  murdered  Richard  had 
out  one  circumstance  worthy  of  especial  remark ;  the  commencement  in 
England  of  the  reform  of  the  church.  John  Wickiifle,  a  secular  priest  of 
Oxford,  and  subsequently  rector  of  Lutterworth,  in  Leicestershire,  beinff 
a  man  of  great  learning  and  piety,  and  being  unable  by  the  most  carefiii 
study  of  the  scriptures  to  find  any  justification  of  the  doctrine  of  the  real 
presence,  the  supremacy  of  Rome,  or  the  merit  of  vows  of  celibacy,  fell 
himself  bound  to  make  public  his  opinion  on  these  points,  and  to  maintain 
•'that  the  scriptures  wor*"  «•'«•  sole  rule  of  faith;  that  the  chuich  was  de 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  341 

(j«ndant  on  the  state  and  should  be  reformed  by  it;  that  the  cleijrv  ouirht 
to  possess  no  estates;  that  the  begging  friars  were  a  nuisance  and  ought 
not  to  be  supported;  that  the  numerous  ceremonies  of  the  church  were 
hurtful  to  true  piety ;  that  oaths  were  unJawful,  that  dominion  was  found- 
ed in  grace,  that  everything  was  subject  to  fate  and  destiny  and  that  all 
men  were  predestined  to  eternal  salvation  or  reprobation." 

It  will  be  perceived  from  this  summary  that  Wickliffe  in  some  particu- 
lars went  beyond  the  reformers  of  the  sixteenth  century;  but  drawinff 
his  opinions  from  the  scriptures  and  the  writings  of  the  fathers,  he,  in  the 
main,  agrees  with  the  more  modern  reformers  who  also  soujrht  truth  in 

wvifitril".^  fh"'"'-  /°P'  ^'^?°'y  *'•  '^^"^'l  *  *>"»  .for  th«  trial  of 
Wickliffe  as  to  the  soundness  of  his  opinions.    The  duke  of  Lancaster, 

who  then,  m  consequence  of  Richard's  minority,  governed  the  kinsJom 

r.°?^E??h«  n'"''"?'  but  appeared  in  coJrt  with  him.  and  orderS 
that  he  should  be  allowed  to  sit  while  being  examined  b^  Courtcnav, 
bishop  of  London,  to  whom  the  pope's  bull  was  directed.  The  populace 
at  this    ime  were  much  against  Wickliffe,  and  would  probably  have  pro! 

ff?  f  .  ho ''■T'f  ^*""^'  TL^"':^  "P°»  ^«'^  •'""  and  ks  great  protector 
but  for  the  interference  of  the  bishop.  But  Wickliffe's  Opinions  being, 
for  he  most  part,  true,  and  being  maintained  by  an  extremely  earnest  as 
well  as  learned  and  pious  man,  soon  made  so  much  progress,  th^.t  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford  neglected  to  act  upon  a  second  bull  which  the  pope 
directed  against  the  intrepid  reformer;  and  even  (he  populace  learned  to 
hirn'"«vnnr»';f  "^l'  .1"  ^l^  arguiiients.  that  when  he  was  summoned 
before  a  synod  at  Lambeth,  they  broke  into  the  palace  and  so  alarmed  the 
prelates  who- were  opposed  to  him,  that  he  was  dismissed  without  censure. 
On  subsequent  occasions  he  was  troubled  for  his  opinions,  but  though  he 

t^ZfuT  w  i^""  "'":;"  e"*^  ^^^'^'""g^  ''°»'-'^8«  of  Luther  in  a  late?  age; 
he  did  hat  which  paved  the  way  for  it ;  being  sufficiently  tinctured  with 
hat  enthusiasm  necessary  to  unmask  imposture,  lie  gained  the  approba- 
tonof  honest  men ;  while  he  so  skilfully  explained  anitemporized,  tLt  he 
hved  prosperously  and  died  in  peace  at  his  rectory,  in  the  year  1385 ;  hav- 

K  .S  ^ZT^""  ^^  "^-^^P  *"f  "^^'  '*""'^*"8^  "P»»  the  important  subjects 
of  elig  on,  but  leaving  it  to  a  later  generation  to  withstand  the  tyrannous 
assumptions  of  Rome  even  to  tiie  stake  and  the  axe,  the  torture  and  the 
maddening  gloom  of  the  dungeon.  The  impunity  of  Wickliffe  and  his 
contemporary  disciples  must  not,  however,  be  wholly  set  down  to  the  ac- 
fnT\i  A  *"'^n"!u"  P'"'^^"'  temporizing  and  skilful  explanation.  These. 
SSv  f«n«7,^"H'^'  circumstances  greatly  served  them,  but  would  have 
utterly  failed  to  do  so  but  that  as  yet  there  was  no  law  by  which  the  se- 
cular arm  could  be  made  to  punish  the  heterodox  ;  and  Rome,  partly  from 
her  own  schisms  and  partly  from  the  state  of  England,  was  just  at  thS 
» me  in  no  condition  to  take  those  sweeping  and  stern  measures  which 

11'.!^^^"^"'  ^'■.'t'"'  ¥,"'  ^"^^  ^^^  8^«*'«'  f"^^""*-  «f  the  civil  mSr 
she  would  have  proved  herself  abundantly  willing  to  take.   That  the  power 

fo"!!'"""'"!^'^''^*^';  ""*"  ^^.%  ^'"'  *«'«  ^^a"*"'?  on  'he  part  of  Rome 
to  suppress  the  Lolards-as  Wickliffe's  disciples  were  called-rests  not 
merely  upon  spep-ilation.  Proof  of  that  fact  is  afforded  by  an  act  wh"ch 
J^J^u  FT  ^^l""^  *''*  ^^^^^  «f  W'^'^""""  the  clergy  surreptitiouily 
EanThi^lj-  '•'•'"^''^i'  "7*"^  ^^'^  the  consent  of  the  commons,  by  which 
lb  ttor«  Th  7™  ho""d  to  apprehend  all  preachers  of  heresy  and  their 
T^:Z%  .  tr""'^  **"  discovered  and  complained  of  in  the  commong 
&di.t«  I!:f  J7h'- " '  ""'^  the  clergy  were  thus  deterred  from  mak?nj 

to  nil  .hi  f  '^  **?"  "^^,  '"i'^ !"  "'^•1"''"«^  PO'^^"-'  though  they  contrive3 
»  prevent  the  formal  repaal  of  the  siauggled  act. 


»»  T'fg 


342 


HISTORY   OF   tup: 
/ 


WORLD 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

THE    REION   OF   HENRY   IT. 

A.D.  1399  — However  Henry  IV.  might  gloss  over  the  matter  to  the  servile 
commons  or  to  the  profoundly  ignorant  rabble,  he  could  not  but  be  perfect 
ly  awaro  that  he  had  no  hereditary  right ;  that  his  "  ri^ht,"  in  fact,  waa 
merely  the  right  of  a  usurper  who  had  paved  the  way  to  the  throne  by  the 
grossest  hypocrisy.  And  he  must  have  constantly  been  tortured  with 
doubts  and  anxieties,  lest  the  ambition  of  some  new  usurper  should  be 
sanctioned  as  his  own  had  been,  by  what  artful  demagogues  facetiously 
call  the  "  voice  of  the  people,"  or  lest  some  combination  of  the  barons 
should  pluck  the  stolen  diadem  from  his  brow,  to  place  it  on  that  of  the 
heir  of  the  house  of  Mortimer,  whom  parliament  had  formerly  declared 
the  heir  to  the  crown.  But  Henry  could  lessen  these  cares  and  fears  by 
reflecting  that  he  had  possession,  and  that  possession  was  not  so  easily  to 
be  wrested  from  him  by  a  future  usurper,  as  it  had  been  by  himself  from 
the  weak  and  unskilled  arm  of  Richard ;  while,  even  should  the  parlia- 
mentary decision  in  favour  of  the  true  heir  be  brought  into  play,  it  was  not 
80  difficult  or  uncommon  a  thing  to  alter  the  most  solemn  acts,  even  when 
passed  amid  oaths  and  supported  by  a  bull !  Moreover,  as  to  the  difficulty 
that  might  arise  from  the  true  heir,  Henry  probably  placed  his  chief  reli- 
ance  here — that  heir,  then  only  seven  years  old,  and  his  younger  brother, 
were  in  Henry's  own  custody  in  the  royal  castle  of  Windsor. 

A.D.  1400. — Had  Henry  been  previously  ignorant  of  the  tu»bulent  char- 
acter of  his  barons,  his  very  first  parliament  had  furnished  him  with  abun- 
dant information  upon  that  score.  Scarcely  had  the  peers  assembled 
when  disputes  ran  so  high  among  them,  that  not  only  was  very  "  unpar- 
liamentary" language  bandied  about  among  them,  even  to  the  extent  of 
giving  each  other  the  lie  direct.'and  as  directly  charging  each  other  with 
treason,  but  this  language  was  supported  by  the  throwing  down,  upon  the 
floor  of  the  house,  of  no  fewer  than  fortjr  gauntlets  in  token  of  their 
owners  readiness  to  maintain  their  words  in  mortal  combat.  For  the 
present  the  king  had  influence  enough  atnong  those  doughty  peers  to  pre- 
vent them  from  coming  into  actual  personal  collision.  But  he  was  not 
able  to  prevent  their  quarrel  from  still  rankling  in  their  hearts,  still  less 
was  he  able  to  overpower  the  strong  feeling  of  hatred  which  some  of 
them  cherished  against  his  own  power  and  person. 

We  spoke,  a  little  while  since,  of  the  degredation  by  Henry's  parliament 
of  certain  peers  who  had  been  raised  by  Richard's  parliament,  on  account  ol 
Ihe  part  they  took  at  the  time  of  the  rebellion  of  the  dnke  of  Gloucester 
The  earls  of  Rutland,  Kent,  and  Huntingdon,  and  the  Lord  Spencer,  who 
were  thus  degraded,  respectively  from  the  titles  of  Albemarle,  Surrey, 
Exeter,  and  Gloucester,  the  tiiree  first  being  dukedoms  and  the  fourth  an 
earldom,  now  entered  into  a  conspiracy  to  seize  the  king  at  Windsor;  and 
his  deposition,  if  not  his  death,  must  infalliby  have  followed  had  they  suc- 
ceeded in  the  first  part  of  their  design.  The  earl  of  Salisbury  and  the 
Lord  Lumley  joined  iu  this  conspiracy,  and  the  measures  were  so  well 
taken  that  Henry's  ruin  would  have  been  morally  certain,  but  that  Rut- 
land, from  compunction  or  some  less  creditable  motive,  gave  the  king 
timely  notice  and  he  suddenly  withdrew  from  Windsor,  where  he  was 
living  comparatively  unprotected,  and  reached  London  in  private  just  aa 
tho  conspirators  arrived  at  Windsor  with  a  parly  of  five  hundred  cavalry. 
Before  the  baffltnl  conspirators  could  recover  from  their  surprise  the  king 
posted  himself  at  Kingston-on-Thames,  with  cavalry  and  infantry,  chiefly 
supplied  by  the  city  of  LondDii,  to  the  nuinl)cr  of  twenty  thousand.  Tho 
.-•auapiralors  had  s-j  euliraly  tiepeiided  upaii  the   atTe.i'.i  of  surpriaiug  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


n43 


bag  aad  making  use  of  the  possession  of  his  person  that  they  now  saw 
that  they  had  lost  all  m  losing  him,  and  they  betook  themselves  to  their 
respective  counties  to  raise  their  friends  and  dependants.    But  the  kino 
had  now  all  the  advantage  of  being  already  in  force,  and  strong  detach- 
meats  of  his  friends  pursued  the  fugitives  so  hotly  that  they  had  not  the 
chance  of  making  any  combined  resistance.     The  earls  of  Kent  and  Salis- 
bury were  seized  at  Cirencester,  in  Gloucestershire,  by  the  inhabitants  of 
that  place,  and  were  beheaded  on  the  following  day ;  Spencer  and  Lumley 
were  siiiiilarly  disposed  of  by  the  men  of  Bristol;  and  the  earls  of  Hunt- 
ingdon,  bir  Thomas  Blount,  Sir  Benedict  Sn!y.  and  several  others  who 
were  made  prisoners  were  subsequently  put  to  death  by  Henry's  own  or- 
der.   It  gives  us  a  positive  loathing  for  the  morality  of  that  age  when  we 
read  that  on  the  quartered  bodies  of  these  persons  being  brought  to  Lon- 
don, the  mangled  and  senseless  remains  were  insulted  by  the  loud  and 
disgusting  joy,  not  only  of  immense  numbers  of  the  rabble  of  the  turbu- 
lent metropolis,  but  also  by  thirty-two  mitred  abbots  and  eighteen  bishops, 
who  thus  set  an  example  whioh-can  we  doubt  it  1— was  only  too  faith- 
fully  followed  by  the  inferior  clergy.     But  the  most  disgusting  as  well  a» 
the  most  horrible  part  of  this  sad  story  still  remains  to  be  told.    In  this 
truly  degrading  procession  the  earl  of  Rutland  made  a  conspicuous  figure, 
not  merely  as  being  son  and  heirof  thedukeof  York,as  having  aide4  in  the 
murder  of  his  uncle,  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  as  having  deserted  from  Rich- 
ard to  Henry,  and  having  conspired  against  the  latter  and  betrayed  to  him 
the  wretched  men  whose  remains  were  now  being  brutally  paraded  before 
the  eyes  of  the  rabble ;  these  distinctions  were  not  enough  foi  his  evil 
ambition,  and  lest  he  should  be  overlooked  in  the  bloody  procession,  he 
carried  upon  a  pole  the  ghastly  head  of  one  of  those  victims  whom  lie  had 
first  seduced  and  conspired  with,  and  then  betrayed— and  that  victim  was 
the  Lord  Spencer,  his  own  brother-in-law !    Surely  this  man  had  succ^s 
fully  aimed  at  the  sublimity  of  infamy  ! 

A.D.  1401.— Politic  in  everything,  and  resolute  to  make  everything  as 
far  as  possible  subservient  to  his  safety  and  interest,  Henry,  who  m 
his  youth  and  while  as  yet  a  subject  had  been,  as  his  father  had,  a  Aivour- 
erot  the  Lollards,  now  aided  in  their  oppression,  in  order  to  conciliate  the 
established  clergy.  And  to  all  the  other  evil  characteristics  of  this  reisn 
IS  to  be  added  that  of  the  originating  in  England  of  civil  penal  laws 
against  the  undefinable  crime  of  heresy. 

LoUardism,  appealing  to  the  simple  common  sense  of  the  multitude,  had 
by  this  tune  become  very  widely  disseminated  in  England;  and  the  clerffv. 
to  oppose  the  leading  arguments  of  the  detested  heretics,  and  unpossessed 
01  the  power  to  silence  those  whom  they  could  not  confute,  loudly 
demanded  the  aid  of  the  civil  power.  Anxious  to  serve  a  vast  and  pow- 
erlul  body  of  men  who  in  any  great  emergency  would  be  so  well  able  to 
serve  urn,  Henry  engaged  the  parliament  to  pass  a  bill,  which  provided 
wiat  all  relapsed  heretics  who  should  refuse  to  abjure  their  errors  of  faith 
When  summoned  before  the  bishop  and  his  commissioners,  should  be  de- 
yered  over  to  the  civil  authorities,  who  should  publicly  commit  them  to 
the  flames.  An  atrocious  use  of  the  king's  power;  but  every  way  worthy 
acquired  hypocrisy  and  violence  by  which  that  power  had  been  . 

aZJfi?  ""^  'fl^^^^r  P*^f^,^  "^'''^  *•'  'ho  due  forms,  the  clergy  speedily 
wn rS  rf  ^^"^  1''"^  ^"^  ""'  '"^«'«'  t«  *»«^^  i'  '«  remain  a  dead  letter', 
mu  am  hautre,  a  clergyman  of  London,  was  condemned  as  a  relapsed 
.i«J;'r  7  flu  ''O'.'^ocation  of  Canterbury,  and  being  committed  to  the  chas- 
EX  ,  1  .  J^'^'ILp"')^'''"'  the  king  issued  his  writ,  and  the  wretched  man 
was  ourned  to  death.  Great  as  all  the  other  crimes  of  Henry  were,  they 
tail  Mito  comparative  insignificance  in  comparison  of  this  :  that  he  was 
-~rr^„  since  i.-ic  aar/i  and  cruel  supefslitiunor  ihe  Drmds,  who  disgusted  and 


344 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I  I 


horrified  the  inhabitants  of  England  with  the  awful  sight  of  a  fellowereatttrt 
fielding  up  his  breath  amid  the  ineffable  tortures  of  the  sacrificial  flames. 

While  Henry,  conscious  of  the  badness  of  his  title,  was  thus  endeavour 
ing,  by  the  most  atrocious  sacrifices  to  expediency,  to  strengthen  him- 
self  in  England,  he,  as  far  as  possible,  avoided  the  necessity  of  maicine 
»ny  consideiable  exertion  elsewhere.  But  even  bis  consummate  art  could 
not  wholly  preserve  him  from  the  cares  of  war. 

The  king  of  France  had  too  many  causes  of  anxiety  in  his  own  kinn- 
dom  to  admit  of  his  making,  as  both  he  and  his  friends  were  anxious  to 
make,  a  descent  upon  England,  and  he  was  obliged  to  content  himself  with 
getting  his  daughter  safely  out  of  the  hands  of  Henry.  But  the  Gascons 
among  whom  Richard  was  born,  and  who,  in  spite  of  his  numerous  and' 
glaring  faults,  were  passionately  attached  to  his  memory,  refused  to 
swear  allegiance  to  his  murderer ;  and  had  the  king  of  France  been  able 
to  send  an  army  to  their  support,  they  would,  beyond  all  doubt,  have  made 
an  obstinate  resistance.  But  Charles's  own  situation  rendering  him  un- 
able  to  assist  them,  the  earl  of  Worcester,  at  the  head  of  an  English 
army,  found  no  difficulty  jn  bringing  them  to  obedience  ;  and  they  were 
the  less  inclined  to  make  any  new  attempt  at  shaking  off  Henry's  yoke 
because  he  was  in  communion  with  the  pope  of  Rome,  whose  zealous  par- 
tizans  they  were  ;  while  France  was  in  communion  with  the  anti-pope 
then  resident  of  Avignon. 

A  sturdier  and  more  formidable  opponent  of  the  usurper  was  found  near 
home.  Owain  Glendwyr,  the  powerful  chieftain  of  Wales,  a  lineal  de- 
Bcendant  of  the  ancient  princes  of  that  country,  and  greatly  beloved  on  that 
account  as  well  as  for  his  remarkable  personal  courage,  gave  deep  of- 
fence to  Henry  by  the  firm  attachment  which  he  displayed  to  the  memory 
of  the  murdered  Richard.  Lord  Gray,  of  Ruthyn,  a  confidential  and  un- 
scrupulous  friend  of  Henry,  had  a  large  possession  in  the  Welsh  march- 
es ;  and  well  knowing  that  he  should  please  Henry— perhaps  even  pei*. 
sonally  instigated  by  him— he  forcibly  entered  Glendwyr's  territory,  and 
expellf.d  him  and  his  followers.  The  personal  fame  and  the  antique  de- 
scent of  Glendwyr  enabled  him  easily  and  speedily  to  collect  a  sufficient 
force  to  oust  the  intruders,  and  Henry,  as  probably  had  been  ngreed, 
sent  assistance  to  Lord  Gray,  whence  a  long  and  sanguinary  war  ensued. 

The  Welsh  chieftain  no  longer  combated  merely  his  personal  enemy, 
but  made  war  without  distinction  upon  all  the  English  subjects  in  his 
neighbourhood,  and  an-ong  them  upon  the  earl  of  Marche.  Sir  Kdmund 
Mortimer,  uncle  of  that  nobleman,  assembled  the  family  retainers  and  en- 
deavoured to  make  head  against  Glendwyr,  but  was  defeated,  and  both  he 
and  the  young  earl,  who,  though  only  a  youth,  would  go  to  the  field,  were 
taken  prisoners. 

Detesting  the  family  of  Mortimer  in  all  its  branches,  Henry  not  only 
took  no  steps  towards  obtaining  the  release  of  the  young  earl,  but  even 
refused  to  grant  the  earnest  intreaties  of  the  earl  of  Northumberland  to  be 
permitted  to  do  so,  although  the  earl  had  so  mainly  contributed  to  Henry's 
own  elevation,  and  was,  besides,  very  nearly  related  to  the  young  captive. 
But  in  point  of  ingratitude,  as  m  point  of  hypocrisy,  Henry  stopped  at  no 
,  half  measures ;  and  having  thus  shown  his  sense  of  the  earl's  past  service 
he  very  shortly  afterwards  made  a  new  service  the  actual  ground  of  new 
and  even  more  directly  insulting  ingratitude. 

The  Scots,  tempted  by  the  occasion  of  so  recent  and  flagrant  an  usur- 
pation of  the  crown,  made  incursions  into  the  northern  counties  of  Eng- 
land, and  Henry,  attended  by  the  most  warlike  of  his  noblei  marched 
in  such  force  to  Edinburgh,  that  the  Scots,  unable  at  that  moment  prudent- 
ly  to  give  him  battle,  retired  to  the  mountains,  as  was  ever  their  custom 
when  thov  could  not  fight,  yet  would  not  resist.  In  this  dilemma,  with  3 
fos  which  he  could  neither  provoke  into  the  field  or  tArrify  into  a  forfflol  ao^ 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD.  345 

Insincere  submission,  Henry  issued  a  formal  and  pompons  summons  to 
Robeitlll.tpcoraetohmi  and  do  homage  for  his  crown,  and  marched 
home  and  disbanded  his  army.  marenea 

A.  D.  1402.— Delivered  from  the  immediate  preseiice  of  their  enemv  f  Hp 
Scots  exerted  themselves  so  well  that  Lord  DouglasVas  LHwe "o^^^^^^^ 
army  of  welve  thousand  men,  officered  by  all  the  heads  of  the  nSitv 
■nto  England,  where  the  usual  devastation^nd  plunder  marked  their  pres-' 
ence.    The  earl  of  Northumberland  and  his  giUant  son  collected  a  force 

"ISv       i'tlfp'h' nf  "°  T^«". «« they  were  returning  home  laden 
with  booty.    In  the  battle  which  ensued  the  Scots  weie  complete Iv  rou? 
ed,  vast  numbers  of  them  were  slain  or  iaken  DrisonPrs  nn/anfnL  m 
latter  were  Lord  Douglas  himself,  the  eX  Fife  rnof\he  duke  "o?  AU 

?;>d  oSr  ^"^      ^'°'^""'^'  '"^  '^'  '''^'  °'  Angus    MuJ: 

In  that  age  the  ransom  of  prisoners  was  a  most  important  part  of  the 
profit  of  the  warrior,  whether  officer  or  private.    The  Soble  wEo  went  to 
war  for  his  sovereign  not  only  ran  the  ordinary  risks  of  the  fiah>  hn*  LiV 
if  taken  prisoner,  had  to  purchase  his  owSase,  oSef at  atm  so  vasi 
astoenta.1  comparative  poverty  upon  hia  family  for  generations      Undor 
«uch  circumstances  to  interfere  with  him  as  to  the  ransom  of  hi  s  prison' 
ers,  when  he  was  favoured  by  the  fortune  of  war.  was  as  scandaKs  a 
breach  of  faith  as  any  other  and  more  obvious  invasion  of  his  popenv 
and  this  breach  of  faith,  with  the  added  infamy  of  extreme  in/raS  id^e' 
did  Henry  now  commit,  by  sending  a  perempto^  messaged"  hf  Pe  ciej 
..ot  to  ransom  their  pnsoners  on  any  terms  f  the  desire  5f  the  poS    v- 
n.nt  being  to  make   the  continued  imprisonment  of  those  noWemea  ^a 
means  of  procuring  advantageous  terms  from  the  kingdom  of  which  they 
ivere  the  pride  and  ornament.  wmon  iney 

..r" «;  M^Ti:""?®"i''y  ^^^  probably  reckoned  on  the  continued  faith  of  the 
ean  of  Northumberland  under  any  circumstances  of  provocation,  from  the 
.niprmcipled  absence  of  all  scruple  which  that  nobleman  had  shownTaid' 
mghis  usurpation.  But  the  earl,  besides  that  he  himself  smarTedSude 
I  Tt^  '"'""  and  injury  was  still  farther  prompted  to  vengeance  bv 
h  son  the  younger  Percy,  better  known  as  rfarry  Hotspur,  and  it  was 
determined  between  them  that  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  hurl  the 7n 

0  r^i  e  hTm"'^E„S  iSt?^       '"^  ''^'^^  '^'^  ^'-"^  «°  mainly  conttSu?"d 
0  raise  him.    En  ering  into  a  correspondence  with  Glendwyr,  they  aereed 

L^m«pilr  '"  ^T  °PP««'"«"  '«  Henry,  and,  still  farther  to  8?rmmhe,. 
themse  ves,  gave  Lord  Douglas  his  liberty,  and  ensaired  that  warlike  V.; 
We  0  join  tLm  with  all  the  Scottish  folrce  that  ?S?rcould  co^^^^^^^^^^ 
Their  own  military  retainers  and  friends  were  not  a  weak  army -and  so 

nEnW'^'  ^°''"  °J  '^^  "l--''^  '■^'""y-  «"«J' «« »>•«  same  STi  so  im? 
phcit  and  undying  was  the  attachment  of  its  followers,  that  the  very  men 
who  had  formerly  foilovved  the  earl  for  the  purpose  of  placing  Henry  on 
the  throne,  now  followed  for  the  purpose  of  (lep^sine  nini.  ^ 

Au  tiie  preparations  being  mane,  the  earl's  army  was  ready  for  action 

leZSZ^:iT''^Vl'  ^'^^'V'y  a  «udden  Illness  SdisaTeS 

mnn«  „  ^^  ""''^'"^-  ■  ^utyoung  Henry  Percy  had  the  confidence  of  his 

3r"  ^i'u^'"*'®  "°>  *?^^""'"  *°  '^'''^  >"  which  it  was  enjoyed  by  the  earl 

trSdwyr     "'""''*  '''''"^'  Shrewsbury,  where  he  was  toVjoined 

Xrp';:?«\Vffcr''°^         slirewHburybJ^fore  Glendw^jJSd 
It  was  obviously  the  king's  true  policy  to  force  Percy  to  an  eneaeemen 
^  ore  his  expected  allies  could  arWve,  and  the  fierce  Jnd  impalfe^l  Sr? 
per  of  Henry  Hotspur  ndmiraily  geoonded  the  king's  -^^^sh. 


Sj   lit 


346 


HISTORY   OP   THE   WORLD. 


,  As  if  fearful  lest  any  motive  should  induce  t!ie  king  to  decline  the  instaiii 
trial  of  their  strength,  Hotspur  issued  a  manifesto,  in  which  he  urged 
every  topic  that  was  calculated  to  goad  the  king's  conscience,  or  to  wound 
lis  pride  and  lower  his  character.  In  the  words  of  Hume,  "  He  renouii- 
ced  liis  allegiance,  set  him  at  defiance,  and  in  the  name  of  his  father  nnd 
uncle  as  well  as  in  his  own,  he  enumerated  all  the  grievances  of  wliich  he 
pretended  the  nation  had  reason  to  complain.  He  upbraided  him  with 
the  perjury  of  which  he  had  been  guilty,  when,  on  landing  at  Ravenspnr, 
he  had  sworn  upon  the  gospels,  before  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  that 
.le  had  no  other  intention  than  to  recover  the  dnchy  of  Lancaster,  and  tliHi 
he  would  ever  remain  a  faithful  subject  to  King  Richard.  He  aggravated 
his  guilt  in  first  dethroning  and  then  murdering  that  prince,  and  in  usurp. 
ing  the  title  of  the  house  of  Mortimer;  to  whom,  both  by  lineal  sue- 
cession  and  by  declarations  of  parliament,  the  throne,  when  vacant  hy 
Richard's  demise,  did  of  right  belong.  He  complained  of  his  cruel  politV 
in  allowing  the  young  earl  of  Marche,  whom  he  ought  to  regard  as  hi» 
sovereign,  to  remain  a  captive  in  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  and  in  even 
refusing  to  all  his  friends  permission  to  treat  for  his  ransom.  He  chaigeil 
him  again  with  perjury  in  loading  the  nation  with  heavy  taxes,  after  liav- 
ing  sworn  that,  without  the- utmost  necessity,  he  would  never  lay  any  im- 
positions upon  them ;  and  he  reproached  him  with  tho  arts  employed  in 
procuring  tavourable  elections  into  parliament ;  arts  which  he  himself  had 
before  imputed  as  a  crime  to  Richard,  and  which  he  had  made  one  chief 
reason  of  that  prince's  arraignment  and  deposition." 

The  truths  here  collected  tell  very  heavily  against  th?.  cliaracter  of 
Henry;  but  the  reader  must  not  omit  to  notice  that  in  mosi  of  tlie  crimps 
here  laid  to  his  charge  the  earl  of  Northumberland  had  been  his  zealous 
accomplice,  and  by  his  overgrown  power  had  mainly  enabled  him  to  do  those 
very  things  which  he  now  charged  against  him  as  crimes,  and  which  he 
so  charged  only  because  of  their  bitter  personal  feud.  So  rarely,  so  very 
rarely,  do  even  the  most  patriotic  enterprises  take  their  rise  solely  in  pa 
triotic  and  pure  feelings. 

On  the  following  morning  the  embattled  hosts  attacked  each  other,  and 
rarely  upon  English  ground  lias  so  aiinguinary  an  action  taken  place. 
Douglas  and  young  Percy,  who  had  so  often  and  so  bravely  opposed  each 
other,  now  that  they  fouglit  in  tlie  same  raiiVs  seemed  to  strive  to  outvie 
each  other  in  deeds  of  daring  and  self  exposure.  Henry,  on  his  side,  with 
whom  was  tlie  young  prince  of  Wales,  who  now  «'  fleshed  his  maiden 
sword,"  proved  himself  worthy  of  the  usurped  crown  as  far  as  valour  and 
conduct  were  concerned.  Yet,  though  he  repeatedly  charged  where  ihfl 
battle  was  the  fiercest  and  the  slaughter  the  most  terrible,  ho  even  on  this 
occasion  showed  that  he  never  allowed  courage  to  leave  policy  nltogriher 
behind.  Feeling  sure  that  the  hostile  leaders  would  not  fail  to  direct  their 
especial  exertions  to  slaying  him  or  making  him  prisoner,  he  caused  sev- 
eral of  his  officerH  to  be  dressed  and  armed  in  the  royal  guise;  and  this 
policy  at  once  proved  the  correctness  of  his  judgment,  and,  in  all  human 
probability,  saved  his  life,  for  several  of  the  seeming  kings  paid  with  their 
lives  for  their  temporary  disguise ;  the  fierce  Douglas  roaming  tlirongh  the 
field,  and  slaying  each  tliat  !v>ro  the  royal  semblanco  who  had  the  niisfor- 
tune  to  come  within  the  sweep  of  his  trenchant  and  unsparing  blade.  Tho 
slaughter  was  trenuMidous;  but  the  victory  whs  on  the  side  of  the  king, 
the  tro(f  ps  of  Percy  falling  into  complete  and  irnnnediable  disorder  through 
that  gallant,  though  too  impetuous  leader  being  slain  by  some  uiidislin- 
guiihed  hand.  About  four  thousand  Boldiers  paiished  on  tho  side  of  Per 
w7,  and  al)ovo  half  that  number  on  the  side  of  the  king,  while,  ineludinB 
the  loss  of  both  arniios,  considerably  morn  than  two  thousand  nobles  and 
gflntlomen  wore  slain.  The  oarls  or  Worcester  and  Douglas  were  tiiken' 
the  latter  was  treutoil  with   til  the  resoect  >>nd  kindness  due  toailistjiv 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


347 


guished  prisoner  of  war,  but  the  former,  together  with  Sir  Richard  Vernon 
was  beheaded  at  Shrewsbury. 
The  earl  of  Northumberland,  who  by  this  lime  had  recovered  from  his 
llness,  had  raised  a  small  force  and  was  advancing  to  the  aid  of  his  gallant 
son,  when  he  was  shocked  and  astounded  by  the  disastrous  tidings  from 
Shrewsbury.    Perceiving  the  impossibility,  with  all  the  force  he  could  then 
command,  of  at  that  time  making  head  against  the  king,  he  dismissed  all 
his  followers,  except  the  retinue  usual  to  men  of  his  rank,  proceeded  to 
York,  and  presented  himself  to  the  king,  to  whom  he  boldly  affirmed  that 
bis  sole  intention  was  to  endeavour,  by  mediating  between  his  son  and 
the  king,  to  prevent  the  effusion  of  blood  which  now  unhappily  had  takei 
Dlace.    Henry,  whose  policy  it  was  to  evade  war  by  every  means  in  his 
power,  pretended  to  be  deceived,  and  a  formal  pardon  was  given  to  the  earl. 
A.  D.  1405.— But  the  earl  of  Northumberland  knew  mankind  in  general, 
and  Henry  in  particular,  far  too  well  to  suppose  that  there  was  any  reality 
in  this  very  facile  forgiveness ;  and  he  was  confirmed  in  his  own  enmity 
not  only  by  the  loss  of  his  brave  son,  but  also  by  the  conviction  that  he  had 
been  too  iniquitously  useful,  and  was  too  dangerously  powerful,  to  allow  of 
his  ever  being  safe  from  Henry,  should  circumstances  allow  of  that  prince 
acting  upon  his  real  feelings.    He  now  did  what,  had  he  done  it  previous  to 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  would  most  probably  have  given  him  acomplp«,e 
and  comparatively  easy  victory  over  Henry.    The  earl  of  Nottingham, 
son  of  the  duke  of  NorfoLc,  and  the  archbishop  of  York,  brollr     i)f  that 
earl  of  W:».tshire  whom  Henry,  while  still  duke  of  Lancaster,  had  ueheaded 
at  Bristol,  had  never  ceased  to  hate  Henry.    Whether  from  their  own 
baclcwardness  or  from  some  unaccountable  oversight  on  the  part  of  the 
Percies,  tliese  two  powerful  personages  hadlakenno  part  against  the  king 
at  Shrewsbury,  but  they  now  ver>  readily  agreed  to  join  with  Northum- 
berland in  a  new  attempt  to  dethrone  the  usurper;  but,  as  though  the  want 
of  judgment  on  the  part  of  the  foes  of  Henry  were  always  to  stand  him  in 
88  much  stead  as  even  his  own  profoundly  artful  policy,  Nottingiiam  and 
the  archbishop  took  up  arms  before  Nortliumbcrland  had  completed  his 
prepar  itioiis  for  Joining  them.     Tiiey  issued  a  manifesto,  in  which  they 
descanted,  though  in  temperate  terms,  upon  Henry's  usurpations,  and  de- 
manded  not  only  that  sundry  public  gnovances  should  be  redressed,  but 
also  that  the  right  line  of  succession  should  be  rcsloiod.     The  earl  of 
Westmoreland,  who  commanded  the  king's  forces  in  llu'irneighbourhood, 
finding  himself  too  weak  to  allow  of  his  prudently  ongiiy:ing  thorn,  had  re- 
course  to  a  stratagem  so  obvious  that  he  could  only  have  resorted  to  it  on 
the  assumption  that  he  had  to  do  with  very  simple  persons,  and  one  that 
in  proving  successful  showed  that  assumption  to  be  very  correct. 

Weslmdreliuid  dcbired  a  conference  with  Nottingham  and  the  arclibish 
op,li8tPn(d  with  admirable  gravity  to  all  the  complaints  they  hud  to  make, 
begged  thcini  to  suggest  remedies,  cordially  assented  to  the  propriety  of 
all  that  they  proposed,  and  closed  the  conference,  by  undertaking  on  the 
part  of  tho  knig,  that  every  thiii^  should  be  arranged  to  their  entire  satii- 
faction.  It  might  be  supposed  that  men  of  their  rank,  men,  loo,  who  had 
entered  upon  so  perilous  an  undertaking,  would  have  had  their  suspicions 
aroused  by  the  very  facility  of  tho  assent  to  their  terms  ;  and  it  is  difficult, 
even  with  tho  wcll-auvhenticatcd  account  before  us,  to  believe  that  so  far 
from  that  being  the  case,  ihey  actually  suspected  nothing  when  Wosl- 
morelnnd  projioscd  tliat,  as  all  their  terms  had  been  agreed  to,  and  there 
was  no  longer  any  feud  between  them  and  his  royal  master,  both  ariniea 
•houlcl  he  dishnnded,  that  the  country  might  be  relieved  from  tho  very 
jfrfBt  burthen  of  having  two  such  large  and  expensive  bodies  to  suppttrl. 
oiH  the  earl  and  the  archbishop,  like  the  doomed  men  told  of  in  tales  of 
witchcraft,  rushed  upon  Irinir  ruin  with  closed  eves.  T!>«jv  disbHiidfld  thsir 
«rmy.  nud  Westmoreland  pretended  to  disband  his  •  but" the  instant  Hut 


w  i,'        ^  u  1 


348 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


his  opponents  were  utterly  powerless,  Westmoreland's  secret  orders  call 
ed  his  forces  together  again  as  if  by  magic,  and  Nottingham  and  the  arch 
bishop  were  made  prisoners,  and  sent  to  the  king,  who  was  at  thatinoi 
raent  making  forced  marches  towards  them,  in  the  expectation  of  havinB 
to  oppose  them  in  the  field.  The  earl  of  Nottingham  and  the  archbishoo 
were  both  condemned  and  both  executed ;  a  new  proof,  as  regards  the 
archbishop,  of  the  very  limited  extent  to  which  Rome  could  at  this  time 
exert  its  formerly  great  power  in  England. 

The  earl  of  Northumberland,  on  learning  this  new  calamity,  which  was 
chiefly  attributable  to  the  double  folly  of  his  friends  in  revolting  before  he 
could  join  them,  and  in  listening  to  deceptions  by  which  even  children 
ought  not  to  have  been  imposed  upon,  escaped  into  Scotland,  accompanied 
by  lord  Bardolph ;  and  Henry  revenged  himself  upon  them  by  seizing  and 
dismantling  all  their  fortresses.  This  done,  Henry  marched  aminsl 
Glendwyr,  over  whom  the  prince  of  Wales  had  obtained  some  advan- 
tages ;  but  though  Glendwyr  was  not  in  force  to  meet  liis  enemies  in  the 
field,  his  mountain  fastnesses  and  the  incorruptible  fidelity  of  his  friends 
enabled  him  to  escape  from  being  captured. 

A.  D.  1407.— The  earl  of  Northumberland  and  Lord  Bardolph,  more  in 
veterate  than  ever  against  Henry,  since  he  had  dismantled  their  castles 
entered  the  north  of  England  with  but  a  slender  retinue,  in  the  hope  that 
sympathy  with  them  and  hatred  of  the  king  would  cause  the  people  to 
flock  to  their  standard.  But  if  Henry's  crimes  had  made  him  hated,  his 
success  had  made  liim  feared ;  the  attempt  was  unsuccessful,  and'  the 
sheriff  of  York,  Sir  Thomas  Rokeby,  having  got  together  a  force,  sud- 
denly  attacked  the  outlaM'ed  nobles,  both  of  whom  perished  in  the  battle. 
To  complete  Henry's  good  fortune  and  wholly  free  him  from  his  domestic 
enemies,  the  formidable  Glendwyr  soon  after  died. 

Fortune  served  Henry  in  Scotland  as  it  already  had  served  him  in  Eng 
land.  Robert  III.,  a  mild  and  incapable  sovereign,  allowed  his  brother, 
the  duke  of  Albany,  completely  to  usurp  his  authority  ;  Albany,  tyrannical 
and  ambitious,  threw  his  elder  nephew,  David,  the  heir  apparent  to  the 
throne,  into  prison,  where  he  was  starved  to  death.  Robert's  youngest 
son,  James,  who  alone  now  stood  between  Albany  and  that  throne  for 
which  he  had  already  committed  so  awful  a  crime,  was  sent  by  his  alarm- 
ed father  for  safety  to  France ,  but  the  vessel  in  which  he  sailed  was  cap. 
tui-ed  by  the  English,  and  the  prince  was  carried  to  London.  There  was 
at  the  tune  a  truce  between  England  and  Scotland,  notwithstanding  which 
Henry  would  not  part  with  his  young  prisoner;  and  this  virtnitl  loss ol 
his  only  remaining  child  completely  broke  the  heart  of  the  unfortunate 
Robert,  who  shortly  aflerwarcls  died.  Henry  now  had  a  most  strinjfont 
power  over  Albany,  who  Koverned  Scotland  as  regent ;  for  he  could  con- 
tinue the  duke  in  tliat  high  office  by  detaining  yoinig  James,  while,  upon 
the  slightest  breach  of  peace  on  the  duke's  side,  Henry  could  at  once 
ruin  him  and  gain  the  friendship  of  the  Scots  by  restoring  tlicm  their 
r^htful  king. 

In  the  wars  which  occurred  among  the  French  factions  during  the  latter 
part  of  this  reign  Menry  took  but  little  part,  and  nothing  that  bis  troops 
did  in  tliat  country  was  of  sufficient  importartco  to  merit  any  detailed 
mention. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  king,  though  outwardly  thus  pro»pe^ 
ous,  enjoyed  his  usurped  dignity  without  any  drawbacks.  Wis  mental 
■ufl«ring«  are  described  to  have  been  treniflndouH ;  the  greatest  succeii 
could  not  fortify  his  mind  against  a  harrowing  drcnd  of  future  misfortune, 
ai>'l  even  while  he  was  preparing  for  new  (rrinu^s  by  which  to  support  his 
throne,  he  was  haunted  by  remorse  for  tlie  old  ones  by  which  !io  hat 
toquired  it.  This  perpetual  misery  at  length  wholly  deprived  him  of  hit 
r^ison,  and  hr  ilvu  the  victim  of  crime  and  rcmOrsc.  a  Worn  out  man. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


S49 


while  yet  as  to  age  only  in  the  very  prime  of  life,  on  thp  aofh  nf  \r,^i. 
1413,  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  his  reign  and  in  tl^^  forty-sixth  of  h^  «^5' 

Of  this  reign  little  need  be  said  in  the  way  of  suSrT  lU  acarS 
M  was  Henry's  authority,  he  showed  himse/so  able  to  widd  it  tha  nd 
he  been  a  legitimate  sovereign  his  reign  would  undoubtedly  have  been  one 
of  the  most  glorious  in  our  history.  ^  "  °"® 

The  parli^ament,  profilinff  by  the  defect  of  the  king's  title,  made  con- 
siderable  advances  in  authority  in  this  reign;  but  though  H™nrv  was 
po  ,tic  enough  to  yield  in  matters  of  little  moment,  he  alsS  knew  how  Jo 
«,fugewhei}  refusal  was  necessary  to  prevent  encroachment  from  ZnJ 
urther.  Thus  on  one  occasion  he  dismissed  four  persons  from  Ss  hS 
hold  including  his  confessor,  at  the  demand  of  t'he  commons  "while  on 
another,  he  replied  to  the  demand  of  the  commons  for  great';  len  tvtS 
ihe  Lollards,  by  ordering  a  Lollard  to  be  burned  before  VecLe  of  the 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

THE    BEION    OF    HENRT    V. 

A.  D.  1413.-TH0UGH  the  bad  title  of  Henry  IV.,  and  the  care  with  which 
his  father's  jealous  suspicions  during  the  latte;  years  of  his  eUrrhad 
caused  him  to  exclude  h.s  son  from  any  share  in  the  civil  govefnment 
Memed  to  give  the  young  prince  but  little  opportunity  of  easilfascenTni 
the  throne  he  had  the  very  groat  advantage  of  being  popular  Thf 
courage  and  conduct  which  he  !iad  shown  in  military  allies,  so  far  as  his 
fatherhHd  allowed  him  to  act  in  their,  and  a  certain  chivalric  and  fantLtic 
generosity  had  not  only  caused  the  people  to  set  at  least  rfulaTue 
upmiwhat  he  did  of  good,  but  also  to  excuse,  as  the  mere  "flash  and 
oulbreak  of  a  fiery  mind,"  irregularities  which  would  have  excifed  h  "i? 
jmost  mdignation  against  a  prince  of  a  more  sullen  and  loss^nerouS 

Looked  upon  with  jealousy  by  his  father,  and  discouraired.  or  rather 

ejented.  from  mixing  with  the  statesmen  of  the  day  and  Rini  in  the 

re  of  government,  the  mercurial  temper  of  the  young  princSVaused 

hnn  to  seek  pleasure  and  companionship  out  of  his  oroner  nuhiZ  I^aT 

make  himself  talked  of  among'his  futur"^  sublets  formanyTroS  which 

m32""PM"""/'"l''^*  '"»^f  ^"':'  '''^''^  ««  crimes  ^o  no  cmlTnarJ 
mjmlude.  He  no  only  rioteil  and  drank  with  men  of  bad  repute  aJd 
roken  fortune,  but  it  is  oven  sai<l  that  on  more  than  one  occas  on  he 
i^"l,i''V"^'"^  the  wealthy  passenger  unde.  contrUiSnTt  le 
higuvav.  S>ak8pcare,  who  in  this  as  in  many  other  cases  has  naintl^ 
fail  fnlfy, -nakes  E«Ifitaflr  exclaim  to  this  youn^  prince-"  Hob  mltl^J 
2tvT'  k':  •'  •";,'/''"  P""""'  'f  hi«t<'ria.Ts  ZlkZ  truth? to"k  tie 
tP-  In'""''  "'"  snhject  ere  his  coin  could  find  fts  way  to  the  excl  eauer 

upo ,  wMi(.h  Henry  V.  now  ascended  the  throno,  or  to  aive  them  bono  thM 
.ni"""""'!''' ^"  ^«"  »'>'ni"i«tcred  under  hi  government  iKlni 
1  E  Ln  »»vv,  young  as  he  still  was,  the  wisdom  and  propriety  o(  £ 
7n  on .  n/.r"  '^'"'  '■''"''""  *"  '^'""^  \ume(»\\y  of  him  as  il  eir  king. 
DaniorL  I  '•".'"'.'">;  ".*'*'"'""'"'  "'  ^'"''''  »'^"'^"  "•'"'•y's  turbulent  fom 
hHr  mii^t  {''"  "'"''f  f''«-P»'''*«  !>««'•«.  ""t''i»  "f  th.-.n  were  indi"  ed  for 
ofKiEK^^^  Henry  atlend.Kl  thnr  trial  in  the  cou 

not  n«L       ■    '•     Psf'^'viff  that  the  lord  chipf-Juslice.  Gascoiirne.  was 
no  overawe,,  bv  the  prnsonce  of  the  heir  apparent,  P  ince     e,  ry  was 

CmL"L'"r«..  I"/'::!?*!:'-"'  ^Vr  ^'"•^".  »''".  '^»!i«' Mustic,  «t  once  or'Il.^nM 
-t  r-.-  piisOts.     il  mav  no  noiiniiHl   wlieUier  somo  jf  ihr 


iii^l 


pfl 


■'>i  -. 


350 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


i 


•*  courage  and  "  uprightnesB"  which  historians  so  emphalicallv  atLHhi.t« 
to  the  lord  chief-justice,  on  account  of  this  affair,  did  not  originate  in  thl 
knowledge  that  the  king  would  be  rather  pleased  than  angry  at  anv  mnr 
tification  inflicted  upon  the  popular  heir  apparent.  At  all  events  how 
ever,  we  must  admit  that  Gascoigne  at  least  showed  that  he  did  not  cal' 
culato,  as  many  more  eminent  men  have  done,  the  future  conseaupnr« 
of  his  present  performance  of  his  >My.  h^^h^vh 

On  the  accession  of  Henry  V.,  Gascoigne  waited  upon  him  withpvpw 
expectation  of  receiving  the  plainest  discouragement ;  but  the  kinj  Z 
far  from  showing  himself  offended  at  the  past,  made  it  the  especial  «„>! 
ject  of  his  commendation,  and  exhorted  the  chief-justice  to  continnp  «im 
to  administer  the  laws  faithfully  and  fearlessly,  without  refert'iiee  to  thp 
rank  of  the  offender.  To  the  grave  and  wise  ministers  who  Imd  ab  v 
served  his  father  the  young  king  gave  a  like  gracious  reception'  an^ 
Bending  for  the  former  companions  of  his  dissolute  youth,  he  made  them 
liberal  presents,  assured  them  of  his  intention  wholly  to  reform  his  wav 
of  life,  and  forbade  their  ever  again  approaching  his  presence,  until  thev 
should  have  followed  his  present  example,  as  they  had  particioated  Ja 
encouraged  his  former  vice.  ^ 

Most  men  were  greatly  surprised  at  this  wise  conduct,  and  all  were 
gladdened  by  it ;  and  probably  noun  were  more  completely  in  either  ol 
ihese  categories  than  the  ministers  who,  at  the  very  time  that  thev 
.magmed  they  were  earning  the  prince's  bitter  enmitv  by  their  discour 
^gement  of  his  youthful  levities,  were,  in  fact,  secniuig  both  his  esteem 
and  his  confidence. 

Henry's  prudence  and  justice  wore  no>  manifested  merely  in  thus  male- 
ing  amends  for  his  own  early  follies.  Deeply  conscious  thlit  liis  father 
had  wrongfully  acquired  that  throne  which  he  himself  had  loo  niiirh  am- 
bition to  givo  up,  he  endeavoured,  in  ail  but  giving  it  up,  to  do  ail  that  he 
could  towards  repairing  the  wrongs  cominiltcd  by  his  father.  He  caused 
the  memory  of  the  murdered  Richard  to  be  honoured  witii  the  nios' 
solemn  and  splendid  obsequies  that  could  have  been  bestowed  upon  a 

Solent  sovereign  newly  deceased,  and  he  set  at  liberty  the  yoiin?  carl  oi 
larche,  of  whom  his  father  had  been  so  extremely  jealous,  and  sliowed 
him  every  kindness.  Tim  young  earl,  who  was  of  an  extremely  mild 
temper  and  who  seemed  to  have  had  no  parti(de  of  ambition,  appeared 
fully  sensible  of  Henry's  kindness,  and  not  only  would  never  make  any 
i'lttempt  to  disturb  his  government,  but  showed  himself  stroiifriy  and  sin- 
cerely attached  to  his  person.  As  if  anxious  to  leave  no  token  pxisliiig 
of  the  sad  tumults  of  the  last  reign,  Henry  also  restored  the  I'ercy  family 
to  their  honours  and  property  ;  and  by  this  and  numerous  other  acts  indi- 
cative ol  his  determination  to  forget  all  party  distinctions,  ciuiscd  all 
parties  to  he  too  much  delighted  with  his  use  of  power  to  have  eithei 
leisure  or  inclination  to  inquire  how  he  became  possessed  of  if. 

But  parly  spirit  could  not  be  wholly  eradicated  from  the  popular  hear" 
«von  by  the  personal  exhortations  and  example  of  the  king  himself  The 
horrible  punishments  which  in  the  recent  reign  were  for  the  first  time  in 
England  inflicted  upon  heretics,  though  it  might  have  awed  mmiy  who 
would  otherwise  have  continued  to  bo  Lollards,  far  more  eorlninly  made 
many  nich,  who,  but  for  this  terribh  advertisement,  would  have  gone  to 
their  graves  in  ignorance  of  the  very  existence  of  Lollardism.  The  pub- 
lie  attention  was  roused  and  fixed  by  these  brutal  oxeciitionfl ;  discussion 
and  inquiry  followed,  and  by  degrees  the  country  becamn  divided  into  two 
parties,  the  friends  of  Rome  and  the  Lollards;  and  if  the  latter  were  by 
lar  inferior  to  the  formei  -  number,  they  were  already  siifllcienlly  nuni 
erous  to  cause  great  annoyance  to  the  clergy  and  iomo  anxieiv  rvcn  lo 
the  civil  power. 
Bv  fn  -  (he  most  eminent  man  among  the  LoUnrilH  ni  thi'^  time  H-a«  hiti 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


85] 


O'obham,  who,  both  under  that  title  and  as  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  had  done 
(POod  service  to  the  nation,  and  had  been  honoured  with  the  notice  and 
approbation  of  both  the  late  and  the  present  king.    The  very  excellence 
of  his  character  and  the  extent  of  his  abilities  made  his  sectarianism  the 
more  offensive  to  the  church  ;  and  as  it  was  deemed  that  the  increasina 
number  of  the  Lollards  required  to  be  checked  by  some  especially  striking 
example,  Lord  Cobham  was  selected  as  the  victim,  and  the  archbishop  ol 
Canterbury,  Arundel,  applied  to  Henry  for  permission  to  indict  Cobham. 
Henry,  who  seems  to  have  been  jjdtter  aware  than  the  bigoted  arch- 
bishop of  the  real  effects  of  persecution  in  matters  of  faith,  was  extremely 
unwilling  to  consent  to  a  prosecution  which,  he  judged,  would  but  too 
surely  end  m  Cobham's  destruction  ;  and  the  archbisiiop  was  forbidden  to 
take  any  steps  until  Henry  himself  should  have  endeavoured,  by  force  of 
argument  alone,  to  lead  Cobham  back  to  the  church  from  wliich  he  had 
departed.    Henry  accordingly  sent  for  Lord  Cobham  to  court,  and  en- 
(ieavoured  to  convmce  him  of  his  error ,  but  Cobham  was  fully  equal  to 
Henry  m  the  use  of  intellectual  weapons,  and  was  not,  upon  so  important 
a  topic,  at  all  inclined  to  sacrifice  truth  to  complaisance  and  etiquette. 
Finding  it  m  vain  to  endeavour  to  convert  this  unfortunate  nobleman 
Henry,  with  seemingly  sincere  regret,  was  oblfged  to  give  the  clergy  their 
required  permission  to  indict  him.    The  archbisiiop,  assisted  by  the  iiishops 
of  London,  Winchester,  and  St.  David's,  proceeded  against  liiin,  ^ind  he 
was  condemned  to  bo  burned.     Ho  was  sent  to  tiio  Tower,  and  a  Jay  was 
appointed  for  his  execution,  but  before  that  day  arrived  he  managed  to 
escape  from  his  gaolers.     Naturally  of  a  fierce  and  somewhat  hauthty 
spirit,  the  treatment  lie  had  received  and  the  danger  from  which  he  hau 
w  narrowly  escaped  excited  him  to  so  high  a  piii'h  of  anger  and  resolu 
lion,  that  he  determined  to  aim  at  a  general  ivvolution  of  llie  kingdom. 
And  accordingly,  from  the  obscure  retreat  in  which  he  found  shelter,  he 
issued  orders  to  tlie  Lollards  upon  whom  he  could  most  depend,  to  join 
him  upon  a  certain  day,  lliat  tlioy  might  in  tlie  first  place  seize  upon  the 
person  of  the  king,  who  was  at  that  time  lodging  in  the  palace  of  Eliham, 
m  Kent,  and  then  take  summary  vengeance  upon  the  chiefs  of  their  per- 
secutors. ^ 

A.  D.  1414.— As  Cobham  was  very  highly  esteemed  among  the  Lollards 
and  as  they  were  not  only  very  numerous  but  also  included  a  great  num. 
ber  of  wealthy  and  respectable  persons,  the  king,  who  was  informed  ot 
wiiat  was  m  contemplation,  deemed  it  necessary  not  only  to  guard  him- 
self against  the  intended  surprise,  but  also  to  propaic  to  resist  open  insur- 
rection, Ho  accordingly  removed  to  the  palace  at  Westiniiisier,  and  pre- 
pared  himself  for  whatever  force  Cobham  might  bo  able  to  brin-r  Kven 
now  Cobham  had  ample  opportunity  to  abandon  his  design,  wiiicfi  became 
hopeless  from  the  moment  it  became  known,  and  to  escape  from  the  king- 
dom.  Dut  ho  seems  to  have  been  of  a  temper  winch  difiiculiy  and  danger 
might  enrago  but  could  not  intimidate,  and  lie  assembled  all  the  forces  he 
could  raise  in  the  fields  of  St.  Giles.  Heing  made  acquainted  with  the 
appointed  lime  as  well  as  place  of  meeting,  the  king  caused  the  gates  of 
the  cily  to  bo  closed,  to  nrevent  the  dise.jiiteiited  from  getting  an  increase 
to  their  numbers  from  that  quarter ;  he  tlien  went,  well  attended,  lo  St 
Uies,  and  seized  those  of  the  leaders  who  had  already  arrived,  while  the 
military,  skilfully  stationed,  arrested  all  who  were  found  hastening  to  thb 
spot.  It  appeared  that,  as  is  usual  in  such  cases,  the  greater  number  of 
he  prisoners  knew  little  or  nothing  of  the  real  designs  of  their  leaders, 
wougli  of  the  criminal  and  treaBonalile  designs  of  the  latter  there  remained 
no  shadow  of  doubt.  Those  who  were  proved  to  have  treasonable  do- 
•inns  were  executed,  but  by  far  the  greater  number  were  pardoned  He 
Whom  the  clergy  were  the  most  anxious  lo  punish,  anil  who,  indeed,  waa 


Ul 


now  not  mijeh  Inaa  nhniiviniia  lu  the  iiivil  'hv 


cCCicsiastIc;::  niiiho 


>*#    ■« 


ill! 


852 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


rity,  the  Lord  Cobnam  himself,  was  fortunate  enougli  to  escape.  But 
sentence  was  pronounced  against  him,  par  contumace,  as  a  traitor  and  a 
relapsed  and  incorrigible  heretic;  and  being  apprehended  about  four  years 
afterwards,  he  was  hanged  for  his  participation  in  treason  against  tile 
king,  and  his  body  was  burned  in  pursuance  of  the  sentence  passed  against 
him  for  heresy. 

The  severity  with  which  the  leaders  in  this  crude  and  ill-planned  revolt 
were  treated,  and  the  advantage  which  the  circumstances  of  it  gave  the 
clergy,  in  being  able  to  connect  heresy  and  treason  as  offences  coupled  by 
necessity  and  naturally  springing  the  one  from  the  other,  had  a  very  sen- 
sible effect  in  chching  the  progress  of  Loliardy ;  but  not  so  much  on  ac- 
count of  the  terror  attached  to  the  punishment,  as  the  disgrace  and  con- 
tempt which  seemed  everywhere  to  attach  to  the  crime.  Very  wisely 
the  clergy  and  the  civil  authorities  appeared  at  this  time  to  treat  tlie  Lol- 
lards, associated  as  they  had  confessedly  been  with  the  civil  disturbances 
of  Cobham,  not  so  much  as  heretics  as  partly  heretics  and  partly  loose 
follows  who  were  desirous  of  causing  public  disturbance  for  the  better 
accomplishment  of  their  own  private  ends ;  a  mode  of  treating  the  case 
the  best  possible  for  making  it  intolerable  in  the  eyes  of  all  decent  people, 
and  for  depriving  such  people  of  all  curiosity  as  to  its  doctrinal  peculiar- 
ities. Happy  had  it  been  for  mankind  if  ridicule  had  ever  been  the  sub- 
stitute for  persecution !  Truth,  indeed,  would  overcome  the  former  as  it 
has  the  lattei  ;  but  what  pangs  would  have  been  spared  to  some  of  the 
combatants— what  dark  and  undying  infamy  to  others!  Nor  was  it 
merely  among  the  unreflecting  multitude,  and  those  who,  simply  with  re- 
ference to  their  worldly  possessions,  were  unwilling  to  countenance  those 
whose  opinions  aui!  rvactioes  were  likely  to  disturb  the  public  peace  and 

fiut  wealth  in  peril,  that  the  exploded  plot  of  Cobham  caused  a  distaste 
or  LoUardism.  The  parliament  met  just  after  the  dispersion  of  Cobham's 
adherents,  and  one  of  its  first  acts  was  levelled  against  heretics.  This 
act  provided  that  all  persons  who  were  convicted  of  Loliardy  should  not 
only  be  capitally  punished,  as  was  provided  for  by  the  former  act,  but 
should  also  forfeit  all  their  lands  and  goods  whatever  to  the  king;  and 
that  the  chancellor,  treasurer,  the  justices  of  the  peace,  and  chief  magis- 
trates of  all  cities  and  boroughs,  should  be  sworn  to  use  their  utmost 
pains  and  diligence  in  the  extirpation  of  heresy. 

That  the  Lollards  were  feared  and  detested,  less  on  account  of  their 
religious  heresy  than  as  civil  disturbers,  appears  from  the  contrast  between 
the  act  thus  providing,  and  the  subsequent  coolness  with  which  the  same 
parliament,  on  the  king  demanding  a  supply,  begged  him,  instead  of  putting 
them  to  the  task  of  imposing  a  tax  upon  the  people,  to  take  possession  o( 
the  ecclesiastical  revenues  and  convert  them  to  the  use  of  the  crown. 
The  renewal  of  this  proposition,  which  had  formerly  been  made  to  Henry's 
father,  threw  the  clergy  into  alarm.  To  turn  the  king's  attention  from  the 
proposed  wholesale  spoliation  of  the  church,  they  endeavoured  at  once  to 
supply  his  more  pressing  and  immediate  wants,  and  to  conciliate  his  per- 
sonal favour,  by  voluntarily  conferring  upon  him  the  valuable  .i.ien  priories 
whi(;h  were  dependent  upon  chief  abbeys  in  Normandy,  and  had  i)een  be- 
quenthed  to  those  abbeys  while  England  and  Norunindy  were  still  united 
nnder  the  crown  of  Kngland.  Still  furllior  to  turn  the  attention  of  the 
king  from  a  proposal  which  was  so,  regnant  with  alarm  and  danger  to  the 
clergy,  (Jhichely,  the  then  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  endeavoured  to  en- 
gage the  king  in  a  war  with  France. 

A.  n.  1415.— In  this  design  of  the  archbishop— »  design,  be  it  parenthO" 
tically  said,  which  was  much  more  politic  than  either  humane  or  fihristian 
—ho  was  considerably  aided  by  the  dying  injunctions  of  Henry  !V.,  who 
had  warned  his  son,  if  ho  could  at  all  plausibly  engage  the  Kr. '  -  h  Moplc 
*n  war.  never  to  allow  »hom  to  remam  at  peace,  which  wc  '  1  inlHUiblv 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  85.1 

turn  Iheir  inclinations  towards  domestic  dissensions.  The  kinffdom  oj 
France  had  now  for  a  long  time  been  plunged  in  the  utmost  contusion  and 
discord,  and  the  various  parties  had  been  guilty  of  cruelties  and  outrages 
disgraceful  not  merely  to  themselves  but  even  to  our  common  nature 
The  state  of  that  kingdom  was  consequently  at  this  time  such  as  to  hold 
out  advantages  to  Henry,  which  were  well  calculated  to  give  force  to  the 
advice  of  Chichely  and  the  dying  request  of  Henry  IV.  But  just  as 
Henry,  who  did  not  want  for  either  ambition  or  a  warlike  spirit,  was  pre- 
parnig  and  meditating  an  attack  upon  the  neighbouring  and  rival  kinedora, 
'  bis  attention  was  for  the  moment  arrested  by  the  discovery  of  a  dangerous 
and  extensive  conspiracy  at  home.  s      "" 

As  we  have  already  said,  the  young  earl  of  Marche  was  so  sensible  of 
the  kindness  shown  to  him  by  the  present  king  at  the  commencement  of 
his  reign,  that  he  seemed  to  have  no  desire  ever  to  give  any  disturbance 
to  his  government.    But  the  earl's  sister  was  married  to  the  earl  of  Cam- 
bridge, second  son  to  the  deceased  duke  of  YoA,  and  he  thus,  not  unna- 
uraly,  became  anxiously  concerned  for  the  rights  and  interests  of  a 
family  wi  h  which  he  had  himself  become  so  intimately  connected.— 
Deeming  it  possible  to  recover  the  crown  for  that  family,  he  took  pains  to 
acQUire  partizans,  and  addressed  himself,  among  others,  to  Lord  Scrope 
of  Masham,  and  to  Sir  Thomas  Grey  of  Heaton.     Whether  from  treachery 
or  from  want  of  sufficient  caution  on  the  part  of  the  earl  of  Cambridge 
the  conspiracy  became  known  to  the  king  before  it  had  gone  beyond  the 
mere  preliminaries  ;  but  the  conspirators  upon  being  seized  made  such 
ample  disclosures  of  their  ultimate  designs,  as  both  enabled  the  king  to 
order  their  trial,  and  fully  warranted  him  in  so  doing.     They  were  in  the 
first  instance  tried  by  a  jury  of  commoners,  and  condemned  upon  the  tes- 
titnony  of  the  constable  of  Southampton  castle,  who  swore  that  the  pris- 
oners  hadronfessed  their  guilt  to  him ;  but  they  afterwards  pleaded,  and 
were  allowed  their  privilege  as  peers.     But  though  Henry  had  hitherto 
shown  so  much  inclination  to  moderation,  he  on  this  occasion  evinced 
no  desire  to  depart  from  the  arbitrary  practices  of  the  kings  of  that  age 
A  court  of  eighteen  barons  was  summoned  and  presided  over  by  the  duke 
of  Clarence;  before  this  court  the  single  testimony  that  had  been  given 
before  the  common  jury  was  read,  and  without  further  evidence  or  nearer 
approach  to  even  the  form  of  a  trial,  tliese  two  prisoners,  one  of  them  a 
pniice  of  the  blood,  were  condemned  to  death  without  being  heard  in 
their  own  defence,  cr  even  being  produced  in  court,  and  were  executed 
accordingly ! 

This  ill-digested  and  unsuccessful  attempt  of  his  brother-'n-law  put  the 
young  carl  ol  Marche  in  considerable  peril.  As  it  was,  nominally,  on  his 
account  that  the  war  was  to  have  been  levied  against  the  king^hewas 
actised  of  having  at  least  consented  to  the  conspiracy;  but  the  constant 
attachment  ho  had  shown  to  Henry  had  probably  gained  him  a  slrong 

o^,m"?^'r.i'  ^"i?  '^"'  '"°""^*'^''  ^^''«  ^"^^^  '»"'<■'•""  -ill  further  3 
on  account  of  this  affair  l)y  giving  him  a  general  pardon  for  all  offences 

«hl!  no""  V  "^  «'x««femeut  consequent  upon  this  conspiracy  had  some- 
wnat  passeri  away,  Henry  again  turned  his  attention  towards  France. 
hlttnirll    ""'■«""^y'  ^''"  '"i*^  ''««'»  expelled  from  France  by  a  com- 
r Slo  I  ^''^  "8.»»llv  Jainng  powers  of  that  country,  had  been  in  such 
rrespondonce  with  Ronry,  that  the  latter  prince  felt  quite  secure  of  th" 

ndS  wif^n  ,^       '""'""^-  '"'J'  P'*""""  arrangements  with  the  duke,  and 
in  the    4  h  nf  a""""  r"'"'".»-  *"  ""y  P''''^'^^  HKrcement  with  him,  Henry, 

Sm  Ind-S'  ^"'♦'fy-f^'"-  thousand  infantry,  chiefly  consisting  of 
ircners,  and  six  thousand  men-at-arms.  " 

'.arucur^imd^or  Us  governor  D'Estouteville,  under  whose  comraar. 


1   la 


«I54 


HISTORY  OF  TAB  WORLD. 


were  De  Guttri,  De  Gaucourt,  and  other  eminent  French  soldiers.  Henry 
laid  immediate  siege  to  the  place,  but  was  so  stoutly  and  successfully  re. 
sisted,  that,  between  the  excessive  fatigue  and  the  more  than  usual  heat 
of  the  weather,  his  men  suffered  dreadfully,  and  were  alarmingly  thinned 
by  fever  and  other  sicknesses.  But,  in  spite  of  all  losses  and  discourage, 
ments,  Henry  gallantly  persevered ;  and  the  French  were  so  much  strait- 
ened, that  they  were  obliged  to  promise  that  if  no  relief  were  afforded 
thorn  by  the  18th  of  September,  they  would  evacuate  the  place.  No  signs 
of  relief  appearing  on  that  day,  the  English  were  admitted ;  but  so  much 
was  the  army  thinned,  and  in  so  sickly  a  condition  were  the  majority  of 
the  survivors,  that  Henry,  far  from  having  any  enoouragcment  to  follow 
iip  this  success  by  some  new  enterprise,  was  advised  by  all  about  him  to 
turn  his  attention  to  getting  the  skeleton  of  his  army  in  safety  back  to 
England.  Even  this  was  no  easy  or  safe  matter.  On  his  first  landing  he 
had  so  little  anticipated  the  havoc  which  fatigue  and  sickness  had  made 
in  his  army,  that  he  had  incautiously  dismissed  his  transports ;  and  he 
now  lay  under  the  necessity  of  marching  by  land  to  Calais,  ere  he  could 
place  his  troops  out  of  danger,  and  that,  too,  in  the  face  of  an  army  of 
fourteen  thousand  men-at-arms  and  forty  thousand  foot,  assembled  in 
Normandy  under  the  command  of  the  constable  D'Albret.  The  French 
force  so  tremendously  outnumbering  that  of  Henry,  he  very  prudently 
offered  to  sacrifice  his  recent  conquest  of  Harfleur,  at  the  price  of  being 
allowed  to  pass  unmolested  to  Calais  ;  but  the  French,  confident  in  their 
superiority,  rejected  his  proposal.  Henry,  therefore,  in  order  equally  to 
avoid  discouragement  to  his  own  troops  and  encouragement  to  the  French, 
retreated  by  easy  marches  to  itie  Somme,  where  he  hoped  to  pass  the 
ford  at  Blanquetagne,  as  Edward  had  escaped  from  Philip  de  Valois  under 
very  similar  circumstances ;  but  he  found  that  the  French  had  taken  the 
precaution  to  render  the  ford  impassable,  besides  lining  the  opposite  bank 
with  a  strong  body  of  troops,  and  he  was  obliged  to  seek  a  passage  highei 
up  the  river.  Scarcely  anything  could  exceed  the  distress  of  Henry's 
present  situation.  His  troops  were  fast  perishing  with  continual  fatigue 
and  the  prevalent  sickness ;  no  could  procure  no  provisions,  owing  to  the 
activity  of  the  French;  and  everywhere  he  found  himself  confronted  by 
numerous  enemies,  ready  to  fall  upon  him  the  instant  he  should  cross  the 
river.  But  under  all  these  circumstances  Henry  preserved  his  courage 
and  presence  of  mind ;  and  a  ford  near  St.  Quentin  being  but  slenderly 
guarded,  he  surprised  the  enemy  there,  and  led  his  army  over  in  safety. 

Henry  now  hastened  towards  Calais,  but  in  passing  tiie  little  river  ot 
Ternois,  at  Blangi,  he  had  the  mortification  to  perceive  the  main  body  ol 
the  French  drawn  up  and  awaiting  him  in  the  extensive  plains  of  'gin- 
court.  To  reach  Calais  without  an  action  was  now  evidently  impossible, 
the  French  were  to  the  English  as  four  to  one,  besides  bemg  free  from 
sickness,  and  abundantly  supplied  with  provisions;  in  a  word,  Henry  was 
now  in  fully  as  dangerous  a  position  as  that  of  Edward  at  Cressy,  or  the 
heroic  Black  Prince  at  Poitiers.  Situated  as  they  had  been,  he  resolved 
to  imitate  their  plan  of  battle,  and  he  awaited  the  attack  of  the  enemy  on 
a  narrow  land  closely  flanked  by  a  wood  on  either  side.  With  their  ad- 
vantage in  numbers  and  facilities  of  obtaining  provisions,  the  French 
ought  flearl)  to  have  remained  obstiuulely  on  the  defensive,  until  the 
English  should  by  absolute  famine  be  obliged  to  advance  from  their  favour- 
able position ;  a  position  which,  to  a  very  great  extent,  gave  the  advan- 
tage to  the  side  having  the  smaller  number  of  men  lo  manoeuvre.  But 
their  very  superiority  in  numbers  deprived  the  French  of  all  prudence, 
%nd  they  pressed  forward  as  if  to  crush  the  English  by  their  mere  weight. 
The  mounted  archers  and  men-at-arms  rushed  in  crowded  ranks  upon  the 
English,  who,  defended  by  palisadoes,  and  free  from  the  crowding  wliicli 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  85a 

tJiem  with  a  doadly  and  incessan'.  shower  of  shafts  and  bolts.     The  heavv 
land,  rendered  still  more  difficult  and  tenacious  by  recent  rain,  was  hSv 
disadvantageous  to  the  French  cavalry,  who  wefe  soon  S    '  Seffi 
comnioded  "'.Jeir  movements  by  the  innumerable  dead  and  dying  men 
and  horses  with  which  the  English  archers  strewed  the  narrow  gfo™nd 
When  the  disorder  of  the  enemy  was  at  its  height,  Henry  gaveTrders 
to  the  Lngl.sh  to  advance  with  their  pikes  and  battle-axes  ;a5d  tlie  me" 
at-arms    following   them,  the  confused  and  pent-up  multitude  feUm 
crowds,  without  even  the  possibility  of  resistance/  The  panic  of  thS 
enerny  speedily  led  to  a  general  rout,  with  the  sole  «cepUon  Cf   he 
French  rear-guard,  which  still  maintained  itself  in  linrof  battle   inon 
the  open  plain.    This  also  was  speedily  cut  to  piec»^   a,^  jist  a"  the^lc" 
uonclosed  completely  ,n  favour  of  the  Engl^h,  an  inddent  occurred 
which  caused  he  loss  of  the  French  to  be  far  more  numerous  in  kill«H 
than  .t  otherwise  would  have  been.    A  mob  of  Tfew  "rsaTs  led  on  Sj 
some  gentlemen  m  Picardy,  had  fallen  upon  the  unarmed  followers  o^ 
.  e  English  camp  with  the  design  of  seizing  upon  the  baggage    S^ 
alarm  and  outcry,  thus  caused  leading  Henry  to  imagine  that  his  nuiner 
ous  prisoners  were  dangerous,  he  hastily  gave  orders  for  them  to  be  nn 
to  the  sword ;  upon  which  a  terrible  slaughter  of  these  unTaJjy  nf", 
took  place  before  he  discovered  his  mistake,  and  revoked  anTrde^sS 
sanguinary  and  so  contrary  to  the  laws  of  war. 

Ill  this  short  but  most  decisive  action  the  French  lost  ten  thousand 
killed,  of  whom  eight  thousand  were  cavalry,  and  fourteen  thoSsS 
prisoners;  the  former  included  the  constable  d^lbret,  the  count  of  Nev- 
ers,  the  duke  of  Brabant  the  duke  of  Alengon,  the  duke  of  Barre  the 
count  of  Vaudemont,  and  the  count  of  Marie;  whil«  among  the  prisoner^ 
were  the  duke  of  Bourbon,  the  duke  of  Orleans,  the  mareschal  sSucicauU 
and  the  counts  d'Eu,  Vendome,  and  Richemont.  The  English  losMhoS 
considerable,  was  small  compared  to  that  of  the  enemy  and  the  3 
Englishman  of  note  that  was  slain  was  the  duke  of  York.  As  if  fnlTv 
satisfied  with  his  victory,  and  intent  only  on  regain  ngS  native  land 
Henry  immediately  continued  his  march  to  Calais,  whence  hrembarked 
with  his  prisoners  for  England;  and  he  even  granted  the  French  a  truce 
tti^p^rt^''"'  ""*''""'  '"^'^""^  "P°"  any  corresponding  concession  oS 

n.L'^r  "^^--Tlie  intestine  disputes  of  France  still  continued  to  raee 

mos   furiously;  not  only  were  the  duke  of  Burgundy  and  the  French 

0.  rt  fiercely  warring  upon  each  other,  but  continued  feuds,  scarceiriess 

£  iv •  'ThiT  J^t^oMh'''^*'^  "'"""^  '^«  ^"'°"«  "'«'"''«^s  of  the^roja 
lamiiy.     ihis  state  of  ihiiigs  encouraged  Henry  to  make  a  new  an, 

stronger  attempt  upon  F.^nce;  and  he  landed  inVorm^ndy  at   he  heSd 

tr„o2io,  '^''«"-r"r,!^'?"^""\!?^«"'  ^'^"«"'  encoumerlJg  he  slight 
est  opposi  ion.    He  took  Falaise  ;  Evreux  and  Caen  immediatelv  surrpn 

£vii?uSue"d'lll  To  ''  i;^'^'"  guicklylfterward'sTpeneTifs'g  fes. 
navmg  subdued  all  Lower  Normandy,  and  received  from  KmrlanH  «  ^= 

wh   tHp^Yn "'"  '•'"f  l"^''«^'^  'i«  was  visited  by  the  cardinal  (fesufsins 
Z  .  L 1  •  "^  P?""*'^''  •"'"  ''^  ^"■"••'^  «  'Chance  of  peace  to  Franco  bv  3' 

tS  khiffrrr^  .?"*  """'•?'  ^u^"'  "P«"  '•''«'"'"?  the "oveTeignty 
from  L  T     V""'^  well  aware  of  the  advantage  he  derived,  not  o    V 

Slvi^Io,?  «n  "*'**'  ''"'  "'«°  '■'•°'"  'he  dissensions  of  the  Fench 
Snt;  H°"  y^"  ""'  P^'""^'"^  "'"t  ««'!  has  led  me  as  by  the 
di-  ev/rvhfni'h''  ""•  "?''*^'«'8";  '  have  just  pretensions  to  that  king 
Siiirme  AnTi."  '"  'he  utmost  confusion,  and  no  ore  thinKf 
reimiing  me.  Can  I  have  a  more  sensible  proof  that  the  Beino  who  ilJ«. 
poses  of  empires  has  determiuBa  tn  nyt  .J.!  „-!.._"  -;»-"ri"8''"°  "'»- 

uiMiir  '"    "~   *"  "'   •  ti_»TTii  vt    riaixrc  upon  mv 


SS9 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


But  while  Henry  expressed  this  confidence,  and  made  every  effort  and 
preparation  to  carry  his  designs  into  execution  by  force,  he  at  the  s<tme 
time  carried  on  negotiations  for  a  peaceful  settlement,  on  the  one  hand 
with  the  queen  and  duke  of  Burgundy — who  hnd  the  semblance,  at  least 
of  the  only  legal  authority  in  the  kingdom,  inasmuch  as  they  had  the 
custody  of  the  king's  person— and  with  the  dauphin,  on  the  other  hand, 
who  had  all  the  popular  fnvv.isv  ?; ,  :,;i?,  ?ide,  and  was,  besides,  the  undoubt- 
ed heir  to  the  monarchy 

It  is  unnecessary  1;  (>j,  hiLit  ^u  '  :/ould  be  out  of  place,  to  do  more  than 
merely  to  allud^  to  tUe  distractions  of  which  France  was  now  and  for  a 
long  time  had  been  the  prey.  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  the  disputes  of  the 
rival  parties  were  so  wholly  and  intensely  seliish,  that  either  of  them,  but 
especially  the  queen's  party,  seems  to  have  considered  the  interests  of 
the  nation  as  nothing  in  comparison  with  even  temporary  personal  emolu- 
ments.  Taking  advantage  of  this  temper  of  the  anf^gonist  parties,  Henry 
offered  to  make  peace  with  them  on  the  '  ou.l:u>,*i.  „i  their  giving  him  the 
princess  Catharine  in  marriage,  and  wuh  her,  in  full  sovereignty,  Nor- 
mandy.and  all  the  provinces  which  were  ceded  to  Edward  111.  by  the 
treaty  of  Bretigni ;  and  these  terms,  so  obviously  injurious  to  the  power 
of  Franca,  were  agreed  to. 

A.  D.  1419. — While  Henry  was  attendingHo  some  minor  circumstances, 
the  adjustment  of  which  alone  was  waited  for  ere  the  treaty  above  de- 
scribed should  be  carried  into  effect,  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  who  had 
been  carrying  on  a  secret  negotiation  with  the  dauphin,  formed  a  treaty 
with  that  prince,  by  which  it  was  agreed  between  them  that  they  should 
divide  the  royal  authority  as  long  as  King  Charles  should  survive,  and 
that  they  should  join  their  efforts  to  expel  all  intruders  from  the  kingdom 
An  interview  was  appointed  to  take  place  between  them ;  but  as  the  duke 
of  Burgundy  had,  bv  his  own  avowal,  been  the  assassin  of  the  late  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  had  thus  by  his  own  act  sanctioned  any  treacherous  at- 
tempt that  might  be  made  upon  his  life,  and  had  at  the  same  time  given 
everyone  reason  to  refuse  to  put  any  confidence  in  his  honour,  the  moii; 
minute  precautions  were  taken  to  guard  against  treachery  on  either  side. 
But  all  these  precautions  were  taken  ih  vain.  Several  of  the  retainers  ol 
the  dauphin,  who  had  also  been  attached  to  the  late  duke  of  Orleans,  sud- 
denly attacked  Burgundy  with  their  drawn  swords,  and  despatched  him 
before  any  of  his  friends  could  interfere  to  save  him. 

This  murder  created  so  much  rage  and  confusion  in  France,  and  all 
parties,  though  from  widely  diflTerent  motives,  were  so  much  ercited  bj 
It,  that  all  thought  or  care  for  preserving  the  nation  from  foreign  domi 
nation  was  lost  sight  of;  the  views  of  Henry  wore  thus  most  importantlv 
forwarded,  through  an  accident  arising  out  of  that  very  interview  by  whicn 
It  was  intended  wholly  to  destroy  his  chances  of  success. 

Besides  the  advantage  which  Henry  derived  from  the  new  state  of  con 
fusion  and  turmoil  into  which  Trance  was  thrown  by  this  event,  he  gained 
from  it  an  extremely  powerful  ally  in  the  person  of  the  now  duke  of  Bur. 
ffundy,  who,  stipulating  only  for  vengeance  upon  the  ii.uiderers  of  his 
father,  and  the  marriage  of  his  sister  with  the  duke  of  Bedford,  agreed  to 
iend  Henry  whatever  aid  he  might  require,  without  in  juiry  or  care  as  to 
the  evil  it  might  eventually  entail  upon  the  nauon.  litfury  had  already 
made  immense  pi  ogress  in  arms.  Rouen,  though  most  gallantly  defended 
by  a  garrison  of  four  thousand  men,  who  were  zealously  aided  by  fifteen 
thousand  of  the  citizens,  had  at  length  been  taken,  as  had  Pontoise  and 
Gisors  with  less  difficulty ;  and  so  "closely  did  he  threaten  Paris  itself, 
tliat  the  court  had  removed  in  alarm  to  Troyes. 

A.  D.  1420.— When  the  negotiations  b<  iween  the  Duke  of  Burgundy 
and  Henry  had  arrved  at  this  point,  Henry,  accompanied  by  his  brothers, 
thd  i>uk6  01  UiarciiCe  auu  uiouccBitir,  proc6€uou  io  i  royes  io  iiiiwu  '«" 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


35"} 


treaty,  nominally  with  Charles,  but  in  reality  with  the  duke  of  Burgfundy ; 
for  the  unhappy  Charles  was  in  so  completely  imbecile  a  condition,  that 
lie  was  at  best  but  a  mere  puppet  in  the  hands  or  whoever  had  for  the 
time  the  charge  of  his  person. 

The  chief  provisions  of  this  treaty,  in  which  the  honour  and  interests 
if  the  nation  were  accounted  as  nothing,  were  as  follows :  Henry  was  to 
marry  the  princess  Catharine ;  Charles  was  to  enjoy  the  title  and  dignity 
of  king  during  his  life,  but  Henry  was  to  be  his  heir,  and  was  also  to  be 
entrusted  with  the  immediate  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom, 
which  was  to  pass  to  his  heirs  in  common  with  England,  with  which  king- 
dom it  was  to  be  united  under  him,  'hough  each  kingdom  should  internally 
retain  its  own  customs,  privileges,  and  usages;  all  the  French  princes, 
peers,  communities,  and  vassals  were  to  swear  to  obey  Henry  as  regent, 
and  in  due  time  adhere  to  his  succession  as  king ;  Henry  was  to  unite 
with  Charles  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy  in  chasing  the  dauphin  from  the 
Kingdom ;  and  no  one  of  the  members  of  this  tripartite  league  was  to  make 
peace  with  him,  except  with  the  consent  of  the  other  two.  A  treaty  more 
scandalous  to  all  parties  it  would  be  difficult  to  imagine.  Even  as  re- 
garded England,  Henry  was  king  only  by  succession  to  an  usurper ;  and 
his  claim  to  France,  even  on  that  ground  alone  would  have  been  scouted 
by  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  had  patriotism  not  been  entirely  banished  from 
his  breast  by  passion  and  pergonal  interest. 

But  interest,  and  interest  alone,  was  attended  to  by  the  parties  concerned 
in  this  very  singular  treaty,  which  was  drawn,  signed,  and  ratified  with  as 
little  scruple  on  the  side  of  Burgundy,  as  though  there  had  been  no  otiier 
object  in  view  than  the  mere  gratification  and  aggrandizement  of  Henry. 
A  few  days  after  the  signing  of  the  treaty,  this  prince  espoused  the  prin- 
cess Catharine,  and  with  her  and  her  father  proceeded  to  Paris.  Possess- 
ed of  the  capital,  he  had  but  little  difficulty  in  procuring  from  the  parliament 
and  the  three  estates  a  full  and  formal  ratification  of  that  treaty,  in  every 
line  of  which  their  degradation  was  visibly  written. 

The  dauphin  now  assumed  the  style  of  regent  of  the  kingdom,  appealed  to 
God  to  witness  the  justice  of  his  cause,  and  prepared  to  defend  it  in  arms, 
and  Henry  proceeded  to  oppose  him.  He  first  laid  siege  to  Sens,  which 
after  a  very  slight  resistance  surrendered  to  him,  and  M ontereau  was  sub- 
dued with  no  less  ease.  Henry  now  proceeded  to  Melun,  but  here  he  met 
with  a  stouter  resistance,  the  governor,  Barbasan,  repelling  every  effort 
he  could  make  for  above  four  months ;  and  even  at  the  end  of  that  time 
the  brave  governor  was  only  induced  to  treat  for  surrrender  by  the  abso- 
lute state  of  famine  to  which  the  garrison  was  reduced.  Henry  was  now 
obliged  to  visit  England  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  both  men  and  money, 
and  during  his  absence  he  left  his  uacle  the  duke  of  Exeter  in  the  post  of 
governor  of  Paris 

By  this  time  the  English,  however  much  they  were  dazzled  and  flat- 
tered by  the  talents  and  success  of  their  king,  seem  to  have  begun  to  take 
something  like  a  correct  view  of  the  possible  ultimate  consequence  to  them 
and  to  their  posterity,  of  the  proposed  union  of  the  two  crowns  ;  and  the 
oarliament  voted  him  a  subsidy  of  only  a  fifteenth,  which  would  have  been 
quite  inadequate  to  his  nemssities,  but  that  the  French  territory  he  haa 
conquered  served  for  the  t  inlenance  of  his  troops.  Having  got  together, 
with  the  subsidy  thus  voti  i  to  him,  a  new  army  of  twenty-four  thousand 
archers,  and  four  thousand  cavalry,  he  embarked  at  Dover  and  safely 
reached  Paris,  where  everything  had  remained  in  perfect  tranquillity  undei 
the  gnvprnment  of  his  uncle. 

But  during  the  absence  of  Henry  the  English  had  received  a  very  se- 
vere clieck  in  Anjou.  A  Scotch  brigjide  of  seven  thousand  men  had  long 
been  in  the  dauphin's  service,  sent  thither  by  the  regent  of  Scotland.  Hen- 
rv  had  taken  the  youne  kinar  of  Scotland,  who  hod  so  lonir  been  in  canti  vitv 


^m 


^•Uli,, 


zw 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


to  Prance,  and  caused  him  to  issue  orders  for  all  Scots  to  leave  the  dau- 
phin's service.  But  the  earl  of  Buchan,  who  commanded  the  Scots  «• 
plied,  that  his  king  while  in  captivity  could  not  issue  orders— at  ail  events 
could  not  I  xpect  him  to  obey  them.  This  gallant  and  well-disciplined 
body  of  troops  now  encountered  the  English  detachment  under  the  cora- 
tnand  of  the  duka  of  Clarence.  Thai  prince  was  slain  in  the  action  by  a 
Scottish  knight  name  i  Allan  Swintbn ;  the  earls  of  Somerset,  Himliiigdon 
and  Dorset  were  taken  prisoners,  and  the  English  were  completely  routed' 
to  the  great  joy  of  the  dauphin,  who  rewarded  the  earl  of  Buchan  with  the' 
office  of  constable. 

Henry's  return,  however,  soon  damped  the  new-born  joy  of  the  dau- 
phin, who  was  besieging  Chartres,  whither  Henry  marched,  and  compd- 
leu  "lim  to  raise  the  siege  without  a  struggle.  From  Chartres  Henry 
marched  to  Dreux,  which  also  surrendered  without  resistance,  and  then 
proceeded  to  lay  siege  to  Meaux,  tie  garrison  of  which  had  greatly  an- 
noyed  the  Parisians.  Here  the  English  were  resisted  with  great  skill 
and  courage  for  eight  months,  by  the  governor  Vaurus.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  the  place  was  taken  and  it  wba  probably  in  reality  on  account  of  the 
obstinate  resistance  that  he  had  met  with,  but  professedly  for  the  cruelty 
which  Vaurus  had  undoubtedly  shown  to  his  prisoners,  English  as  well  as 
Burgundian,  that  Henry  ordered  him  to  be  hanged  upon  the  same  gibbet 
upon  which  '.e  had  caused  so  many  brave  men  to  be  executed. 

The  capture  of  Meaux  led  to  the  surrender  of  other  places  in  the 
neighbourhood  that  until  then  had  obstinately  held  out ;  and  the  dauphin, 
unable  to  resist  the  .united  power  of  the  English  and  Burgundians,  was 
driven  beyond  the  Loire,  and  compelled  to  abandon  nearly  all  the  north- 
ern provinces  ;  while  the  son  of  whom  Henry's  queen  was  just  now  de- 
livered was  as  enthusiastically  hailed  at  Paris  as  at  London,  as  the  future 
king  of  both  nations. 

Singularly  handsome  and  vigorous  in  person,  and  having  not  yet  nearly 
reached  middle  age,  Henry  might  have  been  expected  to  have  very  many 
years  of  glory'and  triumph  yet  before  him.  But  he  was  afflicted  with  a 
fistula,  a  disease  with  which  the  rude  surgery  of  that  age  knew  not  how 
to  deal ;  and  he,  the  powerful  and  ambitious,  the  envied  and  successful, 
king  found  liimself  hurrying  to  the  grave  by  the  rapid  progress  of  a  dis 
ease,  from  which  in  our  own  time  the  poorest  peasant  would  be  relieved 

Conscious  of  his  approaching  end,  he  gave  a  new  proof  of  "  the  ruling 
passion  strong  in  death."  Sending  for  his  brother,  the  duke  of  Bedford, 
the  earl  of  Warwick,  and  some  other  noblemen  who  stood  high  in  his 
esteem,  he  with  great  calmness  delivered  to  them  his  last  will  as  it 
affected  both  the  kingdom  and  his  family.  Professing  to  view  his  ap- 
proaching death  without  any  other  regret  than  that  which  arose  from  his 
leaving  his  great  object  incomplete,  he  assured  them  that  they  could  not 
fail  of  success  by  the  exertion  of  their  known  prudence  and  valour.  He 
appointed  Bedford  regent  of  France,  his  younger  brother,  the  duke  of  Glou 
cester,  regent  of  England,  and  to  the  earl  of  Warwick  he  committed  the 
government  and  protection  of  his  infant  son.  He  at  the  same  time  most 
urgently  enjoined  these  friends  on  no  consideration  to  give  freedom  to 
the  French  princes  taken  at  Agincourt,  until  his  boh  should  be  of  an  age  lo 
govern  for  himself;  carefully  to  preserve  the  friendship  of  the  duke  ol 
Burgundy ;  to  exert  every  means  to  secure  the  throne  of  France  to  Ihtfir 
infant  king;  and,  failing  success  in  that  particular,  never  to  makepeace 
with  France  unless  on  condition  of  the  permanent  annexation  of  Norman- 
dy to  the  crown  of  England. 

Apart  from  his, ambition,  and  the  violent  injustice  which  necessarily  re- 
sulted from  it,  this  prince  was  in  very  many  respects  deserving  of  the  high 
popularity  which  throughout  his  life  he  enjoyed  in  England,  and  which  he 
oo  leas  onjoved  in  France  subsecjueul  to  his  nmrriage  with  the  princess 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


so» 


Catharine.  His  civil  rule  was  firm  and  productive  of  excellent  oider 
without  being  harshly  severe  ;  and  in  the  unifurin  kindness  and  confidence 
which  he  bestowed  upon  the  earl  of  Maruhe,  wiio  beyond  all  question  had 
the  preferable  title  to  the  crown,  betokened  no  common  magnanimity. 
Henry,  who  died  in  1422,  aged  only  thirty-four,  left  but  one  child,  youiig 
Henry,  then  only  nine  months  old ;  and  the  queen  Catharine,  rather  soon- 
er after  the  death  of  her  hubband  than  was  strictly  becoining,  gave  her 
hand  in  second  marriage  to  Sir  Owen  Tudor,  a  private  gentloqian,  who, 
however,  claimed  to  be  descended  from  the  ancient  Welsh  princt^s;  to 
him  she  bore  two  sons,  the  elder  of  whonr.  wis  created  earl  of  Richmond, 
the  younger  earl  of  Pembroke  ;  and  the  e:.il  of  Richmond  subsequcntiv 
became  king  of  England,  as  we  shall  hereafter  have  to  relate. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

THE    REION    OV    IIGNRV    TI. 

A.  D.  1422. — We  had  occasion  to  remark,  under  the  head  of  Henry  IV., 
that  the  usurpation  of  that  prince  g?,ve  a  great  and  manifest  impetus  to  the 
power  of  the  parliamtnit.  A  new  proof  was  now  afforded  of  the  extent 
tc  which  that  power  had  increased.  Scarcely  any  aiiention  was  paid  to 
the  instructions  givcjn  by  Henry  V.  on  his  death  bed;  and  the  parlian>ent 
proceeded  to  make  arrangements  in  accordance  rather  wiih  its  own  views 
than  with  those  of  the  deceased  monarch,  with  respect  to  both  the  king 
dom  and  the  young  king. 

They  altogether  set  aside,  as  to  the  former,  the  title  of  regent,  and  ap 
pointed  the  duke  of  Bedford,  and,  during  any  absence  of  his,  the  duke  of 
Gloucester,  to  act  as  protector  or  guardian  of  the  kingdom ;  evidently 
placing  a  peculiar  value  on  this  distinction  of  terms,  though  to  all  practi- 
cal purposes  it  necessarily  was  a  mere  distinction  without  a  difference. 
They  showed,  however,  a  more  practical  judgment  in  preventing,  or, 
at  the  least,  in  anticipating,  any  undue  stretch  of  authority  on  the  part  of 
either  of  the  royal  personages,  by  appointing  a  council  wliose  advice  and 
approbation  were  necessary  to  the  legalising  of  all  important  measures. 

They  next  proceeded  to  show  an  equal  disregard  to  the  wishes  of  the 
deceased  monarch,  as  related  to  the  custody  and  government  of  his  infant 
son,  when  they  committed  him  to  the  care  of  Henry  Beauf&rt,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  a  natural  but  legitimate  son  of  John  of  Guant,  duke  of  Lan- 
caster; an  arrangement  which  at  least  had  this  recommendation,  that  the 
prelate  in  question  could  set  up  no  family  pretension  to  the  crown,  and 
liad,  therefore,  no  inducement  to  act  unfairly  by  his  infant  charge. 

The  duke  of  Bedford,  long  renowned  for  equal  prudence  and  valour, 
immediately  turned  his  attention  to  France,  without  making  the  slightest 
attempt  to  alter  the  determination  of  parliament,  which  a  less  disinterest- 
ed and  noble-spirited  man  would  very  probably  have  interpreted  as  a  per- 
sonal affront. 

Charles,  the  late  dauphin,  had  now  assumed,  as  he  was  justly  entitled 
to,  the  title  of  king  of  France;  and,  being  shut  out  by  the  English 
from  Rheims,  the  ancient  and  especial  place  of  coronation  of  the  kings  of 
France,  he  caused  himself  to  be  crowned  at  Poitiers.  This  prince,  though 
only  twenty  years  of  age,  was  very  popular  with  multitudes  of  the  French 
as  well  for  the  many  virtues  of  his  private  character,  as  for  the  great  and 
precocious  abilities  ho  had  shown  in  most  difficult  phases  of  his  public 
affairs. 

No  one  knew  better  than  the  duke  of  Bedford  that,  excluded  though  the 
dauphin  was  from  his  rightful  succession,  by  the  unnatural  and  unpatriotic 
act  of  his  imbecile  father,  his  own  abilities  would  be  strongly  aided  bv 


f$^   a^' 


I«0 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


a  natural  ana  inevitable  revulsion  of  feeling:  on  the  part  of  those  Frencnmer 
who  had  hitherto  shown  themselves  fast  friends  to  England.    He  them 
fore  strictly  obeyed  the  dying  injunction  of  Henry  as  to  a  sedulous  culti 
vation  of  the  friendship  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  whose  personal  quarrel 
with  (Jharles  had  so  mainly  aided  the  success  of  the  English  cause  thug 
far,  and  whose  support  would  henceforth  be  so  vitally  important  to  their 
maintaining  their  ground  in  Fraiwe.     Bedford,  therefore,  hastened  to  ful 
fil  his  part  in  the  treaty  of  Troyes,  by  espousing  Philip's  sister,  the  prini 
cess  of  Arras ;  and  he  even  offered  his  new  brother-in-law  the  recency 
of  France,  which  Philip,  for  not  very  obvious  reasons,  declined,  thoueh 
as  he  was  far  from  being  unambitious,  he  could  scarcely  have  overlook- 
ed that  the  regency,  during  the  minority  of  young  Henry  and  the  continu- 
ed success  of  the  English,  would  be  nearly  equivalent  to  the  actual  sov 
ereignty,  and  might  by  some  very  slight  circumstance,  actually  lead  to  it 
The  duke  of  Bedford  next  turned  his  attention  to  securing  the  friend 
rfiip  of  the  duke  of  Brittany,  who,  whether  as  friend  or  foe,  was  next  in 
importance,  as  regarded  the  English  power,  to  Burgundy  himself.    The 
duke  of  Brittany  liad  already  given  in  his  adhesion  to  the  treaty  of  Troyeg- 
but  as  Bedford  knew  how  much  that  prince  was  governed  by  his  brother' 
the   count  of  Richemont,  he  skilfully  sought  to  fix  the  friendship  ol 
that  haughty  and  not  very  strictly  honourable  person.    Richemont  was 
among  the  high  personages  who  were  made  prisoners  at  Agineourt,  but 
hr.d  been  treated  with  great  kindness  in  England,  and  even  allowed  by 
Henry  V.  to  visit  Brittany,  on  his  parole  of  honour,  to  return  al  a  given 
time.     Before  the  »iiije  arrived  the  deatli  of  Henry  occurred,  and  Riche- 
mont, contrary  to  all  tne  usages  anJ  maxims  of  chivalry,  affected  to  be- 
lieve that  as  his  parole  had  been  given  personally  to  Henry  V.,his  honour 
was  in  nowise  engaged  to  maintain  it  towards  that  prince's  successor. 
His  plea  was  as  irregular  as  it  was  meanly  false ;  but  as  Bedford  hiid  ob- 
viously  no  means  of  compelling  Iticliemont  to  a  more  honourr.ole  course 
of  conduct,  without  involving  iiiniself  in  a  very  mischievous  disagreement 
with  the  duke  of  ilriitaiiy,  lie  very  wisely  made  a  virtue  of  necessity,  and 
not  only  overlooked  the  count's  misconduct,  but  even  obtained  for  him  tiie 
hand  of  the  widow  of  tiie  deceased  dauphin  Louis,  the  sister  of  Philip  of 
Burgundy. 

Having  thus  both  politically  apd  personally  allied  himself  with  the  po 
tent  dukes  of  Burgundy  and  Brittany,  Bedford  now  directed  his  attention 
to  Scotland.  The  duke  of  Albany,  who,  as  regent  of  Scotland,  iiad  so 
c  jusiderably  aided  the  dauphin,  now  King  Charles,  by  sondini?  him  large 
bodies  of  veteran  Scotch  troojMj,  was  (fead,  and  his  office  and  power 
had  benn  assumed  by  his  son  Murdac.  This  nobleman  had  neither  the  lal- 
ents  nor  the  energy  of  his  father,  and  he  was  quite  unable  to  limit,  as  the 
duke  of  Albany  had  done,  any  enterprises  tn  wlrch  the  turbulent  nobles 
of  Scotland  might  think  proiier  to  turn  their  attention.  Tiiis  instantly 
became  evident  from  the  snddun  and  vast  increase  of  the  number  of  Scot- 
tish nobles  who  hastened  to  itffbr  their  swords  to  Charles  of  France;  and 
the  pier'Mug  gliince  of  Bedford  discerned  t!in  strong  probability  of  the 
Scots,  at  no  distant  day,  doing  ("harles  the  Btill  more  efliiciual  service  of 
distracting  the  attention  and  dividing  the  force  of  his  Knglisli  enemies,  by 
making  formidable  and  frequent  incuraioiis  up</n  the  northern  i^ounlies  of 
England. 

As  the  tendlest  and  surest  way  of  meeting  this  portion  of  his  difUcuItiea, 
Bedford  induced  the  English  government  to  rostoro  to  liberty  the  Scottish 
king,  young  .lames,  on  the  payment  of  u  ransom  of  forty  thousand  pfiunds. 
This  y(Ming  prince  who  had  resided  in  England  from  his  early  boyhood, 
and  had  lliore  receivod  the  very  best  education  which  the  scliolaBlir  mIhIo 
of  that  ago  would  ufl"ord  even  to  princes,  had  imbibed  much  of  the  KngUtih 
fetiliiiirH  and  ttiste!    and  rluriMir  the  whole  of  his  short  rei"U— (*><<  wa*  <nur 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


8«1 


dpreJ  in  1437  by  the  earl  of  Athol)— whatever  might  be  the  extetit  of  the 
leaning  he  was  alledged  to  have  towards  France,  he  naver  once  gave  the 
English  cause  to  regret  their  genercsify  or  to  throw  blame  on  the  policy 
if  Bedford,  to  which  the  young  kir.g  owed  his  freedom  and  the  enjoymenl 
of  his  throne. 

Even  while  engaged  in  these  wise  political  precautions,  the  duke  ol 
Bedford  strenuously  exerted  himself  in  those  military  movements  and  op. 
erations  which  were  indispensable  to  the  ultimate  succesa  of  the  measures 
he  contemplated. 

King  Charles  in  person,  and  all  the  forces  under  his  own  immediate 
leading,  had  long  since  been  driven  into  the  southern  provinces  beyond 
the  Loire.  But  there  were  many  of  his  attached  partizans  still  possessed 
of  fortresses  in  the  northern  provinces,  and  even  in  the  neigiibourhoo''  ui 
Paris.  Against  these  fortresses,  therefore,  the  duke  of  Bedford  deemed 
it  necessaiT  to  exert  himself,  before  proceeding  to  deal  with  the  main 
gtVength  of  Charles.  Dorsay,  Noyelle,  and  Rue  in  Picardy,  were  be 
sieged  and  taken ;  and  Pont  sur  Seine,  Vertus,  and  Montaigne,  soon  after 
fell  into  the  English  power.  These  successes  were  followed  up  by  still 
more  brilliant  a»d  important  ones ;  till  at  lei:gth  the  constable  of  Scotland, 
with  many  of  tho  French  nobles,  were  taken  prisoners,  and  Bedford's 
army  occupied  La  Charite  and  other  towns  upon  the  Loire. 

Every  new  success  of  the  Englisli  by  which  they  were  brought  nearer 
to  his  southern  provinces,  made  Charles  the  more  painfully  anxious  for 
the  preservation  of  the  few  strongholds  which  he  still  held  in  ttiose  of  the 
north,  wiiere  they  could  so  greatly  annoy  and  impede  their  inimical  neigh- 
hours.  One  of  these,  Yvri  m  Normandy,  had  for  three  months  held  out 
aaainst  the  utmost  eflbrts  of  its  besiegers,  under  the  personal  command 
oflk'ilford  himself;  but  the  gallant  governor  at  length  found  himself  re- 
dufed  to  juch  straits  that  he  agreed  to  surrender  unless  relief  should 
reach  Iniii  by  a  certain  day.  Information  of  this  threatened  loss  of  Yvri 
no  sooner  reached  Charles  than  he  sent  a  detachment  of  fourteen  thousand 
men  to  its  relief,  one  half  of  the  detachment  being  Scots  and  tho  other 
half  Frencii.  The  chief  command  of  this  detachment  was  given  to  tho 
earl  of  Buchan,  tho  titular  constable  of  France,  who  made  the  utmost  efforts 
to  perforin  Ms  mission  succensfully,  but  had  the  ujortification  to  find  that 
the  place  had  been  already  surrendered  ere  he  could  arrive.  Resolved  not 
to  return  from  so  long  a  march  without  having  at  least  attpmf)t«'(l  some 
important  enterprise,  and,  turning  to  the  left,  ho  marched  rapidly  to  Ver- 
neiiil  and  prepared  to  besiege  that  place,  which  was  delivered  up  to  him 
by  the  citizens,  in  spite  of  all  the  opposition  that  could  bo  macle  by  the 
garrison. 

It  had  been  well  had  Buchan  contented  himself  with  this  success.    But, 
eneourapd  by  it,  he  called  a  i  ouncil  of  war  to  consult  wbotlmr  he  should 
now  inako  good  his  retreat,  with  the  glory  he  iiad  so  easil)  and  cheaply 
acqiiircil,  or  await^tho  coming  up  of  the  duke  of  Bedford.    Though  tho  for 
mcr  plan  was  strongly  and  well  urged  by  the  graver  and  nioit!  politic  of 
Ills  officers,  the  latter  one  was  so  ngreealdo  to  Bnchan's  ow.i  (h-sire  to  en- 
gage the  enemy  at  any  risk,  that  he  finally  adopted  it,  and  it  was  not  long 
ere  ins  army  was  (•oiifronUHt  with  that  of  Bedford.     Tho  number    were 
tolerably  emial ;  and  Buchan  drawing  up  his  men  in  excelle-it  order  under 
he  walls  of  VoriKuiil,  determined  in  that  advantageous  position  to  await 
the  cimrge  of  the  enemy.     This  prudent  prefaulion,  in  n  situation  which 
greater  prudence  would  wholly  have  preserved  hini  from,  was  defeated  by 
the  impetuous  rashiu'ss  of  the  viscount  of  Narbonno,  who  led  his  men  so 
lurmusly  to  the  chafge,  that  lor  an  instant  the  English  urohors  were  beaten 
mmi  the  Im,)  of  palisadcjcH,  behind  which,  according  lo  Ihoir  usual  cus- 
i"!"'......"'^'  ''i"!.  »'»''""«••.  Ihfuuelves.      Quickly   rerovernig  themsolveH, 

•vrrVcf,  aiid  funriiiig  bi'hiiid  and  uniuug  iliuir  baggage,  liiey  poured  ihoir 


862 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


arrows  so  tliickly  and  with  such  deadly  precision,  that  Narbonne's  r.en 
fell  fast  around  him  and  were  soon  thrown  into  confusion.  The  main 
Lody  of  the  constable's  army,  animated  out  of  all  sense  of  steady  dmci- 

Sline  by  the  dasiiing  but  most  imprudent  charge  of  this  division,  rushed  to 
larbonne's  support,  and  necessarily  partook  with  his  men  the  slauTliter 
and  the  panic  caused  by  the  English  archers;  while  the  duke  of  BetFford 
perceiving  the  confusion  of  the  enemy,  seized  upon  the  favourable  moment 
and  charged  them  at  the  head  of  the  main  body  of  his  men-at-arms.  The 
French  ranks  quickly  broke  under  this  vigorous  attack,  and  the  rout  in  a 
few  minutes  became  general.  Though  Bedford's  victory  was  complete 
it  was  as  ho  considered,  so  dearly  purchased  by  the  loss  of  sixteen  hun- 
dred of  the  English  to  about  two  thousand  of  the  French,  that  he  would 
not  sllow  any  rejoicings  for  a  victory  which  had  cost  the  Enghsh  a  loss 
•o  nearly  proportioned  to  that  of  the  enemy.  But  the  loss  of  Uie  French 
could  not  fairly  be  estimated  by  a  mere  statement  of  numbers.  It  was 
unusually  great  among  the  leaders;  Buchan  himself,  the  earl  of  Douglas 
and  his  son,  the  counts  D'Aumale,  De  Tonnere,  and  De  Ventadour,  with 
many  other  nobles,  were  amcDg  the  slain ;  and  the  duke  D'Aleneon,  the 
marshal  de  la  Fayette,  and  the  lords  Gaucourt  and  Mortemar  among  the 
prisoners.  On  the  following  day  Verneuil,  having  no  hope  of  relief,  sur 
rendered  to  Bedford. 

Nothing  could  appear  more  desperate  than  the  case  of  the  French  king. 
He  had  in  this  fatal  battle  lost  the  bravest  of  his  leaders;  his  partizans 
had  no  longer  even  a  chance  of  making  any  head  against  the  Kiighsh  in 
the  provinces  north  of  tlie  Loire;  and  he  was  so  far  from  possossmij  the 
necessary  means  of  recruiting  his  army  and  enticing  other  gallant  nuinto 
embrace  his  desperate  cause,  that  he  actuiilly  had  not  even  the  means  of 
paying  for  the  support  of  his  reiinue,  thougli  he  carefully  abstained  from 
indulging  many  ol  the  frivolous  and  expensive  shadows  of  royalty,  while 
he  was  still  uncertain  of  the  issue  of  his  contest  for  its  substance,  but 
|U8t  as  ho  himself,  as  well  as  both  hie  friends  and  ins  foes,  began  to  doein 
his  cause  nearly  lost,  a  most  unexpected  incident  occurred  to  save  h  m. 

.lacqueline,  countess  of  Holland  and  Hainanlt,  had,  from  the  politic  mo- 
tives  which  so  generally  determined  princely  marriages,  espoused  the 
duke  of  Burgundy's  consin-german,  John,  duke  of  Urabaiit.  The  bride 
groom  was  a  mere  boy  of  fifteen  ;  the  lady  was  muc-h  older,  and  of  a  msis- 
cuiine  and  ardent  temper.  The  sickly  and  weak-minded  boy-husband 
■oon  became  the  detestation  of  his  vigorous  and  high-spirited  wife, 
and  she  applied  to  Kome  to  annul  the  unequal  and  unsuitable  marriiifffl. 
Being  well  aware  that,  venal  as  Rome  was,  nniirh  diflidilty  awaited  from 
the  powerful  opposition  which  would  bo  made  to  her  design  by  the  dnke 
of  Burgundy,  and  being  fearful  that  ho  would  even  go  to  the  extieme  of 
putting  her  under  permonal  restraint,  she  made  her  esimpe  to  Kngl;ind,iind 
lolicited  the  aid  and  protectiun  of  the  duke  of  (Jloucesler.  The  perHiniHl 
beauty  of  the  countess  Jacqueline,  together  with  the  temptation  of  her  in* 
herited  wealth  and  sovereigntj',  stimulated  the  love  and  ambition  of  (Hou- 
cealer  bo  far,  that,  without  even  waiting  the  result  of  an  applicniion  to 
Rome,  he  made  a  contract  of  marriage  with  her,  and  commenced  an  at- 
tempt  to  wrest  her  territories  from  the  dukn  of  Brabant. 

Tlio  duke  of  Burgundy  was  doubly  aniioyi'd  and  uiagusfed  by  (iiis  pro- 
eeoding  of  (Jloucester;  tor  while  it  very  serioimly  trenched  upon  his  lain- 
ily  power  and  wealtli,  it  gave  but  an  unpromising  earnetit  of  ihe  conduct 
to  be  exiiccted  from  the  Knglish,  when,  liavingfiillv  established  tli(;in»elve« 
In  Frunci!,  they  should  no  longer,  from  not  neeiling  the  duke's  nllianca 
and  support,  have  nn  interested  motive  for  putfinyany  Hinils  to  their 
personal  ambition  or  cupidity.  Actuated  by  these  feelingH,  he  not  only 
oounselled  hit  coiiiiii  to  resitilanco,  but  exerted  himself  to  induce  (M 


J  i 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD 


863 


more  powerful  of  Josephine's  subjects  to  oppose  her,  and  marclied  himself 
with  a  considerable  body  of  his  troops  to  support  them  in  doing  so. 

Too  exclusively  engaged  with  his  personal  designs  to  give  their  due 
weight  to  political  considerations,  Gloucester  would  not  be  diverted  from 
his  purpose ;  and  a  quarrel  at  once  political  and  personal  thus  engaged 
him  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy  in  war  in  the  Low  Countries. 

Gloucester,  in  the  course  of  the  angry  correspondence  which  accom- 
panied the  warlike  contest  between  him  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  impu- 
ted falsehood  to  Philip,  in  terms  so  insultingly  direct,  that  Philip  insisted 
upon  a  retraction,  and  personal  challenge!  now  passed  between  them.  ' 

The  grave  and  politic  Bedford  was  vexed  to  the  soul  at  the  consequences 
of  Gloucester's  imprudence ;  consequences  as  disastrous  and  threatening 
to  the  English  power  in  France,  as  they  were  fortunate  and  hopeful  to  the 
cause  of  the  rightful  king  of  France.  For,  in  the  first  place,  Gloucester 
employed  in  his  own  quarrel  the  troops  which  Beford  had  been  so  anx 
ionsly  expecting  from  England,  and,  in  the  next  place,  this  occurrence 
could  not  but  weaken,  if  it  did  not  wholly  alienate,  the  friendship  of  the 
duke  of  Burgundy,  to  which  the  Enslish  cause  was  so  much  indebted. 
Having  endeavoured,  but  in  vain,  to  mediate  between  the  angry  dukes,  Bed^ 
ford  now  saw  himself  obliged  to  abstain  from  following  up  his  signal  vic- 
tory at  Veriieuil,  and  to  hasten  to  England,  to  endeavour  oy  his  presence 
there  to  repair  the  already  very  miscnievous  consequences  of  his  brother's 
headstrong  temper  and  personal  ambition. 

Nor  was  it  on  account  of  Gloucester's  folly  alone  that  the  presence  of 
Bedford  was  at  this  juncture  much  needed  in  England.  The  bishop  of 
Winchester,  as  we  mentioned  before,  had  been  selected  by  parliament  as 
ciBlos  of  the  young  king's  person  not  only  on  account  of  hia  ^'reat  abili- 
lies,  but  also  because  his  family  had  no  claim  to  the  throne  that  could  in- 
duce him  to  behave  unfairly  to  his  young  charge.  But  this  prelate  had 
great  personal  ambition.  Ho  was  of  an  arbitrary  and  peremptory  temper 
and  required  from  the  council  a  far  greater  share  of  authority  in  the  state 
than  his  office  of  custos  of  the  king's  person  could  warrant  liiin  in  de 
manding,  or  the  council  in  granting. 

Between  the  prelate,  tb.us  peremptory  and  ambitious,  and  the  equally 
ambitious  and  fiery  Gloucester,  it  was  inevitable  that  an  open  qiinrre. 
should  liike  place  unrh'r  suc^h  circumstances;  and  as  each  of  tliem  had  his 
partizaiis  in  the  iiiiiiislry,  it  was  not  without  some  diflicully  that  even  the 
great  autliority  of  Bedford  composed  the  existing  differences  ;  nor  did  ho 
wholly  succeed  in  po  d(»iiig  until  he  had  invoked  the  authority  of  parlia- 
ment, before  which  assembly  the  two  disputants  wore  conipellod  to  come 
to  an  apparent  reconciliation,  and  to  promise  that  thenceforth  all  their 
differoiiccs  should  be  buried  in  oblivion. 

While  Hcilford  had  been  busy  in  adjusting  this  untoward  and  unseemly 
quarrel,  the  duke  of  Burgundy  had  so  well  employed  his  credit  at  Home, 
as  to  have  procured  a  hull  which  not  only  annulled  the  marriage  contract 
between  the  countess  Jactjueline  Mid  the  duke  of  GlouccHtcr,  but  also  for- 
bade their  marriage  oven  in  the  event  of  the  duke  of  BrHlmnt  being  re- 
moved by  death.  The  duke  of  Gloucester,  who  had  all  along  been  actu- 
aliHl  in  his  iidventurous  suit  far  more  by  ambition  and  cupidity  than  by 
love,  finding  so  insuperable  an  obstacle  inlerposed  between  him  and  even 
his  fuUire  succoss,  very  soon  consoled  himself  for  his  disaiipointmenl  by 
pving  his  liiiiid  to  a  lady  who  had  for  a  considerable  time  been  known  as 
m  mi.<itre89. 

Soon  lifter,  the  duke  of  Bniimnl  died ;  and  his  widow  in  order  to  recover 
hor  territory,  was  obliged  to  declare  the  duke  of  Burgundy  her  heir  should 
«lip  die  without  issue,  and  to  engage  not  to  Uko  a  second  husband  union 
with  the  duke's  consent. 


—-"r'sitttfii  -J!  titc  aiiatf  prcTcir.cu  itic  iuiriicuiuio  nustiiny 


upuii 


U64 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


H'' 


I 


'i.  i 


II 


the  part  of  Burgundy,  of  which  Bedford  at  first  had  been  very  justly  an. 
prehensive ;  but  all  the  circumstances  of  the  quarrel  were  calculated  greatly 
to  weaken  the  duke  of  Burgundy  in  his  attachment  to  the  English,  fiom 
whom  he  could  no  longer  expect,  in  the  event  of  their  complete  success 
to  receive  much  better  treatment  than  that  which  on  the  part  of  Kino 
Charles  had  aroused  the  duke  to  such  fierce  enmity ;  and  ultimately  this 
quarrel  did  alienate  the  duke  from  his  unnatural  and,  on  the  whole,  very 
impolitic  alliance  with  jhe  English. 

The  duke  of  Brittany,  whose  alliance  Bedford  valued  only  second  to  that 
of  Burgundy,  was  very  effectually  detached  from  the  English  side  by  the 
gift  to  his  brother,  the  count  of  Kichemont,  of  the  oflice  of  constable  ol 
France,  vacant  by  the  death  of  Buchan;  and  this  loss  must  have  been  the 
more  mortifying  to  Bedford,  because  he  could  not  be  unaware  that  it  was 
mainly  owing  to  the  impolitic  pertinacity  with  which  he  had  refused  tc 
gratify  the  passion  of  the  count  of  Richemont  for  military  command.  Bu' 
the  loss,  however  caused  or  however  much  lamented,  was  wholly  irre. 
trievable ;  for  whatever  there  was  of  personal  and  selfish  in  tlie  duke's 
motive  for  changing  his  party,  the  change  was  permanent,  and  he  ever  af- 
ter remained  faithful  to  King  Charles. 

The  cooled  zeal  of  one  ally  and  tiie  total  loss  of  another,  and  the  favour 
able  moral  effect  which  these  things  and  eight  months  of  comparative  quiet 
nad  produced  upon  the  partizans  of  king  Charles,  were  sufficient  to  cause 
anxiety  to  the  sagacious  duke  of  Bedford  when  he  returned  to  France. 

The  FVench  garrison  of  Montargis  was  besieged  by  the  earl  of  Warwick 
and  an  army  of  three  thousand  men,  and  was  so  reduced  as  to  be  on  the 
very  poiiit  of  surrendering,  when  the  Bastard  of  Orleans,  afterwards  so 
famous  under  his  title  of  duke  of  Dunois,  marched  with  only  sixteen  hun- 
dred men  to  Montargis,  and  compelled  Warwick,  in  spite  of  his  superior 
numbers,  to  raise  tiie  seige. 

The  first  aim  of  the  duke  of  Bedford  was  to  bring  back  to  his  alliance 
the  duke  of  Brittany.  Sensible  that  that  prince  had  chiefly  been  guided 
in  his  change  of  alliance  by  the  count  of  Richemont,  and  would,  therefore, 
most  probably  allow  his  own  obvious  interest  to  induce  him  to  change 
sides  oiu-o  more,  Bedford  secretly  concentrated  several  detachments  of 
Knglisli  upon  the  frontiers  of  Brittany,  and  invaded  that  province  so  sud 
denly,  tiiat  the  duke  had  no  chance  of  resistance,  but  saw  himself  oblijjed 
to  consent  to  give  up  the  French  alliance  and  adiiere  to  the  Irenlyol 
Troycs,  to  acknowlecigc  tiio  duke  of  lledford  as  regent  of  France  and  to 
pledge  himself  to  do  homage  to  the  young  king  Henry  for  his  duchy. 

Having  tiuis  freed  himself  from  a  dangerous  enemy  in  iiis  rear,  Uedford 
prepared  for  an  enterprise,  the  success  of  which  would  pretty  conspietoly 
insure  the  entire  success  of  the  English  cause— the  siege  ol  the  city  of 
Orleans,  which  was  so  situated  between  the  northern  and  southern  prov- 
mces  as  to  open  a  way  to  the  enti.nice  of  either  by  its  possessor.  As 
Bedford,  having  been  so  successful  in  expelling  diaries  from  the  northern 
provinces,  was  alxnit  to  attack  him  in  tlie  soulii,  the  possession  of  Orleans 
was  evidently  of  tlio  greatest  importance  to  him. 

The  conduct  of  the  attack  upon  Orleans  was  entrusted  to  ilio  earl  of 
Salisbury,  a  distinguished  soldier,  who  had  just  brought  a  reinforcement 
of  six  tlioiisanil  men  from  Knghind.  The  curl,  quite  rightly,  no  doubt, 
confined  iiimscif  to  the  task  of  taking  several  p'icno  ji,  dm  vicinity  of  Or- 
'eans,  which,  thougli  tliey  were  but  small,  migiit  prove  of  very  scrioui  in- 
conveiiipiicc  to  him  wher.i  engiiged  in  the  contemplated  siege.  These 
preliininary  mrnRur'!"  of  the  ourl,  however  conforinabio  to  the  rules  of 
war,  and  however  iiidisponsabln  under  the  particular  circumslaiici's,  wfire 
n(  the  least  thus  far  unfortunate,  that  they  at  once  disclosed  to  Km^ 
tharioH  the  main  design  of  the  Knglisli,  and  gave  him  lime  and  opportnni. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


365 


xy  to  throw  in  such  stores  of  provisions  and  reinforcements  of  men  as 
might  enable  the  garrison  to  maiie  an  effectual  resistance. 

The  lord  of  Gaucour,  an  officer  of  equal  conduct,  valour,  and  experience, 
was  made  governor,  and  many  other  veteran  officers  threw  Ihomselves 
into  the  place  to  aid  him  in  its  defence ;  the  troops  they  bad  to  command 
*ore  veterans  in  every  sense  of  the  word,  and  even  the  very  citizens,  in- 
stead of  being  likely  to  disturb  their  defenders  by  idle  fears,  were  now  so 
accustomed  to  war  that  they  promised  to  be  of  very  important  service 

Having  completed  his  preliminary  operations,  the  earl  of  Salisbury  ap- 
proached Orleans  with  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men,  and  all  Europe 
looked  with  anxiety  for  the  result  of  a  siege  which  was  likely  to  be  so 
completely  decisive  as  to  the  future  fate  of  France,  and  where,  conse- 
quently,  it  behoved  Charles  to  make  his  utmost  and  final  effort. 

Having  too  small  a  force  for  the  complete  investment  of  a  city  which, 
apart  from  its  §[reat  extent,  had  tiie  advantage  of  a  bridge  over  the  Loire, 
"e  earl  of  Salisbury  proceeded  to  attack  tlie  southern  side,  towards  So- 
logne ;  but  as  he  was  attacking  the  fortifications  which  defended  the  bridge, 
he  was  killed  by  a  cannon  shot  while  in  the  very  act  of  reconnoitering  the 
enemy.  The  command  of  the  English  now  fell  upon  the  eari  of  Suffolk, 
and  he,  receiving  at  the  same  time  a  large  reinforcement  of  both  English 
and  Burgundians,  departed  from  Salisbury's  plan  of  partial  operations,  led 
his  main  fori  o  across  the  river,  and  thus  invested  the  city  on  the  other 
side.  The  wi-tter  having  now  commenced,  the  severity  of  the  weather 
rendered  it  impracticable  to  throw  up  intrenchments  completely  around ; 
but  by  constructing  redoubts  at  convenient  distances,  Suffolk  was  at  once 
able  to  lodge  his  soldiers  safely,  and  to  distress  the  enemy  by  preventing 
anv  supplies  bcin|r  conveyed  to  them ;  leaving  the  task  of  connecting  the 
redoubts  by  a  scries  of  trenches  until  the  arrival  of  spring.  It  thus  ap- 
pears  that  Suffolk  trnsted  rather  to  famine  than  to  force ;  to  confining  tlie 
enemy  strictly  within  their  walls,  than  to  hazarding  his  cause  by  splendid 
storming  feats,  which  were  certain  to  cost  him  many  of  his  bravest  men, 
and  were  not  likely  to  "be  soon  successful ;  for  though  he  had  a  train  of 
Rrtillery,  the  engineering  art  was  as  yet  far  too  imperfect  to  uUow  of  its 
making  any  speedy  impression  upon  so  strong  a  fortress.  The  attempts 
if  the  friends  of  the  besieged  to  throw  in  supplies,  and  of  the  Entjlish  to 
prevent  them,  gave  rise  to  ma.iy  splendid  but  partiid  engagenuiuts,  in 
which  both  parties  disnlayod  great  gallantry  and  enterprise.  So  persever- 
ing, indeed,  wore  the  Froncli,  that  upon  some  occasions  they  succeeded 
in  throwing  in  supplies,  in  defiance  of  all  the  vigilance  and  courage  by 
which  they  were  opposed ;  but  the  coiivoyg  that  were  thus  fortunate  could 
hut  in  a  very  inconsiderable  dogrefl  assist  a  garrison  so  numerous,  and  it 
was  evident  to  all  military  observers  that  Suffolk's  cautious  policy  bado 
fair  to  be  siKu-essfnl,  and  that,  however  slowly,  the  English  were  steadily 
and  constantly  advancing  nearer  to  the  ancomplishmont  of  their  important 
designs, 

*.  D.  142!).— While  Suffolk  was  thus  engaged  in  starving  the  enemy 
within  the  walls,  he  was  himself  in  no  small  danger  of  being  pi  tend  in  the 
same  predicament.  Tliere  were,  it  is  true,  neifher  intrenchments  nor 
f™oubtH  behind  him,  but  tliore  were  numerous  and  indefatigable  parties 
of  French  ravugs^rs,  who  completely  denuded  of  provisions  all  the  neigh- 
bouring districts  from  which  ho  might  otherwise  h«ve  nrocv.red  supplies; 
and  from  his  small  force  ho  coiil,'  mt,  withoii!  ■  at  danger  to  his  main 
design,  detach  any  coiisidnralM-  !,H'.>l?«r  to  ker.  is  French  ruvagers  in 
i-neck.  Just  !••  Suffolk's  ineo  uwirRi-,  to  be  iftriot  y  distressed  for  provi- 
sions, a  very  «rr«at  convoy  of  ito^..  of  every  description  arrived  to  Ihcii 
fciief,  under  thn  command  of  Sit  John  Fustolffe,  with  an  escort  of  two 
'houaimid  flv„  hundred  men ;  but  pro  it  could  r«'a<'h  Suffolk's  camp  it  was 
•;iaut,i,iy  tiiidckcd  bv  iwiriy  double  that  nuinher  oi  rrencji  and  Scotch 


-•  L 


86ft 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


V 


nnder  the  command  of  Dunois  and  the  count  of  Clermopt.  Fustolffe  ei> 
deavoured  to  counterbalance  his  inferiority  in  men  by  drawing  them  up 
behind  the  wagons,  but  the  enemy  brought  a  small  battery  of  cannon  to 
bear  upon  him,  which  very  effectually  dislodged  and  disordered  the  En. 
glish.  The  affair  now  seemed  to  be  secure  on  the  French  side,  as  a  steady 
perseverance  but  for  a  few  minutes  in  their  first  proceedings  would  have 
made  it.  But  the  fierce  and  undisciplined  impetuosity  of  a  part  of  the 
Scotch  troops  caused  them  to  break  their  line  and  rush  in  upon  the  Kn> 
glish ;  a  general  action  ensued,  and  ended  in  the  retreat  of  the  French 
who  lost  five  hundred  in  killed,  besides  a  great  number  of  wounded,  and 
among  the  latter  was  Dunois  himself.  The  convoy  that  was  thus  saved 
to  the  English  was  of  immense  importance,  and  owing  to  a  part  of  it  be* 
ing  herrings  for  the  food  of  the  soldiers  during  Lent,  the  affair  commonly 
went  by  the  name  of  the  "  Battle  of  the  Herrings." 

The  relief  thus  afforded  to  the  English  enabled  them  daily  to  press  mo/e 
closely  upon  t^ie  important  city  ;  and  Charles,  now  wholly  despairing  of 
rescuing  it  by  force  of  arms,  caused  the  duke  of  Orleans,  who  was  stul  a 
prisoner  in  England,  to  propose  to  Gloucester  and  the  council,  that  this 
city  and  all  its  territory  should  be  allowed  to  remain  neutral  during  the 
whole  remainder  of  the  war,  and,  as  the  best  security  for  neutrality,  be 
placed  in  the  keeping  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy.  That  prince  readily 
grasped  at  the  proposal,  and  went  to  Paris  to  urge  it  upon  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  who,  however,  roplie(l,  that  lie  ii<id  no  potion  of  beating  tlie 
bushes  that  others  might  secure  the  game  ;  and  Burgundy,  deeply  offended 
both  at  the  refusal  and  the  manner  in  which  it  was  made,  immediately 
ieparted  and  withdrew  all  those  of  his  men  who  were  concerned  in  the 
investment  of  Orleans.  Foiled  as  well  in  negotiation  as  in  arms,  Cliarlea 
how  wholly  despaired  of  rescuing  Orleans,  when  an  incident  occurred  to 
save  it  and  to  give  new  hopes  to  his  cause,  so  marvellous,  that  it  reads 
more  like  the  invention  of  a  romancer's  fancy  than  the  sober  relation  ol 
the  matter-of-fact  historian. 

Long  as  Orleans  had  been  invested,  and  intimately  connected  as  its  fate 
?- dmed  with  that  of  the  whole  nation,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the 
siege  was  talked  of  in  all  parts  of  France,  and  speculated  upon  even  by 
persons  little  cognizant  of  public  affairs.  Among  the  thousands  whose 
minds  were  strongly  agitated  by  the  frequent  and  various  new.s  from 
Orleans,  was  Joan  d'Arc,  the  maid  servant  of  a  country  inn  at  Domremi, 
near  Vaucouleurs.  Though  of  the  lowest  order  of  menial  servants,  ihia 
yoimg  woman,  now  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  was  of  blameless  life  ami 
manners.  Well  formed  and  active,  her  simple  living  and  her  hard  work 
preserved  her  naturally  healthy  constitution;  and  as  she  was  accustomed 
to  ^ido  her  master's  horses  to  their  watering  place,  and  to  do  other  work 
which  in  most  households  would  fall  to  the  share  of  men,  she  was  unusu- 
ally haoly  and  of  n  somewhat  masculine  habit,  though,  as  has  been  naid 
of  perfectly  blameless  life  and  unmarked  by  any  occentricity  of  mannei 
or  conduct. 

This  young  woman  paid  so  much  attention  to  what  she  heard  respect- 
ing:  the  siege  of  Orleans  and  tlie  distress  and  peril  of  her  rightful  sov 
eroign,  that  by  degrees  she  accustomed  herself  to  make  them  the  aolt 
subjects  of  her  thouKhts  ;  and  her  sanguine  and  untutored  mind  at  |en)(lh 
became  so  much  inflamed  by  sympathy  with  the  king,  and  by  a  pasfuonalfi 
desire  to  aid  him,  that  her  rcveritm  and  aspirations  seemed  to  assume  the 
aspect  of  actual  visions  from  above,  and  she  imagined  herself  audibly 
called  upon  by  some  supernatural  power  to  exert  herself  in  her  sovfireign's 
behalf.  This  delusion  became  claily  stronger,  and  at  length,  naturally 
coyrageous,  and  rendered  still  more  so  by  her  imagined  visions,  she  over 
lodkeiT  till  the  vast  diRicnlti^s  which  must  tave  been  evident  to  even  hci 
'nexpenenced  mind,  nixd  presf'nted  hcisoif  to  Handricourt,  the  governor  o 


inuul   itn^ifl.    U- 


nrSTORT   OP  THE   WORLD. 


S91 


^Taucouleura,  related  to  him  all  her  fancied  experiences,  and  besought  hiin 
lo  listen  to  the  voice  of  heaven  and  to  aid  her  in  fulfilling  its  decrees. 

After  some  hesitation,  the  governor,  whether  really  believing  all  that  Joau 
affirmed  of  her  visions,  or  only  considering  her  a  visiqnary  of  whose  de 
lusions  a  profitable  use  might  be  made  by  tiie  king's  friends,  furnished 
her  with  some  attendants  and  sent  her  to  Chinon,  where  Charles  and  his 
scanty  court  then  resided. 

Where  so  much  is  undeniably  true  in  a  tale  of  which  so  much  must  of 
necessity  be  false,  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  separate  the  true  from  the  wholly 
false  or  the  greatly  exaggerated.  We,  therefore,  shall  simply  relate  what 
passed  and  is  said  to  have  passed,  contenting  ourselves  with  this  single 
caution  to  the  reader — to  conceive  that,  from  very  many  motives,  ev«a 
the  best  men  then  living  about  the  French  king's  court  wore  liable  to  be 
seduced  into  credulity  on  the  one  hand  and  exaggeration  on  the  other,  and 
that,  consequently,  the  wise  ^lan  in  reading  what  follows  will  be  to  reject 
altogether  all  that  assumes  to  be  miraculous,  and  to  credit  only  what,  how- 
ever extraordinary,  is  perfectly  natural,  and  especially  under  the  extraor- 
dinary state  of  affairs  at  that  time. 

When  Joan  was  introduced  lo  the  king  she  at  once  singled  him  out  from 
among  the  courtiers  by  whom  he  was  surrounded,  although  it  was  at- 
tempted to  baffle  heron  this  point  by  the  king's  assumption  of  a  plain  dress, 
totally  destitute  of  all  marks  or  ornaments  tliat  could  discover  his  rank  to 
her.  Repealing  to  him  what  she  had  already  told  to  Baudricourt,  she 
assured  him,  in  the  name  of  heaven,  that  she  would  compel  tiie  Knglish 
to  raise  the  siege  of  Orleans,  and  would  safely  (ionduct  him  to  Riieims 
that,  like  his  ancestors,  he  might  be  crowned  there.  The  king  expressed 
some  doubts  of  the  genuineness  of  her  mission,  and,  very  pertinently,  de- 
manded some  unequivocal  and  convincing  proof  of  her  supernal  inspira- 
tion; upon  which,  all  the  attendants  save  the  king's  confidential  friends 
beiny  withdrawn,  she  told  him  a  secret  wiiicli,  from  its  very  nature,  he 
had  every  reason  to  believe  that  by  natural  means  no  one  in  the  world 
could  kno'v  ;  and  she,  at  tiie  same  t''ue,  described  and  demanded  to  be 
armed  with  a  certain  sword  wiiich  was  deposited  in  the  church  of  St. 
Catharine  of  Fierbois,  and  of  which,  though  it  was  certain  that  she  nevei 
could  have  seen  it,  she  described  the  various  marks  with  great  exactness. 
Though  greatly  staggered,  the  king  was  even  yet  unconvinced  ;  and  a  con- 
clave  of  doctors  ami  theologians  was  assembled,  to  inquire  into  and  report 
upon  Joan's  alledged  mission.  The  report  of  these  learned  persons  was 
decidedly  in  favour  of  the  damsel's  truth,  and  si.,?  was  tlieii  closely  inter- 
rogaled  by  the  pafliament  which  was  sitting  at  Poitiers,  and  here' again  i' 
was  decided  tliat  her  mission  was  genuine. 

!f  the  king  and  his  advisers  first  simulated  doubt  and  scrupulosity,  only 
to  increase  tlie  effect  upon  the  vulgar  of  tlieir  siihs.quenl  and  seemingly 
reluctant  belief,  the  device  had  all  the  success  tliey  could  have  desired. 
t'Ver  prone  to  belief  in  the  marvellous,  the  people  who  had  lately  been  in 
the  deepest  despair  now  spoke  in  accents  not  merely  of  hope  but  of  con 
viction,  that  heaven  had  miracnlously  inspired  a  maiden-champion,  by 
whose  instructions  the  king  would  bo  enabled  to  triumph  over  all  his  difn 
culties  and  to  expel  nil  his  enemios. 

But  it  was  not  merely  as  an  adviser  that  .loan  believed  hersolf  instructed 
to  aid  her  king.  In  her  former  scrvilo  oceupaiion  she  had  l.iarned  to 
mnimge  a  horse  with  ease,  and  she  was  now  mounted  on  a  war-steed, 
armed,  "  cap  ?i  pie,"  and  paraded  before  the  people.  H«'r  animated  eouu- 
teiiance.  Iter  youth,  ^nd,  above  all,  her  graceful  and  fearless  equitation, 
Which  seoined  so  marvellous  and  yet  might  have  ')een  so  »ni8ily  aeeonntod 
•H-,  ciuifirined  all  the  favourable  impressionB  which  hftd  been  formed  of 
iipr;  and  the  multitude  loudly  avered  that  any  enterprise  headed  by  her 
*-**"  '""  -u?;'cc335Ui.      ^T*;**  iiivSv  ioiiu  ^rupunvvsriiOlis  iii  iiur  faviMU 


368 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


she  set  out  for  Blois  to  head  the  escort  of  a  convoy  abou  to  be  sent  to 
the  relief  of  Orleans. 

The  escort  in  question  consisted  of  an  anny  of  ten  thousand  men  under 
the  command  of  St.  Severe,  who  now  haa  orders  to  consider  himself 
second  in  command  to  Joan  d'Arc ;  though  probably  with  a  secret  reser^ 
vation  not  to  allow  her  supematiiral  fancies  to  militate  against  any  of  the 
precautions  commanded  by  the  laws  of  mortal  warfare.  Joan  ordered 
every  man  in  the  army  to  confess  himself  before  marching,  and  all  women 
of  bad  life  and  character  to  be  prohibited  from  following  the  army,  which 
last  order  had  at  least  the  recommendation  of  removing  a  nuisance  which 
sadly  militated  against  good  discipline.  At  the  head  of  the  troops,  car- 
rying in  her  hand  a  consecrated  banner,  upon  which  was  embroidered  a 
representation  of  the  Supreme  Being  grasping  the  earth,  Joan  led  the  way 
to  Orleans,  and  on  approaching  it  she  demanded  that  Orleans  should  be 
entered  on  the  side  of  the  Beausse  ;  but  Dunois,  who  well  knew  that  the 
English  were  strongest  there,  so  far  interfered  with  her  prophetic  power 
as  to  cause  the  other  side  of  the  river  to  be  taken  where  the  English  were 
weaker.  The  garrison  made  a  sally  on  the  side  of  tiie  Beausse,  and  the 
convoy  was  safely  taken  across  the  river  in  boats,  and  was  accompanied 
by  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  whose  appearance,  under  such  circumstances, 
arrayed  in  kni<|htly  garb  and  solemnly  waving  her  consecrated  banner, 
caused  the  soldiers  and  citizens  to  welcome  her  as  being  indeed  an  in- 
spired and  glorious  prophetess,  under  whose  orders  they  could  not  fail  ot 
success  ;  and  as  another  convoy  shortly  afterwards  arrived,  even  Dunois 
was  so  far  converted  to  the  general  belief,  as  to  allow  it,  in  obedience  to 
Joan's  orders,  to  approach  by  the  side  of  the  Beausse.  This  convoy 
too,  entered  safely,  together  with  its  escort,  not  even  an  attempt  bein/; 
made  on  the  part  of  the  besiegers  to  cut  it  off. 

Yet  a  few  days  before  Joan's  first  arrival  at  Orleans,  when  she  had  sent 
a  letter  to  Bedford,  threatening  him  with  the  divine  anger  should  he  ven- 
ture to  resist  the  cause  which  she  was  sent  to  aid,  the  veter^vn  duke  treated 
the  matter  as  the  ravings  of  a  maniac,  or  as  a  most  shallow  trick,  the  mere 
resorting  to  which  was  suflUcient  to  show  the  complete  desperation  to 
which  Charles  was  driven.  But  the  age  was  superstitious,  and  the  natural 
success  which  had  merely  accompanied  the  pretensions  of  Joan  was  by 
the  ignorant  soldiers  and  by  their  (as  to  superstition)  scarcely  less  igno- 
rant officers,  taken  to  have  been  caused  by  it,  and  to  be,  therefore,  a  sure 
pioof  of  her  supernatural  mission  and  an  infallible  augury  of  its  success. 
(iloom  and  terror  were  in  the  hearts  and  upon  the  countenances  of  the 
Knglish  soldiery,  and  Suffolk  most  unwisely  allowed  those  feelings  full 
leisure  to  exert  themselves  by  having  his  men  unemployed  in  any  military 
attempt ;  their  inactivity  thus  serving  to  augment  their  despondency,  while 
it  increased  the  confidence  and  exultation  of  tlie  garrison. 

Whether  nioroly  obeying  the  promptings  of  a  naturally  brave  and  active 
npirit,  worked  into  a  state  of  high  enthusiasm  by  the  events  in  which  she 
had  taken  so  conspicuous  a  part,  or  from  the  politic  promptings  of  Dunois 
and  the  other  French  commanders,  Joan  now  exclaimed  that  the  garrison 
ought  i\o  longer  to  he  kept  on  the  defensive ;  that  the  brave  men  who  had 
been  so  long  compulsorily  idle  and  pent  up  within  their  beleagurcd  walls 
should  be  led  forth  to  attack  the  redoubts  of  the  enemy,  and  that  she  was 
ctinunissioned  by  Heaven  to  promise  them  certain  success.  An  attack 
was  accordingly  made  upon  a  redoubt  and  was  completely  successful,  the 
defenders  being  killed  or  taken  prisoners  to  a  man.  TliiB  success  gave 
new  animation  to  the  French,  and  the  forts  on  the  other  side  of  the  river 
A-ere  next  attacked.  On  one  occasion  the  French  were  repulsed,  and 
Joan  received  an  arrow  in  her  neck ;  but  she  led  back  the  French  to  the 
charge,  ami  they  overcame  the  fort  from  wh'ch  for  a  moment  thev  had 
nua,  and  inc  heroine — for  such  she  Was.  ^ipart  ffom  hcf  BuDerUatura:  r'- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  ■  369 

ttjsions— plucked  the  arrow  from  the  wound  with  her  own  hands,  and 
scarcely  stayed  to  have  the  wound  dressed  ere  she  returned  to  the  self- 
imposed  duty  into  which  she  so  zealously  entered. 

Such  was  the  effect  of  Joan's  deeds  and  pretensions,  that  the  Enjrlish 
lost  redoubt  after  redoubt,  besides  having  upwards  of  six  thousand  men 
either  killed  or  wounded  m  these  most  desperate  though  only  partial  con- 
tests.   It  was  in  vain  that  the  English  commanders,  finding  it  completely 
useless  to  endeavour  to  convince  their  men  that  Joan's  deeds  were  naturaL 
laboured  to  persuade  them  that  she  was  aided  not' by  Heaven,  but  by  the 
powers  of  darkness ;  for  it  was  impossible  to  persuade  the  men  that  those 
powers  were  not,  for  the  time  at  least,  too  strong  to  be  combated  with 
any  possibihty  of  success.    Fearing,  therefore,  that  the  most  extensive 
disaster,  even  a  total  destruction  of  his  army,  might  result  from  his  keeo- 
inj  men  so  thoroughly  and  incurably  disheartened,  before  a  place  defended 
by  men  whose  natural  courage  was  indescribably  heightened  by  their  be- 
lief that  they  were  supernaturally  assisted,  the  earl  of  Suffolk  prudently, 
but  most  reluctantly,  resolved  to  raise  the  siege,  and  he  commenced  his 
retrtat  from  before  Orleans  with  all  the  deliberate  calmness  which  the 
deep-seated  terror  of  his  men  would  allow  him  to  exhibit.    He  himself 
withthe  principal  part  of  his  army  retired  to  Jergeau,  whither  Joan  fol- 
:owed  him  at  the  head  of  an  army  six  thousand  strong.    For  ten  davs  the 
place  was  gallantly  attacked  and  as  gallantly  defended.    At  the  end  of 
that  time  orders  for  the  assault  were  given,  and  Joan  herself  descended 
into  the  foss6  and  led  the  attack.     Here  she  was  struck  to  the  ground  by 
a  stone,  but  almost  immediately  recovered  herself,  and  fought  with  her 
accustomed  courage  until  the  assault  was  completely  successful.    Suffolk 
jvas  himself  taken  prisoner  by  a  French  officer  named  Renaud,  and  on  this 
occasion  a  singular  specimen  was  given  of  the  nice  punctilios  of  chivalry 
When  buffolk,  completely  overpowered,  was  about  to  give  Lp  his  sword 
he  demanded  whether  his  successful  opponent  were  a  knight.     Reaaud 
was  obliged  to  confess  that  he  had  not  yet  attained  to  that  distinction, 
Sft      /r'i  ^°*^*  ""J  ^*'"^  =*  gentleman.     Then  I  knight  you,  said 
Suffolk,  and  he  bestowed  upon  Renaud  the  knightly  accolade  with  the 
very  sword  which  an  instant  afterwards  was  delivered  to  him  as  the  captor 
of  the  man  to  whom  he  owed  his  knighthood ! 

While  these  things  were  passing  at  Jergeau,  the  remainder  of  the  En- 
ttJlT  T'^^f  f«8tolffe,  Talbot,  and  Scales,  was  making  a  somewhat 
d  soberly  retreat  before  a  strong  body  of  French  ;  and  the  vanguard  of 
the  latter  overtook  the  rear  of  the  former  near  the  village  of  Patav.    So 

rtfo'^u'T^y®''  "'^'■®  ^^«  ^'"g''«*''  '^"d  80  confident  the  French,  that 
mLl  ?  •  "0  8«"»er  commencod  than  it  became  converted  into  a 
mere  rout,  m  which  upwards  of  two  thousand  of  the  English  were  killed, 
and  a  vast  mimber,  including  both  Scales  and  Talbot,  takfn  prisoners  So 
Clffl   \  "'"versa!  was  the  panic  of  the  English  at  this  period,  that 

war    S;,«Tlv''«*'Al  °"'"  ^'f"  ^m"-  '"  'h«  '""^t  disastrous  scenes  o 
aubsVnninn^     ' ''',?  7?'"^^  '^  "j^ht  to  his  astounded  troops,  and       , 

a?XU"T?''^  "'  "  ^l  being  degnHed  from  the  o'rder  of  u.e 
E'lS      r^  n^^I'  bestowed  upon  him  as  the  appropriate  reward  of 

ven^mon  ^if,*^'"""^  ^""'''^T,'  ^"  ^''s'lling  a  power  has  superstition 
SerencoT        '*'''"  ^'^''^  "•*"■'''  ""'^  *^"8'^^*'  ^''"Sers  with 

of  war"tClTf  King  Charles  had  kept  remote  from  the  actual  theatre 

DS/al7.J.i-  '"'i-^*'''r'y  «"'' «ffi<^iently  busied  himself  in  furnishinp 
tPfield  1  f  „n"*,?";^?^'°"!  '!!  '^'  '**''""'  commanders  of  his  troops  iS 
toih«  roi.-  "r°^  ""'.^  •^*'""  ^^^^  «"  completely  redeemed  her  pledge  a^ 
8»t.  rj*  ""^  ''^  ?'T  ""^  ^'■'«*'>'''  «"d  now  that  the  prestige  of  hn 
S^'il"'«!  n"»«!onhal80  completely  gained  the  ascenLicv  ovor  th!, 
••=••=  VI  ;wi  j^onauiOiiB  of  me-1,  he  felt  neither  surprise  nor  reluctan«*» 


'Ml 


1 


\ii 


I. 


W' 


370 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


when  she  urgently  solicited  him  to  set  out  for  Rheitns,  and  confidently  re. 
peated  her  assurances  that  he  should  without  delay  be  crowned  in  that 
city.  True  it  was  that  Rheims  could  only  be  reached  by  a  very  long 
march  through  a  country  in,  which  the  enemy  was  in  great  force,  and  in 
which,  of  course,  every  advantageous  position  was  carefully  occupied  by 
them.  But  the  army  was  confident  of  success  so  long  as  Joan  raarclied 
at  its  head;  and  Charles  could  not  refuse  to  accompany  the  heroine, 
without  tacitly  confessing  that  he  had  less  faith  in  her  mission,  or  was 
himself  possessed  of  less  personal  courage,  than  the  lowest  pilienian  in 
his  army.  Either  of  these  suppositions  would  necessarily  be  fatal  to  his 
cause ;  and  he  accordingly  set  out  for  Rheims,  accompanied  by  Joan  and 
an  army  of  twelve  thousand  men. 

Instead  of  meeting  with  the  opposition  he  had  anticipated,  Charles 
marched  as  peacefully  along  as  though  no  enemy  had  been  in  the  neigh 
bourhood.  Troyes  and  Chalons  successively  opened  their  gates  to  him ; 
«nd  before  he  reached  Rheims,  where  he  might  reasonably  have  expected 
that  the  English  would  muster  their  utmost  force  to  prevent  a  coronation, 
of  which  they  could  not  but  judge  the  probable  influence  on  the  minds  of 
the  French,  he  was  met  by  a  peaceable  and  humble  deputation  which  pre- 
sented him  with  the  keys. 

And  in  Rheims,  in  the  especial  and  antique  coronation-place  of  his 
fathers,  Charles  was  crowned,  as  the  maid  of  Orleans  had  prophesied  that 
he  would  be ;  and  he  was  anointed  with  the  holy  oil  which  was  said  to 
have  been  brought  from  Heaven  by  a  pigeon  at  the  coronation  of  Clovig; 
and  the  lately  obscure  and  menial  of  the  village  mn  waved  over  his  head 
the  consecrated  banner  before  which  his  foes  had  so  often  fled ;  and  while 
the  glad  multitude  shouted  in  triumphant  joy,  she  to  whom  so  much  ol 
this  triumph  was  owing  fell  at  his  feet  and  bathed  them  with  tears  of  joy. 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

THE    BKIGN   OF   HENRY   VI.    (CONTINUED.) 

The  coronation  of  Charles  in  the  city  of  Rheims  was  doubly  calculated 
to  raise  the  spirits  and  quicken  the  loyal  attachment  of  his  subjects.  For 
while,  as  the  established  coronation-place  of  the  kings  of  France,  Rheims 
alone  seemed  to  them  to  be  capable  of  giving  sanctity  and  effect  to  the 
solemnity,  the  truly  surprising  difllculties  that  had  been  surmounted  by 
him  in  obtaining  possession  of  that  city,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,  seemed  to  all  ranks  of  men,  in  that  superstitious  age,  to  be  80 
many  clear  and  undeniable  evidences  that  the  cause  of  Charles  was  in- 
deed miraculously  espoused  by  heaven.  On  turning  his  attention  to  ob- 
taining possession  of  the  neighbouring  garrisons,  Charles  reaped  the  full 
ben(!fit  of  this  popular  judgment ;  Laon,  Soissons,  Chateau-Thiery,  Pro- 
vrs,  and  numerous  other  towns  opening  their  gates  to  him  at  the  first 
summons.  This  feeling  spread  far  and  wide,  and  Charles,  who  so  lately 
saw  himself  upon  the  very  point  of  being  wholly  expelled  from  his  countir, 
had  now  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  the  favour  of  tlie  whole  nation  rapidly 
and  warmly  inclining  to  his  cause. 

Bedford  m  this  difficult  crisis  showed  himself  calm,  provident,  and  reso- 
lute as  ever  he  had  been  during  the  greatest  prosperity  of  the  hnglisn 
arms.  Perceiving  that  the  French,  and  especially  the  fickle  and  turbu- 
lent populace  of  Paris,  were  wavering,  he  judiciously  mixed  curbing  ana 
indulgence,  at  once  impressing  them  with  a  painful  sense  of  ."'e  aanR" 
of  insurrection,  and  diminishing  as  far  as  kindness  could  diminish,  tneir 
evidently  strong  desire  for  one.  Conscious,  too,  that  Ijurgundy  wa^ 
leepiv  oiienaen,  ana  inai  Sus  open  cmimy  wuusu  j«c«  st  v»-  ,\ 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


871 


ibsolutely  fatal  to  the  English  cause,  Bedford  skilfully  endeavoured  to 
win  him  back  to  good  humour  and  to  confirm  him  in  his  alliance 

But  there  was  in  Bedford's  situation  another  element  of  trouble,  against 
which  he  found  It  still  more  difficult  to  contend.  The  conquest  of  Fwnw 
had  lost  mudh  of  its  popularity  m  the  judgment  of  the  English.  As  re- 
garded the  mere  multitude,  this  probably  arose  simply  from  its  having 
lost  Its  novelty ;  but  thinking  men  both  in  and  out  of  parliament  had  beguS 
to  count  the  cost  against  the  profit ;  and  not  a  few  of  them  had  even  belun 
to  anticipate  not  profit  but  actual  injury  to  England  from  the  conquest  of 
France.  These  feelings  were  so  general  and  so  strong,  that  while  the 
parliament  steadily  refused  supplies  of  money  to  Bedford,  a  corresponding 
disinclination  was  shown  by  nien  to  enlist  in  the  reinforcements  which  hi 
80  much  needed.  Brave  as  they  were,  the  English  soldiers  of  that  day 
desired  gold  as  we  1  as  glory  ;  and  they  got  a  notion  that  neither  the  one 
nor  the  other  was  to  be  obtained  by  warring  against  the  king  of  France, 
who,  even  by  the  statements  of  the  English  commanders  themselves 

?.l   M  T^'r /^'^i  ^'^  ""^u®"*  ^"^  marvellous  successes  .o  the  hellish  arts 
of  the  Maid  of  Orleans  than  to  mortal  skill  and  prowess. 

Just  as  the  duke  of  Bedford  was  in  the  utmost  want  of  reinforcements. 
It  most  opportunely  chanced  that  the  bishop  (now  cardinal)  of  WinchesS 
landed  at  Calais  on  his  way  to  Bohemia,  whither  he  was  leading  an  army 
of  five  thousand  men  to  combat  against  the  Hussites.    This  force  the  car- 
dinal  was  induced  to  yield  to  the  more  pressing  need  of  Bedford,  who  was 
hus  eiiabled  to  follow  the  footsteps  and  thwart  the  designs  of  Charles 
though  no  to  hazard  a  general  action.    But  in  spite  of  this  aid  to  Bedford 
and  in  spite  of  all  the  skill  and  firmness  of  that  general,  Charles  made 
himself  master  of  Compeigne,  Beauvais,  Senlis.  Sens,  Laval,  St.  Denis. 
and  numerous  places  in  the  neigiibourhood  of  Paris.     To  this  amount  of 
success,  however,  the  Fabian  policy  ol  Bedford  confined  the  king  o 
France,  whose  forces  being  chiefly  volunteers,  fighting  at  their  own  ex- 
pense, were  now  obliged  to  be  disbanded,  and  Charles  himself  retired  to 
ijourges. 

A.  D.  1430.— Attributing  the  advantage  which  Charles  ad  evidently  de- 
nved  from  his  coronation  rather  to  the  splendour  of  the  ceremony  than 
0  the  real  cause  of  ,ts  locality  Bedford  now  determined  that  his  own 
?^l!IlP!i'"p  «^°"'^^'^«  crowned  king  of  France,  and  he  was  accordingly 
brought  to  Pans,  and  crowned  and  anointed  there  with  all  the  pomp  and 
splendour  that  could  be  commanded.  The  splendid  ceremony  was  much 
admired  by  the  Parisian  populace,  and  all  the  crown  vassals  who  lived 
nj  H  iT  """^  !"*'  u ''^  actually  in  the  hands  of  the  English  duly  appeared 
and  did  homage  to  the  young  king ;  but  to  an  observant  eye  it  was  very 
JhJ!l».  5  this  ceremony  created  none  of  the  passionate  enthusiasm 
which  had  marked  that  of  Charles  at  Rheims. 

Hitherto  we  have  seen  the  maid  of  Orleans  only  in  one  long  brilliant 
SS?h"  «'''"«er  of  prosperity ;  but  the  time  now  approached  for  that 
i^  hi  .1.  •  '^"l^^i  '^'"''^'  "'"'^'  f"""™  *he  very  first,  have  been  anticipa- 
lea  oy  all  men  who  had  sense  enough  to  discredit  alike  the  representation 
01  her  miraculous  support  that  was  given  by  her  friends,  and  of  her  dia- 

show  Tl!'^'^''®  9^^^  '""^^  ^'''^"  ^y  ^^^  enemies.  It  would  seem  that 
8nc  nerseir  began  to  have  misgivings  as  to  the  nature  of  her  inspiration  : 
as  It  was  quite  natural  that  she  should  have  as  the  novelties  of  military 
E??n'J[f''''.  'i*«  '"^  ^"  7^'  *"^  her  judgment  became  more  and  moii 
irLmSV^K'  d''«'^"lt'es  of  the  military  achievements  which  must  be 
performed  by  her  royal  master,  before  he  could  become  king  of  France  in 
Cna  „!!„  "r^  ''^}t  ^''""  ^""^  misgivings  it  probably  arose  that, 
Sm!  ^»  performed  her  two  great  and  at  first  discredited  promises,  of 
rawing  the  siege  of  Orleans  and  of  causing  Charles  to  be  nmwnflil\t 
^v..oim3,6ne  uow  urgently  desired  to  be  allowed  to  return  to  her  original 


III 


"If" 

I, 


lis 


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i»'  f     !'•?> 


<\y.. 


^2^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


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33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WHSTIR,N  Y    MSaO 

(7U)  173-4503 


<>^'>*:^ 

<i^-^' 

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o 


.\^ 


'•^^ 


372 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


obscurity,  and  to  the  occupations  and  apparel  of  her  sex.  But  Dunois  va*) 
too  well  aware  of  the  influence  of  her  supposed  sanctity  upon  the  soldierfi, 
not  to  be  very  anxious  to  keep  her  among  them  ;  and  he  so  strongly  urged 
ner  to  remain,  and  aid  in  the  crowning  of  her  prophetic  and  great  carect 
by  the  total  expulsion  of  the  enemies  of  her  sovereign,  that  she,  in  a  most 
evil  hour  for  herself,  was  worked  upon  to  consent.  As  the  best  service 
that  it  was  at  the  instant  in  her  power  to  do,  she  threw  herself  into  C'cni. 
peigne,  which  the  duke  of  Burgundy  and  the  earls  of  Arundel  and  Suffolk 
were  at  that  time  hotly  besieging.  Her  appearance  waa  hailed  by  the  be> 
sieged  with  a  perfect  rapture  of  joy ;  she  had  proved  her  miraculous 
powar  by  such  spiendid  and  unbroken  success,  that  every  man  among 
them  now  believed  himself  invincible  and  the  victory  secure ;  and  the 
news  of  her  arrival  undoubtedly  imbued  with  very  opposite  feelings  not  a 
few  of  the  brave  hearts  in  the  Efnglish  camp.  But  the  joy  of  the  one  party 
and  the  gloom  of  the  other  were  alike  shci  t-lived  and  unfounded.  On  the 
very  day  after  that  on  which  she  arrived  in  the  earrison  she  led  forth  a 
sally,  and  twice  drove  the  Burgundians,  under  John  of  Luxembourg,  from 
their  intrenchments.  But  the  Burgundians  were  so  quickly  and  so  numer- 
ously reinforced,  that  Joan  ordered  a  retreat,  and  in  the  disorder  she  was 
separated  from  her  party  and  taken  prisoner,  after  having  defended  her- 
self with  a  valour  and  address  which  would  have  done  no  discredit  to  the 
bravest  knight  among  her  Burgundian  captors. 

Thin  event  was  so  unexpected,  that  the  popular  humour  of  the  times 
attributed  it  to  the  treachery  of  the  French  officers,  who,  said  the  rumour, 
were  so  weary  of  hearing  themselves  depreciated  by  the  attributing  of 
every  success  to  Joan,  that  they  purposely  abandoned  her  to  the  enemy. 
But  besides  that  there  is  nut  a  shadow  of  proof  of  this  charge  of  treach- 
ery, which  several  historians  have  somewhat  too  hastily  adopted,  the  fair 
presumption  is  entirely  againut  it.  On  the  one  hand,  wc  cannot  imagine 
that  the  private  envy  of  the  French  officers  would  thus  outweigh  alike 
their  ardour  for  the  cause  in  which  they  fought  and  their  sense  of  their 
own  safety,  which  depended  so  mainly  upon  that  triumph  which  the  in- 
spiring efl^ct  of  Joan's  presence  among  their  nten  was  more  than  anything 
else  iiKcly  to  insure.  On  the  other  hand,  what  more  likely,  than  that  a 
woman,  in  spite  of  the  best  efibrls  of  her  friends,  should  bo  taken  prisoner 
in  such  a  scene  of  confusion  t  How  many  thousands  of  men  had  been, 
ill  that  very  war,  taken  prisoners  in  similar  scenes,  without  any  surmise 
of  treachery. 

A.  n.  1431. — It  is  always  painful  to  have  to  speak  of  some  one  enormous 
and  indelible  stain  upon  a  character  otherwise  fair  and  admirable.  The 
historian  irresistibly  and  almost  unconsciously  flnds  his  sympathies 
awakened  en  bohall  of  the  great  characters  whose  deeds  he  describes.  It 
is  impossible  to  write  about  Uie  wise  and  valorous  course  of  the  great 
duke  of  Bedford  without  a  fee ling  of  intense  admiration;  proportionally 

S sinful  it  needs  must  be  to  have  to  describe  him  as  btMug  guilty  of  most 
abased  and  brutal  cruelty.  Aware  how  much  the  succeBS  of  Joan  had 
tended  to  throw  disaster  and  discredit  upon  his  arms,  lledford  iniiigined 
that  to  have  her  in  his  power  was  to  secure  his  future  success,  and  he  paid 
a  considerable  sum  for  her  to  John  of  Luxembourg. 

It  is  difficult  in  our  age,  when  superstition  is  so  completely  deprived  M 
its  delusive  but  terrible  power,  to  imagine  that  such  a  man  as  Bedford 
could  seriously  and  in  good  faith  give  any  credit  to  the  absurd  stories  that 
were  relatud  of  the  demoniac  nature  of  Joan's  powers.  But  it  would  be 
rash  to  dony  the  possibility  of  that  belief,  howovor  absurd ;  for  few  indo*? 
were  the  iiuii  who  in  that  age  were  free  from  the  stupefying  and  degrad- 
ing influence  of  suporstition.  Apart  from  her  allodgeil  dealings  with  tho 
rrtuoe  of  t;\o  powers  of  darknoss,  then  was  nothing  in  the  career  of  loan 

'   .■^•.    J  V, I..J-J  I / .1 _.:»ii „^-„-  " '- 


TtU^.-   «    #«*W** 


ics  :rv:t: 


.hla 


: 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


873 


oner.  In  her  interference  in  the  deadly  business  of  war  she,  it  is  true,  de- 
IMrted  from  the  ordinary  usages  of  her  sex ;  but,  except  in  wearing  armour 
md  in  daring  the  actual  dangers  of  the  fight,  she  even  in  this  respect  only 
followed  the  example  left  to  her  bv  the  countess  of  Mountfort  and  by  Phi- 
tippa,  queen  of  King  Edward  of  England.  The  gallant  and  tender  feeling 
towards  the  sex,  which  chivalry  made  so  much  boast  of,  ought  to  have  led 
Bedford  on  this  account  to  have  treated  her  with  even  more  indulgence  than 
hf  would  have  shown  to  an  equally  celebrated  prisoner  of  the  other  sex; 
and  the  mo'e  attentively  we  notice  all  the  rest  of  Bedford's  conduct,  the 
more  difficult  shall  we  find  it  to  believe  that  he  could  have  been  guilty  of 
the  baseness  and  cruelty  of  which  we  have  to  speak,  unless  under  the  in- 
liaence  of  a  degrading  and  most  powerful  impression  of  superstition.  It 
is,  we  repeat,  very  difficult  for  un,  living  in  an  age  not  only  free  from  so* 
perstition  but  tending  very  strongly  and  very  perilously  towards  the  con- 
trary extreme,  to  imagine  such  a  man  as  Bedford  so  much  deluded  ;  but 
still  more  difficult  is  it  to  suppose  that  any  less  poweriful  influeyce  could 
have  made  so  honourable  a  man  guilty  of  a  vile  and  dastardly  cruelty. 

Joan,  being  delivered  into  the  power  of  Bedford,  was  loaded  with  chains 
and  thrown  into  a  dungeon ;  and  the  bishop  of  Beativais,  on  the  plea  that 
fhe  was  captured  within  his  diocese,  petitioned  Bedford  that  she  might  be 
delivered  over  to  the  ecclesiastical  power,  to  be  tried  on  the  charges  of 
impiety,  sorcery,  idolatry  and  magic ;  and  his  petition  was  seconded  by  the 
university  of  Paris.  To  the  eternal  infamy  of  Bedford,  this  petition  wai 
complied  with ;  and,  loaded  with  irons,  the  high-hearted  and  admirable, 
however  deluded,  woman  was  taken  before  her  judges  at  Rouen,  only  one 
of  them,  the  cardinal  of  Winchester,  being  au  Englishman.  She  defended 
herself  with  courage  and  with  a  cogency  of  reply  equal  to  what  might  be 
expected  from  a  men  who,  to  good  early  training,  should  add  the  practice 
and  experience  of  a  loufl  life.  She  boldly  avowed  the  great  aim  and  end 
of  all  her  public  acts  had  been  to  rid  her  country  of  its  enemies,  the  En- 
jflish.  When  taunted  with  having  endeavoured  to  escape  by  throwing 
herself  from  a  tower,  she  frankly  confessed  that  she  would  repeat  that  at< 
tempi  if  she  had  the  opportunity;  and  when  asked  why  she  put  trust  in  a 
standard  whici;  had  been  consecrated  by  magicul  incantations,  and  why 
■he  carried  it  at  the  coronation  of  Charles,  she  replied  that  she  trustea 
not  in  the  standard  but  in  the  Supreme  Being  whose  image  it  bore,  and 
that  the  person  who  had  shared  the  danger  of  Charles's  enterprise  had 
a  just  right  also  to  share  its  glory.  The  horrors  of  solitary  confinement, 
and  repeated  exposure  to  the  Uiunts  and  insults  of  her  persecutors,  at 
length  broke  down  even  the  fine  proud  spirit  of  Joan ;  and,  in  order  to  put 
•n  end  to  so  much  torture,  she  at  length  confessed  that  what  she  had  been 
in  the  habit  of  mistaking  for  visions  from  heaven,  must  needs  be  mere 
illusions,  as  they  were  condemned  by  the  church ;  and  she  promised  that 
she  would  no  longer  allow  them  to  influence  her  mind.  This  confession 
tflroporarily  saved  her  just  as  she  was  about  to  be  delivered  over  to  the 
secular  arm ;  and,  instead  of  being  forthwith  sentenced  to  the  stake,  she 
was  sentenced  to  the  comparatively  mild,  though  still  shamefully  unjust, 
punishment  of  perpetual  imprisonment,  with  no  other  diet  than  bread  and 
water. 

Here,  at  all  events,  one  might  have  sunutsed  that  the  cruel  rage  of 
Joan's  nnetnins  would  have  stopped ;  for  whilo  her  imprisonment  render«J 
it  impoMiblfl  that  she  should  personally  do  any  farther  damage  to  the  En- 
|lish  cause,  her  very  detention  and  confession  naturally  tended  to  dii- 
Muss  her  ivarmsst  partizans  of  all  further  belief  in  her  ailedgec'  suparnat 
oral  inspiration.  But  even  now  that  she  was  a  captive,  and  wholly  now 
erleis  to  injure  them,  her  enemies  were  not  aatiated.  Judging,  with  a 
maliRnant  ingenuity,  that  the  ordinary  habiliments  of  her  sex,  to  which 
met;  her  capture  she  had  oonatanllv  haen  cunfliidd.  wmmi  !«■■  nirrM«iiihlii 


»u 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


to  her  than  the  mtle  and  martial  attire  in  which  she  had  achieved  so  mv 
ny  wonders  and  extorted  so  much  homage,  they  caused  a  suit  of  male 
attire  and  appropriate  armour  to  be  placed  within  her  reach.  As  bad  been 
anticipated,  so  many  associations  were  awakened  in  her  mind  by  this 
dress,  that  the  temptation  to  put  it  on  was  quite  irresistible.  As  soon  as 
■he  had  donned  the  dress  her  enemies  rushed  in  upon  her;  this  mere  and 
very  harmless  vanity  was  interpreted  into  a  relapse  into  heresy,  and  she 
was  delivered  over  to  the  flames  in  the  market-^ace  of  Rouen,  thouirh 
the  solo  crime  she  had  committed  was  that  she  had  loved  her  countrv  and 
termed  it.  ,  •" 

A.  0.  1432.— The  brutal  injustice  inflicted  uppn  Joan  whom  the  nobler 
delusions  of  Greece  and  Rome  would  have  deified  and  worshipped,  by  no 
means  produced  the  striking;  benefit  to  the  English  cause  that  had  been 
anticipated.  The  cause  of  Charles  was  from  rational  reflections  daily 
becoming  more  popular,  and  the  cruelty  of  the  English  served  rather  to 
confirm  than  to  diminish  that  tendency ;  while  a  series  of  successes  on 
the  part  of  the  French  followed  as  a  natter  of  course. 

The  death  of  the  duchess  of  Bedford  very  much  weakened  the  attach- 
ment of  hir  brother,  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  both  to  Bedford  personally 
and  in  general  lo  the  English  cause ;  and  the  coolness  which  followed  this 
event  was  still  farther  increased  when  Bedford  very  shortly  afterwards 
espoused  Jacqueline  of  Luxembourg.  Philip,  not  without  reason,  com- 
plained that  there  was  a  want  of  decent  regard  to  his  sister's  memory  ex- 
bibited  in  so  hasty  a  contract  of  a  new  marriage,  and  that  a  personal 
affront  was  oflered  to  himself  by  this  matrimonial  alliance  without  any 
intimation  of  it  being  given  to  him. 

Sensible  how  serious  an  injury  the  continued  coolness  between  these 
princes  rnust  inflict  upon  the  English  cause,  the  cardinal  of  Winchester 
Ofliered  himself  as  a  mediator  between  them,  and  a  meeting  was  appointed 
at  St.  Omer's.  Both  Bedford  and  Burgundy  went  to  that  town,  which  was 
m  the  dominions  of  the  latter ;  and  Bedford  expected  that,  as  he  had  thus 
far  waved  etiquette,  the  duke  of  Burgundy  would  pay  him  the  first  visit. 
Philip  declined  doing  so,  and  upon  this  idle  piece  of  mere  ceremony  they 
both,  without  a  single  inrerview,  left  n  town  to  which  they  both  professed 
to  have  gone  with  the  sole  intent  of  meeting  and  becoming  reconciled. 
Sogreat  is  the  effect  of  idle  custom  upon  even  the  wise  and  the  powerful! 

This  new  cause  of  discontent  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy  happened  the 
more  untowardly,  because  it  Kreatly  tended  to  confirm  him  iii  his  inclina- 
tion  to  a  reconciliation  with  King  Charles.  That  prince  and  his  friends 
baa  made  all  possible  apology  to  the  duke  on  account  of  the  murder  of  the 
late  duke  his  father  ;  and  as  a  desire  for  the  revenge  of  that  murder  had 
been  Philip's  chief  reason  for  allying  himsolf  with  Kngland,  the  more  that 
reason  became  diminished,  the  more  Burgundy  inclined  to  reflect  upon 
the  impolicy  of  his  aiding  to  place  foes  and  foreigners  upon  the  throne 
whkh,  failing  in  the  elder  French  branches,  might  descend  to  his  own  pos- 
terity. 

A.  h.  1435 — These  reflections,  and  the  constant  urging  of  the  most  emi 
nent  men  in  Europe,  including  his  brother-in-law,  the  duke  of  Bourbon 
and  the  count  de  Richemont,  so  fur  prevailed  with  Burgundy,  that  he  con- 
tented  to  attend  a  congress  appointed  to  meet  at  Arras,  at  which  it  was 
proDosed  that  dopiitios  from  the  pope  and  the  council  of  Balsn  should 
mediate  between  King  Charles  and  the  English.  The  duke  of  Burgundy, 
the  duke  of  Bourbon,  the  count  of  Kichemont,  the  cardinal  of  Winches- 
ter, the  bishops  of  Norwich  and  St.  David's,  and  the  earls  of  Suffolk  and 
Huntingdon,  with  several  other  eminent  persons,  met  accordingly  at 
Arras  and  had  conferences  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Vaast.  On  the  part  of 
France  the  arabasuadors  offered  llie  cession  of  Guienne  and  Norman" 
ii',  not  in  free  sovereignly,  but  only  as  feudal  fiefs  j  on  the  part  of  Knit 


BISTORT  OP  THU  WORLD. 


375 


laBdt  whoso  pnox  claim  was  upon  the  whole  of  France  as  nghtfol  po8< 
MMion  and  free  sovereignty,  this  offer  seemed  so  small  as  to  be  wholly 
nnworthy  of  any  detailed  counter-offer;  and  though  the  mediators  de- 
elared  the  original  claim  of  England  preposterously  unjust,  the  carxlinal 
(^  Winchester  and  the  other  English  authorities  departed  without  any  de> 
tailed  explanation  of  their  wishes,  but  obviously  dissa^sfied  and  inclined  to 
perMf  ere  in  their  original  design.  The  negotiation  as  between  France 
and  England  being  thus  abruptly  brought  to  an  end,  the  reconciliation  of 
Charles  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy  alone  remained  to  be  attempted  by  the 
mdiators.    As  the  provocation  originally  given  to  Burgundy  was  very 

Kat,  and  as  the  present  importance  of  his  friendship  to  Charles  was  con> 
ledly  of  great  value,  so  were  his  demands  numerous  and  weighty. 
Besides  several  other  considerable  territories,  Charles  ceded  all  the 
towns  9f  Picardy  situated  between  the  Low  Countries  and  the  Somme, 
all  of  which,  as  well  as  the  proper  dominions  of  the  duke,  were  to  be  hdd 

Sr  him  during  his  life,  without  his  either  doing  homage  or  swearing  fealty  to 
harles,  who,  in  pledgee  of  his  sincerity  in  the  making  of  this  treaty,  solemn- 
ly released  his  subjects  from  all  allegiance  to  him  should  he  ever  violate  it. 

Willing  to  break  with  England  with  all  due  regard  to  the  externals  of 
civility,  the  duke  of  Burgundy  sent  a  herald  to  London  to  notify  and 
apologize  for  this  treaty,  which  was  directly  opposed  to  that  of  Troyes, 
of  which  he  had  so  long  been  the  zealous  and  powerful  defender.  His 
messenger  was  very  coldly  listened  to  by  the  English  council,  and  point- 
^ly  insulted  by  having  lodgings  assigned  to  him  in  the  house  of  a  mean 
tradesman.  The  populace,  too,  were  encouraged  to  insult  the  subjects 
of  Philip  who  chanced  to  be  visiting  or  resident  in  London ;  and,  witn  the 
usual  cruel  willingness  of  the  mob  to  show  their  hatred  of  foreigners,  they 
in  some  cases  carried  their  violence  to  the  extent  of  mi'  *>•  r. 

This  conduct  was  as  impolitic  as  it  was  disgraceful,  .or  it  not  only 
sharpened  Philip's  new  zeal  for  France,  but  also  furnished  him  with  that 
plea  which  he  needed,  not  only  for  the  world  but  also  for  his  own  con- 
science, for  his  sudden  and  complete  abandonment  of  his  alliance  with  the 
English.  Almost  at  the  same  time  that  England  was  deprived  of  the  powerful 
support  of  Burgundy,  she  experienced  t\*  o  other  very  heavy  losses,  the  duke 
af  Bedford  dying  of  disease  a  few  days  after  he  had  tidings  of  the  treaty 
of  Arras,  and  the  earl  of  Arundel  dying  of  wounds  received  in  a  battle 
where  he,  with  three  thousand  men,  was  totally  defeated  by  Xaintrailles  at 
the  bead  of  only  six  hundred. 

A.  D.  1436. — As  in  private  so  in  publin  affairs,  misfortunes  ever  come  in 
shoals.  Just  as  England  required  the  most  active  and  most  disinterested 
exertions  on  the  part  of  those  to  wir.>m  Uodford's  death  had  left  tiie  direc- 
tion of  affairs,  the  dissensions  which  ha^i  long  existed  between  the  cardinal 
of  Winchester  and  the  duke  of  Gloucester  grew  so  violent,  that  in  their 
personal  quarrel  tli«  foreign  interests  of  the  king  and  kingdom  seemed 
to  be  for  the  time,  at  least,  entirely  lost  sight  of.  A  regent  of  France  was 
appointed,  indeed,  as  suceesMor  to  Bedford,  in  the  person  of  the  dul;e  oi 
York,  son  of  that  earl  of  Cambridge  who  was  executed  early  in  the  pre- 
ceding rnign  ;  but  owing  to  the  disseuHious  above-mentioned,  his  coiumlN- 
sion  was  left  unsealed  for  seven  months  after  his  appointment,  and  the 
English  in  France  were,  of  course,  during  that  long  and  critical  period 
virtually  left  without  a  governor.  The  consequence,  as  might  have  buun 
anticipated,  was,  that  wnen  he  at  length  was  enabled  to  proceed  to  his  post, 
Paris  was  lost;  the  inhabitants,  who  had  all  along,  oven  by  Bedford,  oeen 
only  with  dini";ulty  prevenlnd  fnim  rising  in  favour  of  Charlen,  havintt 
seiied  this  favourable  opportunity  to  tlo  so  ;  and  Ijord  Willoiigliby,  with 
fifteen  hundred  men,  after  a  bravo  attempt  first  to  preserve  the  city  and 
then  to  mniiitaiii  themselves  in  the  Bastile,  was  at  length  reduced  to  such 
distress,  that  he  was  glad  to  capitulate  on  permission  to  withdraw  hlu 


376 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


I 


Resolvod  that  his  enmity  to  England  should  not  long  be  without  m, 
ward  demonstrations,  the  duke  of  Burgundy  raised  an  immense  butheteio. 
peneous  and  ill-disciplined  army  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  proceeded  tc 
invest  Calais,  which  was  now  the  most  important  territory  the  Envliih 
had  in  France.  The  duke  of  Gloucester,  as  soon  as  the  tidings  reached 
England,  raised  an  army  and  sent  a  personal  defiance  to  the  duke  of  Bur* 
gundy,  whom  he  challenged  to  remain  bofore  Calais  until  the  weathw 
would  permit  the  English  to  face  him  there. 

Partly  from  tlie  evident  terror  which  Gloucester's  high  tone  struck  into 
the  Flemings,  and  partly  from  the  decided  ill  success  which  attended  two 
or  three  partial  attempts  which  Burgundy  had  already  made  upon  Calaii, 
that  prince,  instead  of  waiting  for  Gloucester's  arrival,  raised  the  sieve 
tind  retreated. 

A.  p.  1440. — For  five  years  the  war  was  confined  to  petty  enterprises  oi 
surprising  convoys  and  taking  and  re-taking  towns.  But  though  these 
enterprises  had  none  of  tho  brilliancy  of  more  regular  and  sustained  war 
they  were  to  the  utmost  degree  mischievous  to  both  the  contending  par' 
ties  and  the  unfortunate  inhabitants.  More  blood  was  shed  in  these  name 
less  and  indecisive  rencontres  than  would  have  sufficed  for  a  Creasy  or  an 
Agincourt ;  and  the  continual  presence  of  numerous  and  ruthless  spoilers 
rendered  the  husbandman  botii  unable  and  unwilling  to  sow  for  that  har. 
vest  which  it  was  so  improbable  that  he  would  ever  be  permitked  lo  reap. 
To  such  a  warfare  both  the  contending  parlies  at  length  showed  them* 
selves  willing  to  put  an  end,  and  a  treaty  was  commenced  for  that  pur. 
pose.  France,  as  before,  offered  to  cede  Normandy,  Guienne,  and  Calais 
to  England  as  feudal  fiefs ;  England,  on  the  other  hand,  demanded  the 
cession  of  all  the  provinces  which  had  once  been  annexed  to  England,  in- 
cluding the  final  cession  of  Calais,  without  any  feudal  burden  or  observ- 
ances whatever.  The  treaty  was  conssquentfy  broken  off,  and  the  war 
was  still  carried  on  in  the  same  petty  but  destructive  manner;  (hough a 
truce  was  made  as  between  England  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy. 

For  a  longtime  after  the  battl«  of  Agincourt,  England  had  pdisessed  a 
great  advantage  in  all  afl'airs  with  France,  from  the  captivity  of  the  royal 

Crinces,  five  in  number,  wiio  were  made  prisoners  at  that  battle.  Death 
ad  now  very  materially  diminished  this  advantage ;  only  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans  surviving  out  of  the  whole  five.  This  prince  now  offered  the  large 
ransom  of  fifty-four  thousand  nobles,  and  his propobal — like  all  public  ques- 
tions at  this  period— wan  made  matter  of  lactious  dispute  between  the 
partizans  of  the  cardinal  of  Winchester  and  those  of  the  duke  of  Glouces- 
ter. The  latter  urged  the  rejection  of  the  proposal  of  Orleans,  on  the 
ground  that  the  late  king  had  on  his  death-bed  advised  that  no  one  of  the 
French  princes  should  on  any  account  be  released,  until  his  son  should  be 
of  age  to  govern  the  kingdom  in  his  own  peiaon.  The  cardinal,  on  the 
other  hand,  expatiated  on  the  largeness  of  the  offerefl  ransom,  and  drew 
the  attention  ot  the  council  to  the  remarkable  and  unquestionable  fact, 
that  the  sum  offered  was,  in  truth,  very  nearly  equal  to  two-lhirds  of  all 
the  extraordinary  supplies  which  the  parliament  had  granted  for  the  pub- 
lic service  during  the  current  seven  years.  To  this  solid  argument  of  pe- 
cuniary matter-of-fact  he  added  the  plausible  argument  or  speculation, 
that  the  liberation  of  Orleans,  far  from  being  advantageous  to  the  French 
oan^e,  would  be  of  direct  and  signal  injury  to  it,  by  giving  to  the  French 
malcontents,  whom  Charles  alreadv  had  much  diflUculty  in  keeping  down, 
an  ambitious  and  prominent  as  well  as  capable  leader. 

The  arguments  of  the  cardinal  certainly  seem  to  deserve  more  weight 
than  the  wishes  of  a  deceased  king,  who,  however  politic,  could  when 
giving  his  advice  have  formed  no  notion  of  the  numerous  changes  of  cir- 
cumstances which  had  since  taken  place,  and  which,  most  probably 
would  have  c.iused  him  ver}'  considerably  to  modify  his  opinion.    It  was 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


S11 


liowevoi,  owing  Iabs  to  ihe  superiority  of  his  advice  than  of  his  influence, 
that  Ihe  cardinal  gained  his  point,  and  tliat  the  duke  of  Orleans  was  re. 
leaied  after  |t  captivity  of  flve-and-twenty  years,  the  duke  of  Burjfundy 
generously  assisting  him  in  the  payment  of  his  very  heavy  ransom. 

i.D.  1444.--However  acquired,  the  influence  of  the  cardinal  was  un- 
questionably well  and  wisely  exerted  in  the  affair  above  described ;  and 
he  now,  though  with  less  perfect  success,  exerted  it  to  a  still  more  impor> 
tuntend.  He  had  long  encouraged  every  attempt  at  peace-making  be- 
Iween  France  and  England,  and  he  now  urged  upon  the  council  the 
impoisibility  of  a  complete  conquest  of  France,  and  the  great  diflUcuIty  of 
even  maintaining  the  existing  English  power  there  while  Normandy  was 
in  disorder,  the  French  king  daily  gaining  some  advantage,  the  English 
parliament  so  inqurably  reluctant  to  grant  supplies.  He  urged  that  it 
would  be  far  better  to  make  peace  now  than  when  some  new  advantage 
ihould  make  the  French  king  still  more  unyielding  and  exigeant  in  his 
humour;  and  his  arguments,  based  alike  upon  humane  motives  and  facts 
which  lay  upon  the  very  surface,  prevailed  with  the  council.  The  duke 
of  Gloucester,  indeed,  accustomed  to  consider  France  the  natural  battle- 
pound  and  certain  conquest  of  England,  opposed  the  pacific  views  of  the 
cardinal  with  all  the  violence  arising  from  such  haughty  prepossessions 
increased  by  his  fixed  liatred  of  witnessing  the  triumph  of  any  proposal 
made  by  the  cardinal.  The  latter,  however,  was  too  completely  in  the 
ascendant  to  allow  Gloucester's  opposition  to  be  of  any  avail,  and  the  earl 
of  Suffolk  was  sent  to  Tours  with  proposals  for  peace.  The  pretensions 
of  the  two  parties  were  still  too  wide  asunder  to  admit  of  a  permanent 
peace  being  concluded  ;  but  as  the  earl  of  Suffolk  was  in  earnest,  and  as 
the  dreadful  stale  to  which  most  of  Charles's  territories  were  reduced  by 
the  long-continued  war  made  some  respite  of  great  importance  to  his  sub" 
jettH,  as  well  as  to  his  more  personal  interests,  it  was  easily  agreed  that 
» trace  should  take  place  for  twenty-two  months,  each  party  as  to  terri- 
torv  remaining  as  it  then  was. 

As  Henry  of  England  had  now  reached  the  mature  age  of  twenty-three, 
this  truce  afforded  the  English  ministers  opportunity  and  leisure  to  look 
around  among  the  neighbouring  princesses  for  a  suitable  queen  for  him. 
To  all  the  usual  difilculties  of  such  cases  a  serious  one  was  added  by  the 
extremely  simple,  weak,  and  passive  nature  of  Henry.  Witiiout  talent 
and  without  energy,  it  was  clear  to  every  one  that  this  prince  would  reign 
well  or  ill,  exactly  as  he  fell  under  the  influence  of  a  princess  of  good  or 
bad  disposition.  Easily  attached^  he  was  as  easily  governed  through  his 
attachments;  and  each  faction  was  consequently  possessed  with  the 
double  anxiety  of  marrying  him  well,  as  to  itself  in  the  first  place  and  as 
to  the  nation  in  the  next.  The  first  princess  proposed  was  a  daughter  of 
the  count  de  Armagnac  ;  but  as  she  was  proposed  by  the  duke  of  Glou- 
cester, the  predominant  faction  of  the  cardinal  at  once  rejected  her,  and 
proposed  IVlargaret  of  Ar.jou,  daughter  of  Regnier,  the  titular  king  of  Sicily, 
Naples,  and  Jerusalem,  whose  real  worldly  possessions,  however,  ytert  in 
exactly  inverse  ratio  to  his  magnificent  and  sounding  titles. 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  notwithstanding  her  poverty,  had  personal  qualities, 
inuependent  of  mere  beauty,  though  she  excelled  even  in  that,  which  made 
"" '''"eed  a  promising  queen  for  a  prince  who,  liko  the  weak  nnd  almost 
childish  Henry,  requirecl  not  a  burden  but  a  support  in  the  person  «  f  his 
wife.  She  had  great  and,  for  that  age,  very  highly  cultivated  talenlH,  and 
jier  courage,  sagacitv,  and  love  of  enterprise  were  such  as  are  seldom  found 
m  tlieir  highest  perfection  even  in  the  other  sex.  Her  own  high  qualities 
and  the  stroiig  advocacy  of  the  cardinal  caused  Margaret  to  be  selected,  in 
spite  of  all  opposition  on  tiie  part  of  the  duke  of  Gloucester;  and  Suffolk 
was  entrusted  with  the  important  business  of  negotiating  the  marriage 
In  this  important  negotiation  Suffolk  proved  that  his  party  had  by  no  moans 


878 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


overrated  either  his  tact  or  hia  zeal.  Notwithstanding  the  high  persoiiM 
qualities  of  Margaret,  it  could  not  be  concealed  that  she  was  the  daughtet 
otti  house  far  too  poor  to  offer  any  dowry  to  such  a  monarch  as  the  king 
of  England;  and  yet  Saffblk,  desirous  to  prepossess  thu  future  queen  to 
the  utmost  in  fkvour  of  himself  and  his  party,  Overlooking  altogether  the 
poverty  from  which  the  princess  was  to  be  raised  by  her  marriage,  con. 
sented  to  the  insertion  of  a  secret  article  in  the  treaty,  by  which  the  prov. 
ince  of  Maine  was  ceded  to  her  uncle,  Charles  of  Anjou,  prime  minister 
and  favourite  of  the  king  of  France,  who  had  previously  made  Charles  the 
grant  of  that  province— only  the  grant  was  conditional  upon  the  wresting 
of  the  province  from  tho  English  who  at  present  possessed  it. 

Had  any  member  of  the  Gloucester  faction  been  guilty  of  this  impu- 
dently politic  and  dexterous  sacrifice  of  his  country's  interest,  he  would 
undoubtedly  have  been  impeached  and  ruined  for  his  pains ;  but  it  is  most 
probable  that  Suffolk  had  m  secret  the  concurrence  of  the  cardinal,  for  the 
treaty  was  received  in  England  and  ratified  as  though  it  had  secured  some 
vast  territorial  advantage  ;  and  Suffolk  was  not  only  created  first  a  mar- 
quia  and  then  a  duke,  but  also  honoured  with  the  formal  thanks  of  pariia* 
ment  for  the  ability  he  had  displayed. 

As  the  cardinal  and  his  party  had  calculated,  Margaret  as  soon  as  she 
oame  to  England  fell  into  close  and  cordial  connection  with  them,  and  gave 
so  much  increase  and  solid  support  to  the  already  overgrown,  though  hith- 
erto well  exerted,  authority  of  Winchester  himself,  that  he  now  deemed 
it  safe  to  attempt  what  he  had  long  desired,  the  final  ruin  of  the  duke  of 
Gloucester. 

A.  D.  1447. — The  malignity  with  which  the  cardinars  party  hated  the 
duke  of  Gloucester  abundantly  shows  itself  in  the  treatment  which,  to 
wound  him  in  his  tenderest  affections,  they  had  already  bestowed  upon  his 
duchess.  She  was  accused  of  the  impossible,  but  at  that  time  universally 
credited,  crime  of  witchcraft,  and  of  having,  in  conjunction  with  Sir  Roger 
Bolingbroke  and  Margery  Jordan,  melted  a  figure  of  the  king  before  a  slow 
fire,  with  magical  incantations  intended  to  cause  his  natural  body  to  con 
tume  away  simultaneously  with  his  waxen  effigy.  Upon  this  preposter- 
oua  charge  the  duchess  and  her  alledged  confederates  were  found  guilty; 
and  she  was  condemned  publicly  to  do  penance,  her  less  illustrious  tellow- 
sufferers  being  executed. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester,  though  noted  for  his  hast^  temper  and  some- 
what  misproud  sentiments,  was  yet  very  popular  on  account  of  his  candour 
and  general  humanity ;  and  this  shameful  treatment  of  his  duchess,  though 
committed  upon  what  we  may  term  the  popular  charge  of  witchcraft,  was 
very  ill  taken  by  the  people,  who  plainly  avowed  their  sympathy  with  the 
Nufferer  and  their  indignation  against  her  persecutors. 

The  popular  feeling  for  once  was  well  founded  as  well  as  humane;  but 
as  the  cardinal's  party  feared  thai  the  bympalhy  that  was  expressed  might 
soon  shape  itself  into  deeds,  it  was  now  resolved  to  put  the  unfortunate 
duke  beyond  the  power  of  doing  or  causing  mischief.  A  parliament  was 
accordingly  summoned  to  meet ;  and,  lest  the  popularity  of  the  duke  m 
London  should  cause  any  obstruction  to  the  fell  designs  of  his  enemies, 
the  place  of  meeting  was  St.  Edmund's  Bury.  The  duke  arrived  there 
without  any  suspicion  of  the  mischief  that  was  in  store  for  him,  and  was 
immediately  accused  before  the  parliament  of  high  treason.  Upon  this 
charge  he  was  committed  to  prison,  and  shortly  afterwards  was  found 
there  dead  in  his  bed.  It  is  true  that  his  body  was  publicly  exposed,  and 
that  no  roarka  of  violence  could  be  detected ;  but  the  same  thing  had  oc- 
curred  in  the  eases  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  duke  of  Gloucester,  Richard 
(he  Second,  and  Edward  the  Second,  yet  does  any  reader  of  sane  mind 
doobt  that  they  were  murdered  1  Or  can  any  such  reader  doubt  that  this 
unfortunate  prince  was  murdered,  too.  kit  enemies  fearing  that  his  Diibiio 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


379 


Bxecntion,  though  the  senrility  of  the  parliament  would  hairo  surely  sttne* 
tiooed  it,  might  be  dangerous  to  their  own  interests  ?  The  death  of  the 
dokedid  not  piuvent  certain  of  his  suite,  who  were  accused  of  being  ac. 
complices  of  his  Pledged  treasons,  from  being  tried,  condemned,  and  par- 
U^y  executed  We  say  partially  executed,  because  these  unfortunate 
men,  who  wete  ordered  to  be  hanged  and  quartered,  were  actually  hanged, 
preparatory  to  the  more  brutal  part  of  the  sentence  being  executed ;  but 
just  as  they  were  «ut  down  and  the  executioners  preparing  to  perform  their 
more  reroltmg  task,  orders  arrived  for  that  part  of  the  j*>ntence  to  be  re- 
nutted,  and  surgical  means  to  be  taken  for  the  resuscitation  of  the  victims. 
And  this  was  actually  done. 

The  unhappy  prince  who  thus  fell  a  victiAi  to  the  raging  ambition  of  the 
cardinars  party  was  a  scholar  and  a  man  of  intellect,  far  superior  to  the 
rode  age  in  which  he  lived.  Sir  Thomas  More  gives  a  striking  thouirh 
whimsical  instance  of  his  acuteness  of  judgment.  The  duke  while  riding 
out  one  day  chanced  upon  a  crowd  which  had  gathered  round  an  impostor 
who  alledged  that  he,  having  been  blind  from  his  birth,  had  just  then  ob- 
tained his  sight  by  touching  the  then  famous  shrine  of  St.  Albans.  The 
duke,  whoso  learning  enabled  him  to  see  through  and  to  despise  the  monk, 
iah  impostures  which  found  such  ready  acceptance  with  the  multitude, 
high  as  well  as  low,  condescended  to  ask  this  vagrant  several  questions, 
and,  by  way  of  testing  his  story,  desired  him  to  name  the  colours  of  the 
cloaks  of  the  bystanders.  Not  perceiving  the  trap  that  was  laid  for  him, 
the  fellow  answered  with  all  the  readiness  of  a  clothier  commending  hie 
wares,  when  the  duke  replied,  "You  are  a  very  knave,  man;  had  you 
been  born  blind,  though  a  miracle  had  given  you  sight,  it  could  not  thus 
early  have  taught  you  accurately  to  distinguish  between  colours,"  and,  rid- 
ing away,  he  gave  orders  that  the  flagrant  impostor  should  be  set  in  the 
nearest  stocks  as  an  example. 

It  was  generally  considered  that  the  queen,  whose  masculine  nature  bad 
abeady  given  her  great  weight  in  the  dominant  party,  had  at  least  tacitly 
consented  to  the  murder  of  tlie  unfortunate  Gloucester.  This  probable 
supposition  had  caused  her  considerable  unpopularity,  and  a  circumstance 
now  occurred  by  which  the  ill  opinion  of  the  people  was  much  aggravated. 
It  would  seem  that  that  article  of  Margaret's  marriajje  settlement  which 
ceded  Maine  to  her  uncle  was  kept  secret  during  the  life  of  the  duke  of 
(iloucester,  to  whose  opposition  to  the  cardinal's  party  it  would  of  neces- 
sity have  given  additional  weight.  But  the  court  of  France  now  became 
•0  urgent  for  its  immediate  performance,  that  King  Henry  was  induced 
ty  Margaret  and  the  ministers  to  despatch  an  autograph  order  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  Mans,  tl»e  capital  of  that  province,  to  give  up  that  place  to  Charles 
of  Anjoii.  The  governor,  Sir  Francis  Surienne,  strongly  interested  in 
keeping  his  post,  and  probably  forming  a  shrewd  judgment  of  the  manner 
m  which  the  king  had  been  induced  to  make  such  an  order,  flativ  refbsedl 
to  obey  It,  and  a  French  army  was  forthwith  led  to  the  siege  of  the  place 
^  the  celebrated  Dunois.  Even  then  Surienne  ventured  to  hold  out,  but 
bemg  wholly  left  without  succour  from  Normandy,  where  the  duke  of 
somerset  had  forces,  he  was  at  length  obliged  to  capitulate,  and  to  give 
ap  not  only  Mans  but  the  whole  province,  which  thus  ingloriously  wai 
transferred  from  England  to  Charles  of  Anjou. 

A.D.  1448.— The  ill  effects  of  the  disgraceful  secret  article  did  not  stop 
ners.  Surienne,  on  being  sufltered  to  depart  from  Mans,  had  two  thousand 
nve  Hundred  men  with  him,  whom  he  led  into  Normandy,  naturally  ex- 
pwting  to  be  attached  to  the  force  of  the  duke  of  Somerset.  But  the  duke, 
Wwtened  in  means,  and  therefore  unwilling  to  have  so  large  an  addition 
wiBe  multitude  that  already  depended  upon  him,  and  being,  besides,  of 
we  eawinal's  faction,  and  therefore  angry  at  the  disobedience  of  Surienno 
•0  Mifl  orders  of  the  king,  would  not  receive  him.    Thus  suddenly  and  en- 


380 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


tinly  thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  Surienne,  acting  on  the  maxaan 
common  to  the  loldieiy  of  his  time,  resolved  to  make  war  upon  bis  own 
account ;  and  as  either  the  king  of  England  or  the  kins  of  France  would 
be  too  potent  and  dangerous  a  foe,  he  resolved  to  attack  the  duke  of  Brit- 
tany. He  accordingly  marched  his  daring  and  destitute  band  into  itini 
country,  ravaged  it  in  every  direction,  possessed  himself  of  Uie  town  of 
Fouge/es,  and  repaired,  for  his  defence,  the  dilapidated  fortresses  of  Poa. 
torson  and  St.  Jacques  de  Beavron.  The  duke  of  Brittany  naturally  ap. 
pealed  for  redress  to  his  liege  lord,  the  king  of  France ;  and  Charles,  glad 
of  an  opportunity  to  fasten  a  plausible  quarrel  upon  England,  paid  no  at> 
tention  to  Somerset's  disavowal  alike  of  connection  with  the  adventurer 
Surienne  and  control  over  his  actions,  but  demanded  compensation  for 
the  duke  of  Brittany,  and  put  the  granting  of  that  compensation  wholly  out 
of  the  question  by  fixing  it  at  the  preposterously  large  amount  o(  one  roil. 
lion  six  hundred  crowns. 

A.  D.  1449. — Payment  of  this  sum  was,  m  truth,  the  very  last  thing  that 
Charles  would  have  desired.  He  had  most  ably  employed  himself  during 
the  truce  for  a  renewal  of  war  at  its  expiration,  or  sooner,  should  fortune 
favour  him  with  an  advantageous  opening.  While  he  had  been  thus  em< 
ployed,  England  had  been  daily  growing  weaker ;  faction  dividing  thi 
court  and  {government,  and  poverty  and  suffering  rendering  the  people  morp 
and  more  indifferent  to  foreign  wars  and  conquests,  however  brilliant. 
Under  such  circumstances  Charles  gladly  seized  upon  the  wrong  dune  to 
the  duke  of  Brittany  by  a  private  adventurer  as  an  excuse  for  invading 
Normandy,  which  he  suddenly  entered  on  four  different  points  with  a.s 
many  well-appointed  armies,  under  the  command,  respectively,  of  Charles 
in  person,  the  duke  of  Brittany,  the  duke  of  Alengon,  and  the  count  of 
Dunois.  So  sudden  was  the  irruption  of  Charles,  and  so  connpletely  un< 
prepared  were  the  Norman  garrisons  to  resist  him,  that  the  French  had 
only  to  appear  before  a  place  to  cause  its  surrender;  and  they  at  once, 
and  at  the  mere  expense  of  marching,  obtained  possession  of  Verneuil, 
Noyent,  Chateau  Gaillard,  Ponteau  de  Mer,  Gisors,  Nantes,  Vernon,  Ar- 
gentau,  Lisieux,  Fecamp,  Coutances,  Belesine,-  and  Peurt  de  L'Archc,  an 
extent  of  territory  which  had  cost  the  English  incalculable  expense  ol 
both  blood  and  treasure. 

Thus  suddenly  and  formidably  beset,  the  duke  of  Somerset,  governor 
of  Normandy,  found  it  utterly  useless  to  endeavour  to  check  the  enemy 
in  the  field ;  so  far  from  being  able  to  raise  even  one  numerous  army  foi 
that  purpose,  his  force  was  too  scanty  even  to  supply  sufficient  garrisons, 
and  yet,  scanty  as  it  was,  far  too  numerous  for  Ins  still  more  Hmited 
means  of  subsisting  it.  He  consequently  threw  himself  with  such  force 
as  he  could  immediately  command  into  BLouen,  hoping  that  he  might 
maintain  himself  there  until  assistance  could  be  serft  to  him  from  Eng- 
land. But  Charles  allowed  no  time  for  the  arrival  of  such  aid,  but  present- 
ed himself  with  an  army  of  fifty  thousand  men  at  the  very  gates  of  Rouen. 
The  inhabitants,  already  disaffected  to  the  English,  now  became  driven 
to  desperation  by  their  dread  of  the  severities  of  the  French,  and  tumul- 
tuously  demanded  that  Somerset  should  instantly  capitulate  in  order  to 
save  them.  Thus  assailed  within  as  well  as  from  without,  Somerset  led 
his  troops  into  the  castle,  but  finding  it  untenuble  he  was  at  length  obliged 
to  yield  it,  and  to  purchase  permission  to  retire  to  Harfleur  by  surrender- 
ing Aiques,  Tancarville,  Honfleur,  and  several  other  places  in  higher 
Normandy,  agreeing  to  pay  the  sum  of  fifty-six  thousand  crowns,  and  de- 
livering hostages  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  articles.  Among 
the  hostages  was  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  the  nhlest  English  general  in 
France,  who  was  now  condemned  to  detention  and  inactivity  at  the  very 
nomen.  when  his  services  were  the  most  needed,  by  the  positivi;  refusal 
of  the  governor  of  Honfleur  to  give  up  that  place  at  the  order  of  Som> 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


881 


fnet.  Monfleur  also  gave  a  refusal,  but,  after  a  smart  defence  by  Sit 
Thomas  Curson,  was  at  length  compelled  to  open  Its  gates  to  the  French 
nnder  Dunois. 

Succour  at  length  arrived  from  England,  but  only  to  the  very  insufficient 
number  of  four  thousand  men,  who  soon  after  they  landed  were  com- 
pletely defeated  at  Fourmigni  by  the  count  of  Clermont.  Somerset,  who 
liad  retired  to  Caen  in  hope  of  aid,  had  now  no  choice  but  to  surrender. 
Falaise  was  given  up  in  exchange  for  the  liberty  of  the  earl  of  Shrews- 
taiy;  and  just  one  year  after  Charles's  first  irruption  into  Normandy,  the 
very  last  possesbicn  of  the  English  in  that  province,  the  important  town 
of  Cherbourg  was  surrendered. 

In  Guienne  the  like  rapid  progress  was  made  by  the  French  under  Du- 
noia,  who  encountered  but  little  difficulty  even  from  the  strongest  towns, 
nil  artillenr  being  of  a  very  superior  description.  Bourdeaux  and  Ba- 
yonne  made  a  brave  attempt  at  holding  out,  but  no  assistance  being  sent 
to  them  from  England,  they  also  were  compelled  to  submit;  and  the 
whole  province  of  Guienne  was  thus  reunited  to  France  after  it  had  been 
held  and  battled  for  by  the  English  for  three  hundred  years.  A  faint 
effort  was  subseauently  made,  indeed,  to  recover  Guienne,  but  it  was  so 
faint  that  it  utterly  failed,  and  war  between  England  and  France  ceased 
as  if  by  mutual  consent,  and  without  any  formal  treaty  of  peace  or  even 
•nice. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 
TBI  RBioN  or  HKRHT  VI.  (coneltided.) 

*.D.  1450.--THE  affairs  of  England  were  as  threatening  at  home  as 
Ihey  were  disastrous  abroad.  The  court  and  the  ministerial  factious 
pve  rise  to  a  thousand  disorders  among  the  people,  besides  habituating 
them  to  the  complacent  anticipation  of  disorders  still  more  extreme  and 
general;  and  It  was  now  only  too  well  known  that  the  king,  by  whom 
both  factions  might  otherwise  have  been  kepi  in  awe,  was  the  mere  and 
unresisting  tool  of  those  by  whom  he  chanced  to  be  surrounded.  To 
add  to  the  general  distress,  the  cessation  of  the  war  in  France,  or,  to 
speak  more  plainly,  the  ignominious  expulsion  of  the  English  from  that 
country,  had  filled  England  with  hordes  of  able  and  needy  men,  accus- 
tomed to  war,  and  ready,  for  the  mere  sake  of  plunder,  to  follow  any  ban- 
ner and  support  any  cause.  A  cause  for  the  civil  war  which  Ijhese  needy 
desperadoes  so  ardently  desired  soon  appeared  in  the  pretensions  to  the 
crown  put  forward  by  Richard,  duke  of  York.  Descended  by  his  mother 
rroni  the  only  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Clarence,  second  son  of  Edward  III., 

fc- ^"1""^*,"?^^  ***  "**"^  ^^^°^^  K'"?  Henry,  who  was  descended  from 
we  duke  of  Lancaster,  the  third  son  of  Edward  III.  His  claim  being 
tnus  cogent,  and  he  being  a  brave  and  capable  man,  immensely  rich  and 
^.T'^ii  .u^.'*^11?'"^"'"'  1}°^^^  families,  including  the  most  potent  of 
Hiemall,  that  of  the  earl  of  Westmoreland,  whose  daughter  heliad  mar- 
iZ:  "J,<'0"',«.not  fail  to  be  a  most  formidable  opponent  to  so  weak  and 
incapable  a  king  as  Henry ;  and  the  daily  increasing  disorders,  sufferings 
ana  discontents  of  the  nation,  promised  ere  long  to  afford  him  aU  the 
opportunity  he  could  require  of  pressing  his  claim  with  advantage. 

«»Jir^V  .u""I®?'  ^^^  ^^^  P®°P^*»  at  large  ^ere  unwilling  to  make  any 
sacrifices  for  the  defence  of  the  foreign  interests  of  the  nation,  and  could 
nft.^  „"'""'''  "°J  understand  that  much  more  exertion  and  expense  are 
ihVL.*-^'*"^^***  preserve  than  to  make  conquests,  they  were  not  a  Jol 

mJtiTin  /if'*'*  *•  ^^^  '?'A«"  '"  ^"»"*'«''  ^'''«''>  t»'«"?h  tf««y  mainly  orig 
mated  m  the  cession  of  Maine  to  Charles  of  Anjou,  were  consunimated 


882 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


tliirough  the  rigid  parsimony  which  withheld  dupplie*  and  rCiilorceuMmte 
when  they  were  actually  indispensable.  The  cession  of  Maine  to  Gltariei 
of  Anjou,  coupled  with  his  fast  friendship  to  the  king  of  France  and  his 
active  exertions  in  that  prince's  interest,  persuaded  the  English  people 
that  their  qtieen  was  their  enemy  at  heart,  and  that  her  influence  in  the 
English  council  was  a  chief  cause  of  their  disgrace  and  loss.  Already 
the  partisans  of  the  duke  of  York  busied  themselves  in  preparing  to  kin. 
dlea  civil  war ;  and  already  the  murder  of  Gloucester  began  to  be  avenged 
upon  its  authors,  not  merely  in  the  bitterness  which  it  gave  to  the  hatt«d 
of  the  people,  but  by  the  loss  of  the  courageous  authority  of  the  ranr- 
dered  duke,  now  so  much  needed  successfully  to  oppose  York  and  hi$ 
seditious  partizans. 

As  the  favourite  minister  of  the  unpopular  Margaret,  as  the  dexteroujlT 
unpatriotic  ambassador,  who,  to  oblige  her  had  robbed  England  of  Main& 
and  as  the  man  most  strongly  suspected  of  having  brought  about  the 
murder  of  Gloucester,  Suffolk  would  under  any  circumstances  have  been 
detested;  but  this  detestation  was  lasbed  into  something  very  like  in* 
sanity  by  the  consideration  which  was  constantly  recurring,  that  this 
noble,  SQ>  powerful  that  he  could  aid  in  murdering  the  nation's  favourite 
ruler,  and  rob  the  nation  to  conciliate  the  favour  of  a  princess  who  so 
lately  was  a  stranger  to  it,  was  only  a  noble  of  yesterday ;  the  great 
grandson,  merely,  of  a  veritable  trader !  It  was  this  consideration  that 
gave  added  bitterness  to  every  charge  that  was  truly  made  against  him, 
and  also  caused  not  a  few  things  to  be  charged  to  him  of  which  he  was 
wholly  innocent. 

Suffolk's  wealth,  always  increasine,  as  well-managed  wealth  needs 
must  be,  was  contrasted  with  the  daily  increasing  penury  of  the  crown, 
which  caused  the  people  to  be  subjected  to  a  thousand  extortions.  While 
he  was  continually  growing  more  and  more  dazzling  in  his  prosperity, 
the  crown,  indebted  to  the  enorfnous  extent  of  £372,000  was  virtually 
bankriipt,  and  the  very  provisions  for  the  royal  household  were  obtained 
by  arbitrary  purveyance — so  arbitrary,  that  it  fell  little  short  of  open  rob- 
bery with  violence. 

Aware  of  the  general  detestation  in  which  he  was  held.  Suffolk,  who, 
apart  from  all  the  mere  exaggerations  of  the  mob,  was  a  "  bold,  bad  man," 
endeavoured  to  forestal  any  formal  attack  by  the  commons'  house  of  par- 
liament, by  rising  in  his  place  in  the  lords  and  loudly  complaining  of  the 
calumnies  that  were  permitted  to  be  uttered  against  nim,  after  he  had  lost 
his  father  and  three  brothers  in  the  public  service,  and  had  himself  lived 
seventeen  years  wholly  in  service  abroad,  served  the  crown  in  just  double 
that  number  of  campaigns,  been  made  prisoner,  and  paid  his  own  heavy 
ransom  to  the  enemy.  It  was  scandalous,' he  contended,  that  any  one 
should  dare  to  charge  him  with  treachery  and  collusion  with  foreign  en- 
emies, adfv  he  had  thus  long  and  faithfully  served  the  crown,  and  been 
rewarded  by  high  honours  and  important  ofnces. 

Though  Suffolk's  apology  for  his  conduct  was  professedly  a  reply  only 
to  the  rumours  that  were  current  against  him  among  the  vulgar,  the  house 
of  commons  well  understood  his  real  object  in  making  it  to  be  a  desire 
to  prevent  them  from  originating  a  formal  charge  against  him;  and  feel- 
ing themselves  in  some  sort  challenged  and  bound  to  do  so,  they  sent  up 
to  the  peers  a  charge  of  high  treason  against  Suffolk.  Of  this  charge, 
which  was  very  long  and  divided  into  a  great  number  of  clauses,  Hume 
thus  gives  a  summary :  "  They  insisted  that  he  had  persuaded  the  French 
king  to  invade  England  with  an  armed  force,  iii  oraer  to  depose  the  king 
Henry,  and  to  place  on  the  throne  his  own  son,  John  de  Lakole,  whom 
he  intended  to  marry  to  Margaret,  the  only  daughter  of  the  late  duke  uf 
Somerset,  and  for  whom,  he  imagined,  he  would  by  that  means  acquire  a 
title  to  the  en  wn,  that  he  had  contributed  to  the  release  of  the  duke  oi 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  38S 

Orieans,  in  the  hop©  that  that  prince  would  assist  Kin?  Charles  in  expel- 
ling the  English  from  France  and  recovering  full  possession  of  bis  king- 
dom; that  he  had  afterwards  encouraged  that  monarch  to  make  open  war 
on  Normandy  and  Guienne,  and  had  promoted  his  conquests  by  betraying 
the  secrets  of  England,  and  obstructing  the  succours  intended  to  be  tent 
to  those  provinces ;  and  that  he  had,  without  any  powers  or  permission, 
promised  by  treaty  to  cede  the  province  of  Maine  to  Charles  of  Anion, 
Md  had  ceded  It  accf»rdinBly,  which  proved  in  the  issue  the  chief  cause 
of  the  loss  of  Normandy." 

These  charges  were  easily  refuted  by  a  resolute  and  self-possessed  man 
like  Suffolk.  As  regards  the  cession  of  Maine,  he  justly  enough  said,  that 
he  had  the  concurrence  of  others  of  the  council ;  but  he  took  care  not  to 
add,  that  though  that  was  an  excellent  reason  why  be  should  not  be  alone 
in  bearing  the  punishment,  it  was  no  reason  why  he  should  escape  punish- 
ment altogether.  With  respect  to  his  alledged  intentions  as  to  his  son  and 
Margaret  of  Somerset,'he  more  completely  answered  that  charge  by  point- 
ing out  that  no  title  to  the  throne  could  possibly  be  derived  from  Margaret 
who  was  herself  not  included  in  the  parliamentary  act  of  succession,  and 
by  confidently  appealing  to  many  peers  present  to  bear  witness  that  he 
had  intended  to  marry  his  son  to  one  of  the  earl  of  Warwick's  co-heir- 
essea,  and  had  only  been  prevented  from  doing  so  by  the  death  of  that 
lady.  As  if  they  were  themselves  conscious  that  the  particulars  of  their  ' 
first  charge  were  too  vague  and  wild  to  be  successful,  the  commons  sent  up 
to  the  lords  a  second  accusation,  in  wliich,  among  many  other  evil  doings, 
Suffolk  was  charged  with  improperly  obtaining  excessive  grants  from  the 
erown,  with  embezzling  the  public  money,  and  with  conferring  offices 
upon  unworthy  persons,  and  improperly  using  his  influence  to  defeat  the 
due  execution  of  the  laws. 

The  court  now  became  alarmed  at  the  evident  determination  of  the 
commons  to  follow  up  the  proceedings  against  Suffolk  with  rigour,  and 
an  extraordinary  expedient  was  adopted  for  the  purpose  of  saving  him 
from  the  worst.  The  peers,  both  spiritual  and  temporal,  were  summoned 
to  the  king's  presence,  and  Suffolk  being  then  produced  denied  the  charges 
made  against  him,  but  submitted  to  the  king's  mercy ;  when  the  king  pro- 
nounced that  the  first  charge  was  untrue,  and  that  as  to  the  second,  Suf- 
folk having  submitted  to  mercy,  should  be  banished  for  five  years.  This 
expedient  was  far  too  transparent  to  deceive  the  enemies  of  Suffolk,  who 
clearly  saw  that  it  was  merely  intended  to  send  him  out  of  the  way  until 
the  danger  was  past,  and  then  to  recall  him  and  restore  him  to  authority. 
Bui  their  hatred  was  too  intense  to  allow  of  their  being  thus  easily  baffled 
in  their  purpose ;  and  they  hired  the  captain  of  a  vessel  and  some  of  his 
fellows,  who  surprised  Suffolk  near  Dover,  as  he  was  making  for  France. 
beheaded  him,  and  threw  his  body  into  the  sea. 

So  great  a  favourite  as  Suffolk  had  been  of  Queen  Margaret,  it  was, 
however,  not  doen<ed  expedient  to  take  any  steps  to  bring  his  murderers 
to  justice,  lest  in  the  inquiry  more  should  be  discovered  than  would  con- 
aist  with  the  possibility  of  the  queen  and  the  house  of  commons  keeping 
up  any  longer  even  the  simulation  of  civility  and  good  feeling. 

Though  the  duke  of  York  was  in  Ireland  during  the  whole  of  the  pro- 
ceedings against  Suffolk,  and  therefore  could  not  be  directly  connected 
with  them,  Margaret  and  her  friends  did  not  the  less  suspect  him  of  evil 
oesigns  against  them,  and  were  by  no  means  blind  to  his  aspiring  views 
to  the  crown ;  nor  did  they  fail  to  connect  him  with  an  insurrection  which 
|u«  now  broke  out  under  the  direction  of  one  Cade.  This  man,  who  was 
a  native  of  Ireland,  but  whose  crimes  had  obliged  him  for  a  considerable 
nme  to  find  shelter  in  France,  possessed  great  resolution  and  no  small 
«»re  of  a  rude  but  showv  ability,  well  calculated  to  impose  upon  the  raiil- 
luie.    lletuming  to  England  just  as  the  popular  discontent  was  at  i  ts  high- 


984 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


est,  he  took  the  name  of  John  Mortimer,  wishing  hrmseir  to  be  taken 
or  a  son  of  Sir  John   Mortimer,  who  early  in  the  present  reign  bad 
icen  sentenced  to  death  by  parliament,  upon  an  iiulictment  of  high 
reason,   wholly  unsupported,  and  most  iniquitously,  on    the   part  of 
Gloucester  a;.  I  Bedford,  allowed  to  be  executed.    Taking  up  the  poiv 
ular  outcry  against  the  queen  and  minister,  this  Cade  set  himself  up 
as  a  redresser  of  grievances ;  and  partly  from  his  own  plausible  talents 
but  chiefly  from  uie  charm  of  the  very  popular  name  he  had  assumed 
he  speedily  found  himself  at  the  head  of  upwards  of  twenty  thoua- 
and  men.    Imagining  that  a  very  small  force  would  suffice  to  put  dr  ,-d 
what  was  considered  but  a  vulgar  riot,  the  court  sent  Sir  Humphrey  Staf 
ford  with  a  mere  handful  of  men  upon  that  errand  ;  but  Sir  Humphrey  was 
attacked  by  Cade  near  Sevenoaks,  his  little  force  cut  up  or  scatterred,  and 
himself  slain.    FJmboldened  by  this  success.  Cade  now  marched  his  dis- 
orderly band  towards  London  and  encamped  upon  Blackheath,  whence  ho 
sent  a  list  of  obvious  grievances  of  which  he  demanded  the  correction, 
but  solemnly  protested  that  he  and  his  followers  would  lay  down  theiJ 
arms  and  disperse,  the  moment  those  grievances  should  be  remedied,  and 
Lord  Say,  the  treasurer,  and  Cromer,  the  sheriff  of  Kent,  against  both  of 
v'hom  he  had  a  malignant  feeling,  should  be  condignly  punished  for  sun- 
dry malversations  with  which  he  strongly  charged  them.     Confining  his 
demands  within  these  bounds,  and  taking  care  to  prevent  his  fellows  from 
plundering  London,  whence  he  regularly  withdrew  them  at  nightfall,  ho 
was  looked  upon  with  no  animosity,  at  least,  by  the  generality  of  men, 
who  knew  many  of  the  grievances  he  spoke  of  really  to  exist.    But  when 
the  council,  seeing  that  there  was  at  least  a  passive  feeling  in  favour  ot 
Cade,  withdrew  with  the  king  to  Kenil worth,  in  Warwickshire,  Cade  so 
far  lost  sight  of  his  professed  moderation  as  to  put  Lord  Say  and  Cromer 
to  death  without  even  the  form  of  a  trial.    As  soou  as  he  had  thus  set  the 
example  of  illegal  violence  he  lost  all  his  prnvions  control  over  the  mob, 
who  now  conducted  themselves  so  infamously  towards  the  citizens  of 
London,  that  they,  aided  by  a  party  of  soldiers  sent  by  Lord  Scales,  gov. 
ernor  of  the  Tower,  resisted  them,  and  the  rebels  were  completely  defeated 
with  very  great  slaughter.     This  severe  repulse  so  far  lowered  the  spirits 
of  the  Kentish  mob,  that  thoy  gladly  retired  to  their  homes  on  receivjnff 
a  pardon  from  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  also  filled  the  office  of 
chancellor.    As  soon  as  it  could  safely  be  done,  this  pardon  was  pro> 
nounced  to  be  null  and  void,  upon  the  ground  that  it  had  been  exturtoa  by 
violence  ;  m?.ny  of  the  rebels  were  seized  and  executed,  and  Cade  himself, 
upon  whose  head  a  reward  was  set,  was  killed  by  a  gentleman  named  Ar- 
den,  while  endeavouring  to  conceal  himself  in  Sussex. 

Many  circumstances  concurred  to  lead  the  court  to  suspect  lliat  thin 
revolt  had  been  privately  sot  on  foot  by  the  duke  of  York,  to  facilitate  his 
own  designs  on  the  crown ;  and  as  he  was  now  returning  from  Ireland  thoy 
imagined  that  he  was  about  to  follow  up  the  experiment,  and  accordingly 
.Bsued  an  order  in  the  name  of  the  imliecile  Henry,  to  oppose  his  return  to 
Kngland.  But  the  duke,  who  was  far  too  wary  to  hasten  his  measures  in  the 
way  his  enemies  anticipated,  converted  all  their  fears  and  precdutiuns  into 
ridicule,  by  coolly  landing  with  no  other  attendants  than  his  ordinary  re- 
tinue. But  as  the  fears  of  his  enemies  had  caused  them  to  betray  their 
real  f«olings  towards  him,  he  now  resolved  to  proceed  at  least  one  slnp 
towards  his  ultimate  designs.  Hitherto  his  title  had  been  spoken  of  by 
his  friends  only  i"  whis^iera  among  themselves,  but  he  now  authorized 
them  openly  to  urge  it  at  all  times  and  in  all  places. 

The  partizans  ot  the  reigning  king  and  of  the  aspiring  duke  of  York, 
respectfully,  had  each  very  plausible  arguments ;  ana  though  men's  mindi 
were  pretty  ciiually  divided  as  to  their  respective  claims,  the  supcriurity 


^v» 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD. 


885 


man  counterbalanced  by  the  poaseasion,  by  the  royal  party,  not  only  of  all 
authority  of  the  laws,  but  also  of  that  ••  tower  of  strength,"  «'  the  kinff's 
name  "  On  the  side  of  the  crown,  besides  the  advantages  to  which  we 
have  already  alluded,  there  were  ranged  the  earl  of  Northumberland  and 
the  earl  of  Westmoreland,  and  these  two  nobles  carried  with  them  all  the 
power  and  influence  of  the  northern  counties  of  England ;  and  besides 
these  two  great  men,  the  ctoj/rn  could  reckon  upon  the  duke  of  Somerset 
and  his  brother  the  duke  of  Exeter,  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  the  earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  the  lords  Clifford,  Scales,  governor  of  the  Tower,  Audlev 
and  a  long  list  of  nobles  of  less  note. 

A.  0.  1451.— The  party  of  the  duke  of  York  was  scarcely  less  strong  • 
but  so  far  had  arts  and  literature  begun  to  show  their  civilizing  effects 
that  instead  of  instanUy  and  fiercely  flying  to  arms,  the  hostile  parties 
seemed  inclined  to  struggle  rather  by  art  than  force.  The  duke  of  York 
was  the  more  inclined  to  this  Plan,  because  he  imagined  that  he  had 
power  enough  m  the  parliament  to  deprive  the  weak  Henry  of  the  pres- 
enre  and  support  of  his  friends  ;  in  which  case  he  would  have  but  little 
difficulty  in  causing  the  succession  to  be  altered  by  law,  or  even  in  indue- 
iiig  Henry  to  abdicate  a  throne  which  he  was  obviously  and  lamentably 
unfit  to  fill.  ^ 

Nor  did  the  parliament  which  now  met  fail  to  confirm  York's  hopes  • 
the  first  step  taken  ')y  the  house  of  commons  was  to  petition  the  king  to 
dismiss  from  about  his  person  the  duke  of  Somerset,  the  duchess  of  Suf- 
folk, the  bishop  of  Chester,  Lord  Dudley,  and  Sir  John  Sutton;  and  to  for- 
bid them  on  any  pretence  to  approach  within  twelve  miles  of  the  court. 
The  king  ?.greed  to  banish  all  named,  save  the  lords,  for  a  whole  year 
unless,  as  the  answer  written  for  him  very  significantly  said,  he  should' 
need  their  services  in  the  suppression  of  rebellion.  Still  farther  to  show 
his  sonae  of  the  temper  of  the  lower  house,  the  king— or  rather  his 
tnoiids— relused  to  consent  to  a  bill  of  attainder  against  the  late  duke  of 
buffolk,  though  It  had  passed  through  all  the  parliamentary  stages. 

A.  D.  1452.— The  mere  demonstrations  thus  made  by  the  house  of  com- 
mons, even  though  it  had  proved  but  partially  successful,  was  sufficient  to 
encourage  the  duke  to  more  open  advances,  and  ho  issued  a  proclamation 
leinanding  a  thorough  reform  of  the  government,  and  especially  a  removal 
of  the  duke  of  Somerset  from  all  oflice  and  authority;  and  ho  then  march- 
cd  upon  London  with  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men.  Greatly  popular  as 
he  knew  himself  to  be  in  London,  where  he  counted  upon  an  affectionate 
welcome  and  a  considernble  addition  to  his  force,  ho  was  astounded  to  find 
llie  gates  fast  closed  against  him.  Scarcely  knowing  how  to  act  under 
surh  unexpected  and  untoward  circumstances,  he  retreated  into  Kent 
whither  he  was  closely  pursued  by  the  king  at  the  head  of  a  far  superior 
army.  In  the  king's  suite  were  Salisbury,  Warwick,  and  many  more  fast 
iriemis  of  the  duke  of  York,  who  probably  thus  attended  the  king  in  hope 
or  serving  York  as  mediators,  or  even,  should  an  action  take  idacc,  turniiitf 
lie  fortune  of  the  day  by  suddenly  loading  their  lorcea  to  his  ude.  A  par' 
ey  ensued,  and  Somerset  was  ordered  into  arrest  to  await  a  parliamen- 
m'  trial,  and  York,  whom  the  court  did  not  as  yet  dare  to  assail,  was 
lodh   '"  ''""""^  himself  to  his  secluded  house  at  Wigmore  in  fleie- 

Cool  and  circumspect  an  ho  was  resoliUe,  the  duke  of  York  lived  ntu- 
W  in  this  retirement  for  some  linio,  but  was  at  length  calltid  from  it -by 
ine  torrfint  of  [M)p»|.Hr  indignation  against  the  ministers,  which  followed  ii 
new  and  abortive  attempt  to  re<-onuuor  Gusconyj  in  which  attempt,  bo- 
tmnti  vast  number  of  men,  the  English  lost  their  deservedly  beloved  geii- 
em,  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  who  fell  in  battle  at  the  age  of  more  than 
eiffniy  years.  1  his  event,  and  the  queeu  givina  birth  la  a  -on  whi.-!!  Ois'; 
<w«y  with  liie  hope  great  numbers  had  ent~ortuined  that  York  might  wai 


386 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


and  succeed  to  Henry  quietly  and  as  next  heir,  urged  the  Yorkists  beyond 
al'  farther  power  of  tneir  chief  to  control  them ;  and  Henry  being,  by  an 
illness,  now  rendered  too  completely  imbecile  even  to  appear  to  rute,  the 
queen  and  her  council  were  obliged  to  yield  to  the  torrent  of  popular  feel 
ing,  and  they  consented  to  send  Somerset  to  the  Tower— he  being  now 
hated  even  more  than  Suffolk  had  formerly  been— ^and  to  appoint  theduice 
of  York  lieutenant  of  the  kingdom.  The  friends  of  the  duke  of  York 
might,  naturally  enough,  desire  to  see  him  in  a  situation  so  favourable  to 
him  and  tl.eir  ultimate  views ;  but  the  duke's  conduct  wholly  disappointed 
any  expectations  they  might  have  formed  of  decisive  measures  on  his  part, 
as  he  fairly  and  moderately  exerted  the  proper  authority  of  his  office,  and 
no  more. 

A.  D.  1455.— Margaret  and  her  friends,  however  well  pleased  to  profit  by 
the  duke's  moderation,  showed  no  intention  of  imitating  it.  On  the  con- 
trary, the  king  recovering  sufficiently  to  be  again  put  forward  in  public  as 
if  anting  from  his  own  free  will,  was  made  to  annul  the  appointment  of 
York,  and  to  release  Somerset  from  the  Tower,  and  give  liim  back  all  his 
former  power.  Even  the  moderation  of  York  was  no  longer  able  to  avoid 
open  extremities,  as  it  was  clear  from  the  hasty  annulling  of  his  commis- 
•lion,  that  he  was  not  safe  from  being,  by  some  artful  device,  brought  into 
difHculty  for  having  even  consoiiied  to  accept  it.  But  even  now,  though 
he  called  his  forces  about  him  and  placed  himself  at  their  head,  he  made 
no  claim  to  the  crown,  but  limited  his  demands  to  a  reformation  of  the 
government  and  dismissal  of  the  obnoxious  ministry. 

The  hostile  forces  met  near  St  Alban's,  and  in  the  battle  which  ensued 
th»  Yorkists  gained  the  victory,  their  enemies  losing  6000  men,  including 
the  detested  Somerset,  StafTord,  eldest  son  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  the 
lord  Clifford,  and  many  other  leading  men  of  the  party.  The  prisoners, 
too,  were  numerous,  and,  chief  of  ail,  the  king  was  among  them.  His 
own  utter  imbecility  and  the  mild  temper  of  the  duke  of  York  saved  the 
unfortunate  Henry  from  all  annoyance.  The  duke  showed  him  every 
possible  respect  and  tenderness  ;  and  though  he  availed  himself  of  his 

K)od  fortune  to  exert  all  the  kingly  authority,  while  still  leaving  unclaimed 
e  empty  title  of  king,  Henry  was  little  inclined  to  quarrel  with  an  ar- 
rangement which  saved  him  from  what  he  most  of  all  detested,  exertion 
and  trouble. 

The  moderate  or  timid  policy  of  the  duke  of  York,  and  the  spirit  and 
ability  with  which  Margaret  kept  together  her  weakened  party,. preventeo 
farther  bloodshed  for  a  time,  even  after  this  battle  had  commenced  the 
dread  war  of  "  the  roses ;"  in  which,  besides  innumerable  skirmishna, 
twelve  pitched  battles  were  fought  upon  English  ground,  and  which  for 
thirty  long  years  divided  families,  desolated  the  land,  and  caused  n  joss 
of  life  of  which  some  notion  may  be  formed  from  the  simple  fad  that 
among  the  slain  were  no  fewer  than  eighty  princes  of  the  blood !  The 
parliament,  seeing  the  disinclination  of  the  duke  of  York  to  grasp  the 
sceptre  which  teemed  so  nearly  within  his  reach,  shaped  its  proceedings 
accordingly;  and  while,  by  granting  an  indemnity  to  the  Yorkists  and  re- 
storing '  e  duke  to  his  (»(fic;e  of  lieutenant  or  protector  of  the  kingdom, 
they  renewed  their  oaths  of  allegiance  to  the  unconscious  and  imbecile 
king,  and  limited  York's  appointment  t(j  the  time  when  tlie  king's  son, 
who  WHS  now  made  prince  of  Wales,  should  attain  his  majority.  This 
oarliament  also  did  good  service  by  revoking  nil  the  impolitic  and  exten- 
sive grants  which  had  been  made  since  the  death  of  the  late  king,  and 
which  were  so  extensive  that  thev  had  mainly  caused  the  excessive  pov 
erty  into  which  the  crown  had  fallen. 

A.  D.  1450.-  Margaret  was  of  too  stern  and  eager  a  nature  to  neglect  any 
of  the  opportunities  of  stronf^thening  her  party  which  were  "'''"f*'*'')^^^ 

ilM  SiniJuiMr  iiiOuttrWiOn  or  iuuoCiaiOn  Oi    TwiKi      mz  SiSiit   ••••r::-^  =  ■•--^~ 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


887 


porary  lucid  interval -for  his  real  disease  wm  a  jort  of  Idlotcy-slie  took 
advantage  of  the  duke's  absence  to  parade  her  unfortunate  and  passivo 
husband  before  he  parliament,  and  to  make  hhti  declare  his  intention  of 
resuming  his  authority.  Lnexpecied  as  this  proposal  was,  York's  friends 
were  wholly  unprepared  with  any  reasonable  argument  against  it;  and, 
indeed,  many  of  them,  being  sufferers  from  the  recent  resumption  of  thf 
jirowii  grants,  were  greatly  disgusted  with  their  leader  on  that  account. 
ihe  king  was  accordingly  pronounced  in  possession  of  his  proper  author- 
ity; and  York,  constniit  to  his  moderate  or  temporising  polity,  laid  down 
his  office  without  a  struggle  or  even  a  complaint  ^      ^ 

A.  D.  1457.— The  king,  or  rather  Margaret,  being  thus  ag-ain  in  Aill  pog- 
jession  of  power,  the  court  went  to  pass  a  season  at  Coventry,  wtere 
York  and  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  Salisbury  were  invited  to  vJflit  the 
king.  They  ^vere  so  unsuspicious  of  the  real  motive  of  this  invitation, 
that  they  readily  accepted  it,  and  were  actually  on  the  road  when  thev 
were  informed  of  Margaret's  iiUontion  certainly  to  seize  aoon  their  oer- 
gons,  and,  not  improbably,  to  put  them  to  death.  On  tecc.ving  this  start- 
ling  intelligence  the  friends  separated,  to  prepare  for  their  defence 
against  the  open  violence  which,  it  seemed  probable,  Margaret  would 
resort  to  on  finding  her  treachery  discovered  and  disappointed  •  York  re- 
tiring to  Wigmore,  Sahsbiiry  to  his  noble  place  at  Middleham  in  York- 
shire, and  Warwick  to  Calais,  of  which  he  had  been  made  governor  after 
the  battle  of  St.  Alban's,  and  whirh  was  especially  valuable  to  the  York- 
ist cause,  iiiasinuch  as  it  containei' the  only  regular  mihtary  body  which 
England  then  supported.  Even  now  York  was  not  inclined  to  proceed  to 
extreniuiej- ;  and  as  Mprgaret  on  her  part  was  doubtful  as  to  the  sufficien- 
cy  ot  her  military  strength,  and  well  aware  of  the  very  great  extent  to 
which  the  popular  sympathies  were  enlisted  on  the  side  of  York,  a  pause 
ensued,  of  which  Bourohier,  archbishop  of  York,  and  some  other  sincere 
lovm  of  their  country,  availed  tiiemselves,  to  attempt  a  mediation  by 
which  the  people  might  be  spared  the  ruinous  and  revolting  horrors  of 
civil  war.  * 

A.  n.  1458.— The  humane  endeavour  of  these  personages  so  far  succeed- 
ed, that  the  loaders  of  both  parties  agreed  to  meet  in  London  for  a  solemn 
and  public  reconciliation  :  but  the  very  manner  of  their  meeting,  notwith- 
standing the  avowed  purpose  of  it,  was  sufficient  to  have  convinced  all 
accurate  observers  of  the  little  reliance  that  could  be  placed  upon  the 
rnendly  fee  ings  of  either  party.  Both  came  numerously  attended,  and 
noth  kept  their  attendants  near  them,  and  in  the  same  close  watch  and 
serried  distribution  as  would  be  observed  in  hostile  armies  encamped  upon 
the  same  ground  at  evening,  preparatory  for  the  bloodshed  and  the  struir 
gle  of  the  morrow. 

Though  this  mutual  jealousy  and  dread  augured  but  ill  for  the  perma- 
nence  of  a  friendship  declared  under  such  circumstances,  the  terms  be- 
tween the  opposing  parties  were  arranged  without  much  difficulty  and 
Wholly  without  strife ;  and  the  hollow  peace  having  been  fully  arranged, 
the  parties  went  in  solemn  procession  to  8t.  Paul's,  that  their  union  mi»ht 
oe  evuleiit  to  the  people ;  York  gallantly  leading  by  the  hand  his  truculent 
and  imp  acable  enemy  Margaret,  an  I  each  of  the  couples  who  followed 
ineni  in  the  procession  being  composv'd  of  a  leading  man  of  the  opposina 
parties  respectively.  1 1        b 

.h„*;  "■  .^l'*^'— The  peace  thus  patched  up  was  of  exactly  the  frail  tenure 
that  might  havo  been  anticipated.  The  trivial  accident  of  a  retainer  of 
H»,!  .V  y  "/«;'«'*  heing  insulted  led  to  a  general  brawl,  swords  were 
m?!^"'  I'm  '^  f'  became  serious,  and  the  royal  party  being  the  more  nu- 
morous,  Warwick  only  saved  his  own  life  by  (lying  to  Calais.  This  ori 
ginaiiy  petty  iifTair  put  an  end  to  Deaco:  both  piirtiAg  innk  qA  their  maak- 
'  ♦crvwiiore  i;ie  diii  of  preparation  was  heard,  and  it  became  evident  even 


m 


388 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


to  those  who  most  desired  peace  for  their  country,  that  a  civil  war  wui 
now  wholly  inevitable. 

The  earl  of  Salisbury  having  raised  a  considerable  force  was  niakin<> 
hasty  marches  to  form  a  junction  with  the  duke  of  York,  when  he  was 
overtaken  at  Blore  heath,  in  Staffordshire,  by  a  much  larger  party  of  the 
royalists  under  the  lord  Audley.  Salisbury's  numerical  inferiority  was 
fully  compensated  by  his  superiority  of  judgment.  To  reach  him  the 
royalists  had  to  descend  a  steep  bank  and  cross  a  stream.  Salisbury 
caused  his  men  to  retreat,  as  if  alarmed  at  their  enemies'  number;  and 
Audley,  falling  into  the  snare,  gave  his  vanguard  the  word  to  charge  and 
led  them  in  full  pursuit.  As  the  vanguard  reached  the  side  of  the  riv- 
ulet, Salisbury  suddenly  faced  about,  and  having  only  to  deal  with  a  body 
inferior  to  his  own,  put  it  completely  to  the  rout,  the  remaining  body  of 
the  royalists,  instead  of  hastening  over  to  support  their  comrades,  be- 
taking  themselves  to  flight  in  good  earnest. 

York's  post  was  at  Ludlow,  in  Shropshire,  and  thither  Salisbury  now 
inarched  his  troops,  whose  spirits  were  heightened  and  confirmed  by  their 
victory.  Soon  after  his  arrival  York  received  a  new  accession  to  his 
numbers,  the  earl  of  Warwick  joining  him  with  a  body  of  veterans  from 
the  garrison  of  Calais.  York  was  naturally  delighted  with  this  accession 
of  disciplined  men,  who,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  must  necessarily 
have  been  of  immense  importance ;  but  their  commander.  Sir  Andrew 
Trollope,  turned  their  presence  into  a  calamity  instead  of  an  advantage 
to  the  duke's  cause.  The  royal  army  arrived  in  sight  of  the  Yorkists, 
and  a  general  action  was  to  take  place  on  the  morrow,  when  Sir  Andrew, 
under  cover  of  the  night,  basely  led  his  veterans  over  to  the  king.  The 
mere  loss  of  a  large  and  disciplined  body  of  men  was  the  least  mischief 
this  treachery  did  to  York.  It  spread  a  perfect  panic  of  suspicion  and 
dismay  through  the  camp ;  the  very  leaders  could  no  longer  rely  upon 
each  other's  good  faiih;  hope  and  confidence  fled,  and  the  Yorkists  deter- 
mined to  separate  and  await  some  more  favourable  state  of  things  ere  put- 
ting their  cause  to  the  hazard  of  a  pitched  battle.  The  duke  of  York  re 
tired  to  Ireland,  where  he  was  universally  beloved,  and  Warwick  returned 
to  Calais,  were  he  was  from  time  to  time  joined  by  large  reinforcement?; 
York's  friends  who  remained  in  England  continuinff  to  recruit  for  him  as 
zealously  as  though  his  cause  had  sustained  no  check  from  the  recent 
treason. 

A.  D.  1460. — Having  completed  his  own  preparutions,  and  being  satisfied 
(torn  the  advices  of  his  friends  in  England  that  he  might  rely  upon  a  con- 
siderable rising  of  the  people  in  his  favour,  Warwick  now  sailed  from 
Calais  with  a  large  and  well-equipped  army,  and,  after  capturing  some  of 
the  roval  vessels  at  sea,  landed  in  safety  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  accom> 
panied  by  the  earl  of  Marche,  the  oldest  son  of  the  duke  of  York,  and 
ihe  earl  of  Salisbury ;  and  on  his  road  to  London  he  was  joined  by  the 
aichbishop  of  Canterbury,  Lord  Cobham,  and  other  powerful  nobles  and 
gentlemen. 
The  city  of  London  eagerly  opened  its  jfates  to  Warwick,  whose  numbers 
daily  increased  so  much,  that  ne  was  able  with  confidence  to  advance  to 
Northampton  to  meet  the  royal  army.  The  battle  commenced  furiously 
on  both  sides,  but  was  speedily  decided.  The  royalists  who  had  lately 
been  benefilod  by  treason  were  now  surterers  from  it ;  the  lord  Grey  of 
Ruthin,  who  had  the  command  of  its  vanguard,  leading  the  whole  of  hit 
troops  over  to  tlie  Yorkists.  A  universal  panic  spread  thnMigh  the  royal 
ists  by  this  base  treachery,  and  the  battle  became  a  rout.  IMie  sliiuffhlot 
among  the  nobility  was  tremendous,  and  ini'luded  the  duke  of  Ducking- 
ham,  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  Urn)  Egromout,  Sir  William  Lucie,  and 
many  other  gallant  officers.  The  loss  of  the  common  soldiery  on  the 
Tuysi  si38  WS5  compariiiiVoiy  iriiiifig  ^  iuB  «<tn  Oi   vVifwicK  iud  fuicoi- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  HBO 

leagues  directingr  the  Yorkists,  both  in  the  battle  and  the  chase,  to  snam 
the  soldiery,  but  to  give  no  quarter  among  the  leaders. 

The  unhappy  Henry,  who  was  far  more  fit  for  the  quiet  seclusion  ol 
some  well-ordered  coun  ry  abode,  was  by  the  compulsion  of  his  imoeri- 
ous  wife  a  spectator  of  this  battle,  and  was  taken  prisoner;  but  both  poUcv 
and  good  feeling  led  the  Yorkist  leaders  to  show  every  respect  and  kH 
less  to  one  whose  greatest  misfortune  was  being  a  king,  and  whose  great- 
jst  fault  was  a  disease  of  the  brain ;  whose  patient  and  simple  befrina 
moreover,  had  won  him  the  tender  pity  of  his  people 

Warwick  marched  with  his  royal  captive  to  London,  where  the  duke  of 
York  shortly  afterwards  arrived  from  Ireland,  and  a  parliament  was  sum- 
moned m  the  king's  name  to  meet  at  Westminster  on  the  7th  of  October 
The  real  or  affected  scruples  of  York  were  now  wholly  at  an  end?  and 
he  had  determined  to  bring  forward  for  the  first  time  an  open  and  positive 
claim  to  the  throne.    But  even  now  he  v/ould  only  do  so  throSgh  the 
medium  of  a  farce  which  one  cannot  read  of  without  feeling  somethina 
hkecontenipt  for  h.m,  ,n  spite  of  the  remarkable  ability  of^his  ge3 
conduct      Though  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  knew  the  intentions  of 
York  fully  as  well  as  the  duke  himself  knew  them,  tiiat  prelate  on  seeinir 
him  enter  the  house  of  lords  and  advance  towards  the  throne,  asked  hm! 
ma  low  tone,  whether  he  had  as  yet  paid  his  respects  to  the  king;  and 
York  answered-as  the  prelate  well  knew  that  he  was  to  answer-fhat  he 
knew  of  no  one  to  whom  he  owed  the  respect  due  to  that  title.     How  two 
grave  men  could  unblush.ngly  perform  this  scene  of  needless  mockery,  or 
how  they  could  perform  it  unchecked  by  the  indignant  and  contemptJouJ 
laughter  of  their  fellow-peers,  it  really  is  not  easy  to  imagine.     *^'"P*"°"* 
Having  by  this  ridiculous  scene  made  all  the  preparations  that  he  could 
desire  the  duke  placed  himself  close  to  the  throne,  and  addressed  aTonJ 
speech  to  the  peers  in  advocacy  of  his  right  to  the  throne,  and  in  com? 
meat  upon  the  treason  and  cruelty  by  which  the  house  of  Lancaster  had 
usurped  and  kept  possession  of  it.     So  unnecessary  was  the  farce  wUh 
which  he  duke  had  thought  fit  to  preface  the  statement-so  we  I  preprred 
were  at  least  the  majority  of  the  peers  present  to  hear  it,  that  tWnr^ 
ceeded  to  take  the  subject  into  consideration  as  coolly  as  their  descK 
anis  of  ihfe  present  day  would  resolve  themselves  into  a  committee  for  Sio 
consideration  of  a  turnpike  bill.     The  duke  probably  was  no    very  weH 
pleased  with  the  excess  of  this  coolness;  fortho  8p6t  upon  which  L  lad 
placed  hirnself  and  h.s  bearing  throughout  the  scene  go  to  show,  that  he 

were  made  to  it,  g,  „u„ded  on  former  parlianioiuarv  setUeme,  tg  of  Le  iuc 
cession  and  upon  the  fact  that  the  dke.  who  had  always  Some  the  arm. 
of  York,  now  da  med  through  the  house  of  Clarence;  b^t  to  both  the« 
Ob  eclions  the  duke's  friends  replied  by  alledging  the  prevailing  power  and 
pat  tyranny  of  tho  Lancastrians  ;  and  the  peers,  wftoni  this  rSv  saf  L- 
Jed-HS,  no  doubt,  had  been  duly  agreed  upon  lonV before  tlL  met  in  h« 
house-proceeded  to  determine' that  the  title  «7the  d.  ke  o7  Yo^  w^J 
beyond  doubt  iust  and  indefeasible,  but  that  in  consideration  of  HenJJ 
Wing  worn  ilie  crown  ihirty-eight  years,  ho  should  con  inue  to  do  I?^ 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life,  the  duke  acting  durng  that  1176  «ire,enC 
The  lord,  further  deten^ined  that  the  duke  Ihould  iueeeVdTo  «"'e?hmnt 
at  Henry's  decease  ;  that  any  attemnts  upon  his  life  should  be  emmil  J 
iZT]  ^'^'»  »"«'"Pf  on  the  life  ol' the  king;  ai  d  tha"    li.  new  S 

lll^^  ^''!i  ""*"   •''""'•»   ^«   «""'•  a'"i   «hrogate   and   a  uml   lh« 
Wtlement  made  previously.     The  duke  was  well  ,.o„i«„Vl,.  J.""'  .11! 

-..^ciac  sciuoiiiuui  of  tiie  qucauon  ;  tlu'  weak-iaijirted  »ivd""capiiv«  kiii 


390 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


liad  of  rourae  no  power  to  oppose  it,  and  this  transfer  of  the  settlement  was 
agreed  to  by  thtj  whole  parliament  with  less  excitement  than  a  trivial  party 
question  has  often  caused  since. 

Invested  with  the  regenc]^,  and  also  having  the  king's  person  in  his 
power,  York  was  now  king  in  all  but  name ;  but  he  too  well  understood 
the  audacious  and  able  spirit  of  Queen  Margaret,  to  deem  himself  perma- 
nently in  possession  as  long  as  she  remained  in. the  kingdom  at  liberty. 
Anxious  to  get  her  into  his  power,  that  he  might  either  ii»prisonor  banish 
her,  he  sent  h^r,  in  the  name  of  her  husband,  a  summons  to  join  him  in 
London.  But  Margaret,  who  was  busy  raising  forces  in  Scotland  and  the 
north  of  England,  by  promising  to  the  bravest  and  most  turbulent  men  in 
those  parts  the  spoiling  of  all  the  country  north  of  the  Trent,  instead  ol 
complying  with  this  summons,  unfurled  the  royal  standard,  and  showed 
herself  at  the  head  of  twenty  thousand  men,  and  prepared  to  fight  vet  an- 
other battle  against  York  in  despite  of  disadvantageous  fortune.  Whether 
from  some  unaccountable  want  of  judgment  on  the  part  of  the  duke,  oi 
from  the  exceeding  popularity  of  Margaret  among  the  inhabitants  of  the 
north,  causing  him  to  be  wantonly  misled  as  to  her  resources,  the  duke 
with  only  five  thousand  men  rt.arched  against  Margaret's  army,  as  though 
he  had  merely  to  put  down  an  ordinary  revolt  of  an  undisciplined  handful 
of  men.  A  fatal  mistake,  from  whatever  cause  it  arose  !  The  duke  had 
already  led  his  little  army  as  far  as  Wakefield,  in  Yorkshire,  ere  he  dis- 
covered his  error  just  in  time  to  throw  himself  in  Sandal  Casll«,  in  that 
neighbourhood ;  and  even  now  he  might  have  been  safe  had  he  not  beea 
guilty  of  a  second  error,  for  which  no  one  but  liiinself  could  possibly  be 
blamed.  He  was  urged  by  the  earl  of  Salisbury  and  the  rest  or  the  friends 
who  accompanied  him,  to  keep  close  within  the  castle  until  his  son,  the 
earl  of  March,  could  arrive  from  the  borders  of  Wales,  where  he  was  levy. 
ing  troops,  and  thus,  when  he  had  something  like  an  equality  as  to  num. 
bers,  to  descend  into  the  plain  and  give  the  queen  battle.  This  prudent 
counsel  the  duke  with  unconceivable  folly  rejected,  upon  the  ridiculous 
plea  that  he  should  be  forever  disgraced  as  a  soldier  were  he  to  remain 
shut  up  within  a  fortress  because  threatened  by  a  woman.  Now  tlie  duke 
rliust  full  well  have  known,  that,  spirited  and  sanguinary  as  Margaret 
undoubtedly  was,  she  was  in  merely  the  nominal  command  of  her  army 
that  she  was  aided  by  commanders  of  whose  talents  it  would  be  no  dis- 

ffrace  to  him  to  show  his  respect ;  and  that  finally,  her  force  outnumbered 
lis  in  the  overwhelming  proportion  of  four  to  one.  But  the  truth  was, 
that  the  duke  had  more  courage  as  a  knight  than  judgment  as  a  com- 
mander ;  and,  in  spile  of  all  that  could  be  said  by  his  real  and  judicious 
friends,  he  obstinately  persisted  in  descending  to  the  neighbouring  plain 
and  giving  battle  to  the  queen.  As  might  have  been  anticipated,  the  royal- 
ists availed  themselves  of  their  vast  numerical  superiority,  and  at  liie 
commencement  of  the  action  detached  a  considerable  body  to  fall  upon  the 
rear  of  the  duke's  force.  This  manoeuvre  hastened  the  event,  which  was 
not  doubtful  even  from  the  commencement ;  the  duke's  armv  was  com- 
pletely routed  and  he  himself  was  among  tlie  number  of  the  slain. 

That  Margaret  should  cbase  to  resist  the  prince  was  natural,  even  apart 
from  anv  doubt  she  might  have  felt  as  to  the  superiority  of  his  claim  to 
that  of  her  husband;  but  her  conduct  after  the  battle  showed  a  depraved 
and  virulent  feeling,  which  was  at  once  unwomanly  and  of  evil  augury  to 
the  pf'opU)  in  the  event  of  her  ever  being  firmly  fixed  in  power.  The  body 
of  her  illustrious  opponent,  whose  triumph  would  have  been  sucuro  som«J 
years  before  had  ho  chosen  to  push  his  power  to  extremity,  was  foui.J 
among  the  slain ;  and  this  disgustingly  unfoniinine  queen  had  the  head 
•truck  off  and  affixed  to  the  gate  of  York  castle,  a  paper  crown  being  nrsi 
placed  upon  the  ghastly  head,  in  bitter  and  cruel  mockery  of  the  dukes 

' r^r.t     -..T ._.         u .«■    —....I    inmnor     BonmB    In    have    in 

UnSUCCCSSUUi    CUUCaTUurs.      lua-.jjaict  a   vjtfc!    ivt!?i— •     —   — 


HISTOBT  OP  THE  WORLD.  391 

Juenced  her  friends.  The  youngr  earl  of  Rutland,  son  of  the  duke  ol  York, 
and  then  only  seventeen  years  old,  being  taken  prisoner  and  led  into  the 
presence  of  Lord  Clifford,  was  by  that  nobleman's  own  hand  put  to  death. 
This  dastardly  butchery  of  a  naere  boy  is  accounted  for  by  the  historians 
on  the  ground  of  Clifford's  own  father  having  perished  in  the  battle  of  St 
Aiban's !  As  though  that  could  have  been  any  justification  of  his  rresent 
butchery  of  a  young  prince  who  at  the  time  of  that  battle  was  barelv 
twelve  years  old !  Another  illustrious  victim  was  the  earl  of  SahBourv, 
who  being  severely  wounded  was  taken  prisoner,  carried  to  Pontefract! 
ind  there  beheaded. 

This  battle  was  a  terrible  loss  to  the  Yorkists,  upwards  of  three  thousand 
af  whom  perished,  besides  the  duke.  That  prince  was  only  fifty  years  of 
age  when  he  fell,  and  was  reasonably  looked  upon  by  his  party  as  being 
likely  to  be  their  support  and  ornament  for  many  years.  He  was  succeeded 
in  his  title  and  pretensions  by  his  eldest  son,  Edward ;  besides  whom  he 
left  two  other  sons,  George  and  Richard^and  three  daughters,  Anne.  Eliza- 
beth, and  Margaret. 

A.  D.  1461.— Immediately  after  this  action  the  able  and  active,  though 
most  hatefully  cruel  Margaret,  marched  with  the  main  body  of  her  army 
arainst  the  earl  of  Warwick,  who  was  left  in  command  of  the  main  body 
of  the  Yorkists  at  London,  while  she  sent  a  detachment  under  Jasper  Tu- 
dor,  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  half-brother  to  her  unfortunate  husband,  affainst 
Edward,  the  new  duke  of  York,  who  was  still  on  the  Welsh  border.  The 
earl  of  Pembroke  and  the  duke  of  York  met  at  Mortimer's  Cross,  in  Here- 
fordshire, when  the  earl  was  completely  routed  with  the  loss  of  nearly 
four  thousand  men  ;  the  remainder  of  his  force  being  scattered  in  all  di- 
rections, and  he  himself  having  no  small  difliculty  in  making  good  his  re- 
treat.  His  father.  Sir  Owen  Tudor,  who  accompanied  him  to  iliis  disas- 
trous  battle,  was  still  less  fortunate  ;  being  taken  prisoner  and  led  into  the 
presence  of  the  duke  of  York,  that  prince  instantly  ordered  him  to  be  bo 
headed. 

Margaret  was  more  fortunate  than  Pembroke.  She  encountered  War 
wick  at  St.  Aiban's,  whither  he  had  marched  from  London  to  meet  her 
Warwick  s  own  force  was  large,  and  he  was  strongly  reinforced  by  volun 
tcers,  the  Londoners  being  for  the  most  part  staunch  Yorkists.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  battle  Warwick  even  had  the  advantage,  but  ho 
was  sudden  y  deserted  by  Lovelace,  who  commanded  under  him,  and  who 
led  the  whole  of  his  men  over  to  the  enemy.  The  consequence  was  the 
complete  rout  of  the  Yorkists,  two  thousand  three  hundred  of  whom  per- 
ished  oil  the  field.  Many  Yorkists  also  were  taken  prisoners,  as  was  the 
unhappy  king,  who  had  been  taken  to  the  battle  by  Warwick,  and  who,  in 
lalling  again  into  the  power  of  his  queen,  could  scarcely  so  properly  be 
said  to  be  rescued  as  to  be  taken  prisoner.  Unhappy  prince  !  Into  whose 
Hands  soever  he  might  pass,  the  weakness  of  his  mind  rendered  him  but 
he  mere  tool  and  pretext  of  his  possessors,  who  hurried  him  hither  and 
milher,  now  vexing  his  dull  intellect  with  thu  subtle  schemes  of  parly,  and 
now  stariliiig  his  tame  and  timorous  spirit  with  the  bloody  s^^enes  and  rude 
alarms  of  the  tented  field.     Unhappy,  thrice  unhappy  priiico ! 

Margaret  here  gave  a  new  proof  of  her  sanguinary  temper.  Lord  Bon. 
VII  e,  who  had  been  entrusted  with  the  care  of  the  king's  person  during  the 
oauie,  was  rather  agreeable  to  the  weak  prince,  who,  on  the  defeat  of  the 
lorkiais,  begged  this  nobleman  to  remain,  and  assured  him  of  pardon  and 
proieciion.  But  Margaret,  as  soon  as  the  confusion  of  battle  allowed  lier 
ointcrrere,  ordered  him  to  be  beheaded  ;  and  a  similar  doom  was  InHictcd 
upon  bir  I  homas  Kyriel,  who  had  greatly  distinguished  himself  duriua 
we  wars  in  France.  * 

Before  Margaret  could  turn  the  victory  she  thus  abused  to  any  practical 
-- J — s  "M'tT- -ri   1  vir.  sai-tuijT  ajjpruafiicu  iicT}  aan  05  snu 


802 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


was  sensible  of  hor  disadvaulagea  in  being  between  his  arn  y  and  London, 
where  he  was  so  popular,  she  hastily  retreated  northward ;  while  Edward 
whom  she  but  narrowly  avoided,  and  whose  army  was  far  more  numerous 
than  hers,  entered  London  m  triumph,  and  to  the  great  delight  of  his  party. 
Finding  his  cause  so  numerously  supported  by  the  Londoners,  and  greatly 
elated  by  the  cordial  gratulations  which  they  bestowed  upon  him,  which 
he  doubtless  owed  fully  as  much  to  his  youth,  the  elegance  of  his  person 
and  his  kindly  though  courtly  address,  he  determined  to  cast  aside  all  the 
hdsitation  and  delay  which  had  proved  so  fatal  to  his  father,  to  assume  the 
throne  in  despite  of  Henry's  existence,  and  to  maintain  his  assumption 
by  treating  as  traitors  and  rebels  all  who  should  venture  to  oppose  it.  As, 
however,  he  was  desirous  of  having  at  least  the  appearance  of  the  national 
consent  to  his  claims,  and  as  the  appealing  to  parliament  would  be  infin- 
itely too  tedious  for  his  impatience,  and  might  even  give  time  for  some 
fatal  bar  to  arise  to  his  success,  he  assembled  his  army  and  a  great  mul- 
titude of  the  Londoners  m  St.  John's  Fields,  where  an  artful  and  yet  pas- 
sionate harangue  was  pronounced  in  vituperation  of  the  other  faction,  and 
in  support  of  the  claims  and  in  praise  of  the  high  qualities  of  Edward  him- 
self. Such  an  harangue  as  this,  delivered  before  a  meeting  composed 
exclusively  of  the  friends  and  partizans  of  Edward,  could  not  fail  to  elicit 
applause;  and  when  it  was  followed  up  by  the  question  "which  king  they 
would  have,  Henry  of  Lancaster  or  Edward  of  York  1"  who  can  be  in  doubt 
as  to  the  reply  with  which  the  multitude  made  the  very  welkin  ring.  Ed- 
ward duke  of  York  having  thus  been  hailed  by  "  the  people"  as  their  kinf^ 
under  the  style  of  Edward  IV.,  certain  peers,  prelates,  and  other  influen- 
tial personages  were  next  assembled  at  Baynard's  castle,  who  confirmed 
what  they  obstinately  affected  to  call  "  the  people's  decision ;"  and  Edward 
IV.  was  duly  proclaimed  king  on  the  6th  of  March,  thus  putting  a  formal 
end  to  the  reign  of  the  unfortunate  Henry,  whose  infancy  was  graced  witii 
two  crowns,  and  hailed  by  the  loyal  shouts  of  two  nations,  and  whose 
manhood  had  been  only  one  long  series  of  servitude  in  the  hands  of 
avowed  enemies,  or  of  friends  whose  yoke  was  quite  as  heavy,  and  per 
haps  even  more  painful. 


Ill 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

THE   REIGN   Of   EDWARD   IV. 

Thouoh  Edward  was  now  only  in  his  twentieth  year,  he  had  already 
given  proofs  of  activity,  courage  and  a  very  determined  purpose;  to  which 
we  must  add,  that  almost  the  very  first  act  of  his  reign  sfiowcd  that  if  he 
were  more  prompt  and  resolute  than  his  father,  he  was  also  by  far  more 
Tiolciit  and  sanguinary.  A  citizen  of  London  had  the  sign  of  the  crown 
above  his  shop,  and  jocularly  said  that  his  son  should  be  "heir  to  the 
crown."  Anything  more  harmless  than  this  jocular  speech,  or  more  ob- 
vious than  the  tradesman's  real  meaning,  it  would  not  be  easy  to  Imagine 
But  Edward,  jealous  of  his  title  and  feeling  himself  insecure  upon  the 
throne,  gave  a  treasonable  interpretation  to  a  merry  Joke,  insisted  that  it 
had  a  derisive  allusion  to  himself,  and  actually  had  the  unfortunate  man 
condemned  for  treason — and  executed ! 

This  brutal  murder  was  a  fitting  prelude  to  the  scenes  of  slaughter  with 
which  tlie  kingdom  was  soon  filled ;  and  plainly  proclaimed  that  Margaret 
had  now  to  deal  with  an  rppotient  to  the  full  as  truculent  and  unsparlnft 
as  herself.  The  nation  was  divided  into  Lancastrians  and  Yorkists,  the 
former  bearing  the  symbol  of  the  red,  the  latter  of  the  white  rose ;  and  m 
though  the  blood  shed  in  actual  fight  were  insiifllclent  to  allay  the  tlgor- 
ike  desire  of  the  principal  opponents,  the  scaffolds  were  dyed  deeply  wiih 
the  blood  of  the  prisoners  taken  by  either  partv. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


803 


Margaret's  popularity  in  the  northern  counties  had  enabled  her  to  get 
together  an  army  of  sixty  thousand  men,  with  which  she  took  post  in 
Yorkshire,  whither  Edward  and  the  earl  of  Warwick  hastened  to  meet 
herj  On  arrivinj;  at  Pontefract,  Edward  despatched  Lord  Fitzwalter  with 
a  detachment  to  secure  the  passage  over  the  river  Ayre,  at  Ferrybridge. 
Fitzwalter  obtained  possession  of  the  important  post  in  question,  but  was 
speedily  attacked  there  by  very  superior  numbers  of  the  Lancastrians  un- 
der Lord  Clifford,  who  drove  the  Yorkists  from  their  position  with  great 
slaughter,  Fitzwalter  himself  being  among  the  slain.  When  the  remains 
of  the  beaten  detachment  carried  these  disastrous  tidings  to  the  earl  of 
Warwick,  that  nobleman,  fearing  that  the  misfortune  would  destroy  the 
spirits  of  his  troops,  had  his  horse  brought  to  him,  stabbed  it  to  the  heart 
in  presence  of  the  whole  army,  and  solemnly  swore  that  he  would  share 
the  fatigues  and  the  fate  of  the  meanest  of  his  soldiers.  He  at  the  same 
time  caused  public  proclamation  to  be  made,  giving  permission  to  any  sol- 
dier who  feared  the  approaching  struggle  immediately  to  depart  from  the 
army;  and  in  a  similar  spirit  denounced  the  most  severe  punishment  upon 
any  who  on  the  actual  day  of  battle  should  show  any  symptoms  of  cow- 
ardice while  before  the  enemy.  As  the  post  which  had  been  so  disas- 
trously lost  by  Fitzwalter  was  of  great  importance.  Lord  Falconberg  was 
sent  with  a  new  detachment  to  recover  it ;  and,  crossing  the  river  at  some 
miles  above  Ferrybridge,  he  fell  suddenly  upon  Lord  Clifford's  detachment 
and  routed  it,  Clifford  himself  being  among  the  very  considerable  number 
of  the  killed.  a  6  j 

The  opposing  armies  at  length  met  at  Towton.  The  Yorkists  charged 
under  favour  of  a  severe  snow-storm  which  the  wind  drove  into  the  faces 
of  the  enemy,  whose  half  blinded  condition  was  still  further  turned  to  ad- 
vantage  by  Lord  Falconberg,  who  caused  a  party  of  his  archers,  while  yet 
at  more  than  ordinary  arrow-shot  from  the  opposite  army,  to  discharge  a 
volley  of  the  light,  far  flying,  but  nearly  harmless  arrows  called  flight  ar- 
rows, and  immediately  to  shift  their  position.  The  Lancastrians,  quite 
,  unsuspicious  of  the  stratagem,  and  prevented  by  the  snow  from  noticing 
iiitir  opponents'  change  of  position,  sent  volley  after  volley  of  their  arrows 
ill  the  du-ection  whence  they  had  been  assailed,  and  when  they  had  thus 
bootiessly  emptied  their  quivers  the  main  body  of  the  Yorkists,  led  on  by 
Edward  himself,  made  a  grand  and  terribly  destructive  charge;  the  bow 
was  laid  aside  on  both  sides  for  the  sword  and  battle-axe,  and  the  Lancas- 
trians were  routed  and  pursued  all  the  way  to  Tadcaster  by  their  enemy. 
The  Lancastrian  loss,  in  the  battle  and  the  scarcely  less  murderof.s  pur- 
suit, was  calculated  at  six  and  thirty  thousand  men ;  among  whom  were 
Ihe  earl  of  Westmoreland  and  his  brother  Sir  .lohn  Nevil,  the  earl  of  Nor- 
ihuraberland,  the  lords  Dacres  and  Welles,  and  Sir  Andrew  Trollope, 
whose  treachery  had  formerly  been  so  disastrous  to  the  cause  of  the  York- 
ists. The  eirl  of  Devonshire,  who  was  among  the  prisoners,  was  carried 
before  Edward,  who  sternly  ordered  him  to  be  beheaded  and  his  head  to 
be  stuck  upon  the  gatt  of  York  castle ;  whence  the  heads  of  the  late  duke 
of  York  and  the  earl  of  Salisbury  were  now  taken  down.  Margaret  and 
her  unhappy  husband  were  fortunate  enough  to  escape  to  Scotland,  whither 
they  were  accompanied  by  the  duke  of  Somerset  and  by  the  duke  of  Exe-  ' 
'or,  who  had  sided  against  Edward,  although  he  had  married  his  sister. 
Scotland  was  so  much  torn  by  faction  that  the  Scottish  council  afforded 
but  little  encouragement  to  Margaret  to  even  hope  for  assistance,  until  she 
promised  to  give  up  Berwick  and  to  contract  for  a  marriage  of  her  son 
and  the  sister  of  Kmg  James.  Even  then  the  friendship  of  the  Scots  did 
not  assume  an  aspect  very  threatening  to  Edward,  who  tranquilly  returned 
10  London  and  lummoiied  a  parliament. 

Ldward's  success  rendered  this  parliament  very  rcvidy  to  recognise  his 
litio  to  the  throne  b>  descent  from  the  family  of  Mor^mflr,    it  expressed 


¥■••■1 


n94 


HISTORY  OF  THE  "WORLD. 


if 


the  utmost  detegtation  of  what  it  now  called  the  intrusion  of  Henry  IV 
annulled  all  grants  made  by  the  Lancastrians,  and  declared  Edward'c  fathol 
rightly  seized  of  the  crown,  and  himself  the  rightful  king  from  the  very 
day  that  he  was  hailed  so  by  acclamation  of  the  soldiery  and  rabble,  which 
It  complacently  termed  *'  the  people." 

A.  D.  1462. — Though  Edwara  found  his  parliament  thus  accommodatine 
he  soon  perceived  that  he  had  very  great  difficulties  to  contend  against  ere 
he  could  consider  himself  secure  in  his  possession  of  the  crown.  Not 
only  were  there  numerous  disorders  at  home,  the  necessary  result  of  civij 
war,  but  there  were  enemies  abroad.  France,  especially,  seemed  to 
threaten  Edward  with  annoyance  and  injury.  The  throne  of  that  country 
was  now  filled  by  Louis  XL,  a  wily,  resolute,  and  unsparing  despot.  For- 
tunately  for  Edward,  however,  the  tortuous  policy  of  Louis  had  placed  him 
in  circumstances  which  rendered  his  power  to  injure  the  reigning  king  of 
England  very  unequal  indeed  to  his  will  to  do  so.  He  at  first  sent  oiiij 
a  very  small  body  to  the  assistance  of  Margaret,  and  even  when  that  queen 
subsequently  paid  him  a  personal  visit  to  solicit  a  more  decided  and  effi- 
cient aid,  his  own  quarrels  with  the  independent  vassals  of  France  only 
allowed  him  to  spare  her  two  thousand  men-at-arms,  a  considerable 
force,  no  doubt,  but  very  unequal  to  the  task  of  opposing  such  a  prince 
as  Edward. 

With  this  force,  augmented  by  numerous  Scottish  adventurers.  Margaret 
made  an  irruption  into  the  northern  counties  of  England,  but  she  was  de- 
feated by  Lord  Montague,  warder  of  the  eastern  marches  between  Eng- 
land and  Scotland,  first  at  Hedgeley  Inver,  and  then  at  Hexham.  In  the 
latter  action  Margaret's  force  was  completely  destroyed.  Among  the 
prisoners  were  Sir  Humphrey  Neville,  the  duke  of  Somerset,  and  the 
lords  Hungerford  and  De  Roos,  all  of  whom,  with  many  gentleman  of  less 
note,  were  summarily  executed  as  traitors.  Henry,  who  had  been  as 
usual,  forced  to  the  battle-field,  was  for  a  time  concealed  by  some  of  his 
friends  in  Lancashire,  but  at  the  end  of  about  a  year  was  given  up  to  Ed 
ward,  who  held  him  in  too  much  contempt  to  injure  him  beyond  commit* 
ting  him  to  close  custody  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

Margaret  after  her  escape  from  the  fatal  field  of  Hexham  went  through 
adventures  which  read  almost  like  the  inventions  of  romance.  She  was 
passing  through  a  forest  with  her  son  when  she  was  attacked  by  robbers, 
who,  treating  with  contempt  her  royal  rank,  robbed  her  of  her  vaiuablt 
jewels  and  also  personally  ill  treated  her.  The  division  of  their  rich  bootj 
caused  a  general  quarrel,  which  so  much  engaged  their  attention  that  Mar- 

!|;aret  and  her  son  were  enabled  to  escape.  She  was  again  stopped  in  the 
orest  by  a  single  robber,  to  whom — deriving  fearlessness  from  the  very 
desperation  of  her  circumstances — she  courageously  said,  "Here,  my 
friend,  is  the  son  of  your  king ;  to  your  honour  I  entrust  his  safety."  The 
bold  demeanour  of  the  queen  chanced  to  chime  in  with  the  robber's  hu 
niour ;  he  vowed  himself  to  her  service,  and  protected  her  through  the 
forest  to  the  sea  coast,  whence  she  escaped  to  her  father's  court,  where 
for  several  years  she  lived  in  a  slate  of  ease  and  quietude  strangely  in 
contrast  with  the  stormy  life  she  so  long  had  been  accustomed  fo  lead. 

Margaret  powerless,  Henry  imprisoned,  and  Louis  of  France  fully  en. 
gaged  with  quarrels  nearer  home,  Edward  now  thought  himself  suffi- 
ciently secured  upon  his  throne  to  be  warranted  in  indulging  in  the  gay- 
eties  and  amours  which  were  so  well  suited  to  his  youth  and  temper- 
ament. But  though  his  gallantries  were  by  no  means  ill  taken  by  his 
good  citizens  of  London,  and  perhaps  even  made  him  more  popular  than 
a  prince  of  graver  life  would  have  been  at  that  time,  his  susceptibility  to 
the  charms  of  the  fair  at  length  involved  him  in  a  serious  quarrel. 

The  earl  of  Warwick  and  other  powerful  friends  of  Edward  advised 
iiim  to  marry,  and  thus,  by  his  matrimonial  alliance,  still  fcrther  strengthen 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


395 


018  throne.  The  advice  tallied  well  with  Edward's  own  judgment,  and 
the  earl  of  Warwick  was  dispatched  to  Paris  to  treat  for  the  hand  of 
Bona  of  Savoy,  sister  of  the  queen  of  France,  and  Warwick  succeeded 
so  well  that  he  returned  to  England  with  the  whole  affair  ready  for  for- 
mal ratification.  But  during  Warwick's  absence  his  fickle  and  amorous 
master  had  been  engaged  in  rendering  the  earl's  mission  not  merely  use- 
less, but  as  mischievous  as  anything  could  be  that  was  calculated  to  ex- 
cite the  hatred  and  rage  of  such  a  prince  as  Louis  XL 

The  lady  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Sir  John  Grey,  of  Groby,  who  was  killed 
at  the  second  battle  of  St.  Albans,  was,  by  the  confiscation  of  her  hus- 
band's estates,  for  his  siding  with  the  Lancastrians,  so  reduced  in  her 
worldly  circumstances,  that  she  and  her  children  were  dependant  on  her 
father,  in  whose  house,  at  Grafton  in  Northamptonshire,  they  all  resided. 
She  was  still  young,  and  her  remarkable  beauty  was  little  impaired  by 
the  sorrows  she  had  endured;  and  the  king,  while  hunting,  chancing  to 
visit  Grafton,  the  lady  Elizabeth  took  the  opportunity  to  throw  herself  at 
his  feet  and  entreat  the  restoration  of  her  husband's  estates,  for  the  sake 
uf  her  unfortunate  children.  At  sight  of  her  beauty,  heightened  by  her 
suppliant  attitude,  the  inflammable  king  fell  suddenly  and  deeply  in  love 
with  her.  He  in  his  turn  became  a  suitor,  and  as  her  prudence  or  her 
virtue  would  not  allow  her  to  listen  to  dishonourable  proposals,  the  in- 
fatuated monarch  privately  married  her. 

When  Warwick  returned  from  France  with  the  consent  of  I«ouis  to  the 
marriage  with  Bona  of  Savoy,  the  imprudent  marriage  of  the  king,  hith- 
erto kept  quite  secret,  was  of  necessity  divulged ;  and  Warwick,  indig- 
nant and  disgusted  with  the  ridiculous  part  he  had  been  made  to  play  in 
wooing  a  bride  for  a  prince  who  was  already  married,  left  the  court  with 
no  amicable  feelings  towards  his  wayward  master. 

A.  D.  1465. — The  mischief  of  Edward's  hasty  and  inconsiderate  al- 
liance did  not  end  here.  Like  all  persons  who  are  raised  much  above 
their  original  rank,  the  queen  was  exceedingly  presuming,  and  the  chief 
business  of  her  life  was  to  use  her  influence  over  her  still  enamoured 
husband  to  heap  titles  and  wealth  upon  her  family  and  friends,  and  to 
ruin  those  who  were,  or  were  suspected  to  be,  hostile  to  her  grasping  and 
ambitious  views.  Her  father,  a  mere  private  gentleman,  was  created 
earl  of  Rivers,  made  treasurer  in  the  room  of  the  lord  Mountjoy,  and  con 
stable  for  life,  with  succession  to  his  son,  who,  marrying  the  daughter  of 
Lord  Scales,  had  the  title  as  well  as  the  vast  estates  of  that  nobleman 
conferred  upon  him.  The  queen's  sisters  were  provided  with  proportion- 
ally splendid  marriages,  and  the  queen's  son  by  her  first  marriage,  young 
Sir  Thomas  Grey,  was  contracted  to  the  heiress  of  the  duke  of  Exeter, 
u  niece  of  the  kiTig,  whose  hand  had  been  promised  to  Lord  Montague, 
who,  with  the  whole  powerful  Neville  family,  was  consequently  very 
deeply  offended. 

The  exorbitant  and  insatiable  craving  of  the  queen's  family  disgusted 
every  one ;  but  to  no  one  did  it  give  such  bitter  feelings  as  to  the  earl  of 
Warwick,  who,  though  from  his  favour  with  the  crown  he  had  made  up 
his  fortune  to  the  enorniou6  amount  of  eighty  thousand  crowns  per  an- 
num, as  we  learn  from  Philip  de  Comines,  was  himself  of  so  grasping  a 
nature  that  ho  was  still  greedy  for  more  gain,  and,  perhaps,  still  more  dis- 
inclined to  see  others  in  possession  of  the  favour  and  influence  which  he 
formerly  had  almost  exclusively  enjoyed.  This  powerful  noble,  having 
vexations  of  this  kind  to  imbitter  his  anger  at  the  way  in  which  he  had 
been  treated  as  regarded  the  marriage,  was  urged  to  wishos  and  projects 
most  hoQtile  to  Edward's  throne ;  and  as  many  of  the  nobility  were  much 
disBi'sted  with  Edward  on  account  of  his  resumption  of  grants,  Warwick 
Imd  no  difficulty  in  finding  sympathy  in  his  anger  and  association  in  his 


896 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


liii. 


Among  all  the  high  personages  of  the  kingdom  to  whom  Edward'3  im 
P'-udent  marriage  and  uxorious  folly  gave  offence;  none  felt  more  deeplv 
perhaps  none  more  reasonably,  offended  than  Edward's  second  brotlier 
the  duke  of  Clarence.    From  his  near  relationship  to  the  king  he  had 
every  right  to  expect  the  most  liberal  treatment  at  his  hands ;  but  so  fai 
was  he  from  receiving  it,  that  while  the  queen  and  her  recently  obscure 
relations  were  overwhelmed  with  favours  of  the  most  costly  kind  his 
fortunes  were  still  left  precarious  and  scanty.     Warwick,  a  shrewd  judge 
of  men's  tempers,  easily  descried  the  wounded  and  indignant  feelings  ol 
Clarence,  and  offered  him  the  hand  of  his  eldest  daughter,  who,  Beina 
Warwick's  co-heiress,  could  bring  the  duke  a  much  larger  fortune  than 
the  king  could  bestow  upon  him,  even  had  he  been  better  inclined  than 
he  hffd  hitherto  appeared,  to  mend  the  slender  fortunes  of  his  brotlier 
Having  thus  united  the  influence  of  the  duke  of  Clarence  to  his  own 
and  engaged  him  inextricably  in  his  projects,  Warwick  had  no  difficulty 
in  forming  an  extensive  and  very  powerful  confederacy  against  the  king. 
A.  D.  1469. — The  unsettled  and  turbulent  temper  of  the  kingdom,  and 
the  preparatory  measures  of  such  a  confederacy,  so  headed,  could  not 
fail  to  produce  a  state  of  things  in  which  the  slightest  accidental  occur 
fence  might  lead  to  the  most  extensive  and  dangerous  public  disorders 
especially  as  in  spite  of  all  Edward's  success,  and  the  stern  severity  with 
which  he  had  used  it,  there  was  still  remaining  througliout  the  country  a 
strong  though  a  concealed  attachment  to  the  ruined  house  of  Lancaster. 
A  grievance  which   at  first  sight  appeared  little  connected  with  state 
quarrels,  and  of  a  nature  to  be  easily  settled  by  so  arbitrary  a  monarch 
as  Edward,  caused  the  brooding  discontents  to  burst  forth  into  open  vio- 
lence. 

St.  Leonard's  hospital,  in  Yorkshire,  like  many  similar  establishments, 
had  from  a  very  early  age  possessed  the  right  of  receiving  a  thrave  ol 
corn  from  every  ploughland  in  the  district ;  and  the  poor  complained, 
most  likely  with  great  reason,  that  this  tax,  which  was  instituted  for  theif 
relief,  was  altogether,  or  nearly  so,  perverted  to  the  personal  emolument 
of  tl  9  managers  of  the  charity.  From  complaints,  wholly  treated  with 
contempt  or  neglect,  the  peasantrjr  in  tlie  neighbourhood  proceeded  to  re- 
fusal to  pay  the  tax;  and  when  their  goods  and  persons  were  molested  for 
their  contumacy,  they  fairly  took  up  arms,  and  having  put  to  death  the 
whole  of  the  hospital  officials,  they  marched,  full  fifteen  thousand  strong, 
to  the  gates  of  the  city  of  York.  Here  they  were  opposed  by  some 
troops  unde.  »he  lord  Montague,  and  he  having  taken  prisoner  their  leader, 
by  name  Robert  Hulderne,  instantly  caused  him  to  be  executed,  after  the 
common  and  disgraceful  practice  of  those  violent  times. 

The  loss  of  their  leader  did  not  in  the  least  intimidate  the  rebels;  they 
still  kept  in  arms,  and  were  now  joined  and  headed  by  friends  of  the  earl 
of  Warwick,  who  saw  in  this  revolt  of  the  peasantry  a  favourable  oppor- 
tunity for  aiding  their  own  more  extensive  and  ambitious  views. 

Sir  Henry  Neville  and  Sir  John  Conyers  having  placed  tlipn  selves  at 
the  head  of  the  rebels,  drew  them  off  from  their  merely  loca.  ■  1  isnly 
contrived  plans  and  marched  them  si  uJiward,  their  number^  hn  jaasiiit^ 
80  greatly  during  their  progress  as  to  cause  great  and  by  >  ',:;n;  i;  > 
founded  alarm  to  the  government.  Herbert,  who  had  obt4.i.ie.;  t.ie  earl- 
dom of  Pembroke  on  the  forfeiture  of  Jasper  Tudor,  was  ordered  to 
march  against  the  rebels  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  Welshmen,  reinforced 
by  five  thousand  well-appointed  archers  commanded  by  Stafford,  earl  ol 
Devons'iiire,  who  had  obtained  that  title  on  the  forfeiture  of  the  great 
Courtney  family.  Scarcely  had  ^e  two  noblemen,  however,  joined 
their  foiciiH  ".v'^'n  a  quarrel  broki  ut  between  them  upon  some  trivial 
question  \i -i,!,  priority  of  right  to  quarters,  and  so  utterly  forgetful  did 
the  ang  i  o-  .  ev  »i  ihire  render  hira  of  the  great  and  important  objecl  oi 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


897 


li.i>  (.ommand,  that  he  sullenly  drew  off  his  valuable  force  of  archers,  and 
left  die  earl  of  Pembroke  lo  stand  the  brunt  of  the  approacliing  encounter 
with  ihe  rebels  with  his  own  unaided  and  inferior  force. 

Undismayed  by  this  defection  of  his  colleague,  Pembroke  continued  to 
approach  the  rebels,  when  the  hostile  forces  met  near  Banbury  At  the 
first  encounter  Pembroke  gained  the  advantage,  and  Sir  Henry  Neville 
being  among  his  prisoners,  he  had  that  popular  gentleman  immediately 
executed.  It  this  severity  was  intended  to  strike  terror  into  the  rebels 
it  wholly  failed  of  its  purpose.  The  rebels,  so  far  from  being  intimidated, 
were  incited  by  their  rage  to  a  carnage  more  desperate  than,  probably 
any  other  means  could  have  inspired  them  with,  and  they  attacked  the 
Welsh  so  furiously  that  the  latter  were  completely  routed,  and  vast  num- 
bers perished  in  the  pursuit,  the  Welsh  sternly  refusing  quarter.  Pem- 
broke beiiiR  uiifortunately  taken  prisoner  by  the  rebels,  was  by  them  con- 
sifiii  d  to  the  s;.n?e  late  which  he  had  inflicted  upon  their  leader  The 
kiiig  .vas  very  naturally  excited  to  the  utmost  indignation  by  the  fatal 
recults  of  Ihe  obstinacy  and  insubordination  of  the  earl  of  Devonshire, 
whom  he  caused  to  be  executed. 

Even  here  the  cold  butcheries  which  either  party  dignified  with  the 
name  of  executions  did  not  terminate.  Some  of  the  rebels,  dispatched 
to  Grafton  by  Sir  John  Conyers,  succeeded  in  capturing  the  queen's 
mother,  the  earl  of  Rivers,  and  his  son,  Sir  John  Grey ;  and,  their  sole 
crime  being  that  they  were  related  to  the  queen  and  that  they  were  not 
Dhiiosophers  enough  to  refuse  to  profit  by  that  relationship,  they,  too, 
were  "  executed"  by  the  rebels. 

Though  there  is  no  reasonable  ground  for  doubting  that  the  earl  of 
Warwick,  and  his  son-in-law,  the  duke  of  Clarence,  were  the  real  direct- 
ors of  the  revolt,  they  .deemed  it  politic  to  leave  its  public  management 
to  Neville  and  Conyers— doubtless  to  be  tolerably  sure  of  the  result  be- 
fore  they  would  too  far  commit  their  personal  safety.     Accordingly  all 
the  while  that  so  mucli  bloodshed  had  been  going  on  in  England,  Warwick 
and  Clarence  lived  in  great  apparent  unconcern  at  Calais,  of  which  the 
former  was  governor,  and,  still  farther  to  conceal  their  ultimate  intentions 
from  the  king,  Warwick's  brother,  the  lord  Montague,  was  among  the 
bravest  and  most  active  of  the  opponents  of  the  rebels.     So  confident 
was  Warwick  that  the  suspicions  of  the  king  could  not  fall  upon  him, 
though  the  murder  of  the  earl  Rivers  was  surely  a  circumstance  to  have 
pointed  to  the  guilt  of  that  nobleman's  bitterest  rival,  that  he  and  Clar- 
ence, when  the  languid  rate  at  which  the  rebellion  progressed  seemed  to 
promise  a  disastrous  issue  to  it,  came  over  to  England,  and  were  entrust- 
ed by  Edward  with  very  considerable  commands,  which,  probably  from 
want  of  opportunity,  they  made  no  ill  use  of.     The  rebellion  having 
been  already  very  considerably  quelled,  Warwick,  probably  anxious  to 
save  as  many  malcontents  as  possible  for  a  future  and  more  favourable 
opportunity,  persuaded  Edward  to  grant  a  general  pardon,  which  had  the 
ettect  of  completely  dispersing  the  already  wearied  and  discouraged  rebels, 
itiougu  Warwick  and  Montague  gave  so  much  outward  show  of  loy- 
alty, and  though  the  king  heaped  favours  and  honours  upon  the  family,  he 
yet  seems  to  have  been  by  no  means  unaware  of  the  secret  feelings  of  both 
iiese  restless  noblemen ;  for  on  one  occasion  when  he  accompanied  them 
10  a  banquet  given  by  their  brother,  the  archbishop  of  York,  he  was  so 
impressed  with  the  feeling  that  he  intended  to  take  that  opportunity  of 
flispatching  him  by  poison  or  otherwise,  that  he  suddenly  rushed  from  the 
Danqueting  room  and  hastily  returned  to  his  palace. 

A.  p.  1470.— A  new  rebellion  now  broke  out.     At  the  outset  there  wore 

no  signs  to  connect  either  Clarence  or  the  earl  of  Warwick  with  it ;  vet 

as  we  know  how  invcteraiely  disloyal  both  the  duke  and  the  earl  were 

,„  j,.jj.t  xauTra:u  uiiimcu,  anu  aiso  ina;  HS  soon  as  Uieyhac' 


P-'i^M 


898 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


an  opportunity,  and  had  reason  to  believe  that  the  rebellion  would  oosuc 
cessful,  they  prepared,  aa  will  be  seen,  to  add  open  revolt  to  the  foule-.! 
treachery.  This  rebellion  commenced  in  Lincolnshire,  and  in  a  very 
short  time  the  leader  of  it,  Sir  Robert  Welles,  was  at  the  head  of  not  fewer 
than  thirty  thousand  men.  Sir  Robert's  father,  the  Lord  Welles,  not  only 
took  no  part  in  the  proceedings  of  his  son,  but  showed  his  sense  of  both 
their  danger  and  impropriety  by  taking  shelter  in  a  sanctuary.  But  this 
prudent  conduct  did  not  save  him  from  the  vengeance  of  the  king.  The 
unfortunate  nobleman  was  by  plausible  arguments  allured  from  the  sanc- 
tuary, and,  in  company  of  Sir  Thomas  Dymoke,  beheaded  by  the  kmj^'s 
orders.  Edward  soon  after  gave  battle  to  the  rebels  and  defeated  them, 
and  Sir  Robert  Welles  and  Sir  Thomas  Launde  being  taken  prisoners, 
were  immediately  beheaded.  So  little  did  the  king  suspect  Clarence  and 
Warwick  of  any  concealed  influence  in  these  disturbances,  that  he  gave 
them  commissions  of  array  to  raise  troops  to  oppose  the  rebels.  The  op- 
portunity thus  afforded  them  of  forwarding  their  treasonable  views  was 
too  tempting  to  be  resisted,  and  they  at  once  removed  all  doubts  as  to  their 
real  feelings  by  levying  forces  against  the  king,  and  issuing  remonstrances 
against  the  public  measures  and  the  king's  ministers.  The  defeat  of  Sir 
Robert  Welles  was  a  sad  discouragement  to  them,  but  they  had  now  pro- 
ceeded too  far  to  be  able  to  withdrav.-,  and  they  marched  their  army  into 
Lancashire.  Here  they  fully  expected  the  countenance  and  aid  of  Sir 
Thomas  Stanley,  who  was  the  earl  of  Warwick's  brother-in-law,  but  find- 
ing that  neither  that  nobleman  nor  the  lord  Montague  would  join  them, 
tliey  dismissed  their  arrny  and  hastened  to  Calais  (the  government  ol 
Warwick)  where  they  confidently  calculated  upon  finding  a  sure  and  safe 
refuge.  Here  again,  however,  they  were  doomed  to  be  disappointed.  On 
leaving  Calais  the  last  time,  Warwick  had  left  there,  as  his  deputy  gov 
emor,  a  Gascon  named  Vaucler.  This  gentleman,  who  was  no  stran- 
ger to  Warwick's  disloyalty,  readily  judged  by  the  forlorn  and  iil-altended 
style  in  which  that  nobleman  and  tlie  duke  of  Clarence  now  made  iheir 
appearance  before  Calais,  that  they  had  been  unsuccessfully  engagfcd  in 
some  illegal  proceeding ;  he  therefore  refused  them  admittance,  and  would 
not  even  allow  the  duchess  of  Clarence  to  land,  though  siie  had  been  de- 
iivered  of  a  child  while  at  sea,  and  was  in  a  most  pitiable  state  of  ill  health. 
As,  however,  he  by  no  means  wished  to  break  irremediably  with  men 
whom  some  chance  might  speedily  render  as  powerful  as  ever,  Vaudcr 
sent  wine  and  other  stores  for  the  use  of  the  duchess,  and  secretly  assured 
Warwick  that  he  only  seemed  to  side  against  him,  in  order  tliat  he  might, 
by  gaining  the  confidence  of  tlie  king,  be  able  to  give  the  fortress  up  to 
the  earl  at  the  first  opportunity ;  and  he  dilated  upon  those  circumstances 
of  the  place  whii-.h  rendered  it  very  improbable  that  the  garrison  and  in- 
habitants would  just  at  that  time  suffer  it  to  be  hold  by  Wiirwick  againsl 
the  established  government  of  England.  Whatever  might  be  Warwick't 
real  opinion  of  the  sincerity  of  Vaucler,  he  feigned  to  be  quite  sjitisfied 
with  hi?  conduct,  and  having  seized  some  Flemish  vessels  which  lay  off 
the  coast,  ho  forthwith  departed  to  'ry  his  fortune  at  the  court  of  Framt!. 
Here  he  was  well  received,  for  the  French  king  had  formerly  held  a  close 
correspondence  with  the  earl,  and  was  just  now  exceedingly  hostile  to 
Edward  on  account  of  the  friendship  which  existed  between  tfirtt  monarch 
urn'  »he  most  turbulent  as  well  as  the  most  powerful  vassal  of  France, 
the  duke  of  Burgundy.  Though  the  earl  of  Warwick  had  so  much  reason 
to  hate  the  house  of  Laniraster,  the  king  so  urgently  pressed  him  to  a  re- 
conciliation, and  to  attempt  to  restore  that  house  to  tl.o  throne  <'"'';'"•?■ 
land,  that  at  an  interview  with  Queen  Margaret  the  earl  consented  to  ii 
reconciliation,  and  to  doing  his  utmost  to  restore  Henry  to  his  throne  on 
---<-:„  :T>;>.i!!t!nn=.  The  chisf  of  th<>.-s  conditions  wef9-.  that  the  e;iri  oi 
Warwick  and  the  duke  of  Clarence  should  a4miui«ter  in  England  'M>t\i 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  '  399 

(ho  whole  minority  of  Prince  Edward,  son  and  heir  of  Henry ;  that  thai 
young  prince  should  marry  the  lady  Anne,  Warwick'e  second  dauffliter. 
aiid  that,  failing  issue  to  them,  the  crown  should  be  entailed  on  the  duke 
of  Clarence,  to  the  absolute  exclusion  of  the  issue  of  the  reigning  kinn. 
By  way  of  showing  the  sincerity  of  this  unnatural  confederacy,  >rince 
Edward  and  the  lady  Anne  were  married  immediately. 

Edward,  who  well  knew  the  innate  and  ineradicable  hostility  of  War- 
wick s  real  feehngs  towards  the  house  of  Lancaster,  caused  a  lady  of 
great  talent  to  avail  herself  of  her  situation  about  the  person  of  the  duke 
of  Clarence,  to  influence  the  duke's  mind,  especialy  with  a  view  to  makiuff 
him  doubtful  of  the  sincerity  of  Warwick,  and  of  the  probability  of  his 
long  continuing  faithful  to  this  new  alliance ;  and  so  well  did  the  fair  envoy 
exert  her  powers,  that  the  duke,  on  a  solemn  assurance  of  Edward's  for- 
giveness and  future  favour,  consented  to  take  the  earliest  favourable  od- 
portuiiity  to  desert  his  father-in-law.  But  while  Edward  was  intent  upon 
detaching  the  duke  of  Clarence  from  Warwick,  this  latter  nobleman  was 
no  less  successful  in  gaining  over  to  his  side  his  brother,  the  marquis  of 
Montiigue,  whose  adhes-on  to  Warwick  was  the  more  dangerous  to  Ed- 
ward because  Montague  was  entirely  in  his  confidence. 

When  Warwick  had  completed  his  preparations,  Louis  supplied  him 
with  men,  money,  and  a  fleet;  while  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  on  the  other 
hand,  closely  united  with  Edward,  and  having  a  personal  quarrel  with 
Warwick,  cruised  in  the  channel  in  the  hope  of  intercepting  that  nobleman 
ore  he  could  land  111  England  The  duke  of  Burgundy,  while  thus  actively 
oxerling  himself  for  Edward's  safety,  also  sent  him  the  most  urgent  and 
wise  advice ;  but  Edward  was  so  over  confident  in  his  own  strength,  that 
ne  professed  to  wish  that  Warwick  might  make  good  his  landing 

In  this  respect  his  wish  was  soon  granted.  A  violent  storm  dispersed 
lie  duke  of  Burgundy's  fleet,  and  Warwick  was  thus  enabled  to  land  with- 
out opposition  on  thi;  coast  of  Devon,  accompanied  by  tlie  duke  of  Cla- 
rence and  the  carls  of  Oxford  and  Pembroke.  The  king  was  at  this  time 
in  the  north  of  England  engaged  in  putting  down  a  revolt  caused  by  War- 
wick  s  brother-in-law,  the  lord  Fitzliugli ;  and  Warwick's  popularity  bcine 
thus  left  unopposed,  he,  who  had  landed  with  a  force  far  too  small  for  his 
thousa'd""*^  himself  in  a  very  few  days  at  the  head  of  upwards  of  sixty 

The  king  on  hearing  of  Warwick's  landing  hastened  southward  to  meet 

mm,  and  the  two  armies  came  in  sight  of  each  other  at  Nottingham      An 

■  action  was  almost  hourly  expected,  and  Edward  was  still  confident  in  his 

good  fortune;  but  he  was  now  to  feel  the  ill  efl-pcts  of  the  ovorweeiiina 

Son.  .S  P"'. '"  ^'!^  ""''■'l^'f  °^  Montague.  That  nobleman  suddenly 
got  his  adherents  under  arms  during  the  darkness  of  the  night  hours,  and 
nf  thVh^"".  r^  ^"  the  quarter  occupied  by  the  king,  shouting  the  war-cry 
of  the  hostile  army.     I'ldward,  who  was  awakened  by  this  sudden  tumult 

ihrm  .  ^  fl'Kht  while  there  was  still  time  for  him  to  do  so.  So  well  had 
haJv  t?^"."'^  Montague  timed  his  treacherous  measure,  that  Edward  lia.l 
loSrnn  hnl",r'.''''  ''"f^'-ir,";'  •'"'"'«''>"'•»'  to  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  where 
enKdS'''"P  ?''  ¥l'^  rom  England,  leaving  Warwick  so  sud- 
C«Lc«hT,%l"*'!rr'"  "'^r""'.  '^'T''^'"'  "'"'  "'"  »i«kl"'.nd  hesitating 
and  whini?  "?l  '"•''  '!'"''  ^*""  '•'«  •='"'"8«  »f  "''ie"  ''o  had  roiitomplatei 
and  which  would  now  have  been  fatal  to  him.  ' 

ne  InHoM  m„'?T'i  »'''^^^»'-'»'« /'"•««'!  <HmUn^  from  his  kingdom,  that 

nd  when   nC      "''^«,'"'>"«y.  •'^vels,  or  any  other  valuables  with  him, 

wi  hTmu'p    f  narrowl^r  escaping  from  the  (laiise  K.wns,  then  at  war 

"uuiing  with  winch  to  reoomDiuiae  thn  mu«t«r«f  iho  -i.i„  .„„.. ..  -  .u-  -!-ui_ 

— J. — ,.^3  ji/uc  riviiiy 


'MV 


400 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


lined  with  sable  fur,  which  he  accompanied  with  assurances  of  a  raoto 
substantial  recompense  should  more  prosperous  times  return. 

The  duke  of  Burgundy  was  greatly  alinoyed  at  the  misfortune  of  Ed. 
ward.  Personally  and  in  sincerity  the  duke  really  preferred  the  Lancas- 
trian  to  the  Yorkist  house ;  he  had  allied  hiir.seif  with  the  latter  solely 
from  the  politic  motive  of  being  allied  to  the  reigning  house  of  England 
and  row  that  the  Lancastrians  were  so  triumphant  that  even  the  cautious 
Vaucler,  who  had  been  confirmed  by  Edward  in  his  government  of  Calais, 
did  not  scruple  to  give  that  important  place  up  to  Warwick— a  pretty 
certain  proof  that  the  Lancastrians  were  secure  for  some  time  at  least— 
the  duke  was  greatly  perplexed  by  the  necessity  he  was  under  of  invid- 
iously  giving  a  cold  reception  to  a  near  connection  who  was  suffering 
from  misfortune,  or  of  hi  ng  at  the  exponse  and  discredit  of  supporting  a 
penniless  fugitive  whose  very  misfortunes  were  in  no  slight  degree  attri- 
Dutable  to  his  own  want  of  judgment. 

The  flight  of  Edward  from  the  kingdom  was  the  signal  for  Warwick  to 
pive  liberty  to  the  unhappy  Henry,  whose  confinement  in  the  Tower  had 
been  chiefly  the  earl's  own  work.  Henry  was  once  more  proclaimed  king 
with  all  due  solemnity,  and  a  parliament  was  summoned  to  meet  him  at 
Westminster,  whose  votes  were,  of  course,  the  mere  echoes  of  the  in- 
sructions  of  the  more  dominant  faction  of  Warwick.  As  had  formerly 
been  agreed  between  Warwick  and  Queen  Margaret,  it  was  now  enacted 
by  the  parliament  that  Henry  was  the  rightful  and  only  king  of  f]ngland, 
but  that  his  imbecility  of  mind  rendered  it  requisite  to  have  a  regency,  the 
powers  of  which  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  duke  of  Clarence  and  the 
earl  of  Warwick  during  the  minority  of  Prince  Edward,  and  the  duke  ol 
Clarence  was  declared  heir  to  the  throne  failing  the  issue  of  that  yonng 
prince.  As  usual,  very  much  of  the  time  of  the  parliament  was  occupied 
m  reversing  the  attainders  which  had  been  passed  against  Lancastrinnfi 
during  the  prosperity  of  the  house  of  York.  In  one  respect,  however,  this 
parliament  and  its  dictator  Warwick  deserve  considerable  praise— their 
power  was  used  without  that  wholesale  and  unsparing  resort  to  bloodshed 
by  which  such  triumphs  are  but  too  generally  disgraced.  Many  of  tlir 
leading  Yorkists,  it  is  true,  fled  beyond  the  sea,  hut  still  more  of  then 
were  allowed  to  remain  undisturbed  in  the  sanctuaries  in  which  they  tool 
refuge;  and  among  these  was  even  Edward's  queen,  who  was  deliverct 
of  a  son  whom  she  had  christened  by  the  name  of  his  absent  father. 

A.  n.  1471. — Queen  Margaret,  who  was  perhaps,  somewhat  loss  active 
than  she  had  been  in  earlier  life,  was  just  preparing  to  return  to  England  • 
with  Prince  Edward  and  the  duke  of  Somerset,  sun  to  the  duke  of  that 
title  who  was  beheaded  after  the  battle  of  Hcxlmnt.  when  their  journey 
WHS  rendered  useless  by  a  new  turn  in  the  affairs  of  England ;  a  turn  most 
InmentHble  to  those  Lancastrians  who,  as  Phdip  de  ('oinines  li'lls  us  o( 
the  dukes  of  Somerset  and  Exeter,  were  reduced  to  absoliKe  beggary. 
The  turn  of  affairs  to  which  we  allude  was  mainly  caused  by  the  impru- 
dence of  the  carl  of  Warwick,  who  acted  towards  the  duke  of  Unrgundy 
in  such  wise  as  to  compel  that  prince  in  sheer  self-defence  to  aid  the 
exiled  Edward.  The  duke's  personal  predilections  being  really  on  the 
side  (»f  the  Lancastrians,  it  required  only  a  timely  and  prudent  policy  oa 
the  part  of  the  earl  of  Warwick  to  have  secured,  at  the  least,  the  duke's 
neutrality.  Hut  the  earl,  laying  too  much  stress  upon  the  relationshiit  he- 
Iween  Edward  and  Unrgundy,  took  U  for  granted  that  the  latter  must  he  a 
dotermin«d  enemv  to  the  Lancastrians,  and  caused  him  to  hi'come  so  hy 
«endnig  a  body  of  four  thousand  men  to  Calais,  whence  they  made  very 
mischievous  irruptions  into  the  Low  Countries.  Burgundy,  fearing  the 
3onaequflnce!<  of  b(!ing  attacked  at  once  jy  Franco  and  by  England,  de- 
Icnnined  to  divert  the  attention  and  power  of  tho  latter  by  assisiing  nir. 
orother-in-luw.     Bui  while  deirrniined  so  to  uid  Kdward  a*  to  enaHe  iwu 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


401 


to  give  NVarwjck's  party  abundant  anxiety  and  trouble,  tK<5  uuke  was  not 
the  less  careful  to  do  so  with  the  utmost  attention  to  the  preservation  of 
friendly  appearances  towards  the  English  government.  With  this  view 
he  furnished  Edward  with  eighteen  vessels,  large  and  small,  together  with 
a  Slim  of  money ;  but  he  hired  the  vessels  in  the  name  of  some  merchants 
and  sti  1  further  to  mislead  Warwick,  or  to  give  him  a  plausible  reason  foi 
pretending  to  be  misled,  no  sooner  had  Edward  sailed  than  the  duke  pub- 
hcly  forbade  his  subjects  from  affording  any  aid  or  countenance  to  thai 
prince  either  by  land  or  water, 

Edward  in  the  meantime,  with  a  force  of  two  thousand  men,  attempted 
to  land  upon  the  coast  of  Norfolk,  but  was  driven  off,  and  he  then  landed 
at  Raveiispur,  in  Yorkshire.    Perceiving  that  here,  too,  from  the  caro 
which  Warwick  had  taken  to  fill  the  magistracy  with  his  own  partizans 
the  Lancastrian  party  was  far  the  most  popular  and  powerful,  Edward 
adopted  the  pohcv  which  had  formerly  so  well  served  the  duke  of  Lan- 
caster,  and  issued  a  proclamation  in  which  he  solemnly  averred  that  he  had 
landed  without  any  intention  of  challenging  the  crown  or  of  disturbing  the 
national  peace,  but  had  come  solely  for  tlie  purpose  of  demanding    ht' 
fanuly  possessions  of  the  house  of  York,  to  which  he  was  inconteftibly 
entitled.     Ihis  afrected  moderation  caused  great  numbers  to  join  his 
standard  who  would  not  have  done  so  had  he  openly  avowed  his  intention 
of  endeavouring  to  recover  the  crown  ;  and  he  speedily  found  himself 
possessed  of  the  city  of  York  and  at  the  head  of  an  army  sufficiently 
numerous  to  promise  him  success  in  all  his  designs ;  while  his  chance 
of  success  was  still  further  increased  by  the  unaccountable  apathy  of  the 
marquis  of  Montague,  who  had  the  command  of  all  the  forces  in  the 
nor-h,  but  took  no  steps  to  check  the  movements  of  Edward,  though  he 
gu«^ly  could  not  have  been  unaware  how  important  and  dangerous  tliev 
were.    Warwick  was  more  alert,  and  having  assembled  a  force  at  Lei- 
cester  ho  prepared  to  give  battle  to  Ed^vard,  who,  ho   ever  contrived  to 
pass  him  and  to  make  his  way  to  London.     Had  Edward  been  refused  ad- 
mitaiioe  here,  nothing  could  have  saved  his  cause  from  complete  ruin  ; 
but  he  had  not  taken  so  bold  a  step  without  carefully  and,  as  it  proved, 
correctly  calculating  all  his  chances.     In  the  first  place,  the  sanctuarieJ 
Of  London  were  filled  with  his  friends,  who  ho  well  knew  would  join  him 
111  he  next  place  he  was  extremely  popular  with  the  ladies  of  London' 
and  indebted  to  their  husbands  for  sums  of  money  which  they  could  novel 
n-Ti'^iT'"®  "">88  he  should  succeed  in  recovering  the  crown ;  and  in 
the  third  place,  Warwick's  brother,  the  archbishop  of  York,  to  whom  th« 
government  of  the  city  was  entrusted,  gave  a  new  instance  of  the  facile 
and  shameless  treachery  which  disgraced  that  -mo,  by  entering  into  a 
correspoiidenco  with  Edward,  and  agreeing  to  betray  his  own  brother 

Being  admitted  into  the  city  of  London,  Edward  made  himself  master 

frnrn^T""  ""^.ih^  ""'■"'•tunate  Henry,  who  was  thus  once  more  passed 
irom  tlie  throne  to  the  dungeon.  ^ 

wfi?f  '""?y  <-inMitn8t«nces  gave  advantage  to  Edward,  the  earl  ol 

and  h  vi  J'l'  1^  ?'V"  M  "r  '1-"''""".'  *"  y'^'''  ^''''""'  »  f«i'->y  ""cken  field, 
n.l„  S  *"' '  u''*"''  "".^*"'  '^"'■'=°  •'"  •'""I'J  '•"''»«  ho  stationed  himself  at 
S'.Kn?"  ^I-.*'!"  '^°T*'^  't'  '*'*'  '^"^P  mortification  of  fully  expori 
ZX.  '"f"'""''*^,  ""d  treachery  of  d'laroncc,  who  siuideiily  brokft 
from  his  quarters  during  the  night,  and  made  his  way  ov,.r  to  Edward 
to  h  2L"t"""r"^"'  Warwick's  boHt  troops.  Ha.lVarwick  listS 
L;!fr  !i'  "  IT"''P"««  »'o  would  now  have  closed  with  the  offers  <.f  n 
K  ,„..'"'"""'  7'"'"''  Y:"""  ""*•'"  '*•  '»'"  ^y  both  E<«ward  and  Cla. 
pTall'potnn..r.''  ^»'«'-«"Kl'ly.nroused  and  enraged,  and  ho  resolvi-d  to 

"n«ry  v.aour.^^  A  mere  accident  gave  a  decisive  turn  to  the  long  imter 


402 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


tain  foriiine  of  the  day.  The  cognizance  of  the  king  was  a  sun,  that  oi 
Waiwick  a  star  with  rays  diverging  from  it ;  and  in  the  dense  mist  which 
prevailed  during  the  battle  the  earl  of  Oxford  was  mistaken  for  a  YorkiBh 
eader,  and  he  and  his  troops  were  beaten  from  the  field  vjith  very  area* 
slauBhter  by  his  own  Mends.  This  disaster  was  followed  by  the  death 
of  Warwick,  who  was  slain  while  fighting  on  foot,  as  was  h>8  brother 
MontBBue.  The  Lancastrians  were  now  completely  routed,  and  Ldward 
Bivinff  orders  to  deny  quarter,  a  vast  number  were  slain  in  the  pursuit  as 
well  as  in  the  battle.  Nor  was  the  victory  wholly  without  cost  to  the 
conquerors,  who  lost  upwards  of  fifteen  hundred  men  of  all  ranks. 

As  Warwick  had  determined  not  to  make  terms  with  Edward,  his  best 
Dolicv  would  have  been  to  await  the  arrival  of  Queen  Margaret,  who  was 
daily  expected  from  France,  and  whose  influence  would  have  united  all 
Lancastrians  and  probably  have  ensured  victory.    But  Warwick,  unsus- 
nicious  of  Clarence's  treachery,  felt  so  confident  of  victory,  tiiat  he  whs 
kbove  all  things  anxious  that  Margaret  should  not  arrive  m  time  to  share 
his  antioinated  fflorv ;  but  though  he  had  on  that  account  hurried  on  the 
Sition  Saret  and'her  son.  attended  by  a  small  body  of  French  landed 
in  Dorsetshire  on  the  very  day  after  the  fatal  battle  of  Barnet.    Here  as 
soon  as  she  landed  she  learned  Warwick's  defeat  and  death,  and  the  new 
caDtivitv  of  her  inveterately  unfortunate  husband;  and  she  was  so  much 
depressed  by  the  information  that  she  took  sanctuary  at  Beauheu  abbey. 
She  was  here  visited  and  encouraged  by  Tudor,  earl  of  Pembroke,  Cour- 
tenay,  earl  of  Devonshire,  and  other  men  of  rank  and  influence,  and  in- 
duced to  make  a  progress  through  Devon,  Somerset,  and  Gloucestershire. 
In  this  neighbourhood  her  cause  appeared  to  be  exceedingly  popular,  for 
every  day'i  march  made  a  considerable  addition  to  her  force.    She  was 
at  leJgth  overtaken  at  Tewkesbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  by  Edward  s  army, 
and  in  the  battle  which  ensued  she  was  completely  defeated,  wUh  the  loss 
of  about  three  thousand  men,  among  whom  were  the  earl  of  De^vonshire 
nnd  Lord  Wenlock,  who  were  killed  in  the  field,  and  the  duke  of  Somerset 
and  about  a  score  more  persons  of  distinction  who,  having  taken  sanctuary 
in  a  church,  were  dragged  out  and  beheaded. 

Among  the  prisoners  were  Queen  Margaret  and  her  son.    They  were 
taken  info  theVesonce  of  Edward,  who  sternly  denianded  of  the  young 
prince  on  what  groand  he  had  ventured  to  invade  England.     The  high- 
Spirited  boy,  regarding  rather  the  fortune  to  which  he  was  born  than  the 
SwerlesB  and  periloui  situation  in  which  the  adverse  fortune  of  war  ha 
Ere7him? bolSly  and  imprudently  replied  that  he  had  come  toj^'ig 
for  the  riffhtful  purpose  of  c  a  ming  his  just  inheritance.    1  his  answer  so 
mu  h  e7r;ged'iZBrd,that  he,  Lgetful  alike  of  deconcT  am'  "[^^ 
struck  the  youth  in  the. face  with  his  gaunticted  hand.    As  hough  ih.j 
violent  act  had  been  a  preconcerted  signal,  the  dukes  of  t.loi  tester  ..nu 
cieic:;  wUh  Lord  nist.ngs  and  Sir  Thoma*  (Jray,  dragged  U^^^^^^^^^^ 
prince  into  an  adjoining  roo.n  and  there  disoatched  him  with     «    da^ge  s. 
h'he  unhappy  Margaret  was  committed  to  cV)so  «7«»«;"«"  ''''?,„  S^o 
in  which  sad  orison  Henry  had  expired  a  few  days  after  the  bntiie  oi 
Tewkesbury      As  "lenry's  health  had  loiiff  been  infirm,  .1  seems  qu.te 
S  that  his  deah  was  natural,  but  as  tf.e  temper  of  ttf  t""^'«  "•  ^ 
violoncfl  ut  the  least  probable.  Edward  caused  the  body  to  be  exposed  to 
public  view,  and  it  certainly  showed  no  signs  of  "»["''•"»''»"?•      ■        „, 
^  The  cause  of  the  Lancastrians  was  now  «'';'"8»'"  '«}•.  „^'''' P""eUhe 
that  house  were  dead,  the  best  and  moHl  devoted  of  its  f"enn"J«;«  «2' 

fugitive  or  dead,  and  Tudor,  rarl  ^r  1'^ '''"''"' "*  iS  t  Sv   w 
fofces  in  Wales,  now  disbanded  them  n  despair,  and  ;o"KJ^,,^f^  f' 3 
his  nephew,  the  earl  of  Richmond,  in  Brittany.    The  last  «ff'>  '  ^  "  "j"'; 
IIIrtL  ha-tird  ol  Falconberg.  who  levied  forces  and  advan.cd  to  London 
but  iie  WM  deserted  by  his  troops,  i»ken  prisoner,  ana  «xgcu.cu 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


403 


Edward,  now  wholly  triumphant,  sHmmoned  a  parliament,  which  com- 
pliantly sanctioned  his  deeds;  and  all  dangers  being  now  at  an  end,  he 
resumed  the  jovial  and  dissipated  life  to  which  he  owed  no  small  portion 
of  that  popularity  which  would,  most  probably,  have  been  refused  to  a 

Ciince  of  a  higher  cast  of  character  and  of  more  manly  end  dignified 
earing. 

Edward,  however,  was  soon  recalled  from  his  indulgence  in  pleasure, 
by  the  necessity  for  attending  to  his  foreign  interests.    He  was  by  no 
means  unconscious  of  the  cold  and  constrained  reception  that  had  been 
given  to  him  in  his  adversity  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy ;  but  considerations 
of  interest  now  led  Kdward  to  make  a  league  with  the  duke  against  the 
king  of  France.     By  this  league  it  was  provided  that  Edward  should  cross 
ihe  sea  with  not  fewer  than  ten  thousand  men  for  the  invasion  of  France. 
in  which  he  was  to  be  joined  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy  with  all  the  force 
he  could  command.     The  objects  proposed  by  the  allies  were  to  acquire 
for  England  the  provinces  of  Normandy  and  Guienne,  at  least,  and  if  poa- 
sible  the  crown  of  France,  to  which  Edward  was  formally  to  challenge 
the  right;  while  the  duke  of  Burgundy  was  to  obtain  Champagne,' with 
some  further  territory,  and  the  freedom  for  his  hereditary  territories  from 
all  feudal  superiority  on  the  part  of  France.    Their  league  seemed  the 
more  likely  to  be  successful,  because  they  had  good  reason  to  hope  for 
the  co-operation  of  the  duke  of  Brittany,  and  they  had  the  secret  assur- 
ance of  the  count  of  St.  Pol,  who  was  constable  of  France,  and  held  St. 
Quentin  and  other  important  places  on  the  Somme,  that  he  would  join 
them  when  they  should  enter  France. 

A  French  war  was  always  sure  to  excite  the  pecuniary  liberality  of  the 
English  parliament,  which  now  granted  the  king  two  shillings  in  the 
pound  on  all  rents,  and  a  fifteenth  and  three  quarters  of  a  fifteenth;  but 
this  money  was  to  be  kept  in  religious  houses,  and  returned  to  the  con- 
mbutors  in  the  event  of  the  expedition  against  Prance  not  taking  place. 
From  this  stringent  care  of  the  money  we  may  perceive  how  much  the 
commons  of  England  had  increased,  both  in  power  and  in  the  knowledge 
how  to  make  efficient  and  prudent  use  of  it. 

A.  D.  1475.— So  popular  was  the  king's  project  against  France,  that  all 
the  powerful  nobles  of  England  offered  him  their  aid  and  attendance  ;  and 
inotead  of  the  stipulated  ten  thousand  men,  he  was  enabled  to  land  at 
telais  with  fifteen  thousand  archers  and  fifteen  hundred  men-at-arms. 
But  to  Edward's  great  annoyance,  when  he  entered  France  he  was  disap 
pomted  by  the  count  of  St.  TPol,  who  refused  to  open  his  gates  to  him,  and 
by  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  who,  instead  of  joining  Edward  with  all  hie 
forces,  had  employed  them  against  the  duke  of  Lorraine  and  on  the  frontiers 
J![  ^j"'n"»ny.  This  circumstance,  so  fatal  to  Edward's  views,  arose  out  of 
the  fiery  temper  of  Burgundy,  who  personally  apologized,  but  at  the  same 
lime  confessed  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  make  his  troops 
available  to  Edward  for  that  campaign.  Louis  XL,  that  profound  politi- 
cian who  thought  nothing  mean  or  degrading  whitjh  could  aid  him  in  his 
vipwg  no  sooner  learned  the  disappointmeut  which  had  befallen  Edward, 
than  he  sent  him  proposals  of  peace;  and  a  truce  was  easily  concluded 
Delwpcn  them,  Louis  paying  seventy-five  thousand  crowns  down,  and 
Hgrecing  to  pay  two-thirds  of  that  sum  annually  for  their  joint  lives,  and 
to  marry  the  dauphin,  when  of  age,  to  Edward's  daughter.  The  two 
moimrcJis  met  at  Pecquigin  to  ratify  this  treaty;  and  the  precautione 
Which  were  taken  to  prevont  the  possibiliiy  of  assassination  on  either 
«nie  give  us  but  a  low  notion  of  the  honour  by  whioh  either  prince  was  ac 
mated  himself  or  supposed  the  other  to  be. 

There  was  one  clause  of  this  treaty— otherwise  so  disgiaceful  to  Louis 
7-whicn  WHN  hi0hlv  crsditHhls  tn  ths  PrKssrh  tsR^-  P.i.-  •:*  Hs  -»-:-,-.-.!=ii^« 
tor  Ihe  safe  release  of  the  unfortunate  Margaret,  for  whose  ransonrLoiiii 


404 


HISTORY   OF  THE  "WORLD. 


consented  to  pay  fifty  thousand  crowns.  She  vas  reloas^  accordingly 
and  until  )ier  death,  which  occurred  in  1482,  she  lived  in  complete  seclu. 
sion  from  that  world  in  which  she  had  formerly  played  so  conspicuous 
and  so  unfortunate  a  part. 

There  was  in  the  character  of  Edward  a  certain  cold  and  stubborn 
severity  which  made  it  no  easy  matter  to  recover  his  favour  after  he  had 
once  been  offended.  His  brother  Clarence,  much  as  he  had  done  in  the 
way  of  treachery  towards  his  unfortunate  fatl^er-in-law,  was  far  enough 
from  beinff  really  restored  to  Edward's  confidence  and  favour.  The 
brooding  dislike  of  the  king  was  the  more  fatal  to  Clarence  from  that  un- 
fortunate prince  having  imprudently  given  deep  offence  to  the  queen  and 
to  his  brother  the  duke  of  Gloster,  a  prince  who  knew  not  much  of  truth 
or  of  remorse  when  he  had  any  scheme  of  ambition  or  violence  to  carry. 
Well  knowing  the  rash  and  open  temper  of  Clarence,  his  formidable 
enemies  determined  to  act  upon  it  by  attacking  his  friends,  which  they 
rightly  judged  would  be  sure  to  sting  him  into  language  that  would  ruin 
him  vjrith  his  already  suspicious  and  offended  king  and  brother. 

It  chanced  that  as  the  king  was  hunting  at  Airrow,  in  Warwickshire, 
he  killed  a  white  buck  which  was  a  great  favourite  of  the  owner,  a  wealthy 
gentleman  named  Burdett.  Provoked  by  the  loss  of  his  favourite,  the 
gentleman  passionately  exclaimed  that  he  wished  the  buck's  horns  were 
stuck  in  the  belly  of  whoever  advised  the  king  to  kill  it.  In  our  settled 
and  reasonable  times  it  really  is  no  easy  matter  to  understand  how— even 
had  the  speech  related,  as  it  did  not,  to  the  king  himself— such  a  speech 
could  bv  the  utmost  torturing  of  language  be  called  treason.  But  so  it 
was.  Burdett  had  the  misfortune  to  be  on  terms  of  familiar  fricndsliip 
with  the  duke  of  Clarence  :  and  he  was  tried,  condemned,  and  beheaded 
at  Tyburn  for  no  alledged  offence  beyond  these  few  idle  and  intemperate 
words.  That  Clarence  might  have  no  shadow  of  doubt  that  ho  was  him- 
self aimed  at  in  the  persons  of  his  friends,  this  infamous  murder  was  fol- 
lowed by  that  of  another  friend  of  th«j  duke,  a  clergyman  named  Stacey 
He  was"  a  learned  man,  and  far  more  proficient  than  was  common  in 
that  half  barbarous  age  in  astronomy  and  mathematical  studies  in  gen- 
eral. The  rabble,  got  a  notion  that  such  learning  "must  needs  imply  sor- 
cery ;  the  popular  rumour  was  adopted  by  Clarence's  enemies,  and  the 
unfortunate  Stacey  was  tried,  tortured,  and  executed,  some  of  the  most 
eminent  peers  not  scrupling  to  sanction  these  atrocious  proceedings  by 
their  presence.  As  the  enemies  of  Clarence  had  anticipated,  the  perse- 
cution of  his  friends  aroused  him  to  an  imprudent  though  generous  indite- 
nation.  Instead  of  endeavouring  to  secure  himself  by  a  close  reserve,  he 
loudly  and  boldly  inveighed  against  the  injustice  ol  which  his  friends  iiad 
been  the  victims,  and  bore  testimony  to  tiieir  innocence  and  honour. 
This  was  precisely  what  the  enemies  of  the  duke  desired;  the  kmg  wa» 
insidiously  urged  to  deem  the  complaints  of  Clarence  insulting  and  in- 
jurious to  liiin,  as  implying  his  participation  in  the  alledged  injustice  doi.< 

to  the  duke's  friends.  ....      .         .,      .    , 

A.  D.  1478.— The  unfortunate  duke  was  now  fairly  tn  the  to-.s  whicl 
had  been  set  for  him  by  his  enemies.  He  was  committed  tu  the  Towti, 
and  a  parliament  was  8|M;cially  summoned  to  try  him  for  treason  I  i" 
treasons  alledged  against  him,  even  had  tliey  been  proved  by  iln' 
most  trustworthy  evidence,  were  less  treasons  than  mere  p<;tulai;i 
speeches.  Not  a  single  overt  act  was  even  alledged,  far  less  proved 
against  him  But  thn  king  in  person  prosecuted  him,  and  the  shivisli 
parhament shamelessly  pronounced  him  guilty;  the  commons  adding  to 
their  vilencRs  bv  both  petitioning  for  the  diike's  execution  and  pafs'iig  n 
bill  of  attaindei'against  him.  The  dreadfully  severe  temper  of  MwanJ 
required  no  such  vile  prompting.  There  was  little  daiigor  of  hi*  »l>o>)^n8 
merov  even  to  a  brother  whom  hf  imd  oaoe  faUiy  iesuiea  to  naic:    11  = 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD, 


405 


Hole  favour  that  he  would  grant  the  unhappy  duke  was  that  of  being  allow- 
ed to  choose  the  mode  of  his  death ;  and  he  made  choice  of  the  strange 
and  unheard-of  one  of  being  drowned  in  a  butt  of  Malmsey  wine,  which 
whimsically  tragic  death  was  accordingly  inflicted  upon  him  in  the  Tower 
of  London. 

A.  D.  1462. — Louis  XI.  of  France  having  broken  his  agreement  to  marry 
the  dauphin  to  the  daughter  of  Edward,  this  king  contemplated  the  inva* 
Biou  of  France  for  the  purpose  of  avenging  the  affront.  But  while  he  was 
busily  engaged  with  the  necessary  preparations  he  was  suddenly  seized 
with  a  mortal  sickness,  of  which  he  expired  in  the  twenty-third  year  of 
his  reign  and  the  forty-second  of  his  age. 

Though  undoubtedly  possessed  of  both  abilities  and  courage,  Edward 
was  disgracefully  sensual  and  hatefully  cruel.  His  vigour  and  courage 
might  earn  him  admiration  in  times  of  difficulty,  but  his  love  of  effeminate 
pleasures  must  always  preclude  him  from  receiving  the  approbation  of  the 
wise,  as  his  unsparing  cruelty  must  always  insure  him  the  abhorrence  of 
the  good. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 


THE   REIGN   Of    EDWARD   V. 


4.D.  1483.— From  the  time  of  the  marriage  of  Edward  IV.  with  the  lady 
Elizabeth  Gray  the  court  had  been  divided  into  two  fierce  factions,  which 
were  none  the  less  dangerous  now  because  during  the  life  of  Edward  the 
stern  character  of  that  king  had  compelled  the  concealment  of  their  enmi- 
ties from  him.  The  queen  herself,  with  her  brother  the  earl  of  Rivers  and 
her  son  the  marquis  of  Dorset,  were  at  the  head  of  the  one  faction,  while 
the  other  iiurluded  nearly  the  whole  of  the  ancient  and  powerful  nobility 
of  the  kin|r(iiim,  who  naturally  were  indienant  at  the  sudden  rise  and  ex- 
ceeding ambition  of  the  queen's  family.  The  duke  of  Buckingham,  though 
he  had  married  the  queen's  sister,  was  at  the  head  of  the  party  opposed 
lo  her  family  influence,  and  he  was  zealously  and  strongly  supported  by 
the  lords  Hastings,  Stanley,  and  Howard. 

When  Edward  IV.  felt  that  his  end  was  approaching  he  sent  for  these 
noblemen  and  entreated  them  to  support  the  authority  of  his  youthful  son ; 
but  no  sooner  was  Edward  dead  than  the  leaders  of  both  factions  en- 
deavoured to  secure  the  chief  interest  with  the  heartless  and  ambitious 
duke  of  Gluster,  whom  Edward  IV.  most  fatally  had  named  regent  during 
the  minority  of  Edward  the  Fifth. 

Though  Gloster  was  entrusted  with  the  regency  of  the  kingdom,  lh« 
care  of  the  young  prince  was  conflded  to  his  uncle  the  earl  oi  Rivers,  a 
nobleman  remarkable  in  that  rude  age  for  his  literary  taste  and  talents. 
The  queen,  who  was  very  anxious  to  preserve  over  her  son  the  same 
great  influence  she  had  exerted  over  his  father,  advised  Rivers  to  levy  troops 
to  escort  the  king  to  London  to  be  crowned,  and  to  protect  him  from  any 
undue  coercion  on  the  part  of  (he  enemies  of  his  family.  To  this  step, 
however,  Lord  Hastings  and  his  friends  made  the  strongest  and  mcmt 
open  opposition ;  Hastings  even  going  so  far  as  to  declare  that  if  such  a 
force  were  levied  he  should  think  it  high  time  to  depart  for  his  govern- 
ment of  Caliiis,  and  his  friends  adding  that  the  levying  such  a  force  would 
be  the  actual  recommencement  of  a  civil  war.  Gloster,  who  had  deeper 
motives  than  any  of  the  other  of  the  parties  concerned,  affected  to  think 
such  force  needless  at  least,  and  his  artful  professions  of  determination 
lo  utftird  (lu)  young  king  all  needful  protection  so  completely  deceived  th« 
quoeii,  that  she  altc lod  lier  opinion  and  requested  her  brother  to  acconm- 
f'-iy  'tta  iu-pitrw  iu  London  with  oaiv  such  equipage  as  was  beiiitinff 
iuH  (jjifh  rwik. 


40e 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


When  the  young  king  was  understood  to  be  on  his  road,  Oloster  set  out 
with  a  numerous  retinue,  under  pretence  of  desiring  to  escort  him  lium 
ourably  to  London,  and  was  joined  at  Northampton  by  Lord  Hastings, 
who  also  had  a  numerous  retinue.  Rivers,  fancying  that  his  own  retinae 
added  to  the  numerous  company  already  assembled  at  Northampton  would 
cause  a  want  of  accommodation,  sent  Edward  to  Stony  Stratford,  and 
went  himself  to  pay  his  respects  to  the  regent  Gloster  at  Northampton. 
Rivers  was  cordially  received  by  the  duke  of  Gloster,  with  whom  and 
Buckingham  he  spent  the  whole  evening.  Not  a  word  passed  whence  he 
could  infer  enmity  or  danger,  yet  on  the  following  morning  as  he  was  enter- 
ing Stony  Stratford  to  join  his  royal  ward,  he  was  arrested  by  order  of 
the  duke  of  Gloster.  Sir  Richard  Gray,  a  son  of  the  queen  by  her  first 
marriage,  and  Sir  Thomas  Vaughan,  were  at  the  same  time  arrested,  and 
dl  three  were  immediately  sent  under  a  strong  escort  to  Pontefruct  castle. 

Having  thus  deprived  the  young  king  of  his  wisest  and  most  zealous 
protector,  Gloster  waited  upon  him  with  every  outward  show  of  kindness 
and  respect,  but  could  not  with  all  his  art  quiet  the  jregrets  and  fears 
excited  in  the  prince's  mind  by  the  sudden  and  ominous  arrest  of  his  kind 
and  good  relative.  The  queen  was  still  more  alarmed.  In  the  arrest  of 
her  brother  she  saw  but  the  first  step  made  towards  the  ruin  of  herself 
and  her  whole  family ;  and  she  immediately  retired  to  the  sanctuary  ol 
Westminster,  together  with  the  young  duke  of  York  and  the  five  prin- 
cesses,  trusting  that  Gloster  would  scarcely  dare  to  violate  the  sanctuary 
which  had  proved  her  efficient  defence  againbt  all  the  fury  of  the  Lan- 
castrian faction  during  the  worst  times  of  her  husband's  misfortunes.  Her 
confidence  in  the  shelter  she  had  chosen  was  naturally  increased  by  the 
consideration,  that  whereas  formerly  even  a  family  opposed  to  hers  by 
the  most  deadly  and  immitigable  hostility  was  not  tempted  to  violate  tiie 
sanctuary,  she  had  now  to  dread  only  her  own  brother-in-law,  while  hei 
aon,  fast  approaching  the  years  which  would  enable  him  to  terminate  his 
luicle's  protectorate,  was  the  king. 

But  m  reasoning  thus  the  queen  wholly  overlooked  the  deep  and  dan- 
gerous nature  of  her  brother-in-law,  whose  dark  mind  was  darino[  enough 
for  the  most  desperate  deeds,  and  subtle  enough  to  suggest  excuses  fit  lo 
impose  even  upon  the  shrewdest  and  most  cautions.  Gloster  saw  that 
the  continuance  of  his  nephew  in  sanctuary  would  oppose  an  insurmount- 
ablo  obstacle  to  his  abominable  designs ;  and  he  at  once  devoted  his 
powers  of  subtlety  to  the  task  of  getting  the  young  prince  from  that  se- 
cure shelter  without  allowing  the  true  motive  to  appear.  Making  full  al- 
lowance for  the  power  of  the  church,  he  represented  to  the  archbishops 
of  Canterbury  and  York,  that  the  queen  in  some  sort  insulted  the  church 
by  abusing:,  to  the  protection  of  herself  and  children  against  the  dangers 
which  exirtted  only  in  her  imagination,  a  privilege  which  was  intended 
only  for  persons  of  mature  years  having  reason  to  fear  grievous  injury  on 
account  of  either  crime  or  debt.  Now,  he  argued,  could  a  mere  child 
like  the  brother  of  their  young  king  be  in  anywise  obnoxious  to  the 
king,  of  dangers  for  which  alone  the  riy^ht  of  sanctuary  was  instituted  1 
Was  not  the  church  as  well  as  the  government  concerned  in  putting  a 
stop,  even  by  force  if  necessary,  to  a  course  of  conduct  on  the  part  of 
the  queen  which  was  calculated  to  possess  mankind  with  tho  most  horri- 
ble suspicions  of  those  persons  who  were  the  most  concerned  in  the  king's 
happiness  and  safety  1  The  prelates,  ignorant  of  the  dark  designs  of 
Olpster,  and  even  of  his  real  nature,  which  hitherto  he  had  carefully  and 
most  dexterously  disguised,  could  scarcely  fail  to  agree  with  him  as  to 
ihe  folly  of  the  queen's  conduct,  and  its  entire  needlessness  for  securinB 
her  son's  safety.  Bi:t,  careful  of  the  privileges  of  the  church,  they  would 
not  hear  of  tlie  sanctuary  being  forcibly  assailed,  but  readily  agreed  to 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


407 


use  their  personal  influence  with  the  queen  to  induce  her  voluntarily  to 
abandon  alike  her  retreat  and  her  fears. 

The  prelates  had  much  difficulty  in  inducing^  the  queen  to  allow  the 
yoang  duke  of  York  to  leave  her  and  the  protection  of  the  sanctuary. 
His  oontimiance  there  she  again  and  again  affirmed  to  be  important,  not 
only  to  his  own  safety,  but  to  that  of  the  young  king,  against  whose  life 
it  would  appear  to  be  both  useless  and  unsafe  to  striiie  while  his  brother 
and  successor  remained  in  safety.  In  reply  to  this,  the  prelates,  sin- 
cerely though  most  mistakenly,  assured  her  that  she  did  but  deceive  her- 
self in  her  fears  for  either  of  the  royal  brothers.  But  perhaps  their 
strongest  argument  was  their  frank  declaration  that  the  seclusion  of  the 
young  prince  was  so  offensive  both  to  the  duke  of  York  and  the  council, 
that  it  was  more  than  possible  that  even  force  might  be  resorted  to  should 
the  queen  refuse  to  yield  the  point.  Dreading  lest  further  opposition 
should  but  accelerate  the  evil  that  she  wished  to  avert,  the  unhappy  queen 
at  length,  with  abundance  of  tears  and  with  lamentations  which  were  but 
too  prophetic,  delivered  the  young  prince  up,  bidding  him,  as  she  did  so, 
farewell  for  ever. 

Possessed  of  the  protectorate,  which  the  council,  on  account  of  his 
near  relation  to  the  throne,  had  at  once  conferred  upon  him  without  wait- 
ing for  the  consent  of  parliament,  and  now  possessed  of  the  persons  of 
the  young  princes,  Gloster  seems  to  have  deemed  all  obstacles  removed 
to  his  bloody  and  treacherous  purpose,  though  to  any  less  uncomprom- 
ising and  daring  schemer  there  might  have  seemed  to  be  a  formidable  one 
in  the  existence  of  numerous  other  children  of  Edward,  and  two  of  the 
duke  of  Clarence. 

The  first  step  of  Gloster  in  his  infamous  course  was  to  cause  Sir  Ri.. 
ehard  Ratcliffe,  a  tool  well  worthy  of  so  heartless  and  unsparing  an  em- 
ployer, to  put  to  death  the  earl  of  Rivers  and  the  other  prisoners  whom 
lie  had  sent  to  Pontefract  castle,  as  before  named  ;  and  to  this  measure 
the  tyrant  liad  the  art  to  obtain  the  sanction  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham 
and  Lord  Hastings,  whom  subsequently  he  most  fittingly  repaid  for  their 
participation  in  this  monstrous  guilt. 

Oloster  now  quite  literally  imitated  the  great  enemy  of  mankind — he 
made  this  first  crime  of  Buckingham's,  this  participation  in  one  murder 
the  cause  and  the  justification  of  farther  crime.  He  pointed  out  to  Buck- 
insham  that  the  death — however  justifiably  inflicted,  as  he  affected  to  con- 
sider it— at  their  suggestion  and  command,  of  the  queen's  brother  and  son, 
was  an  offence  which  a  woman  of  her  temper  would  by  no  means  for- 
get ;  and  that  however  impotent  she  might  be  during  the  minority  of  her 
son,  the  years  would  soon  pass  by  which  would  bring  his  majority  ;  she 
would  then  have  both  access  to  and  influence  over  him ;  and  would  not 
that  influence  be  most  surely  used  to  their  destruction  1  Would  it  not  be 
safer  for  Buckingham,  aye,  and  better  for  all  the  real  and  antique  nubilitv 
of  the  kingdom,  that  the  offspring  of  the  comparatively  plebeian  Elizabeth 
Gray  should  be  excluded  from  the  throne,  and  that  the  sceptre  should 
pass  into  the  hands  of  Gloster  himself— he,  who  was  so  indissolubly  the 
friend  of  Buckingham,  and  bo  well  affected  to  the  true  nobility  of  the 
kingdom?  Safety  from  the  consequences  of  a  crime  already  committed 
and  irrevocable,  with  great  and  glowing  prospect  of  rich  benefits  to  arise 
from  being  the  personal  friend,  the  very  right  hand  of  the  king,  albeit  a 
usurping  king,  were  arguments  precisely  adapted  to  the  comprehension 
and  favour  of  Buckingham,  who  with  but  small  hesitation  agreed  to  lend 
his  aid  and  sanction  to  the  measures  necessary  to  convert  the  duke  of 
Gloster  into  King  Richard  III. 

Having  thus  secured  Buckingham,  Gloster  now  turned  his  attention  to 
Lord  Hastings,  whose  influence  was  so  extensive  as  to  be  of  vast  impor- 
tiViCt.    Through  the  medium  of  Catesby,  a  lawyer  much  empioyca  bv 


h^I^^^^HHH^^Bb 

1 

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1 

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^^^1 

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.^1 

408 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


O  oster  when  chicane  seemed  the  preferable  weapon  to  actual  violence 
G  oster  sounded  Hastings ;  but  that  nobleman,  weak  and  wicked  as  hr 
had  pioved  himself,  was  far  too  sincerely  attached  to  the  children  of  his 
late  sovereign  and  friend  to  consent  to  their  ii^ury.  He  not  only  refused 
to  aid  in  the  transfer  of  the  crown  from  them,  but  so  refused  as  to  leave 
but  little  room  for  doubt  that  he  would  be  active  in  his  opposition.  The 
mere  suspicion  was  sufficient  to  produce  his  ruin,  which  Gloster  set  about 
instantly  and  almost  without  the  trouble  of  disguise. 

A  council  was  summoned  to  meet  Gloster  at  the  Tower;  and  Hastinn 
attended  with  as  little  fear  or  suspicion  as  any  other  member.  Gloster 
whose  mood  seems  ever  to  have  been  the  most  dangerous  when  his  bear* 
ing  was  the  most  jocund,  chatted  familiarly  with  the  members  of  the 
council  as  they  assembled.  Not  a  frown  darkened  his  terrible  brow,  not 
a  word  fell  from  his  lips  thftf.  could  excite  doubt  or  fear ;  who  could  have 
supposed  that  he  was  about  to  commit  a  foul  murder  who  was  sufficiently 
at  ease  to  compliment  Bishop  Morton  upon  the  size  and  earliness  of  the 
strawberries  in  his  garden  at  Holborn,  and  to  beg  that  a  dish  of  them 
might  be  sent  to  him  1  Yet  it  was  in  the  midst  of  such  light  talk  that  he 
left  the  council-board  to  ascertain  that  all  his  villainous  arrangements 
were  exactly  made.  This  done,  he  entered  the  room  again  with  a  die 
turbed  and  angry  countenance,  and  startled  all  present  by  sternly  and  ab- 
ruptly demanding  what  punishment  was  deserved  by  those  who  should 
dare  to  plot  against  the  life  of  the  uncle  of  the  king  and  the  appointed 
protector  of  the  realm.  Hastings,  really  attached  to  Gloster,  though  still 
more  so  to  the  royal  children,  warmly  replied  that  whoever  should  do  so 
would  merit  the  punishment  of  traitors. 

"  Traitors,  aye  traitors !"  said  the  duke,  "  and  those  traitors  are  the 
sorceress,  my  brother's  widow,  and  his  mistress,  Jane  Sliore,  and  others 
who  are  associated  with  them."  And  then  laying  bare  his  arm,  which  all 
present  knew  to  have  been  shriveled  and  deformed  from  his  earliest 
years,  he  continued,  "  See  to  what  a  condition  they  have  reduced  me  by 
their  abominable  withcraft  and  incantations !" 

The  mention  of  Jane  Shore  excited  the  first  suspicion  or  fear  in  the 
mind  of  Hastings,  who,  subsequent  to  the  death  of  the  late  king,  had  been 
intimate  with  the  beautiful  though  guilty  woman  of  that  name. 

"  If,"  said  Hastings,  doubtfully, "  they  have  done  this,  my  lord,  they  de- 
serve the  severest  punishment." 

"  If!"  shouted  Gloster,  "  and  do  you  prate  to  me  of  your  t/s  and  andt? 
You  are  the  chief  abettor  of  the  sorceress  Shore ;  you  are  a  traitor,  and 
by  St.  Paul  I  swear  that  I  will  not  dine  until  your  head  shall  be  brought 
•o  me." 

Thus  speaking,  he  struck  the  table  with  his  hand,  and  in  an  instant  the 
room  was  filled  with  armed  men  who  had  already  received  his  orders 
how  to  act;  Hastings  was  dragged  from  the  room  and  beheaded  on  a  log 
of  wood  which  chanced  to  be  lying  in  the  court-yard  of  the  Tower.  In 
two  hours  after  this  savage  murder,  a  proclamation  was  made  to  the  cit- 
izens of  London,  apologising  for  the  sudden  execution  of  Hastings  on  the 
score  of  the  equally  sudden  discovery  of  numerous  offences  which  the 

firoclamation  charged  upon  him.  Though  Gloster  had  but  little  reason  to 
ear  any  actual  outbreak  in  the  city,  the  lord  Hastings  was  very  popular 
there ;  and  not  a  few  of  the  citizens,  even  including  those  who  were  the 
most  favourable  to  Gloster,  seemed  to  agree  with  a  merchant  who,  notic 
ing  the  elaborate  composition  of  the  fairly  written  proclamation,  and  con 
trasting  it  with  the  shortness  of  the  time  which  had  elapsed  from  IIustin|<!> 
murder,  shrewdly  remarked  that  "the  proclamation  might  safely  be  relied 
on,  for  it  was  qutte  plain  that  it  had  been  drawn  by  the  spirit  of  prophecy. 

1  hough  the  3xtreme  violence  of  Gloster  was  for  the  present  confined  to 
llaatinirs.  as  if  in  relrihiitiv(>  iimtiRA  iinim  his  crimn  tnwnrrfa  thf>  victinifioi 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


400 


Pontefract,  the  other  councillors  were  by  no  means  allowed  to  escape  scot 
free.  Lord  Stanley  was  actually  wounded  by  the  poll-axe  of  one  of  the 
wldiers  summoned  by  the  treaclierous  protector,  and  only,  perhaps,  es- 
caped  being  murdered  in  the  very  presence  of  that  tyrant  by  the  more 
dexterous  than  dignified  expedient  of  falling  under  the  table,  and  remain- 
ine  there  till  the  confusion  attendant  upon  the  arrest  of  Hastings  had  sub- 
Bided.  He  was  then,  together  with  the  archbishop  of  York,  the  bishop  of 
Ely,  and  some  other  councillors  whom  Gloster  hated  for  their  sincere  at- 
tachment to  the  family  of  the  late  king,  conveyed  from  the  council  room 
of  the  Tower  to  its  too  ominous  dungeons. 

A  new  and  a  meaner  victim  was  now  essential  to  the  dark  and  unspar- 
ing purposes  of  the  protector.  His  connection  of  the  murdered  Hastings 
with  the  alledged  sorceries  of  the  late  king's  mistress,  Jane  Shore,  render. 
ed  it  necessary  that  he  should  appear  to  be  fully  convinced  that  she  was 
guiltv  of  the  crimes  which  he  had  laid  to  her  charge.  The  charge  of 
witchcraft,  that  upon  which  he  laid  the  most  stress,  was  so  wholly  unsup- 
ported by  evidence,  that  even  the  ignorance  of  the  age  and  the  power  of 
Gloster  could  not  get  her  tionvicted  upon  it ;  but  as  it  was  notorious  that 
she,  a  married  woman,  had  lived  in  a  doubly  adulterous  intercourse  with 
the  late  king,  the  spiritual  court  was  easily  induced  to  sentence  her  to  do 
penance  publicly,  and  aitiredi  n  a  white  sheet,  at  St.  Paul's.  Her  subse- 
quent fate  was  just  what  might  be  expected  from  her  former  life.  Though 
in  her  guilty  prosperity  she  showed  many  signs  of  a  humane  and  kindly 
temper,  liberally  succouring  the  distressed  and  disinterestedly  using  her 
influence  with  the  king  for  the  benefit  of  deserving  but  friendly  court  suit 
ors,  she  passed  unheeded  and  unaided  from  her  public  degradation  to  a 
privacy  of  miserable  indigence. 

Gloster's  impunity  thus  far  very  naturally  increased  both  his  propen- 
sion  to  crime  and  his  audacity  in  its  commission,  and  he  now  no  longer 
made  a  secret  of  his  desire  to  exclude  the  present  king  and  his  brother 
from  the  throne.  Reckless  of  woman's  fame  as  of  man's  life,  Gloster 
took  advantage  of  the  known  luxuriousness  of  the  late  king's  life  to  affirm, 
that  previous  to  that  prince  marrying  the  lady  Elizabeth  Gray  he  had 
^en  married  to  the  lady  Eleanor  Talbot,  the  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Shrewsbury ;  that  this  marriage,  though  secret,  was  legal  and  binding, 
and  had  been  solemnized  by  Millington,  bishop  of  Bath;  and  that,  con- 
sequently and  necessarily,  Edward's  children  by  the  lady  Elizabeth  Gray 
were  illegitimate.  The  children  of  Edward  being  thus  pronounced  ille- 
gitimate, Gloster,  by  his  partisans,  maintained  that  the  attainder  of.  the 
duice  of  Clarence  necessarily  dispossessed  his  children  of  all  right.  But 
as  assertion  in  the  former  case  could  hardly  pass  for  proof,  and  as  attaint 
had  never  been  ruled  to  exclude  from  the  crown  as  from  mere  private  suc- 
cession, Gloster  soared  to  a  higher  and  more  damning  pitch  of  infamy  ; 
hitherto  he  had  impugned  the  chastity  of  his  sister-in-law— now  he  passed 
beyond  all  the  ordinary  villany  of  the  world  and  imputed  frequent  and 
familiar  harlotry  to  his  own  mother!  To  make  his  right  to  the  throne 
wholly  independent  either  of  the  alledged  secret  marriage  of  the  late  king 
to  the  lady  Eleanor,  or  of  the  effect  upon  Clarence's  cliildren  of  the  at- 
tainder of  their  father,  Gloster  now  taught  his  numerous  and  zealous  tools 
to  maintain  that  his  mother,  the  duchess  of  York,  who  was-still  alive,  had 
been  repeatedly  false  to  her  marriage  vows,  that  both  Edward  IV.  and  the 
duke  of  Clarence  had  been  illegitimate  and  the  sons  of  different  fathers, 
und  that  the  duke  of  Gloster  was  alone  the  legitimate  son  of  the  duke  and 
duchess  of  York. 

As  if  this  liorrible  charge  of  a  son  against  his  mother,  who  had  lived 
and  was  still  living  in  the  highest  credit  of  the  most  irreproachable  virtue, 
wore  not  sufRciently  revolting  to  all  good  and  manly  feelings,  the  subject 
las  firs!  brou<rht  fonvard  m  ckarrh ;  or.  (he  occasion  of  Dr.  Shaw  prcacMn^ 


fir 

Ml 

f' 

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^'  '    '  '  ''  '-Uf'i'.:-. 

W-' 

I 

■  •                          '           ■'■  W'  '=m^''  ''^' 

• 

1        ii               ,  -•      ■  Tt  ''f,  ■■'  1 

1 

I     f    •--^fev  i:t ,  I- 

Hlii 

:| 

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Uil 

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i:^f4||■||, 


410 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


a  Merman  before  the  protector.    The  preacher,  well  worthy  of  the  pation. 
took  the  significant  text,  "  Bastard  slips  shall  not  thrive ;"  upon  which  the 

Ereacher  enlarged  with  great  zeal  in  the  endeavour  to  throw  the  stain  o 
astardy  upon  Edward  IV.  and  his  brother  Clarence.  Though  Gloster 
was  far  too  free  from  shamefacedness,  as  well  as  from  everything  in  the 
Hhape  of  "  compunctious  visiting,"  to  have  any  objection  to  being1)re8eiu 
during  the  delivery  of  the  whole  of  the  tirade  against  his  own  mother's 
chastity,  yet  from  a  politic  motive  it  was  arranged  that  he  should  noi 
enter  the  church  until  the  preacher  should  finish  pronouncing  the  follow 
ing  passage.  Contrasting  the  duke  of  Gloster  with  the  alledged  illegiti 
mate  sons  of  his  mother,  the  preacher  exclaimed,  "  Behold  this  excellent 
prince,  the  express  image  of  his  noble  father,  the  genuine  descendant  ol 
the  house  of  York ;  bearing,  no  less  in  the  virtues  of  his  mind  than  in  the 
f^^atures  of  his  countenance  the  character  of  the  gallant  Richard,  once  your 
hero  and  favourite.  He  alone  is  entitled  to  your  allegiance ;  he  must  de- 
livcv  you  from  the  dominion  of  all  intruders ;  be  alone  can  restore  the  lost 
glory  and  honour  of  the  nation." 

It  was  intended  that  this  glowing  panegj'ric  on  the  duke  of  Glostei 
should  be  pronounced  at  the  very  mo"mentof  the  object  of  it  making  his 
appearance  in  the  church,  in  the  hope  that,  taken  by  surprise  and  urged 
into  enthusiastic  feeling,  the  congregation  might  be  induced  to  hail  the 
wily  and  heartless  tyrant  with  the  cry  of  "  God  save  King  Richard."  But 
3y  one  of  those  mistakes  which  very  often  occur  to  throw  ridicule  upon 
ine  deepest  schemes,  the  duke  did  not  make  his  appearance  until  the 
Whole  of  this  precious  passage  had  already  been  delivered.  Rather  than 
his  eloquence  and  the  chance  of  its  success  should  be  lost  by  this  accident, 
the  preacher  actually  repeated  it;  but  the  audience,  either  from  the  repe- 
tition seeming  ridiculous,  or  its  impressing  them  the  more  strongly  with 
the  falsehood  and  villany  of  the  charges  insinuated  against  the  duchess  of 
Vork,  witnessed  the  performance  of  the  disgusting  farce  with  an  indiffer- 
ence which  probably  was  more  severely  felt  by  Gloster  than  any  other 
punishment  would  have  been. 

The  preaching  of  Dr.  Shaw  having  thus  failed  to  effect  the  purpose  of 
Gloster,  recourse  was  now  had  to  the  management  of  Dr.  Shaw's  brother, 
who  at  this  time  was  mayor  of  London.  He  called  a  meeting  of  the  citi- 
TCUB,  to  whom  he  introduced  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  who  exerted  to  the 
utmost  his  powers  of  eloquence  upon  the  subject  of  Gloster's  great  and 
numerous  virtues,  and  upon  the  superiority  oi  his  unquestionable  claim 
to  the  throne.  Though  Buckingham  was  as  earnest  as  he  was  eloquent, 
he  could  by  no  means  communicate  his  own  feelings  to  the  bosoms  of  the 
good  citizens,  who,  with  most  unmoved  countenances  and  lack  lustre 
eyes  heard  him  in  all  gravity,  and  heard  the  very  conclusion  of  his  address 
with  all  silence.  At  once  annoyed  by  this  repulsive  silence,  and  as  much 
abashed  by  it  as  so  experienced  a  courtier  well  could  be  by  anything,  the 
duke  angrily  demanded  of  the  mayor  what  the  silence  of  the  citizens 
might  mean.  The  mayor  replied,  that  probably  the  citizens  had  not  fully 
understood  the  duke,  who  then  repeated  the  former  speech,  but  still  failed 
to  elicit  any  reply  from  his  auditors.  The  mayor,  in  his  desire  to  gratify 
the  duke,  pretended  that  the  citizens,  who  were  always  accustomed  to  be 
harangued  by  their  own  recorder,  could  only  comprehend  the  duke's  speech 
if  delivered  to  ihem  through  the  medium  of  that  officer. 

The  recorder,  Fitzwilliam,  was  accordingly  desired  to  repeat  thf  luke's 
•peech,  which,  being  no  friend  to  Gloster's  projects,  he  took  care  to  do  in 
such  wi.<ie  that  the  people  could  by  no  means  take  the  words,  though  de- 
livered by  him,  to  leave  any  echo  in  his  wishes  ;  and  he,  like  the  duke, 
was  hoard  to  the  very  last  word  without  any  one  giving  him  a  word  ol 
reply. 

The  duke  now  became  too  much  enraged  to  refrain  from  speaking  f>ut 


'  ' 


t 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


411 


and  he  said,  '  This  is  wonderful  obstinacy ;  express  your  meaning,  my 
iriends,  in  one  way  or  the  other.  When  we  apply  to  you  on  this  occa- 
sion it  is  merft  y  from  the  regard  which  we  bear  to  you.  The  lords  and 
commons  have  sufBcient  authority  without  your  consent  to  appoint  a  king; 
but  I  require  you  here  to  declare,  in  plain  terms,  whether  or  not  you  will 
have  the  duke  of  Gloster  for  your  sovereign  1"  The  earnestness  and 
anger  of  the  duke,  and  the  example  set  by  some  of  his  and  the  duke  of 
Gloster's  servants,  caused  this  address,  more  fortunate  than  the  former 
ones,  to  he  received  with  a  cnr  of  God  save  King  Richard!  The  cry  was 
feeble,  and  raised  by  people  lew  in  numbers  and  of  the  humblest  rank ; 
but  it  served  the  purpose  of  Buckingham,  who  now,  as  had  been  con- 
certed, hurried  off  to  Baynard's  castle  to  inform  Gloster  that  the  voice  of 
"  the  people"  called  him  to  the  throne ! 

BuGkingham  was  attended  to  Baynard's  castle  by  the  mayor  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  citizens ;  and  though  the  wily  protector  was  most 
anxiously  expecting  this  visit,  he  affected  to  be  surprised  and  even  alarm- 
ed at  80  many  persons  in  company  demanding  to  speak  to  him ;  which 
pretended  surprise  and  alarm  of  the  protector,  Buckingham  took  care  to 
point  out  to  the  especial  notice  of  the  thick-witted  citizens.  When  the 
protector  at  length  suffered  himself  to  be  persuaded  to  speak  to  the  duke 
of  Buckingham  and  the  citizens,  he  affected  astonishment  on  hearing  that 
he  was  desired  to  be  king,  and  roundly  declared  his  own  intention  of  re- 
maining loyal  to  Edward  V.,  a  course  of  conduct  which  he  also  recora 
mended  to  Buckingham  and  his  other  auditors.  Buckingham  now  affected 
to  take  a  higher  tone  with  the  protector.  That  prince,  argued  Bucking- 
ham, could  undoubtedly  refuse  to  accept  the  crown,  but  he  could  not 
compel  (he  people  to  endure  their  present  sovereign.  A  new  one  they 
would  have,  and  if  the  duke  of  Gloster  would  not  comply  with  their  lov- 
ing wishes  on  his  belialf,  it  would  only  behove  them  to  offer  the  crown 
elsewhere.  Having  now  sufficiently  kept  up  the  disgusting  farce  of  re- 
fusing that  crown  for  the  sake  of  which  he  had  already  waded  through  so 
much  innocent  blood,  and  was  so  perfectly  prepared  and  determined  to 
:ommit  even  more  startling  crimes  still,  Gloster  now  gave  a  seemingly  ,' 
reluctant  consent  to  accept  it ;  and  without  waiting  for  further  repetition 
of  this  ofirer  from  "  the  people,"  he  thenceforth  threw  aside  even  the  af- 
fectation of  acting  on  behalf  of  any  other  sovereign  than  his  own  will 
and  pleasure. 

The  farcical  portion  of  the  usurpation,  however,  was  but  too  soon  after- 
ward followed  by  a  most  tragical  completion  of  Richard's  vile  crime. 
Tortured  by  the  true  bane  of  tyrants,  suspicion  and  fear,  Richard  felt  that 
so  long  as  his  young  nephews  survived,  his  usurped  crown  would  ever 
be  insecure,  as  an  opponent  would  always  be  at  hand  lo  be  set  up  against 
him  by  any  noble  to  whom  he  might  chance  to  give  offence.  This  con- 
•ideraiion  was  quite  enough  to  insure  the  death  of  the  unfortunate  young 
princes,  and  Richard  sent  orders  for  their  murder  to  the  constable  of  the 
Tower,  Sir  Robert  Brackenbury.  But  this  gentleman  was  a  man  of 
honour,  and  he  with  a  man  of  honour's  spirit  and  feeling  refused  to  have 
aught  to  do  with  a  design  so  atrocious.  The  tyrant  was,  however,  not  to 
be  bafflini  by  the  refusal  of  one  g^ood  man  to  bend  to  his  infamous  designs, 
and  having  found  a  more  compliant  tool  in  Uie  |)or8on  of  Sir  James  Tyrrel, 
it  was  ordered  that  for  one  night  Brackenbury  should  surrender  to  that 
person  the  keys  of  the  Tower.  On  that  fatal  night  three  wretches,  named 
Slater,  Dighton,  and  Forrest,  were  introduced  to  the  chamber  in  which  the 
two  young  princes  were  buried  in  sinless  and  peacreful  sleep.  In  that 
ileep  the  young  victims  were  smotliercd  by  the  three  a.-tRHssins  just  named, 
Tyrrel  waiting  outside  the  door  while  the  horrid  deed  was  being  perpe- 
trated, hikI,  on  its  completion,  ordering  the  burial  of  the  bodies  at  the  fool 
ui  iho  Btaircase  leading  to  the  cjiamber. 


/  I     t' 


i4l 


412 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


It  may  not  be  quite  nnnecessary  to  mention  here  that  doubts,  from 
which  man's  ingenuity  allows  few  truths,  however  plain,  wholly  to  escaoe 
have  been  thrown  upon  this  portion  of  Richard's  guilt;  but  the  most  m' 
genious  reasonine  and  the  utmost  felicity  at  guessing  are  but  idle  when 
opposed  to  plain  (act,  as  in  the  present  case ;  something  more  is  requisite 
in  opposition  to  the  actual  confession  made  by  the  murderers  themselve* 
iu  the  following  reign. 


ill 


CHAPTER  XXXV. 

THE    REION    or   RICHARD   III. 

A.  D.  1483.— Having  not  only  grasped  the  crown,  but  also  put  to  death 
the  two  claimants  from  whom  he  had  the  most  reason  to  fear  future  an 
noyance,  Richard  now  turned  his  attention  to  securing  as  stroiiffabodv 
of  8up[iorter8  as  he  could,  by  the  distribution  of  favours.  And  ho  anxious 
was  he  upon  this  point,  so  ready  to  forget  all  other  considerations  in  the 
present  usefulness  of  those  of  whose  services  he  stood  in  need,  that  he 
cast  his  shrewd  eye  upon  powerful  enemies  to  be  conciliated  as  well  as 
devoted  friends  to  be  rewarded  for  the  past  and  retained  for  the  future 

Among  those  whom  Richard  the  most  carefully  sought  to  keep  firm  to 
his  interests  was  the  duke  of  Buckingham.  Descended  from  Thomas  ol 
Woodatook,  duke  of  Gloster,  and  uncle  of  Richard  II.  this  nobleman  was 
allied  to  the  royal  family,  and  from  the  same  cause  he  had  a  claim  upon 
a  moiety  of  the  vast  property  of  Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford,  which  moiety 
had  long  been  held  by  the  crown  under  escheat.  Buckingham,  though 
hw  wealth  and  honours  were  already  enormous,  deemed  that  the  sn  vices 
he  had  recently  rendered  to  Richard  gave  him  good  ground  to  claim  this 
property,  and  also  the  office  of  constable  of  England,  which  liad  long  been 
hereditary  in  the  Hereford  family.  In  the  first  exultation  caused  by  his 
own  success,  so  much  of  which  was  owing  to  Buckingham,  Richard 
granted  nil  that  nobleman  asked.  But  on  cooler  reflection  Richard  seems 
to  have  imagined  that  Buckingliam  was  already  as  wealthy  and  powerful 
us  a  subject  could  be  consistently  with  the  safety  of  the  crown,  and  though 
he  virtually  made  a  formal  grant  of  the  Hereford  property,  he  took  care 
to  oppose  insuperable  difficulties  to  its  actual  fulfilment.  Buckingham 
was  far  loo  shrewd  to  fail  to  perceive  the  real  cause  of  the  properly  being 
withheld  from  him  ;  and  he  who  had  so  unscrupulously  exerted  himsclj 
to  set  up  the  usurper,  now  felt  fully  as  anxious  and  resolute  to  aid  in  pwl- 
Img  him  down.  The  flagrancy  of  Richard's  usurpation  was  such  as  to 
promise  every  facility  to  an  attempt  to  dethrone  him,  if  that  aitempl  were 
but  headed  by  a  man  of  adequate  jMiwer  and  consequence.  In  truth,  the 
very  success  of  his  usurpation  was  scarcely  more  attributable  to  his  own 
daring  and  unprincipled  wickedness  than  to  the  abnonce  of  any  powerful 
opponent.  Kven  the  lowest  and  meanest  citizens  of  London  had  riilhet 
beer,  coerced  into  a  fUHsive  admission  of  his  right  to  the  crown  than  into 
an  active  support  of  it  j  and  now  that  the  duke  of  Buckingham  was  con- 
verted  into  an  enemy  of  the  usurper,  the  long  dormant  claims  of  the  Lan 
castnans  were  pressed  upon  his  attention,  and  not  unfavourably  looked 
upon  by  him.  Morion,  bishop  of  Kly,  whom  Richard  committPd  to  the 
Tower  on  the  day  of  Lord  Hastings'  murder,  had  recently  been  committed 
to  the  less  rigorous  custody  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  and,  perceiving 
th«  duke  8  disruiitent,  turned  his  attention  to  a  fitting  rival  to  oppose  Ihe 
tyrant,  in  the  person  of  Henry,  the  young  earl  f  Ridunond.  Through  hii 
mother  the  young  earl  was  heir  of  the  elder  branch  of  the  houso  of  Som 
rfBOt;  and  though  that  claim  to  the  crown  would  formerly  have  been  look- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


418 


o(  Lancastet  now  gave  it  considerable  importance  in  the  eyes  of  the  adhe> 
rents  of  that  house.  Even  Edward  IV.  Iiad  been  so  jealous  of  the  earl  of 
Richmond's  claim  upon  the  throne,  that  after  vainly  endeavouring  to  get 
him  into  his  power,  he  had  agreed  to  pay  a  considerable  yearly  sum  to  the 
duke  of  Brittany  to  keep  the  dangerous  young  noble  at  his  court,  nomi- 
nally as  a  guest,  but  really  as  a  prisoner.  The  very  jealousy  thus  shown 
towards  the  young  earl  naturally  increased  the  attention  and  favour  of  the 
Lancastrians ;  and  it  now  occurred  to  the  bishop  Morton,  and,  from  his  rea- 
<fi)iiings  to  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  that  Richard  might  be  dethroned  in 
favour  of  young  Henry.  But  as  the  long  depression  of  the  house  of  Lan- 
caster had  diminished  both  the  zeal  and  the  number  of  its  adherents,  Moi 
ton,  with  profound  policy  suggested  the  wisdom  of  strengthening  the  bonds 
of  Henry,  and  at  the  same  time  weakening  those  of  Richard,  by  the  mar- 
riage of  the  former  to  King  Edward's  eldest  daughter,  the  princess  Eliz- 
abeth, and  thus  uniting  the  party  claims  of  both  families  asainst  the  mere 
personal  usurpation  of  Richard,  who  was  deeply  detested  by  the  nation 
for  his  cruelty,  and  would  consequently  meet  with  no  hearty  support 
should  he  be  openly  opposed  with  even  a  probability  of  success. 

Young  Henry's  mother,  the  countess  of  Richmond,  was  informed  by 
Morton  and  Buckingham  of  their  views  in  favour  of  her  son ;  and  the  hon- 
our intended  for  him  was  too  great  to  allow  of  any  hesitation  on  her  part. 
Dr.  Lewis,  a  physician  who  had,  professionally,  the  means  of  communi- 
cating with  the  queen  dowager,  who  still  found  shelter  in  the  sanctuary 
of  Westminster,  knew  that  whatever  might  have  been  her  former  prein- 
dices  against  the  Lancastrians,  they  instantly  yielded  to  the  hate  and  dis- 
giisi  with  which  she  thought  of  the  successful  usurper  who  had  murdered 
her  brother  and  three  sons.     She  not  only  gave  her  consent  to  the  pro- 

Kised  marriage,  but  also  borrowed  a  sum  of  money  which  she  sent  to  aid 
enry  in  raising  troops,  and  she  at  the  same  time  required  him  to  swear 
to  marry  her  daughter  as  soon  as  he  could  safely  reach  England. 

Morton  and  Buekiiigliam  having  thus  far  met  with  success,  began  to 
pxert  themselves  among  their  influential  friends  in  the  various  countien, 
to  prepare  them  for  a  general  and  simultaneons  rising  in  favour  of  the  earl 
of  Richmond  when  he  should  land ;  and  in  this  respect,  too,  their  efforts 
met  with  an  uncommon  success,  the  tyranny  of  Richard  becoming  every 
day  more  hateful  to  all  orders  of  his  trampled  subjects. 

But  guilt  such  as  that  of  Richard  is  ever  suspicious,  even  where  there 
is  no  real  cause  for  suspicion ;  and  the  sudden  activity  of  various  men  of 
influence  could  neither  escape  the  sharpened  observation  of  the  tyrant, 
nor  seem  explicable  to  him  on  any  other  ground  than  that  of  treason 
Kgainst  him.  Well  knowing  thqt  Buckingham  was  greatly  addicted  to 
pohtical  plotting,  Richard  with  many  friendly  expressions  invited  the  duke 
to  court,  where  for  some  time  ho  had  been  a  stranger.  Whethev  the  king 
really  sought  a  reconciliation  with  the  duke  or  merely  wished  to  obtain 
possossion  of  his  person  does  not  clearly  appear.  The  duke,  however, 
who  well  knew  with  whouj  he  had  to  deal,  interpreted  the  king's  message 
in  the  latter  senso,  and  only  replied  to  it  by  unmrling  the  standard  of  re. 
Volt  in  Wales  at  the  momeut  when  Richard  waa  levying  troops  in  the 
north. 

It  happened  most  unfortunately  for  Buckingham,  that  just  as  he  had 
marched  his  troops  to  the  Severn,  that  river  was  so  swollen  in  conse- 
quence of  rains  of  almost  unexampled  copiousness  and  duration,  as  to  be 
quite  impassable.  This  unlooke<l-for  check  east  a  damp  up<m  thw  spirita 
m  Buckingham's  followers,  who  were  still  farther  di!4)irited  by  great  dis- 
trass  from  want  of  pnivisions.  Desertions  among  them  daily  became 
more  numerous,  and  Bud  Ingham  at  length  finding  himself  wholly  aban- 
wnod,  disguised  himself  in  a  mean  habit  and  made  his  way  to  the  houM 
"t  uj;  wiu  sviTsni  oi  nz5  ictmiiyi     r«vGn  in  inio  unsiurfi  n'ltjuii  m«*w«*v'6F 


m  fr  .. 


%:m 


41 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD, 


II 


I 


he  was  discovered  and  carried  as  a  prisoner  to  the  king,  who  wag  then 
posted  at  Salisbury.  All  the  former  services  rendered  Ijy  the  duke  were 
forgotten  in  the  fact  of  his  more  recent  appearance  in  arms  as  the  avowed 
enemy  of  the  king,  and  he  was  immediately  sent  to  execution.  Several 
other  though  less  eminent  prisoners  fell  into  the  hands  of  Richard,  and 
were  by  him  transferred  to  the  executioner ;  and  one  of  these,  a  gentle- 
man named  CoUingbourne,  is  said  to  have  suffered  not  for  his  direct  and 
open  opposition  to  Richard,  but  for  some  miserable  doggrel  in  which  he 
made  it  a  cdmolalnt  that 

"  The  est,  the  rat,  and  Loyel  the  dog, 
Rule  all  England  ander  the  hog." 

Stupid  as  this  doggrel  production  was,  its  stupidity  and  the  heinous  ol- 
lience  of  playing  upon  the  names  of  Catesby  and  RatcUffe,  upoa  that  of 
Lovel  and  upon  the  cognizance  of  the  king,  seem  to  have  merited  a  some- 
what less  severe  punishment  than  death !  The  bishop  of  Ely  and  the 
marquis  of  Dorset,  to  neither  of  whom  would  Richard  have  shown  any 
mercy,  were  fortunate  enough  to  escape  from  the  kingdom.  In  the  mean- 
time the  young  earl  of  Richmond  with  a  levy  of  five  thousand  men  had 
•ailed  from  St.  Maloes,  in  igiior^ince  of  the  misfortune  that  had  occurred 
to  his  cause  in  England;  and  on  arriving  there  he  found  that,  for  the  pres- 
ent at  least,  all  hope  was  at  an  end,  ana  he  sailed  back  to  Brittany. 

A.  D.  1484. — The  politic  Richard  easily  saw  that  the  recent  attempt  to  de- 
throne him  had,  by  its  ill  success,  and  the  severity  with  which  he  had  pun- 
ished some  of  the  chief  actors  in  it,  very  considerably  tended  to  slrengthen 
his  cause  not  in  the  affections,  indeed,  but  in  the  terrors  of  the  people. 
Hitherto,  beinp;  sensible  of  the  flagrant  impudence  as  well  as  deep  guilt 
of  his  usurpation,  he  had  be^n  well  content  to  rest  his  right  to  the  throne 
uijon  the  tyrant's  right,  superior  strength.  But  he  judged  that  he  now 
might  safely  call  a  parliament  without  any  doubt  of  its  recognising  his 
title.  His  anticipation  proved  to  be  quite  correct ;  the  parliament  acted 
just  as  he  wished,  echoed  his  words,  granted  him  the  usual  tonnage  and 
poundage  for  life,  and  passed  a  few  popular  laws.  With  the  same  purpose 
in  view  he  now  addressed  himself  to  the  seemingly  difficult  task  of  cim- 
verting  the  queen  dowager  from  a  foe  into  a  friend.  He  saw  that  tlie  chief 
■ource  of  Richmond's  popularity  was  his  projected  espousal  of  the  prin- 
cess Elizabeth,  and  he  knew  enough  of  human  nature  to  feel  sure  that  a 
woman  of  the  queen  dowager's  temper  would  be  far  from  unlikely  to  prefer 
the  union  of  her  daughter  with  a  king  in  fact,  to  her  union  with  an  earl 
who  might  never  bo  a  king  at  all.  True  it  was  that  the  princess  Elizabeth 
was  solemnly  betrothed  to  his  rival  and  foe,  the  earl  of  Richmond,  and  was 
related  to  Richard  within  the  prohibited  degrees ;  but  then  Rome  could  grant 
a  dispensation,  and  Rome  was  venal.  Thus  reasonings  Richard  applied 
himself  to  the  (jueen  dowager,  and  met  with  all  the  success  he  had  anti- 
cipated Wearied  with  her  long  seclusion  from  all  pleasure  and  all  au- 
thority, she  at  onc«'  consented  to  give  her  daughter  to  the  wretch  who  had 
deprived  her  of  three  sor.s  and  a  brother,  and  was  so  completoly  converted 
to  liis  interests  that  she  wrote  to  her  son,  the  marquis  of  Dorset,  and  all 
the  rest  of  her  connections  to  withdraw  from  supporting  Richmond,  a 
piece  of  complaisance  for  which  she  paid  full  dearly  in  the  next  reign. 

Flattering  himself  that  no  material  danger  could  asHail  his  throne  during 
the  interval  necessary  for  procuring  the  dispensation  from  Rome,  Richard 
now  bi'i^aii  to  (UMislder  himself  Heourely  sBttled  on  the  throne.  But  dan- 
ger accrued  to  him  even  out  of  the  very  measure  on  which  he  mainlj 
rested  for  safety.  The  friends  of  the  earl  of  Richmond  now  more  thau 
ever  pressed  him  to  try  his  fortune  in  invading  Enitliiiul,  lest  the  dispen 

■at  inn  fVnm  |)Qm0  should  fiR^hlA  9if*.h!irfi  *j£t  P.€iiti'*\fiist  h'S  CfOifiCl  of  !!l$t 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


415 


rviiig  tl»6  princess  Elizabeth,  which  marriage  would  do  so  much  to  injure 
jil  the  future  hopes  of  the  earl,  as  far  as  the  sympathies  of  the  people  were 
connerned,  in  a  union  of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster.  Henry  ac- 
cordingly escaped  from  Brittany,  where  he  deemed  himself  in  danger  from 
tho  treachery  of  the  duke's  confidential  minister,  and  proceeded  to  the 
court  of  France.  Here  he  was  greatly  aided  by  Charles  VIIL,  who  had 
succeeded  the  >yranl  Louis  XL,  and  here,  too,  he  was  joined  by  the  earl 
of  Oxford,  who  had  escaped  from  the  gaol  into  which  Richard's  suspicions 
had  thrown  him,  and  who  now  brought  Henry  most  flattering  accounts  of 
the  excellent  chance  he  had  from  the  popular  disposition  in  England. 

Richard  in  the  meantime,  unconscious  or  careless  of  the  effect  produ 
ced  on  the  conduct  of  Richmond  by  the  expectation  of  the  dispensation 
which  was  to  allow  Richard  to  deprive  him  of  his  promised  bride,  tri- 
umphed in  his  fortune  of  having  become  a  widower  at  only  a  short  time 
before  by  the  sudden  death— so  sudden  that  poison  was  suspected,  but 
rather  from  the  suddenness  and  from  the  general  cliaracter  of  Richard 
than  from  anything  like  proof— of  his  wife  Anne,  widow  of  that  Edward, 
prince  of  Wales,  of  whom  Richard  was  the  murderer.  His  actual  and  his 
proximate  marriage  must,  in  truth,  have  led  him  to  believe  that  the  murder 
of  a  lady's  male  relatives  was  anything  rather  than  a  bar  to  her  favour! 

A.  D.  1485.— But  while  Richard  was  exulting  in  triumph  as  to  the  past 
and  in  hope  as  to  the  future,  Richmond  with  an  army  of  two  thousand 
men  had  sailed  from  the  Norman  port  of  Harflcur,  and  landed,  without 
experiencing  opposition,  at  Milford  Haven,  ir.  Wales.  Here,  as  he  ex- 
pected, the  zealous  though  unfortunate  exertions  of  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham had  preposse&icd  the  people  in  his  favour,  and  his  little  army  was 
increased  by  volunteers  at  every  mile  he  marched.  Among  those  who 
joined  him  was  Sir  Rice  ap  Thomas  with  a  force  with  which  he  had  been 
entrusted  by  Richard;  and  even  the  other  commander  of  the  tyrant.  Sir 
Walter  Herbert,  made  but  a  faint  and  inefficient  show  of  defence  for 
Richard.  T[.us  suengthened  by  actual  volunteers,  and  encouraged  by 
the  evident  lukewarmuess  of  Richard's  partizans,  Richmond  marched  to 
Shrewsbury,  where  he  was  joined  by  the  whole  strength  of  the  great  . 
Shrewsbury  family  under  Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  and  by  another  numerous 
reinforcement  under  Sir  Thomas  Bourchier  and  Sir  Walter  Hungerford. 

Richard,  who  had  taken  post  at  Nottingham,  as  being  so  central  as  to  ad 
mit  of  his  hastening  to  whichever  part  of  the  kingdom  miglit  earliest  need 
his  aid,  was  not  nearly  so  much  annoyed  by  the  utmost  force  of  his  known 
enemies  as  he  was  perplexed  about  the  real  extent  lo  which  he  could 
depend  upon  the  good  faith  of  his  seeming  friends.  The  duke  of  Norfolk 
Richard  had  reason  to  believe  that  he  could  securely  rely  upon;  but  Lord 
and  Sir  William  Stanley,  who  had  vast  power  and  influenco  in  the  north, 
were  closely  connected  with  Richmond's  family.  Vet  while  the  usurper 
felt  the  danger  of  trusting  to  their  professions  of  friendship  and  good 
faith,  he  dared  not  break  with  them.  Compelled  by  his  situsition  to  au- 
thorize them  to  raise  forces  on  his  behalf  in  Cheshire  and  Lancashire,  h« 
endeavoured  to  deter  them  from  arrityiiig  those  forces  against  him,  by 
detaining  as  a  hostage  Lord  Stanley's  son,  Lord  Strange. 

Thouffh  in  his  heart  Lord  Stanley  was  devoted  to  the  cause  of  Rchmond, 
the  peril  in  which  his  son  Lord  Strange  was  |»iaco(l  induced  him  to  forbeai 
from  declaring  himself,  and  he  posted  his  numerous  levies  at  Atherstone, 
so  situated  that  ho  could  at  will  join  either  party.  RichanI  in  this  con- 
duct  of  Lord  Stanley  saw  a  convincing  proof  that  the  husiility  of  that  no- 
lileman  whs  only  kept  in  check  by  the  situation  of  his  son ;  and  judging 
thai  the  destruction  of  the  young  man  would  be  u  spell  of  very  differenl 
effect  from  his  continued  peril,  the  politic  tyrart  for  once  refused  to  shed 
blood  when  _advi8ed  to  do  so  by  those  of  his  friends  who  discerned  the 

sf  that  Lord  Siniiicy's  hesitaiion 


mnaniii j;  nt  { ^>^  Ul • 


i  ittsuz; 


T— T-              ;  , 

1      i 

416 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


would  last  long  enough  to  allow  of  the  royal  troops  dealing  only  \vith  tli. 
eail  of  Riclimond,  Richard  approached  the  army  of  the  latter  nobleman 
at  Bosworth,  in  Leicestershire.  The  army  of  Riohmtfnd  was  only  sii 
thousand,  that  of  Richard  double  the  number.  Both  Richard  and  the  earl 
fought  in  the  main  guards  of  their  respective  arnrles,  which  had  scarcely 
charged  each  other  ere  Lord  Stanley  led  up  his  forces  to  the  aid  of  Rich, 
mond.  The  effect  of  this  demonstration  was  tremendous,  both  in  en. 
couraging  the  soldiers  of  the  earl  and  of  striking  dismay  into  the  already 
dispirited  troops  of  Richard.  Murderous  and  tyrannous  usurper  as  he  was 
Richard  was  as  brave  as  a  lion  in  the  field.  Perceiving  that  such  power 
ful  aid  had  declared  for  his  rival,  nothing  but  the  death  of  that  rival  could 
give  him  any  hope  of  safety  for  life  or  throne ;  Richard  intrepidly  rushed 
towards  the  spot  where  Richmond  was  ordering  his  troops,  and  en*av. 
cured  to  engage  with  him  in  personal  combat,  but  while  fighting  with 
nnurderous  vigour  he  was  slain,  after  having  dismounted  Sir  John  Cheyn* 
and  killed  Sir  William  Brandon,  Richmond's  standard  bearer. 

The  battle  ended  with  the  life  of  Richard,  of  whom  it  may  with  the 
utmost  truth  be  said,  that  "nothing  in  his  life  became  him  like  the  leaving 
of  it."  Even  while  under  his  dreaded  eye  his  soldiers  had  fought  with 
no  good  will ;  and  when  he  fell  they  immediately  took  to  flight.  On  the 
side  of  Richard,  besides  the  tyrant  himself,  there  fell  about  four  thousand, 
including  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  the  lord  Ferrars  of  Chartley,  Sir  Richard 
Ratcliflie,  Sir  Robert  Piercy,  and  Sir  Robert  Brackenbury;  and  Catesby, 
the  chief  confidant  and  most  willing  tool  of  Richard's  crimes,  being  taken 
prisoner,  was,  with  some  minor  accomplices,  beheaded  at  Leicester. 

The  body  of  Richard  being  found  upon  the  field,  was  thrown  across  a 
miserable  horse,  and  carried,  amid  the  hooting  and  jeers  of  the  people 
who  so  lately  trembled  at  him,  to  the  Grey  Friar's  church  at  Leicester, 
where  it  was  interred. 

The  courage  and  ability  of  this  prince  were  unquestionable ;  but  all  his 
courage  and  ability,  misdirected  as  they  were,  served  only  to  render  him 
a  new  proof,  if  such  were  needed,  of  the  inferiority  of  the  most  brilliant 
gifts  of  intellect  without  honour  and  religion,  to  comparatively  inferior 
talents  with  them.  Low  in  stature,  deformed,  and  of  a  harsh  countenance, 
Richard  might  yet  have  commanded  admiration  by  his  talents,  but  for  his 
excessive  and  ineradicable  propensity  to  the  wicked  as  regards  projects 
and  the  bloody  as  regnrds  action. 


CHAPTER  XXXVL 

THE   REION    or   IIENRT    TU. 

A.o.  1485. — The  joy  of  Richmond's  troops  at  the  defeat  of  Richard  was 
proportioned  to  the  hatred  with  which  that  tyrant  had  contrived  to  inspire 
every  bosom.  Lone  livt  King  Henry  the  Seventh !  wan  the  exulting  cry 
which  now  everywhere  saluted  the  lately  exiled  and  distressed  earl  of 
Richmond ;  and  his  victorious  brow  was  bound  with  a  plain  gold  coronal 
whi(;h  had  been  worn  by  Richard,  and  had  beetf  torn  from  the  tyrant's 
forfhcad  by  Sir  William  Stanley  in  personal  combat  with  him  when  he  fell. 

Thdugh  Henry,  late  earl  of  Richmond,  and  now,  bv  possession,  King 
Henry  VII.,  had  more  than  one  ground  upon  which  to  rest  his  claim, 
there  was  not  one  of  those  grounds  which  was  not  open  to  objection. 
The  Lancastrian  claim  had  never  been  clearly  established  by  Henry  IV., 
and  if  the  parliament  had  often  supported  the  house  of  Lancaster,  so  the 
parliament  had  not  less  frequently — and  with  just  as  much  apparent  sin- 
Lrrity— paid  a  like  compliment  to  the  house  of  York.    Then  again,  allow- 


vxTiiitt  r^.• 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


4*tt 


from  the  illegitimate  branch  of  Somerset;  and  again,  it  in  reality  waa 
now  vested  not  in  him  but  in  his  still  living  mother,  the  countess  or  Rich- 
mond. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  was  open  to  Henry  to  fix  upon  himself,  bj'  virtue 
Df  his  marriage  with  the  princess  Elizabetls,  the  superior  and  more  popu- 
Itr  title  of  the  house  of  York;  but  in  this,  so  far  as  the  York  title  was 
concerned  Henry  could  look  upon  himself  only  as  a  king  consort,  with 
the  loss  of  his  authority  should  his  queen  die  without  issue 

The  right  of  conquest  he  could  scarcely  claim,  seeing  that  conquest 
was  achieved  by  Englishmen.  On  the  whole  review  of  liis  case,  there- 
fore, Henry  s  obvious  policy  was  to  set  forward  no  one  of  his  grounds  of 
claim  with  such  distinctiveness  as  to  challenge  scrutiny  and  provoke  op- 
position, but  to  rely  chiefly  upon  the  strongest  of  all  rights,  that  of  pos- 
segsion,  strengthened  still  farther  by  his  concurrent  circumstances  of  rieht 
and  maintained  by  a  judicious  policy  at  once  firm  and  popular,  watchful 
yet  seemingly  undoubting.  In  heart  Henry  was  not  the  less  a  Lancas- 
trian  from  his  determination  to  link  himself  to  the  house  of  York  and 
strengthen  himself  by  its  means  in  the  popular  love.  Of  the  Yorkish 
support  he  was  sure  while  connected  with  the  house  of  York  by  marriaire 
but  this  far-sighted  and  suspicious  temper  taught  him  to  provide  against 
his  possible  disconnection  from  that  house,  and  to  give  every  "  coicn  of 
'vantage"  to  the  Lancastrians,  whose  friendship  was,  so  to  speak,  more 
germane  to  his  identity. 

Only  two  days  after  the  victory  of  Bosworth  field  Henry  gave  a  proof 
of  the  feelings  we  have  thus  attributed  to  him,  by  sending  Sir  Robert 
Willoughby  to  convey  the  young  earl  of  Warwick  from  Sheriff  Watton. 
in  Yorkshire,  where  Richard  had  detained  him  in  honourable  and  easy 
captivity,  to  the  close  custody  of  the  Tower  of  London.  Yet  this  un- 
fortunate son  of  the  duke  of  Clarence,  inasmuch  as  his  title,  however 
superior  to  that  of  Richard,  was  not  hostile  to  the  succession  of  either 
Henry  or  his  destined  bride,  might  have  reasonably  expected  a  more  in. 
dulgent  treatment.  '^ 

Having  thus  made  every  arrangement,  present  and  prospective,  which 
even  his  jealous  policy  could  suggest,  Henry  gave  orders  for  the  princess 
blizabeth  being  conveyed  to  London  preparatory  to  her  marriage  He 
himsell  at  the  same  time  approached  the  metropolis  by  easy  journies. 
bverywhere  he  was  received  with  the  most  rapturous  applause ;  which 
was  the  more  sincere  and  hearty,  because  while  his  personal  triumph  was 
shared  by  the  Lancastrians,  his  approaching  marriage  to  Elizabeth  gave 
a  share  of  that  triumph  to  the  Yorkists,  and  seemed  to  put  an  end  for 
ever  to  those  contests  between  the  rival  houses  which  had  cost  them  both 
80  much  suffering  during  so  long  a  time.  But  even  amidst  all  the  excite- 
ment attendant  upon  the  joy  with  which  men  of  all  ranks  hailed  their  new 
sovereign,  the  cold,  stern,  and  suspicious  temper  of  Henry  displayed  itself 
at  onre  offensively  and  unnecessarily.  On  his  arrival  at  London  the  mayor 
ana  the  civic  companies  met  him  in  public  procession;  but  as  though  he 
oisdaiiied  their  gratulations,br  suspected  thoir  sincerity,  he  passed  through 
inem  111  a  close  carnage,  and  without  showing  the  slightest  symDathv 
with  their  evident  Joy.  j    v      j 

Though  Henry  well  knew  the  importance  which  a  great  portion  of  his 
people  attached  to  his  union  with  the  princess  Elizabeth,  and,  with  his 
customary  politic  carefulness,  hastened  to  assure  them  of  his  unaltered 
fn.^liT'"'*'"  ^"  complete  that  marriage,  .r,nd  to  contradict  a  report^ 
ounded  upon  an  artful  hint  dropped  by  himself  while  he  was  yet  uncer- 
win  of  the  issue  of  his  contest  with  Richard— of  his  having  promised  iu- 
«r  "  t  Pr'UfiPss  Anne,  the  heiress  of  Brittany,  yet  he  delayed  his 
wnage  for  the  present;  being  anxious,  tacitly  at  the  least,  to  affirm  his 
-•-=»  ctasKs  IB  ine  ciowii  by  Ziavinf  his  coronation  performed  ppevioHs  lo 


■ 


4W 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD, 


niB  marriage.  Even  the  former  ceremony,  huwever,  was  for  a  time  de. 
ferred  by  the  raging  of  an  awful  plague,  long  afterwards  spoken  of  with 
shuddering,  under  the  name  of  the  sweating  sickness.  The  sickness  in 
quefltion,  was  endemic,  and  so  swift  in  its  operation,  that  the  person  at- 
tacked  almost  invariably  died  or  became  convalescent  within  four-and< 
twenty  hours.  Either  by  the  skill  of  the  medical  men  or  by  some  sana- 
tory  alteration  in  tba  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  this  very  terrible  visi> 
tation  at  length  ceased,  and  Henry  was  crowned  with  the  utmost  pomp 
Twelve  knights  banneret  were  made  on  occasion  of  this  ceremony;  the 
king's  uncle^  J&sptfr,  earl  of  Pembroke,  was  created  duke  of  Bedfoid* 
Lord  Stanley,  the  king's  father-in-law,  earl  of  Derby ;  and  Edward  Cour- 
(enay,  earl  of  Devonshire.  The  ceremony  was  performed  by  Cardinal 
Bourchier,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  had  been  so  much  aiding  in 
Henry's  good  fortune. 

Even  in  the  matter  of  his  coronation  Henry  could  not  refrain  from  cvi- 
dencing  that  constant  and  haunting  suspicion  which  contrasted  so 
strangely  with  his  unquestionable  personal  courage,  by  creating  a  body- 
guard of  fifty-five  men,  under  the  title  of  yeomen  of  the  guard.  Bat  lest 
the  duty  of  this  guard,  that  of  personal  watch  and  ward  over  the  sover- 
eign, should  imidy  any  of  the  suspicion  he  really  felt,  Henry  affected  to 
contradict  any  such  motive  by  publicly  and  pointedly  declaring  this  guard 
a  permanent  and  not  a  personal  or  temporaiy  appointment. 

Henry  now  summoned  a  parliament,  and  nis  partizans  so  well  exerted 
themselves  that  a  majority  of  the  members  were  decided  Lancastrians. 
Some  of  them,  indeed,  had  been  outlawed  and  attainted  while  the  house  ol 
York  was  in  the  ascendant,  and  a  question  was  raised  whether  persons 
who  had  been  thus  situated  could  rightfully  claim  to  sit  in  parliament. 
The  Judges  who  were  consulted  upon  this  point  had  but  little  difficulty;  it 
was  easily  to  be  dealt  with  as  a  simple  matter  of  expediency.  Accord- 
ingly they  recommended  that  the  elected  members  who  were  thus  situated 
should  not  be  allowed  to  take  their  seats  until  their  former  sentence; 
should  be  reversed  by  parliament,  and  there  was  of  course  neither  difli< 
culty  nor  delay  experienced  in  passing  a  short  act  to  that  especial  effect 

This  doubt  as  to  the  members  of  parliament,  however,  led  to  a  still  more 
important  one.  Henry  had  been  himself  attainted.  But  the  judges  ver) 
soon  solved  this  difficulty  by  a  decision,  evidently  founded  upon  a  limita 
tion  of  the  power  of  a  court  of  judicature  from  interfering  with  the  sue 
cession ;  a  power  which,  if  such  court  possessed  it,  might  so  often  be 
shamefully  perverted  by  a  bad  king  to  the  injury  of  an  obnoxious  heir  to 
the  throne.  The  judges  therefore  put  end  to  this  question  by  deciding 
**  that  the  crown  takes  away  all  defects  and  stops  in  blood ;  and  that  from 
the  time  that  the  king  assumed  the  royal  authority,  the  fountain  was  clear 
ed,  and  all  attaints  and  corruptions  of  bluod  did  cease."  A  decision,  be  it 
remarked,  far  more  remarkable  for  its  particular  justice  than  for  its  logical 
Qorrectness. 

Finding  the  parliament  so  dutifully  inclined  to  obey  his  will,  the  king 
iti  his  opening  speech  insisted  upon  both  his  hereditary  right  and  upon  his 
•victory  over  his  enemies."  The  entail  and  the  crown  was  drawn  in 
equal  accordance  with  the  king's  anxiety  to  avoid  such  special  assertion 
on  any  one  of  his  grounds  of  claim  as  should  be  calculated  to  breed  dispu- 
tation ;  no  mention  was  made  of  the  princess  Elizabeth,  and  the  crown 
was  settled  absolutely  and  in  general  terms  upon  the  king  and  the  heirs  o) 
bis  body. 

It  forms  a  remarkable  contrast  to  the  general  reserve  and  astuteness  of 
(he  king,  that  he,  as  if  not  content  with  all  the  sanctions  by  which  he  had 
already  fortified  his  possession  of  the  crown,  now  applied  to  the  po|)e  for 
a  confirming  bull.  This  application,  besides  being  liable  to  objection  asan 
impolitic  concession  to  the  miachievouA  and  undying  anxietv  of  RomA  tu 


Purtniiuu  «!.» 


HISTORY  OF   THE  WORLD.  419 

interfereiii  the  1  mporal  affaira  of  nations,  was  still  farther  impolitic  oa 
showuig,  what  H.nry  ought  of  all  thinp  the  most  cautiously  to  have  co^ 
cealed,  h.s  own  m.sgmngs  as  to  his  title.  Innocent  Vlll./the  iK  pop^ 
was  delighted  to  graufy  ftenry  and  to  interfere  in  his  tem^ral  concS 
and  he  immediately  obliged  him  with  a  bull  in  which  all  Henry's  tUles  £ 
he  crown  were  enumerated  and  sanctioned,  and  in  which  excominunfcS 

It  consisted  at  once  with  justice  and  with  sound  policy  that  Hfnrv  should 
reverse  the  numerous  a  tainders  which  had  been  passed  against  the  LIS 

nans.  But  he  went  st.ll  farther,  and  caused  his  ohseSuirs  pawSmeS 
topass  altamders  against  the  deceased  Richard,  theduSe  of  NCJfXthe 
earl  of  Surrey  the  viscount  Lovel,  the  lords  Ferrard  of  Chartle,  and  vZ 
T^Y^uT,'^  °^^^'  gentlemen  of  note.  There  was  a  somethinrof  £ 
absurd  added  to  very  much  of  the  tyrannical  in  these  sweeping  attafnden? 
Richard,  usurper  though  he  was,  nevertheless  was  king  rfe  S  and  S 
against  whom  these  attainders  were  passed  thus  foufht  f^ttkm^^M 
agains  the  earl  of  Richmond,  who  had  not  then  assumed  Se  title  oTkina 
The  attainders  were  farther  impolitic  because  they  irreatlv  tended  to 
weaken  the  confidence  of  the  people  in  the  total  obhvioTCthJ  quarreS 
of  the  roses;  to  which  confidence  Henry  ought  to  have  been  mind^fil  tSj 
he  owed  no  small  portion  of  security  and  popularity. 

Though  Henry  did  not  deem  it  expedient  to  add  to  the  numerous  de- 
mands  he  had  so  successfully  made  upon  this  obsequious  Sment  U 
1°  1"  h  A"''"^- """^^  "P°"  *•'■"  ^^^  perpetuity  of  toSnage  affioundagi 
which  had  been  just  as  complacently  conferred  upon  the  deceased  lUchaS 

?/.  lf.'''T"'?""r"  ^^'  •i'^^  ^Pi'^f"'  severity  with  which  he  had  treat 
ed  he  leading  friends  of  the  deceased  king,  Henry  now  proclaimed  irace 
am!  pardon  to  a  1  who  should  by  a  certain  day  takJ  the  oaths  ofTealtf and 
alegiaiice  to  him.  But  when  the  earl  of  Lrrey,  among  the  multulde 
SZ^f  P'-««''""'»ti«n ''^e w  from  their  sanctuaries,  pVesented  h?mie  f  S 

d     tttow?;  '"S?Hf  ""'"^  '.''''"^'^  ^°  grace,  iLediately  comm£. 
atinlrKnS-Tf'n   m'"^*'  rewarding  his  immediate  supporter  by  cic 
S  aJs!rRL/i"S*'*l°'^  ^'"'^-^  S'""  Giles  Daubeny,  Lord  Da^ 
thednklnf  nLJ   ^[.'  ^^«lloughby  Lord  Broke;  the  king  bestowed  uponi 

ause  a  «orf  ^?'',  nf.'ir'"'  '"^'^  "°  '^^"''">'  ^  ^""««»f  ^ad  embraced  Henry's 
cause,  a  sort  of  posthumous  reward  in  making  restitution  of  the  familv 

Morro;"?vE7""'?i '°  ^^^^^J^  «'^«"'^^^'  ^^«  <J»''«'«  «'de«t  son  '"""'^  ] 
his  fSmlih  n?n  H   "'^  "'''y  ^"^  """^^^  »»'=''  P""«"«  circumstances  proved 
n  8  friendship  to  Henry,  was  restored  to  the  bishopric  of  Klv.  and  he  and 

ri  H?nri";  ^°h"'  ^^^}^r^-^^^op  of  Ex'eter,  wer7the  miSfste™ 

referSJ^o  nV  .^  ^•'"'^'"f  -^'^^  confidence.     Hume  thinks  that  Henry's 

mZZjZ'^'r  '°  l**""'  I'  ^'"  "onfi'Jenti^l  advisers,  arose  from  Jis 

1,?,  u^  ^  '''°."''*''['S^  '"•■"'  ^^^"  promotion  from  poorer  to  richer  hish- 

emu  lvTo\:?n;r,*lf  •"«""«  °f«ti"'"««tin«  and  rewarding  their  zeal  less 

But  HnL    '"'"''«'f 'han  could  have  been  the  case  with  laymen  of  rank. 

rv'  JonZrr'  S"""  ^""J""'^  '"''^  "  somewhat  undue  weight  upon  Hen 

S  sfcZ  h""*''*^!:'  ""1""  *°  have  mistaken  his  motives  to  aJarticuUr 

S   hrnr«f  "'■^:,^'J.''"^''  personally  brave,  was  emphatically  i  lover  of 

Sord'  ^'„f  ^^''"11  the  conquest  of  the  intellect  to  the  conquest  of  the 

hHearn"  .  Zf  ,t""'f  ^ '"',  ^  ^P*^'''  i»t«"e<=tually  of  a  clerical  mould 

8esRi  m  nf  ,f     *!  ^^"^  intellectual  mastery  of  the  day  were  chiefly  in  po»I 

Jofh^nr'ir^y '  '"J  T  ""^^  ^""^^  "«  ^eepe?than  that  fa^t  X^ 

wS  hn^.  u^Pf'i?"''.*  "f  *^''"''  *•"»'  fa^'t  sufficiently  proving  that  thcv 

«1.°„  .u_''-r;"*"^y!?.«'".Phatic  declaration  of  his  unaltered  inteniinn  M 
._        ,,,^  psj;iv,-c55  .%iix,aueiii  did  not  whoUv  quiet  the  apprehensions  of 


42(y 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


the  people  upon  that  head.  The  parliament,  even  when  showing  its  tnisi 
fulnesr.  of  mm  and  its  ^eal  for  his  pleasure  in  granting  him  the  tonnage 
and  poundage,  expressed  strong  wishes  upon  the  subject ;  and  though  thej 
concealed  their  real  motives  under  a  general  declaration  of  their  desire 
that  ihey  should  have  heirs  to  succeed  him,  his  own  comparative  youth 
must  have  sufficed  to  convince  so  astute  a  person  that  the  parliament  had 
other  and  stronger  reasons  for  its  anxiety.  This  very  conviction,  how. 
ever,  was  but  an  additional  reason  for  his  hastening  to  comply ;  and  the 
nuptials  were  now  celebrated  with  a  pomp  and  luxury  surpassing  ever. 
those  which  had  marked  his  coronation.  The  joy  of  the  people  was  con 
spicuousiy  greater  in  the  former  than  it  had  been  in  the  latter  case ;  and  to 
the  brooding  and  anxiously  suspicious  mind  of  Henry  this  new  and  plain  in- 
dication of  the  warmth  of  affection  with  which  the  house  of  York  was  still 
looked  upon  by  a  great  portion  of  his  subjects,  was  to  the  highest  degree 

Eainful  and  offensive.  Publicly  his  policy  prevented  this  from  appearing, 
ut  in  his  domestic  life  it  caused  him  to  treat  the  queen  with  a  harshness 
and  coldness  which  her  amiable  temper  and  the  extreme  submissiveness 
of  her  bearing  towards  her  husband  by  no  means  appear  to  have  deserved 
Soon  after  his  marriage  Henry  determined  to  make  a  progress  through 
the  northern  counties,  in  the  view  of  awing  some  and  conciliating  the  rest 
of  the  partizans  of  the  late  king  and  his  house,  who  were  more  numerous 
in  that  part  of  the  kingdom  than  elsewhere.  He  had  already  reached  Not- 
tingham  when  he  received  information  that  Sir  Humphrey  Stafford,  his 
brother,  and  the  viscount  Lovel  had  left  the  sanctuary  at  Colch«ster,  in 
which  they  had  found  shelter  since  the  battle  of  Bosworth  field.  Unheed- 
ing,  or  at  any  rate  not  fearing  the  consequences  of  this  movement,  he  con- 
tinued his  progress  to  York,  where  he  learned  that  Viscount  Lovel,  with  a 
force  three  or  four  thousand  strong,  was  marching  to  York,  while  anolhei 
army,  under  Sir  Humphrey  Stafford  and  his  brother,  was  hastening  to  b« 
siege  Worcester.  The  uprising  of  such  enemies ,  at  the  very  momei" 
when  he  was  in  the  centre  of  precisely  that  part  of  England  which  was 
the  most  disaffected  to  him  might  have  paralysed  an  ordinary  mind ;  but 
the  resources  of  Henry's  intellect  and  courage  rose  in  accordance  with 
the  demands  on  them.  The  mere  retinue  with  which  he  travelled  formed 
no  mean  nucleus  of  an  army,  and  he  actively  and  successfully  engaged 
himself  in  adding  to  their  numbers.  The  force  thus  raised  was  of  neces 
sity  ill  found  in  either  arms  or  the  munitions  of  war  ;  and  Henry  therefore 
charged  the  duke  Bedford,  to  whom  he  entrusted  the  chief  command,  to 
avoid  any  instant  general  engagement,  and  to  devote  his  chief  exertions 
to  weakening  Lovel  by  seducing  his  adherents  by  promises  of  pardon. 
This  policy  was  even  more  successful  than  Henry  could  have  anticipated. 
Conscious  of  the  great  effect  which  the  king's  offers  were  likely  to  pro. 
duce  upon  rude  minds,  already  by  no  means  zealous  in  the  cause  which 
they  had  embraced,  Lovel  was  so  terrified  with  the  thought  of  beuig  aban- 
doned,  and  perhaps  even  made  prisoner  by  his  motley  levy,  that  he  fairly 
ran  away  from  his  troops,  and  after  some  difficulty  escaped  to  Flanders, 
where  he  was  sheltered  by  the  duchess  of  Burgundy.  Abandoned  by  tht'.r 
leader,  Lovel's  troops  gladly  submitted  to  the  king  in  accordance  with  his 
offers  of  mercy ;  and  the  utter  failure  of  this  branch  of  the  revolt  so  terri- 
fied the  revolted  who  were  before  Worcester,  that  they  hastily  raised  Hit 
kiege  of  that  place  and  dispersed.  The  Staffords,  thus  deserted  by  their 
troops  and  unable  to  find  instant  means  of  escaping  beyond  sea,  took  shel- 
ter in  the  church  of  Colnham,  near  Abingdon.  It  turned  out,  however, 
that  this  church  was  one  which  did  not  possess  the  right  of  sanctuary,  and 
the  unfortunate  Staffords  were  dragged  forth.  The  elder  was  executed 
as  a  traitor  and  rebel  at  Tyburn  ;  the  younger  was  pardoned  on  the  ground 
of  his  having  been  misled  by  his  elder  brother,  who  was  presumed  toii.ivr 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  421 

JV'the^?Xenttf  H^ ry' t^rw  fd Jet  tl'^ ^T!  T^*^  '^^^'^ 
of  the  queeu  of  a  son  and  heir  o„"ZmwL5?n£r«HlH''^  '^^  ^"'^^'^ 
thur,  both  in  compliment  to  the  infant's  nrh^Hn!?^7«r*'',®  "*•"«  °^  ^' 
sion  to  the  preten^ded  descend Vft^' TUCKS' tS^TaSm^^d'  ^"S 

chSr=h%lSpacuf  ;"f  E^^^^^^^^^  revolt  had  arisen 

take;  and  there  was  still  nronnndLairrPntonnVT'"'*'^ '"  ""'*«'" 
,      king,  to  which  he  was  dai  y?  fhS    nS,    „   ^  ^''^' •  ^  ^ 
'      strength.    To  the  vexation  SsedbvHpn^rvi  1^'^  unconsc.ously,  adding 
as  manifested  by  his  severi^es  S  men  Sf^tL^  'J^  ^''"*'^''"''"  ^^^^ 
daily  by  his  stern  and  harsh  treatment  of  5hln„pPP"'''^  kP"*^'  «n^  "P«- 
was  caused  by  the  sufferines  of  manv  nrin^vLfv  "^™"";''  '""'^  vexation 
tian  by  the  crown  of  all  aran?,  m,Z  ^ "    '?**  ^'''■'^''^*  ^""^  'he  resump- 
This  Lumpt?o7was  ma^de  by  nttvlITT."^  ^^^  '"'"««  «f  ^^'^' 
been  the  just  plea  that  Twas  absoSvT..^''^*  fPP^.f'  '*^"y  '«  ^ave 
great  and' mischievous  LprveriSSment^f   Se  "rJw'i''  %I^Z''  ^'  '^^ 
the  more  appearance  of  sincerity  from  the  S  thTt  h^*  tJ  ^  P'®*  •*"'.  ^" 
all  the  grants  made  during  the  later  years  of  Henrv'  v?*  "^^'^  """"^  'T 
» resumption  which  injured  not  VorE  i?l  i     ^  Y'-  ^^'■®  resumed; 
men  are  rarely  reasoiable  men  •  and  afthp  h  i  ^*»'=*»t''ian8.    But  losing 
est  on  the  side  of  the  YorkTs's  'thej  sai  f„  fiu  "^  ""^  '"^"7  ^^«  •'«*^'- 
castrian  prejudice  of  Henrv  whiih^if.J      ^i'  u"®"'  proof  of  the  Lan. 
lius'  bloody  tower  "  in  thP^v' Jv  nio         k*"'*^-  ''•'"  *°  ""Prison  in  "  Ju- 
been  butchLedrth;  youSgVarl  ^f  ^^^J  J^fV^^r '"^^^^^       "^T  I"  ''««* 

ssrtE:~^S=S^^ 

princess  of  the  house  of  York  whl^  ,Z    f '  V^  *^®  '*l"''  "?«"««  o^  'he 

♦j  conjure  wUh  as  thkt  o^Ui'^tJ^l^"','*^  ^  '."«'•«''  ^  ^al6  oe  a-,  gooj 

points  o  the  or  vite  h?«iorv  nf  .h.^^'Tr^'  ■fPP*'"  *«  *»«  »P«n  «ertaia 

l!a»e  come  wRhin  Si  nhlZof  ^^  T^''*  i^'^''^'  ""*'  ''«"'d  by  no  mean. 

(im  shrewd  -"l!'!l[!?l°!!!T*.'l°"^    »?  '^bscure  priest  like  his  instructor! 

_..„..,.,,.._  _^._  cjKcnauiaa  inai  certain  of  the  royal  lamiiv  01" 


422 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


York  must  themselves  have  aided  in  preparing  the  youth  for  hi»  mission 
of  imposture.  The  queen  dowager  was  among  the  personages  thus  sus- 
pected. She  and  her  daughter  were  both  very  unkmdly  treated  by  Henry, 
and  the  dowager  was  precisely  of  that  busy  and  aspiring  turn  of  mind 
which  would  render  neglect  and  forced  inaction  sufficiently  offensive  to 
prompt  the  utmost  anger  and  injury;  and  she.  might  safely  promote  the 
views  of  the  impostor  in  the  first  place,  in  the  full  confidence  of  being  able 
to  crush  him  whensoever  he  should  Uve  sufficiently  served  the  views  o) 

herself  and  of  her  party.  ,     ^   ^  .  ,  .u       .     •  j   . 

Aware  that,  after  all  the  pains  he  had  taken  to  prepare  the  apt  mmd  of 
his  promising  young  pupil,  many  chances  of  discovery  would  exist  in  Eng. 
land  which  would  be  avoided  by  commencing  their  nefarious  proceedings 
at  a  distance,  Simon  determined  to  lay  the  opening  scene  of  his  fraudulent 
drama  in  Ireland.  In  that  island  Warwick's  father,  the  late  duke  of  Clar- 
ence, was  remembered  with  the  utmost  affection  on  account  of  his  per- 
sonal  character,  as  well  as  of  his  many  public  acts  of  justice  and  wisdom 
while  he  had  been  governor.  The  same  public  officers  now  held  their  sit- 
uations there  who  had  done  so  under  Clarence,  and  under  so  many  favour- 
able circumstances  Simon,  probably,  could  not  better  have  chosen  the 
scene  of  the  first  act  of  his  elaborate  and  very  impudent  imposture. 

Henry,  on  getting  the  alarming  intelligence  from  Dublin,  consulted  with 
his  ministers,  and  among  the  first  measures  taken  was  that  of  seizing  upon 
all  the  property  of  the  queen  dowager,  and  closely  confining  her  m  the 
nunnery  of  Bermondsey.    This  rigorous  treatment  of  the  queen  dowager, 
occurring,  too,  at  this  particular  time,  seems  to  leave  no  doubt  that  she 
had  been  discovered  to  have  materially  aided  the  imposture  of  Simon  and 
Simnel.    The  alledged  reason  of  the  king  for  thus  severely  dealing  with 
one  with  whom  he  was  so  closely  connected,  was  her  having  shown  so 
much  favour  to  the  deceased  tyrant  Richard,  as  to  place  herself  and  hei 
daughters  in  his  power  when  she  was  safe  within  her  sanctuary,  and  to 
consent  to  his  marriage  with  the  princess  Elizabeth.     But  it  was  quite 
dear  to  every  man  of  discernment,  that  the  king's  subsequent  marriage  to 
the  princess  was  a  complete  condonation  of  all  that  had  previously  passed 
between  him  and  the  dowager  which  could  materially  offend  hirn;  nor 
was  he  of  a  temper  so  long  to  have  suffered  his  avarice  and  his  vengeance 
to  remain  in  abeyance,  had  that  really  been  the  ground  of  bis  offence. 
That  he  disliked,  not  to  say  hated,  his  mother-in-law,  had  long  been  cer- 
tain; and  it  seems  no  less  so,  from  his  present  proceeding  with  respect 
to  her,  that  he  now  had  discovered  reason  to  fear  her,  as  being  imporlanl- 
.y  aiding  and  abetting  in  an  imposture,  which  had  been  eminently  success- 
ful in  Ireland,  and  which  he  was  by  no  means  sure  would  not  be  equally 
so  in  England.     Having  securely  guarded  against  any  future  mischief  from 
the  queen  dowager,  by  thus  consigning  her  to  a  poverty  and  seclusion 
which  terminated  only  with  her  life,  the  king  now  gave  his  English  sub- 
fects  the  very  best  possible  proof  of  the  imprudence  and  falsehood  ol  !>im- 
nel's  assumption  of  the  title  and  character  of  the  earl  of  Warwick,  by  pro- 
ducing that  unfortunate  young  liobleman  himself  at  St.  Pavl  s,  and  caus- 
ing many  persons  of  rank  who  had  intimately  known  him  to  have  tree 
conversation  with  him ;  and  thus  not  only  demonstrate  that  the  preten- 
sions of  Simnel  were  false,  but  also  that  they  were  even  founded  upon » 
false  report,  the  earl's  escape  from  the  Tower,  which  Simon  and  his  aoei- 
tors  had  too  hastily  believed  on  the  strength  of  popular  rumour,  never  nav- 
ing  actually  taken  place. 

In  London  and  in  England  generally  this  judicious  measure  was  com- 
pletely decisive  of  the  popular  belief;  and  all  who  were  acquainted  wiin 
the  king's  tortuous  mind,  easily  understood  that  he  himself  liad  caused  thf 
runkour  of  the  young  ear  'a  escape,  for  the  purpose  of  saving  himseit  iroa 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


tm 


heing  importuned  to  release  him,  and  also  to  prevent  any  plots  beine 
formed  for  that  purpose.  '  "^  ^ 

Henry's  bold  tenriper  would  probably  have  prompted  him  to  go  over  to 
Ireland,  carrymg  with  him  the  real  Warwick.  But,  in  the  first  place,  he 
knew  that  the  consummate  assurance  of  Simon  and  his  friends  had  led 
them,  even  after  the  imposture  liad  become  a  mere  mockery  in  England 
to  protest  that  the  real  Warwick  was  the  youth  in  their  company,  and  that 
the  Warwick  whom  Henry  had  so  ostentatiously  produced  was  the  only 
impostor.  And,  in  the  next  place,  Henry  from  day  to  day  bad  information 
which  made  it  quite  certain  that  too  many  powerful  people  in  Enaland 
were  his  enemies,  and  inclined  to  aid  the  impostor,  io  render  it  safe  for 
him  to  be  absent  from  the  kingdom  for  even  a  brief  space  of  time.  He 
therefore  resolved  to  await  the  farther  proceedings  of  the  impostor,  and 
contented  himself  with  levyiug  troops,  which  he  placed  under  the  com- 
mand  of  the  duke  of  Bedford  and  the  earl  of  Oxford,  and  throwinir  into 
confinement  the  marquis  of  Dorset,  not  on  account  of  any  actual  overt  act 
but  lest  he  should  be  inclined  to  treason  by  the  hard  measure  which  had 
been  dealt  out  to  his  mother,  the  queen  dowager. 

Having  pretty  nearly  worn  out  their  welcome  in  Ireland,  and  havin?.  be^ 
sides  numerous  Irish  adventurers,  been  supplied  by  the  dowager  duchess 
of  Burgundy  with  about  two  thousand  veteran  Germans  headed  by  a  vet- 
eran  commander,  Martin  Schwartz,  Simon  and  Simnel  made  a  landinjr  at 
Foudrey,  m  Lancashire,  not  doubting  that  the  Yorkists,  whom  thev  knew 
10  be  80  numerous  in  the  northern  counties,  would  join  them  in  great  nura- 
bers.  In  this  respect  they  were  grievously  disappointed.  The  well  kii'  ^ 
courage  and  conduct  of  the  king,  the  general  impression  even  amon^  ti,e 
Yorkists  of  England  that  Simnel  was  a  mere  impostor,  and  the  excellent 
military  arrangements  and  large  military  force  of  the  king,  caused  the  in- 
habitants  of  the  northern  counties  either  to  look  on  passively  or  to  inanir 
rest  their  loyalty  by  joining  or  supplying  the  royal  army. 

John,  earl  of  Lincoln,  son  of  John  de  la  Pole,  duke  of  Suffolk,  and  ol 
Khzabeth,  eldest  sister  of  Edward  IV.,  had  for  some  time  past  been  resid- 
ing With  the  king  s  bitter  enemy,  the  dowager  duchess  of  Burifundv :  and 
he  now  appeared  at  the  head  of  the  mingled  crew  of  impostorsfrcbels,  and 
their  foreign  and  hireling  mercenaries.  This  nobleman  perceiving  that 
nothing  was  to  be  hoped  from  an  general  rising  of  the  people  in  favour 
of  the  pseudo  earl  of  Warwick,  resolved  to  put  the  fate  of  the  cause  upon 
the  issue  of  a  general  action.  The  king  was  equally  ready  to  give  battle, 
and  he  hostile  forces  at  length  met  at  Stoke,  in  Nottinghamshire.  The 
rebels,  conscious  that  they  fought  with  halters  around  their  necks,  foujrht 
with  proportionate  desperation.  The  action  was  long  and  sanyuinary: 
and  though  it  at  length  terminated  in  favour  of  the  king,  his  loss' was  far 
more  extensive  than  could  have  been  expected,  considering  his  advantage 
of  numbers  and  the  ability  of  his  officers.  The  loss  on  the  side  of  the  re^ 
els,  also  was  very  great.  The  earl  of  Lincoln,  Broughton,  and  the  Qer- 
man,  Schwartz,  were  among  four  thousand  slain  on  that  side ;  and  as  the 
viscouti  Lovel,  the  runaway  of  the  former  and  less  sanguinary  revolt,  who 
also  took  a  part  in  this,  was  miswing  and  never  afterwards  heard  of,  it  was 
IX^i  !  J?^'  t-JO,  was  among  the  slain.  Both  the  impostor  Simnel 
and  his  tutor  Simon  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  king.  The  priest  owed  his 
•lie  to  his  clerical  character,  but  was  sentenced  to  pass  the  whole  remain- 
H. In.  '"  'confinement;  and  Henry,  both  mercifully  and  wisely, signified 

Si.*  ."'^""capacity,  better  suited  to  his  origin  than  the  part  the 
Ei."^:?'*"^^i*"^'y..'*"8:ht  him  to  play,  Simnel  conducted  himself  so 
Mnnnl  """^  8a'«8factorily,  that  he  was  afterwards  advanced  to  the  rank  of 

mIZL^I!""^  "h  *''m  ''I!'®  """"y  ^"  '''8*»«'  ^'^'^n  ^O"''!  ordinarily  bo  aU 
lainea  oy  one  so  humbly  horn. 


HISTOBY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Havini?  freed  himself  from  a  danger  which  had  at  one  time  been  not  a 
little  alarming,  Henry  now  turned  his  attention  towaris  making  U^^^^^ 
loved  to  make  everything,  a  source  of  profit.  Few  perisnea  on  me  scaf- 
fold  for  this  revolt,  but  vast  numbers  were  heavily  fined  for  having  taken 
part  n  i  And  lest  the  mulcture  of  actual  comba  ants  sliould  not  suffi. 
dently  enrich  the  royal  treasury.  Henry  caused  al  to  be  fined  who  were 
nroveS  To  have  given  circulation  to  a  rumour,  which  had  somehow  got 
Euo  circulation  before  the  battle  of  Stoke,  that  the  rebels  were  victorious, 
Lnd  that  Henry  himself,  after  seeing  his  friends  cut  to  pieces,  had  only 
secured  his  safety  by  flight.  To  our  modern  notions,  the  mere  crediting 
IndJeporing  of  such  a  statement  seems  to  be  somewhat  severely  pun- 
Shed  by  heavy  pecuniary  fine;  but  Henry  perhaps,  thought  that  in  most 
of  the  Lses  "tfie  wish  was  father  to  the  thought,"  and  that  many  who 
had  given  circulation  to  the  report  wouW  not  have  been  violently  grieved 
had  It  turned  out  to  be  "prophetic,  though  not  true.     ...,,. 

Warned  by  much  that  ha^  reached  his  ears  during  the  absurd  and  mis- 
chievous  career  of  Simnel,  Henry  now  determined  to  remove  at  least  one 
cause  Sf  dissatisfaction,  by  having  the  queen  crowned.  This  was  accord- 
ineW  done  ;  and  to  render  the  ceremony  the  more  acceptable  to  the  peo- 
SI  in  gene;al,  but  especially  to  the  Yorkists,  Henry  graced  it  by  g.vinR 
Fibertv  to  the  young  marquis  of  Dorset,  sou  of  the  queen  dowager. 


CHAPTER  XXXVH. 

THE    RtlON  or  HBNBV   VII.    (CONTINUED.) 

n  1188.— Henry's  steadfast  style  of  administering  the  affairs  of  hib 
kinJom.  and  the  courage,  conduct,  and  facility  with  wh'ch  he  had  de- 
Kn  mself  from  the  dangerous  plots  and  revolts  by  which  he  had  been 
Ihreatcnedacnuiredhim  much  consideration,  out  of  his  own  dominions 
M  welTas  n  tLm.  Of  this  f-.cl  ho  was  well  aware,  and  internal  peace 
"w  seeming  to^e  permanently  secured  to  him,  he  prepared  to  exert  h.s 

'"Kg^ogrTpWcal  circumstances  ofScotland  rendered  *»  inevitable^  t^^^^ 
so  long  as  that  kingdom  remained  politically  independent  of  I'^"8la"d  »he 
ffVmer  must  always  remain  either  an  open  and  troublesome  enemy,  or  an 
is.  beciuse^Ysincere,  friend  to  the' latter.    The  <Ji"»«;«[.«^.X«; 
III   who  now  filled  the  Scottish  throne,  was  precisely  of    ">t<M»yand 
Indol^n?  cast  which,  while  it  encouraged  a  turbulent  nobility  lo  waste 
Sf  country  and  vex  thl  peo,)lo.  would  have  encouraged  a  king  of  Knglan 
iddic3  to  war  and  con(  uost  merely  for  their  own  sake,  to  prosecute  wat 
with  Scotland  ?n  the  assurwl  trust  of  making  a  final  and  oomp)«te  conques . 
But  Henrv  though  he  could  look  with  unl)lenched  cheek  upon  the  most 
Mng"na  y'b-Sfleld,w«s  profoundly  sensible  of  the  bles.ingsofpoac  • 
HMhSre  now  sent  ambamdors  to  Scotland  to  ProP«««  «  P™^ 
and  ho.  .  Hbto  peace  between  the  two  countr.es.    J«/"«-X  J'  .ff  v"e«i 
"avo  well  likod  to  conclude  such  a  peace,  but  his  nob. l.ty  b«d  othc  v,ew^ 
.  nd  all  that  came  of  this  e,nba«sy  was  a  somewha  •""«"  ^/T^-'^iJ";,; 
^even- year's  truce;  but  it  must  have  been  evident  to  a  far  i«"jV!"  °„ 
-^Iver  than  Henry,  that  even  that  truce  would  be  very  l.kcly  to  ^e  b  »k«n. 
S  ,«W  trbroach  be  invited  by  any  peculiarly  "»f«'"«'f  ^  i;'^;^'  S 
m  the  situation  of  England.     Will.  i\m  truce,  ho-*cver  «"1»«"  «"^^ 
cere  a.  the  Scottish  te'mper  very  evidently  ^«-' "^"/y  ^i-jS  'Jva^^^^^^ 
tent  himself:  and  from  Scotland  he  now  turned     »  "";"''""^,'^;  \lZg  for 
I,oui8  XI.  was  some  time  dead,  and  h.s  «o'V«'"l heir  was  t      y»"^  8 

SSucr'&m  Ihe  Ui^uience  and  umbhiou  of  powerful  vassal-.     - 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


425 


Louis,  a  profound  judge  of  human  dispositions  and  talents,  had  well  provided 
for  the  juvenile  incapacity  of  his  son,  by  committing  the  care  of  the  king- 
dom,  during  his  minority,  to  his  daughter  Anne,  lady  of  Beaujeu,  a  prin- 
cess  of  masculine  talents  and  courage.  This  lady  became  involved  in 
many  and  serious  disputes  with  Brittany,  which  disputes  were  greatly 
fomented  by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  so  far  involved  France  with  other 
provinces,  that  at  this  time  the  lady  of  Beaujeu  felt  that  the  issue  of  the 
struggle  in  which  she  was  engaged,  greatly,  almost  entirely,  depended 
upon  the  part  which  might  be  taken  by  the  powerful,  prosperous,  and  sa- 
gacious king  of  England.  The  subjection  of  Brittany  by  France  seemed 
quite  certain  did  not  England  interfere  ;  and  Anne  of  Beaujeu  sent  am- 
SiiBsadors  to  England,  ostensibly  with  the  chief  purpose  of  congratulat- 
ing  Henry  on  his  success  over  Siinnel  and  the  partizans  of  that  misguid- 
ed youth.  The  real  purpose  of  this  embassy  was,  in  fact,  to  engage 
Henry  to  look  on  without  interfering,  while  his  benefactor,  the  duke  of 
Brittany,  should  be  plundered  of  his  territory.  Henry,  who  well  under- 
stood that,  and  who  really  wished  to  serve  the  duke  of  Brittany,  but  who 
mortally  hated  the  expense  of  war,  endeavoured  by  polity  and  mediation 
to  put  an  end  to  the  strife.  As  will  be  seen  in  the  history  of  France,  both 
mediation  and  warfare  were  tried  in  vain  until  the  year  1491,  when  tho 
voung  duchess  of  Renncs  being  besieged  in  Reniies  by  the  French,  was 
rompelled  to  surrender,  and  restored  the  duchy  to  peace  by  giving  her 
hand  to  the  Frenth  monarch. 

This  termination  of  an  affair  in  which  he  had  lost  the  benefit  of  much 
thought  and  money,  by  not  being  more  liberal  both  of  money  and  vigour, 
vexed  Henry  exceedingly ;  but,  with  a  most  philosophic  creed,  he  resolv- 
ed to  turn  even  his  failure  to  profit.  The  loss  of  independence  to  Brit- 
tany really  affected  Henry  very  deeply,  and  the  more  so  as  he  had  been 
in  some  sort  out-generalled  by  Charles  VIII.  of  France.  But  it  was 
Henry's  care  to  appear  more  deeply  hurt  than  he  really  was,  and  he  loud- 
ly  and  passionately  declared  his  intention  to  go  to  war.  He  well  knew 
that  the  acquisition  of  Brittany  to  France  was  to  the  last  degree  offensive 
to  the  people  of  England,  and  a  war  with  France  proportionally  popular, 
and  he  took  his  measures  accordingly.  He  issued  a  commission  for  the 
raismg  of  a  benevolence,  which  species  of  tax  had,  however,  been  formal- 
ly and  positively  abolished  by  a  law  of  tho  tyrant  Richard,  though  now 
so  coolly  laid  on  by  a  king  who  wolud  have  deemed  it  strangn  had  he 
I.  en  called  a  tyrant.  Of  the  extent  of  the  extortion— for  it  was  no  bet- 
ter—practised  upon  this  occasion,  some  notion  may  be  formed  from  the 
faut,  that  London  alone  contributed  upwards  of  10,000/.  Morton,  the 
chancellor,  and  now  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  disgracefully  pleasant 
upon  the  occasion,  directing  tho  commissioners  to  take  no  excuse  ;  if  men 
lived  liaiulsomely  and  at  expense  it  was  on'v  fair  to  conclude  that  they 
must  be  wealthy,  and  if  they  lived  after  a  mean  and  miserable  fashion,  it 
was  equally  sure  that  their  means  must  be  hounhid !  The  dilemma  is  not 
ijlwiiys  a  figure  of  logic  even  for  a  chancellor ;  the  archbishop's  dilomniA 
had  one  horn  very  faulty,  for  it  is  quite  certain  that  badness  of  trade  and 
oppressiveness  of  taxation  might  make  many  ti  man  live  meanly,  from 
sheer  necessity,  who,  nevertheless,  would  far  rather  have  furnished  his 
table  with  viands  than  his  strong  box  with  gold.  Having  raised  all  that 
ae  could  by  way  of  benovoleiice,  that  is  to  say,  by  a  violence  expressly 
lorbidtieii  by  a  law  inado  even  during  tho  reign  of  a  bad  king,  Henry  now 
procet'(l«d  to  summon  his  parhainont  togolhur,  for  the  purpose  of  aoeing 
how  much  more  rnonoy  could  bo  extracted  in  a  more  regular  way.  Still 
Meping  in  view  the  warlike  character  of  his  jmjo  .!«,  and  their  recent  and 
fleep  vexation  with  Franco,  Henry  now  appealed  to  the  naiiomil  feelings 
in  a  s|)eeoh  to  parllamfliit.  whioh  is  io  curiuus  a  aoficiiiieii  a(  tUt-.  s.ri:t( 
i»eing  eloquently  insincere,  that  we  tranicrilw  Huine'a  nummary  of  the 


426 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


speech.  He  told  them  that  "  France,  eliittd  with  her  late  successes,  had 
oven  proceeded  to  a  contempt  to  England,  and  had  refused  to  pay  the 
tribute  whic'<  Louis  XI.  had  stipulated  to  Edward  IV. ;  that  it  jet-ame  m 
warlike  a  nation  as  the  English  to  be  roused  by  this  indignity,  and  not  to 
limit  their  pretensions  merely  to  repelling  the  present  injury.  That  for 
his  part,  he  was  determined  to  lay  claim  to  the  crown  itself  of  France, 
and  to  maintain  by  force  of  arms  so  just  a  title  transmitted  to  him  by  his  gal- 
lant  ancestors.  That  Cressy,  Poitiers,  and  Agincourt  were  sufficient  to  in- 
struct  tbem  in  their  superiority  over  the  enemy,  nor  did  he  despair  of  ad 
ding  new  names  to  the  glorious  catailogue.  That  a  king  of  France  had 
been  prisoner  in  London,  and  a  king  of  England  had  been  crowned  in 
Paris;  events  which  •  hould  animate  them  to  an  emulation  of  like  glory 
with  that  which  hat'  *'  len  enjoyed  by  their  forefathers.  That  ihe  domes- 
tic  dissensions  of  EnfUnd  had  been  the  sole  cause  of  her  losing  these 
foreign  dominions,  and  i*mt  her  present  internal  uiion  would  be  the  effec- 
tnal  means  of  recovering  ti^om ;  that  where  such  lasting  honour  was  in 
view,  and  such  an  important  acquisition,  it  became  not  brave  men  to  re- 
pine at  the  advance  of  a  little  treasure ;  and  that,  for  his  part,  he  was 
determined  to  make  the  war  maintain  itself,  and  hoped  by  the  invasion  ol 
so  opulent  a  kingdom  as  France,  to  increase  rather  than  to  diminish  the 
riches  of  the  nation." 

How  profoundly  Henry  seems  to  have  known  human  nature !  How 
skilfully  does  he  appeal  to  the  vanity,  the  fierceness,  the  high 
courage,  and  the  cupidity  so  inherent  in  man's  heart!  "Warlike  na- 
tion," "just  title,"  "gallant  ancestors,"  "Cressy,  Poitiers,  and  Agin- 
court,"  "lasting  honour,"  and  "important  acquisition,"  how  adminibly  are 
they  all  pressed  into  service,  in  the  precise  places  where  best  calcuhiled  to 
act  at  once  upon  the  good  and  the  evil  feelings  of  those  whom  he  aiidres- 
ses  !  And  then,  with  what  a  sublime  contempt  of  all  filthy  lucre  does  he 
not  dehort  "  brave  men "  from  caring  about  "  the  advance  of  a  lilllt 
reasure !"  ,    , 

If  all  men  were  gifted  with  the  far  sight  of  La  Roehefoucault  into  th< 
iiuman  heart,  perhaps  such  a  speech  as  this  of  Henry  would  defeat  itself 
by  the  very  excess  and  exquisitness  of  its  art.  But  all  men  are  not  so 
gifted,  and  never  was  man  better  aware  of  that  fact  than  Henry  was.  He 
knew  the  instruments  he  had  to  work  with,  and  he  worked  accordingly. 
Though  there  were  many  circumstances  in  the  state  of  Europe  which 
ought  to  have  made  the  parliament  chary  of  advancing  hard  cash  for  a 
war  with  France;  tliough  that  country  was  strengthened  by  the  very  feu- 
dal fiefs  which  had  so  fatally  weakened  it  when  iho  gallant  ancestors  ol 
Henry  had  deeply  dyed  with  French  blood  those  fatal  fields,  to  which 
Henry  so  proudly  and  so  effectually  alluded ;  though  even  on  the  very 
edge  of  England,  to  wit,  in  Scotland,  a  new  and  warlike  inonurch,  James 
IV.  had  succeeded  to  the  indolent  James  HI.  and  was  so  much  attached 
to  the  interests  of  France,  that  he  was  nearly  sure  to  evince  his  attach- 
ment by  making  war  on  England  whenever  Henry  should  load  the  flower 
of  England's  forces  to  the  shores  of  France,  the  parliament  hailed  Ht-nry's 
boastful  promises  with  delight.  Two  fifteenths  wore  readily  voted  to 
him,  and  an  a(!t  was  passed  to  enable  the  nobility  to  sell  their  estnleN;  by 
which  Henry  accomplished  the  double  purposeof  having  wealthy  voluiitfer« 
defray  many  unavoidable  expenses,  and  of  greatly  diininishing  tliat  biiro- 
nial  power  which  even  yet  trod  closely  upon  the  kibes  of  English  rovally- 

*.  o.  1498.— As  Henry  had  antici|)Bted,  many  powerful  nobles,  inlliiinert 
with  a  desire  of  making  in  France  rich  territorial  acquisitions,  such  w 
their  Norman  an-oslois  had  maiio  in  England,  availed  themselves  of  m» 
pohlu!  act,  and  srdd  or  pawnrd  their  broad  lands  to  raise  troops  for  the  in- 
vasion of  the  tJallio  Dorado.  80  well,  in  short,  were  Henri's  well-fci^iioU 
desires  SBCondoi'  thai  oii  the  OlUof  UuivKJsrin  this  ycuf,  ttc  wssenH-r— 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


427 


to  land  at  Calais,  with  a  splendidly  equipped  army  of  twenty-five  thousand 
.nfanlry  and  sixteen  hundred  cavalry,  the  whole  conriinanded,  under  the 
king  himself,  by  the  earl  of  Oxford  and  the  duke  of  Bedford,  and  officered 
by  some  of  the  very  first  men  in  England.  Many  a  bright  vision  of 
avarice  and  of  nobler  ambition  was  dreamed  among  that  mighty  host ;  but 
like  other  splendid  dreams,  thev  were  as  fallacious  and  short  lived 
as  they  were  brilliant.  The  truth  is,  that,  nobly  as  the  king  had  de- 
nounced wrath  to  France  and  promised  wealth  to  England,  he  had  from 
the  very  first  not  the  slightest  intention  of  firing  a  gun  or  drawing  a 
iword.  His  object  was,  snnply,  to  obtain  money ;  the  only  sincere  part 
of  his  speech  was  that  in  which  he  professed  his  hope  of  making  the  war 
maintain  itself;  and  he  so  mai.aged  the  affair,  with  both  friend  and  foe,  that 
he  really  did  make  the  war  not  only  pay  its  own  expenses,  but  contribute 
a  very  handsome  surplus  to  the  roy^l  treasury. 

It  was  whispered  among  shrewd  men,  that  October  was  a  singular  sea- 
son at  which  to  invade  France,  if  a  real  war  of  oonquest  was  intended. 
Henry  heard  or  guessed  this  rumour,  and  he  hastened  to  contradict  it,  by 
professing  his  conviction  that  to  conquer  the  whole  of  France  would  not 
cost  him  a  whole  summer,  and  that  as  he  had  Calais  for  winter-quarters 
the  season  of  his  arrival  was  a  matter  of  perfect  indifference. 

Yet  at  tiie  very  time  that  Henry  made  this  boast,  which  would  have 
been  marvellously  silly  and  vain-glorious  had  it  not  been  entirely  insincere, 
and  made  only  for  an  especial  and  temporary  purpose,  a  secret  correspon 
dence  fof  a  peace  had  for  some  time  been  carried  on  by  Henry  and  the 
king  of  France.  The  landing  of  Henry  in  France,  with  a  numerous  and 
well-appointed  army,  had,  as  he  had  foreseen,  greatly  strengthened  the 
desire  for  peace  on  the  part  of  the  king  of  France,  and  commissionerf 
were  now  very  speedily  appointed  to  sutlle  the  terms. 

Any  other  man  but  Henry  would  have  been  much  puziled  for  even 
plausible  reasons  by  which  to  account  to  his  subjects  for  so  ejirly  and  sud- 
denly agreeing  to  treat  for  peace,  after  making  such  magnificent  promises 
of  a  war  of  actual  conouest ;  promises,  too,  which  had  caused  so  many  of 
his  subjects  very  largely  to  invest  their  fortunes  in  his  service.  But  to 
Henry  this  was  no  difficult  matter.  He  had  represented  himself  as  sure 
nf  larpe  aid  from  the  Low  Countries ;  he  now  caused  Maximilian,  king  of 
the  llomuus,  to  send  to  inform  him  that  such  aid  could  not  then  be  fur- 
nished. Spain,  too,  was  at  war  with  France,  and  Spain  suddenly  received 
the  counties  of  Rousillon  and  Cordagne.and  concluded  peace  with  France! 
These  alteraliona  in  the  slate  of  affairs  would  naltirally  suggest  some  al- 
teration in  the  proceedings  and  hopes  of  Henry!  He  gave  full  time  for 
the  circulation  of  the  news  through  his  camp,  and  then  he  caused  »lie  mar- 
quis of  Dorset,  and  numerous  other  nobles  in  his  confidence!,  to  petition 
him  to  do  precisely  what  he  had  from  the  first  iigondod  to  do— to  make  a 
treaty  with  France!  Strangely  enough,  too,  they  were  made  to  allodge 
in  their  petition,  that  very  lateness  of  the  season  which  the  king  had  so 
recently  affected  to  be  entirely  without  importance,  and  the  difficulties 
attendant  upon  the  seige  of  Boulogne,  which  he  had  only  just  commenced, 
and  which  no  one  with  a  particile  of  common-sense  could  ever  have  hujk 
posed  to  be  an  undcrtakniur  without  its  difUculties  !  Henry,  with  well- 
reigned  reluctance,  suffered  himself  to  be  persuaded  ;  and  France  bouglil 
peace  by  tim  puymont  of  seven  hundred  and  forty-five  thousand  crovns 
down,  and  a  pension  of  twtnty-five  thousand  cr«)wns  yearly.  Well  indeed 
might  the  money-loving  Henry  consider,  now,  that  between  the  contribu- 
tions of  his  subjects  and  those  of  France,  the  war  had  indifferently  well 
maintained  itself. 

Scarcely  had  Henry  concluded  this  singularly  cool  and  as  singularly  suo- 
ocssful  endeavour  to  convert  a  glaring  iKjUical  blunder  into  a  moans  ol 


428 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


raisinif  a  large  sum  of  money,  than  he  was  once  more  called  upon  to  do- 
fend  his  throne  arainst  a  darmg  and  impudent  pretender. 

The  duchess  of  Burgundy,  whose  hatred  or  Henry  was  by  no  means 
decreased  by  the  ease  and  perfect  success  with  which  he  had  baffled  the 
designs  of  Simnel,  once  more  endeavoured  to  disturb  Henrv's  throne. 
8he  caused  it  to  be  given  out,  that  Richard,  the  young  duke  ot  York,  es* 
caped  from  the  Tower  when  his  young  brother  and  sovereign  was  mur- 
dered by  Richard,  duke  of  Gloster,  who  afterwards  usurped  the  thron'i. 
Improbable  as  it  was  that  the  younger  of  the  two  brothers  should  have 
escaped  from  the  monstrous  and  unsparing  murderer  of  the  elder,  the  tale 
was  eagerly  and  credulously  listened  to  by  the  people,  who  seem  to  have 
received  no  warning  from  the  former  impudent  imposture  of  Simcel. 
Perceiving  thai  the  fund  of  public  credulity  was  far  from  being  exhausted, 
the  duchess  eagerly  looked  around  her  for  some  youth  qualified  to  sustain 
the  part  of  that  young  duke,  of  whose  approaching  re-appearance  emissa- 
ries  were  now  instructed  to  hold  out  expectations.  The  youth  she  desired 
soon  presented  himself  in  the  person  of  Perkin  Warbeck,  the  son  of  a 
christianized  Jew.  -Young  Perkin  was  born  during  the  reign  of  the  amor- 
ous monarch,  Edward  IV.,  who  was  a  frequent  visitor  to  the  house  of  the 
wealth}'  Jew.  This  circumstance,  and  the  singular  likeness  of  young 
Perkin  to  the  king,  had  occasioned  not  a  little  scandalous  remark  as  to  the 
actual  parentflffe  of  the  boy.  The  youth,  who  had  removed  with  bis  father 
to  Tournay,  the  native  country  of  the  latter,  was  subsequently  thrown 
upon  his  own  resources,  and  caused  by  the  change  of  fortune  to  visit  a 
variety  of  places  ;  and  travel  had  thus  added  its  benefits  to  those  of  nature 
and  the  advantages  of  a  good  education.    The  youth  was  naturally  very 

?uick-witted  and  of  graceful  manners,  and  the  singular  likeness  he  bore  to 
idward  lY.  was  thus  rendered  the  more  remaixable,  especially  when, 
having  been  introduced  to  the  duchess  of  Burgundy,  and  by  her  instructed 
in  the  part  it  was  desired  that  he  should  play,  he  designedly  made  the  ut< 
most  display  of  those  (]ualities  which  hitherto  he  had  enjoyed  almost  un- 
consciously. The  rapidity  and  completeness  with  which  he  mastered  all 
that  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  teach  him  delighted  the  duchess,  who, 
however,  in  order  to  give  time  to  the  reports  of  her  emissaries  to  spread 
among  the  populace  in  England,  sent  the  pseudo  duke  of  York  to  Portu- 
gal under  the  care  of  Lady  Brampton.  FromPortugal  he  was  recalled  on 
the  breaking  out  of  what  Henry  had  called  the  "  war"  with  France;  and, 
as  his  predecessor  in  imposture  had  formerly  been,  he  was  sent  to  make 
the  first  public  essay  of  his  powers  of  impudence  in  Ireland.  His  success 
there  whs  sufficient  to  cause  a  great  interest  and  curiosity  not  only  in 
England  but  also  in  France,  to  which  country  he  was  invited  by  Charles 
Vlfl.,  who  received  him  with  all  the  honours  duo  to  distressed  royiilty, 
assigning  him  splendid  apartments,  and  giving  him  a  personal  guard  ot 
honour,  of  which  the  lord  Congresal  was  made  the  captain. 

The  personal  resemblance  of  young  Warbeck  to  Edward  IV.,  his  (frace 
ful  exterior  and  really  remarkable  accomplishments,  added  to  tiie  air  of 
entire  sincerity  which  Charles — w'»h  the  politic  design  of  embarrassing 
Henry — affected  in  his  trenttnnnt  oi  the  impostor  as  the  genuine  duke  of 
York,  rendered  the  imposition  so  far  successful,  that  upwards  of  a  hun- 
dred gentlemen,  some  of  them  (as  Sirfleorgo  Ncvil  and  Sir  John  Taylor), 
of  considerable  eminence,  actually  travelled  from  England  to  Paris  to  olTei 
their  swords  and  purses  to  the  duke  of  York. 

in  the  midst  of  a  tide  of  good  success,  which  must  have  astonished 
himself  more  than  any  one  else,  Warbeck  met  with  an  unexpected  cheek 
in  consequence  of  the  peace  that  was  so  suddenlv  concluded  between 
France  and  England.  Henry,  indeed,  on  this  occasion  tried  to  induce  the 
king  of  France  to  give  Warlmck  up  to  him ;  hut  Charles,  with  a  degree  ol 
kpirit  which  did  him  grea'  honour,  replied,  that  no  matter  what  was  iiio 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


429 


nal  character  of  the  young  man,  he  ought  to  go  free  Trom  France,  to  which 
Charles  had  himself  invited  him.  Wnrbeek  accordingly,  to  the  great  vex- 
atiou  of  his  friends,  was  dismissed  from  the  court  and  kingdom  of  Charles ; 
and  he  now  made  his  first  public  appearance  before  the  duchess  of  Bur- 
gundy, whose  instructions  he  had  hitherto  so  well  obeyed.  With  a  gravity 
which  did  infinite  credit  to  her  talents  as  an  actress,  the  duchess,  anecting 
to  have  been  but  too  well  instructed  by  Simnel's  affair  ever  to  give  credit 
again  to  mere  plausible  stories,  received  Warbeck  with  a  coolness  which 
would  speedily  have  terminated  his  suit  hud  ho  been  other  than  an  impos- 
tor, and  not  quite  as  well  aware  as  the  duchess  herself  was  of  its  motive. 
Well  knowing  that  her  ultimate  countenance  of  his  pretensions  would  be 
valuable  precisely  in  proportion  to  her  seeming  unwillingness,  at  the  out- 
set, to  grant  it,  the  duchess  publicly  and  with  much  seeming  severity  ques- 
tioned Warbeck  upon  his  pretensions  to  the  title  of  York.  As  question 
after  question  was  answered  with  a  correctness  far  beypud  the  power  of 
any  mere  impostor — of  any  impostor  unless  assisted,  as  Warbeck  was, 
by  the  duchess  or  some  other  member  of  the  royal  family — the  duchess, 
by  admirably  regulated  gradations,  passed  from  scornful  doubt  and  indig- 
nation to  wonder,  and  from  wonder  to  conviction  and  a  rapture  of  delight, 
as,  all  her  doubts  removed,  she  embraced  him  as  the  marvellously  pre- 
served son  of  Edward,  the  true  scion  of  the  Plantagenets,  the  only  right- 
ful heir  to  the  throne  of  England,  her  own  long  lost  and  miraculously  re- 
stored nephew !  The  scene,  in  short,  was  excellently  performed,  and  was 
as  pathetic  to  those  who  were  not  in  the  secret,  as  it  assuredly  must  have 
been  wearisome  to  those  who  were. 

The  duchess  of  Burgundy,  having  thus  with  difficulty  and  reluctance 
satisfied  herself  of  the  trutn  of  her  soi  disant  nephew's  pretensions,  as- 
signed him  a  guard  of  honour,  and  not  only  intimated  her  desire  that  he 
should  be  treated  with  the  utmost  respect  by  all  her  court,  but  herself  set 
the  example,  never  mentioning  him  but  with  the  honourable  and  endear- 
ing title  of  the  white  rose  of  England. 

A.  D.  1493.— The  English  of  high  rank  were  not  behind  the  Flemish 
populace  in  giving  credence  to  Warbeck's  pretensions.  Men  easily  be- 
lieve that  which  they  have  learned  to  desire ;  and  the  firm  rule  of  Henry, 
and  the  great  and  obvious  pains  he  took  to  depress  the  nobility,  and  to 
elevate,  at  their  expense,  the  middle  and  trading  classes,  disposed  very 
many  men  of  power  and  consequence  to  assut  Warbeck  in  the  struggle 
he  meditated  for  the  English  throne.  Even  Sir  William  Stanley  who  had  * 
done  so  much  to  secure  Henry's  elevation,  now  began  to  lo<>k  with 
complacency  upon  his  possible  dethronement  by  tht  pseudo  duke  of  Ybrk* 
and  Sir  Robert  Clifford  actually  went  to  Flanders  to  join  the  pretender, 
and  wrote  thence  that  he  could  personally  vouch  that  the  youth  in  ques- 
tion was  really  that  Richard,  duke  of  York,  who  had  so  long  bnen  sup- 
posed to  have  been  murdered  by  his  uncle,  the  late  king.  The  high  rank 
and  respectable  character  of  Clifford  made  this  assurance  of  his  exten- 
sively and  mischievously  influential;  causing  many,  who  would  have  dis- 
dained to  assail  Henry's  throne  for  the  sake  of  an  impostor,  to  join  in  the 
wide-spreading  conspiracy  in  favour  of  the  supposed  duke  of  York. 

In  these  ''rcumstances  the  king's  best  safeguard  was  his  own  politiu 
and  vigilant  lemper.  Well  served  by  his  nimierous  spies,  both  in  Englano 
and  on  the  continent,  ho  was  thoroughly  informud  of  every  important  sle[ 
that  was  taken  J>y  his  enemies.  Being  morally  certain  that  the  duke  of 
York  had  Iwon  murdered  by  the  late  king,  he  took  the  necessary  steps  for 
making  that  fact  appear  from  the  sialenuMit  of  those  who  were  still  livioj^ 
who  had  personal  cognizance  of  it.  These  persons  wore  two  in  number  ; 
Sir  James  Tyrrel,  who  had  superintended  tnc  mnrdcr  and  seen  the  dead 
iwdies  of  the  murdered  youths,  and  Dightoii,  who  had  been  one  of  the 
sc:s3!  sauracreri  i  both  of  wiiora  biai«ii'in«  iiiuiJuf  lu  riuV«  biwu  uOiu* 


480 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


mitted  on  both  the  princes ;  and  their  separate  statements  agreed  with  tbe 
utmost  accuracy  in  every  particular. 

The  next  point  that  Henry  was  anxious  to  clear  up,  was  the  identity  of 
tlie  pretended  duke  of  York.  That  he  was  an  impostor  was  beyond  all 
doubt  5  but  it  was  very  important  that  Henry  should  be  able  to  say,  not 
only  who  he  was  not,  but  who  he  was  and  whence  he  had  sprung,  to  aim, 
by  a  daring  imposture,  at  the  English  throne.  With  this  view  he  sent 
spies  into  Flanders,  and  instructed  some  of  them  to  pretend  the  utmosi 
zeal  against  him,  and  to  join  the  opposite  party.  By  this  plan  he  became 
aware  of  the  number  and  rank  of  Warbeck's  adherents ;  and  upon  these 
new  spies  were  set,  until  Henry,  by  slow  degrees,  and  through  the  instru- 
mentality of  men  against  whom  he  feigned  the  most  ungovernable  indigo 
nation,  possessed  himself  of  every  passage  in  the  history  of  young  War- 
beck  from  his  very  childhood.  The  tidings  thus  obtained  Henry  took 
great  pains  to  circulate  throughout  England ;  and  the  clearness  with  which 
every  step  in  the  impostor's  career  was  traced  greatly  tended  to  diminish 
the  popularity  of  his  cause,  and  to  weaken  the  zeal  of  his  partizans,  upon 
whom  Henry  determined  to  take  ample  vengeance  at  his  own  leisure  and 

convenience.  '  ,:..,•, 

A.  D.  1494.— Having  taken  all  prudent  measures  for  disabusnig  the 
minds  of  his  own  subjects  as  to  the  real  history  of  the  pretended  duke  ol 
York,  Henry  made  a  formal  complaint  to  the  archduke  Philip  of  the  en- 
couragement and  shelter  which  so  notorious  an  impostor  as  Warbeck  had 
met  with  in  Flanders ;  and  as  Philip,  at  the  instigation  of  the  duchess 
dowager  of  Burgundy,  coldly  replied  that  he  had  no  authority  over  the 
demesne  of  that  princess,  Henry  banished  all  Flemings  from  England,  and 
recalled  all  his  own  subjects  from  the  Low  Countries ;  feeling  satisfied 
that  the  injury  thus  done  to  the  trade  of  so  commercial  a  people  as  tiie 
Flemings,  would  soon  urge  them  into  such  revolt  as  would  abundantly 
revenge  him  upon  their  sovereign.  ,        •,  .. 

In  the  meantime  Henry  suddenly  and  simultaneously  seized  upon  those 
of  his  own  subjects  who  had  been  the  most  zealous  in  conspiring  against 
him,  and  some  were  speedily  tried  and  executed.     Others,  among  whom 
was  William  Worsely,  the  dean  of  St.  Paid's,  escaped  with  short  impris- 
onment.     But  a  more  important  victim  was  yet  to  be  sacrificed.    Stanley 
the  lord  chamberlain,  was  accused  by  Clifford,  who  was  directed  to  come 
to  England,  kneel  to  the  king  for  pardon,  and  accuse  Stanley.     The  im- 
mense wealth  of  the  latter,  who  had  forty  thousand  marks  in  ready  money 
and  valuables,  and  a  yearly  revenue  of  three  thousand  pounds,  by  no 
means  tended  to  diminish  the  king's  desire  to  convict  him.     But  Henry 
feigned  the  utmost  astonishment  and  incredulity,  expatiated  upon  the  very 
great  improbability  that  Stanley,  connected  with  Henry  and  holdin?  ths 
important  office  ■  i  chamberlain,  should  be  guilty  of  treason,  and  even  sol- 
emnly exh'--    '  Clifford  to  beware  that  he  did  not  wrongfully  accuse  an 
innocent  man.     Clifford,  in  apite  of  all  this  pretended  anxiety  on  the  part 
of  the  king,  persisted  in  his  statements  of  Stanley's  guilt,  and  the  accused 
was  confronted  with  him.     Either  from  a  high  sense  of  honour  which 
deemed  every  suffering  and  danger  prtiferable  to  the  baseness  of  falsehood, 
or  from  a  weak  notion  that  his  great  services  to  the  king  in  former  daya 
would  prove  his  safeguard  now,  Stanley  did  not  affect  to  deny  nis  guilt. 
A.  D.  1495.— Even  now,  though  Henry  could  not  have  a  doubt  of  Staiv 
ley's  guilt,  and  was  fully  resolved  not  to  spare  him.  six  ^jeeks  were  suf- 
fered to  elapse  before  the  prisoner  was  brought  to  trial ;  a  delay  by  which 
U  probably  was  intended  to  give  the  public  a  notion,  thai  the  king  was 
unwilling  to  proceed  to  extremities  against  a  man  who  had  formerly  berii 
MO  serviceable  to  him.     At  length  he  was  tried,  and  the  part  of  his  conduct 
whit  h  ffave  the  most  offence  was  his  having  said  to  Clifford,  that  if  tie 

WPVv  iiUUC  aUrC  liiSi  iiic  juung  man  ttiii.-  vitrrts. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


m 


(t»]ly  was  80,  he  never  would  bear  arms  against  him.  This  speech,  as  show- 
ing a  preference  to  the  house  of  York,  was  far  more  unpardonable,  in  the 
liulgment  of  Henry,  than  the  offence  of  siding  with  a  mere  nameless  pre- 
tender, and  probably  was  more  conclusive  against  Stanley  than  the  actual 
assistance  which  he  gave  to  Warbeck  in  the  way  of  money  and  advice. 
As  he  did  not  even  attempt  to  show  himself  innocent,  a  verdict  was  of 
course  returned  against  him  ;  and  the  king,  who  previous  to  the  trial  had 
pretended  so  much  reluctance  to  believe  aught  against  him,  did  not  allow 
much  time  to  elapse  between  the  sentence  and  execution,  being  chiefly 
influenced,  it  would  seem,  by  the  large  forfeiture  which  accrued  to  the 
crown.  , 

The  execution  of  Stanley,  high  in  rank,  holding  an  important  office,  and 
having  until  so  late  a  date  enjoyed  so  large  a  share  of  the  king's  favour 
and  confidence,  naturally  struck  terror  into  the  confederates  of  Warbeck, 
B8  Henry  intended  that  it  should.  And  not  only  did  this  expectation  warn 
them  that  mercy  was  out  of  the  question,  should  any  be  convicted,  but 
the  mere  appearance  of  Clifford  as  the  king's  informer  was  well  calculated 
to  strike  terror  into  the  guilty,  who  must  now  be  aware  that  they  had 
no  longer  any  secrets  from  the  cold-blooded  and  resolved  king,  against 
whom  they  had  plotted  so  much  mischief.  Each  of  the  conspirators  now 
learned  to  look  with  dread  and  suspicion  upon  his  neighbour.  Many  were 
thus  impelled  into  withdrawing  from  the  support  of  tlie  pretender  while 
tiiey  still  tiad  an  opportunity  to  do  so ;  and  though  rumors  and  libels  still 
continued  to  dismay  the  king,  a  very  general  and  wholesome  opinion  was 
formed  of  the  great  extent  of  the  king's  secret  information,  and  of  his 
resolute  determination  to  crush  the  guilty. 

Even  while  punishing  conspiratops,  the  king  seemed  far  more  bent  upon 
aicreasing  his  wealth,  by  whatever  arts  and  schemes  of  extortion,  than 
jpoii  conciliating  the  affections  of  his  people,  and  thus  arraying  them  in 
defence  of  his  throne  agaiiiNt  the  arts  and  efforts  of  open  pretenders  or 
lecret  conspirators.  His  extortions  were  perpetual,  shameless,  and  mer- 
ciless ;  the  very  laws  which  ought  to  have  been  the  safeguard  of  the  peo- 
jle,  were  made  the  means  of  extorting  money  from  the  wealthy.  Sir 
Williatn  Capel,  a  London  alderman,  had  information  laid  against  him 
which  involved  him  in  penalties  to  the  enormous  amount  of  two  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  forty-three  pounds,  and  he  actually  had  to  pay  near 
two  ihonsand  by  way  of  compromise.  The  lawyers  were  encouraged  to 
lay  infoimations  against  wealthy  men,  and  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the 
partieH  seems  to  have  been  far  less  considered  than  their  willingness  and 
abihty  to  enrich  the  king,  by  compounding  with  him  for  their  offences,  real 
or  imaginary.  Aided  by  his  financial  agents,  Kmpson  and  Dudley,  to 
whose  unscrupulous  misconduct  we  shall  by  and  by  have  to  recur,  ileiiry 
in  this  way  fleeced  the  great  and  the  wealthy  of  enormous  sums,  and  thus 
forwarded  his  double  design  of  depressing  the  somewhat  dangerous  power 
of  the  great,  and  of  increasing  his  own  vast  treasure. 

Though  the  king  oppressed  the  wealthy  beyoiid  measure,  the  main  body 
01  the  people  had  but  little  cause  to  complain  of  him,  for  it  might  most 
truly  be  said  of  him  that  he  would  allow  no  oppressor  in  his  kingdom 
except  himself.  In  spile,  therefore,  of  numerous  acts  of  particular  op- 
pression,  the  king's  authority  was  daily  more  and  more  respected  by  the 
people  ill  largo ;  and  Warbeck,  fearing  that  a  longer  delay  would  but  in- 
creas.Mho  dimcultios  of  his  desjgn,  at  length  determined  to  make  a  descent 
opon  England.  Having  collected  an  army  of  somewhat  less  than  a  thou- 
Mtirt  men  consisting  chiefly  of  iiren  equally  bankrupt  in  character  and  in 
means,  Warbeck  took  advantage  of  the  abscneo  of  the  king,  who  was 
m«KMig  a  state  progress  through  the  north  of  England,  and  made  his  an- 
pearanM  off  the  coast  of  Kent.  But  the  care  with  which  the  kina  had 
r.«p08ou  the  reiil  chsr&etsr  ztal  connsstlnss  n'  ur.._k. i.   ^„  j  .< "  r.. 


W.  »-.  '-^i 


3!t.trvn.j  3!IU   I  SC  3.-t5   laiC 


432 


HISTORT    OP  THE  WORLD. 


of  Sii  William  Stanley,  caused  the  Kentish  gentry  to  be  on  the  alert,  not 
to  join  the  impostor,  but  to  oppose  him.  Wishing,  however,  to  make  him 
prisoner,  they  told  the  messenger  whom  he  sent  ashore  that  they  were 
aetua.ly  in  arms  for  him,  and  invited  him  lo  land  and  place  himself  al 
their  head.  Warbeck  was  too  suspicious  to  fall  into  the  snare ;  and  the 
Kentish  men  finding  that  they  could  not  induce  him  to  trust  himself  ashore, 
fell  upon  those  of  his  retainers  who  had  landed,  and  took  a  hundred  and 
fifty  prisoners,  besides  putting  a  considerable  number  to  death.  This  ao 
tion  drove  Warbeck  from  the  coast;  and  the  king,  who  was  thoroughly 
determined  to  put  down  the  revolt  with  a  strong  and  unsparing  hand,  or 
dered  the  hundred  and  fifty  prisoners  to  be  put  to  death,  without  an  ex 

ception!  ^  ^ 

A  singular  and  very  important  law  was  just  novv  enacted,  by  which  it 
was  provided  that  no  man  should  be  attainted  for  aiding  the  king  de  facto, 
whether  by  arms  or  otherwise.  Henry  probably  instituted  this  law  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  increased  confidence  and  zeal  to  his  own  partizans,  by 
making  it  impossible  that  even  his  fall  could  involve  them  in  ruin.  As  tbe 
first  and  most  important  end  of  all  law.-j  is  to  secure  the  peace  of  the  com- 
munity, and  as  the  defenders  of  the  de  facto  king  are  usually  such  by  their 
attachment  to  public  orde^r,  the  law  was  a  very  proper  one  in  spirit ;  but  it 
was  one  which  in  the  case  of  any  violent  revolution  was  but  little  likely 
to  be  respected  in  practice,  especially  as  nothing  could  be  easier  than  for 
the  dominant  party  to  cause  it  to  be  repealed. 

Of  the  invasi  .A  of  Italy  by  France,  and  the  league  formed  to  check  the 
French  king's  ambitious  schemes,  we  need  only  barely  mske  mention  here 
for  though  Henry  was  a  member  of  that  league,  he  was  a  mere  honorary 
member  of  it,  neither  the  expenses  nor  the  trouble  of  warfare  on  so  dis 
tant  a  scene  suiting  with  his  peace-loving  and  rigidly  economical  tempei 


CHAPTER  XXXVni. 

THE  BKioN  or  HENRY  vii.  {concluded) 

A.  n.  1495.— Warbeck,  on  perceiving  the  treatment  that  was  bestowed 
by  the  Kentish  people  upon  those  of  his  adherents  who  had  been  so  unfor- 
tunate as  to  land,  sincerely  congratulated  himself  upon  the  suspicion 
which  had  arisen  in  his  mind  at  the  regular  and  disciplined  appearance  oi 
the  men  who  pretended  to  be  newly  levied,  and  with  an  especial  view  to 
his  service.     He  had,  however,  gone  too  far  to  recede,  mul  was,  besides, 
without  the  funds  necessary  to  support  his  numerous  followers  in  idleness. 
Ireland  had  ever  been  ready  to  war  against  the  king  of  England  on  any  or 
on  no  pretext,  and  to  Ireland  he  accordingly  steered  his  course.    But,  as 
we  have  more  particularly  mentioned  under  t»»e  history  of  that  country 
Poyning's  law  and  other  good  measures  had  bj  far  strengthened  the  royal 
authority,  that  even  in  the  usually  turbulent  Ireland  the  adventurer  could 
obtain  no  support.     Certain  hospitalities,  indeed,  he  experienced  at  the 
hands  of  some  of  the  chieftains,  hut  their  coarse  fare  and  rude  habits  virore 
but  little  to  his  taste,  and  he  left  them  to  try  his  fortune  m  Scotland.    1  lie 
fcinsr  of  rniiice,  in  revenge  for  the  junction  of  Henry  with  the  other  op- 
ponents of  Iho  ambitious  schemes  of  France,  and  the  king  of  the  Roinans. 
Ill  revenKO  for  Henry's  prohibition  of  all  commerce  with  the  Low  i>oun 
tries,  secretly  furnished  Warbeck  with  strong  recommendations  to  the 
king  of  Scotland,  Junios  IV.     That  chivalric  prince  seems  at  first  to  ha^e 
Biwoected  the  truth  .)f  Warhock's  story;  for  while  he  received  h.m  other 
w.se  kindly,  he  somewhat  pointedly  told  him  that  be  whoever  or  w  atev«' 
he  might  he  should  never  repent  having  trusted  to  a  king  of  Si^o™  » 
reman;  w^nicu  w;  wuutu  z^aivrsy  i-.---  •—• —  —  —  — "   — 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  433 

that  he  was  really  the  duke  of  York.  But  the  king's  suspicions  did  not 
king  hold  out  against  the  fascinating  manners  and  nunaerous  acromplish* 
roents  of  the  young  adventurer.  So  completely  did  James  become  the 
dupe,  and  so  far  was  that  kind-hearted  monarch  interested  in  tl  e  welfare 
of  the  young  impostor  who  practised  upon  his  credulity,  that  he  actually 
me  him  in  marriage  the  lady  Catherine  Gordon,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Huntley,  and  not  very  distantly  related  to  the  king  himself. 

A.  D.  1496.— That  James  of  Scotland  really  did  give  credence  to  the  ela- 
borate falsehoods  which  were  told  him  by  young  Warbeck  seems  certain, 
or  he  would  scarcely  have  given  him,  in  marriage,  a  young  and  beautiful 
lady  of  a  noble  family  and  even  related  to  the  crown.    But  policy  had, 
probably,  still  more  to  do  in  producing  James'  kindness  to  the  adventurer, 
than  any  considerations  of  a  merely  humane  and  personal  nature.    Injury 
to  England,  at  any  rate  and  under  any  circumstances,  seems  to  have  been 
the  invariable  maxim  of  the  Scottish  kings  and  of  the  Scottish  people ;  and 
James,  deeming  it  probable  that  the  people  of  the  northern  counties  of 
England  would  rise  in  favour  of  Warbeck,  led  him  thither  at  the  head  of  a 
strong  and  well  appointed  army.   As  soon  as  they  had  crossed  the  border, 
Warbeck  issued  a  proclamation  in  which  he  formally  stated  himself  to  be 
that  duke  of  York  who  had  so  long  been  supposed  dead,  claimed  to  be  the 
rightful  sovereign  of  England,  and  called  upon  all  his  good  aad  loyal  sub- 
jects to  rise  and  aid  him  in  expelling  the  usurper  who  laid  heavy  burdens 
upon  them,  and  whose  oppressions  of  men  of  all  ranks,  and  especially  his 
studied  degradation  of  the  nobility,  had,  said  the  proclamation,  justly 
caused  him  to  be  odious  to  all  ineo.   Bui  besides  that  the  men  of  the  north 
of  England  were  but  little  likely  to  look  upon  a  Scottish  army  as  a  re- 
commendation  of  the  new  comer,  there  were  two  circumstances  which 
prevented  this  proclamation  from  being  much  attended  to ;  every  day  taught 
men  to  look  with  increased  dread  upon  the  calm,  unsparing  and  unfaltering 
temper  of  the  king;  and  Warbeck's  Scottish  friends,  by  their  taste  for 
plunder,  made  it  somewhat  more  than  difficult  for  the  English  borderers 
to  look  upon  them  in  any  other  light  than  that  of  plundering  foemen. 
Warbeck  was  conscious  how  greatly  this  practice  of  the  Scots  tended  to 
injure  his  cause  among  the  English,  and  he  remonstrated  with  James  upon 
Uie  subject.    But  James,  who  now  clearly  saw  the  little  chance  there  wab 
of  any  rising  in  favour  of  Warbeck,  plainly  told  him  that  all  his  sympathy 
was  thrown  away  upon  enemies,  and  all  his  anxiety  for  the  preservation 
of  the  country  equally  wasted,  inasmuch  as  it  seemed  but  too  certain  thai 
that  country  would  never  own  his  sway.    In  fact,  but  for  their  plundering, 
the  Scots  would  literally  have  crossed  the  border  to  no  earthly  purpose, 
scarcely  an  Englishman  being  by  their  coming  induced  to  join  the  stand 
ard  of  Warbeck.     Henry  was  so  confident  that  the  marauding  propensi 
ties  of  the  Scots  would  make  Warbeck's  cause  unpopular  in  tlie  northern 
counties  rather  than  the  contrary,  that  he  was  by  no  means  sorry  for  the 
Scottish  irruption.    Nevertheless,  true  to  his  constant  maxim  of  making 
a  profit  of  everything,  he  affected  to  be  very  indignant  at  this  violation  of 
his  lemtor}',  and  he  summoned  a  pariiamont  to  listen  to  his  complaints 
on  this  head,  and  to  aid  him  in  obtaining  redress  for  so  great  and  affront- 
ing an  injury.    The  pathetic  style  in  which  Henry  so  well  knew  how  to 
couch  his  complaints,  so  far  prevailed  with  the  pariiament  as  to  induce 
nem  to  vote  him  a  subsidy  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  pounds,  and 
they  were  then  dismissed. 

A.  D.  1497,— The  people,  always  shrewd  judges  of  character,  had  by  this 
ime  learned  to  understand  that  of  Hemy.  Comparing  the  frequency  and 
ine  largeness  of  the  grants  made  to  him  oy  the  parliament  with  his  own 
regal  economy  and  personal  stinginess,  they  easily  calculated  tliat  he  had 

IwT  "ilT,""™."' ■"*°A®"*5*f?"'5  ?P»f«  his  subjects  this  new  impo- 
— !•-    It  !u:ju-.Tca  mat,  inougu  ihe  (i&iUaiu«iii  hitU  su  wiiiiiigiy  grauteii 

V  OL*  l»— — ,*o 


434  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

.he  subsidy  in  the  mass  the  ^ ^533^^6^""^^^^^^ 

it  to  the  tax  collectors  m  detail.    Th«  was  m^^^         the  people  of  that 

Cornwall.    Far  removed  from  any  mroad^^  .^  ^  p  ^  F^  ^^ 

part  could  not  or  wo«W  "°» "Jvlr  seen     TheVpular  discontent  in  Com- 
an  enemy  whom  they  ha'J  "^^J' »    two  demSogues,  Joseph  and  Flam, 
wall  was  still  ff'ther  increased  by  two  ae     SB      ^^^^^ 
mock.    The  latter  especmlly,  who  ^a*  *  wwy  ^        ^^^^  ^^^  ^^.^  y^^^ 
populace,  whom  he  afs^f  J^at  tt,e  lax  i^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^ 

U  was  wholly  illegal,  'n««;j»f  i'Sro^^^^  them  against  all 

held  their  lands  on  the  express  jonoigd  the  people  promptly  and  firmly, 
inroads  of  the  ^''^ts  ^and  that  it  l^hove^^^^^  pe  p    p       i^  y^^^  ^^^^y. 

but  peaceably,  to  Pf 'tjon  aga'^^^^^^^^^  J^^^ely  worth  while  to  in- 

bade  fair  to  Become  ^^''IJo^ubbv^^k  sincere  in  their  exhortations  to 

^"'■^  IrJL^n-  the  evSshowed  how.much  easier  it  is  to  set  a  mal- 

peaceable  agitation ,  the  event  8i.ow«ui  country  people  hav- 

titude  in  n»ot.on.than  to  contro  lit  aft^^^^^  ^^  the  tax  confirmed 

ing  their  own  opmions  of  the  » legahty  ana     j 

by  men  of  whose  alents  a"^  »nf»'"'«*'°"  ^fjjem  being  armid  with  the 

gathered  together  m  g/eat  ""^^^^'^/J^n'^^^^^^  tumultuous  gather- 

implements  of  their  ruraUauour.    J^^'J^^^Xs,  and  passing  from  Com 

ing  chose  Flammock  and  J^f  JP^/^J.^^^S;  n  Somersetshire,  where 

wall  through  Devonshire,  hey  reacneaiauni, 

they  killed  one  of  the  ee^ectors  of  the  subsidy^  w^^       ,^  ^ 

haps,  severity  had  given  them  m"^J  <><fi^^       a  distinguished  le/der  in  the 

to  Veils,  in  the  same  e°»"ty,  where  they  got  a  am    g 

person  of  the  lord  Audley,  a  nobleman  of  anc^^^^ 

to  popularity-hunting.    Headed  by  this  «'"[  J0'»  J™      ^^j    i  ^,^,,^,^^„  „! 

towards  London  breathing  vengean^^^^^^  wrong  or  vi- 

the  king,  though  upon  the  whole  tolerawyinno  Rentiah-raen 

olence  during  the  latter  part  of  their  march      i  noug    ^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

had  so  lately  shown  by  the  t^Tnvolve^hemselves  in  a  quarrel  with  the 
how  little  they  were  '"''^'"^iJ" 'f  ,^ij^iJ  th^thly  were  sure  to  be  joined 

king,  F^r'".^?*''^P/ W^^tsfJa  te  had^^^^^^^  maintained  their  !ib- 
by  the  Kentish  Peopjej^6«o««  th^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^.^^^^^^^ 

ofty  even  agamst  the  Norman  »™"^^,^^'^-f  „uch  importance,  for  into 
nereeived  by  the  muU.tude  or  not  j;"/»^„7«^„,f,™X<^eT^  took  up  their 
Kent  they  marched  in  ^'^"^"''f^S^r.  from  London.  So  far  was 
position  on  a  hill  at  Eltham,  *  veiT  few  miles  from  i.ona 

Se  advice  of  Flammock  frombeng  7«"j3g^*if^Xm  where  the  Jebels 

not  at  that  moment  a  single  spot  in    he  whole  kingaom. 

were  less  likely  to  meet  with  '"PP^'J  th«n  m  Ke»L^  arS  out  of  the  eV 

out  the  kingdom  there  was  ??"f  ?'f  ^^^,^;!Xre  S  »»«"  "^  ^reat 
tortionate  measures  of  the  king,  ^"f  eve^wnere  in  ^.^nsiderable 

respect  for  the  king  s  PO^'' to  which  was  added  n«,  ^_^^^  ^^^^^ 
kinSly  feeling  springing  out  of  .the  favour  an^consiu  ^^^^ 

ho  had  acknowledged  the  service  done  to  him  wnen  ^a^°         F^ 
off  the  coast.     Of  this  feeling  the  earl  ^^  Ken  ,  Loj^  Abergave^^ 
Lord  Cobham  so  well  availed  themse  ves,  that,  tnoug  ^^^ 

every  peaceful  endeavour  to  recruit  their  r^nks,  none  oi 
would  join  them.  ,  :„«  noni-wnhnwed  himself  equal 

On  tills,  as  i"<l««dj>r"  t?tre?rro?S^  ^rU 

to  the  occasion.     He  detached  the  eari  oiJ>""*'A.   ri„„„e'8  fields  at  the 

back  the  Scots:  ^^^^^'^^sn'^^iXltel^^^^^^ 
head  of  one  body  of  troops,  he  despatched  the  earU  o^  ux  ^^.^^  ^  ^^^.^ 
Essex,  at  the  head  of  a»«ther,  to  take  the  rebels  in  tne  re  .  ^^  ^^^^,  ^ 
under  Lord  Daubeny  charged  them  in  f^"'f„iij7,ead  a  report  that  he 
t.W/.  ihfl  rfihela  bv  surprise,  Henry  had  careiuiiy  spre  _  ^^^  v^^^  ^^^^^ 
(attack  them  Ibr  soverai  uays  i  noraia  sw  rit^  «- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


435 


wny's  division  to  advance  until  so  ate  an  hour  in  the  day  that  the  rebels 
could  have  no  idea  of  being  attacked.  They  had  a  small  advance  at  Dept- 
ford  bridge,  which  Daubeny  easily. put  to  flight,  and  pursued  them  so 
closely  that  he  charged  upon  their  main  body  at  the  same  time  that  they  re- 
joined it.  Daubeny  charged  the  rebels  gallantly,  but  allowed  his  contempt 
of  iheir  want  of  discipline  to  cause  him  to  undervalue  their  number,  in 
which  respect  they  were  far  from  despicable,  being  above  sixteen  thous- 
and. The  rash  gallantry  of  Daubeny  actually  caused  him  to  be  for  a  few 
moments  taken  prisoner,  but  he  was  speedily  rescued  by  his  troops,  whose 
discipline  soon  prevailed  over  the  raw  numbers  of  the  rebels,  and  the  lat- 
ter were  put  to  flight  with  the  loss  of  two  thousand  killed,  and  many 
thousands  prisoners  j  the  first  division  of  the  king's  troops  having  aided 
Daubeny  so  that  the  rebels  were  completely  surrounded,  but  a  compara- 
tively small  number  of  them  succeeded  in  cutting  their  way  through. 

Among  the  numerous  prisoners,  were  the  lord  Audley,  Flammock,  and 
Joseph,  all  of  whom  the  king  sent  to  immediate  execution.  Joseph  actu- 
ally exulted  in  his  fate,  which,  he  said,  would  insure  him  a  place  in  the 
Iiistory  of  his  country.  To  the  other  prisoners  the  king  gave  their  liber- 
ty ;  partly,  perhaps,  because  he  deemed  them  to  have  been  mere  dupes  in 
the  hands  of  their  leaders,  and  partly  because,  however  much  they  had 
exclaimed  against  the  oppressions  of  his  ministers,  they  had  in  nowise 
throughout  the  whole  revolt  called  in  question  his  title,  or  showed  any  dis- 
position to  mix  up  with  their  own  causes  of  complaint  the  pretensions  of 
the  pseudo  duke  of  York.  Lord  Surrey  and  the  king  of  Scotland,  mean- 
while, had  made  some  few  and  ineflicient  demonstrations  which  led  to  no 
important  result,  and  Henry  took  an  early  opportunity  to  get  Hialas,  the 

S)ani8h  ambassador,  to  propose  himself— as  if  without  the  knowledge  of 
enry— to  mediate  between  the  two  kings.  When  Hialas  was  agreed 
to  as  mediator,  the  first  and  most  important  demand  of  Henry  was  that 
Warbeck  should  be  delivered  up  to  him,  a  demand  to  which,  to  his  eternal 
honour,  James  IV.  replied  that  he  could  not  pretend  to  decide  upon  the 
young  man's  pretensions  ;  but  that  having  received  him  and  promised  him 
his  protection,  no  imaginable  consideration  should  ever  induce  him  to  be- 
tray him.  Subsequently  a  truce  of  a  few  months  having  been  agreed  to 
oetween  England  and  Scotland,  James  privately  begged  Warbeck  to  seek 
some  safe  asylum,  as  it  was  very  evident  that  while  he  remained  in  Scot- 
land Henry  would  never  allow  that  country  to  have  any  permanent  peace 
The  measures  of  Henry,  meantime,  as  regarded  the  Flemings  had  pro- 
duced exactly  the  result  which  he  expected  from  them ;  the  Flemish  mer- 
chants  and  artificers  had  suffered  so  much  from  his  system  of  non-inter- 
course, that  they  had  in  a  manner  forced  their  archduke  to  make  a  treaty 
by  which  all  English  rebels  were  excluded  from  tlie  Low  Countries,  and 
the  demesnes  of  the  dowager  duchess  of  Burgundy  were  especially  and 
pointedly  included  in  this  treaty.  Warbeck,  therefore,  on  being  requested 
10  leave  Scotland,  found  himself  by  this  treaty  completely  shut  out  of  the 
Low  Countries,  too,  and  he  was  fain  once  more  to  take  refuge  among  tie 
bogs  and  mountains  of  Ireland. 

Even  here,  such  were  the  known  vigilance,  art,  and  power  of  Henry, 
the  unfortunate  impostor  did  not  feel  himself  secure.  His  fear  on  that 
head,  and  his  dislike  of  the  rude  ways  and  scanty  fare  of  his  entertainers, 
induced  him  to  follow  the  advice  of  three  needy  and  desperate  adherents, 
Astley,  Heme,  and  Skelton  ;  and  he  landed  in  Cornwall,  where  he  endea. 
youred  to  profit  by  the  still  prevalent  disposition  to  discontent  and  riot 
in  that  neighbourhood  of  hardy,  turbulent,  and  ignortint  men.  On  his 
andmg  at  Bodmin,  Warbeck  was  joined  by  upwards  of  three  thousand 
men;  and  so  much  was  he  encouraged  by  even  this  equivocal  appearance 
ofpopu  anty,  that  he  now,  for  the  first  time,  assumed  the  title  of  kinir  of 

•c "  "J  ""•  "oiiiv  !/i  jiiviiaif  IT.     tic  ticrxi  marciica  nis  courageou.'i 


436 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


but  wholly  undisciplined  men  to  Exeter,  where  the  inhabitants  wisely,  «« 
well  as  loyally,  shut  their  gates  asainsthim,  dispatched  messengers  to  ihc 
king,  and  made  all  preparations  for  sustaining  such  a  siege  rs  Warbtcit, 
destitute  of  artillery  and  even  of  ammunition,  might  be  expected  to  carry 

on  against  them.  .  ,        ....         ,  ,  , 

Henry  rejoiced  to  hoar  that  the  pretender  who  had  so  long  eluded  and 
amazed  him,  had,  at  length,  resolved  to  take  the  field.  The  lords  Daube. 
ny  and  Broke,  with  the  earl  of  Devonshire,  the  duke  of  Buckmghara,  and 
many  other  considerable  nobles,  hastily  raised  troops  and  marched  against 
the  rebels ;  the  king,  at  the  same  time,  actively  preparing  to  follow  with 
a  numerous  army.  ,    .      , 

Warbeck  had  shown  himself  unfit  for  rule,  by  the  mere  elation  of  spirit 
Into  which  he  was  betrayed  by  the  adhesion  of  three  thousand  ill-armed 
and  undisciplined  men ;  he  now  showed  himself  still  further  unfit  by  utter 
want  of  that  desperate  courage  which,  if  it  often  betrays  its  possessor  into 
■ituations  of  peril,  no  less  frequently  enables  him,  as  if  by  miracle,  to  ex- 
tricate  himself  with  advantage  even  where  his  ruin  appears  inevitable. 
The  »6al  of  the  king's  friends  was  so  far  from  destroying  the  hopes  of 
Warbeck's  supporters,  that  in  a  very  few  days  their  number  increased 
from  three  to  about  seven  thousand.  But  the  encouragement  afforded  by 
this  enthusiasm  of  his  friends  could  not  counterbalance  in  the  mind  of  this 
unworthy  pretender  to  empire,  the  terror  excited  by  the  number  and  rapid 
approach  of  his  foes.  He  hastily  raised  the  siege  of  Exeter  and  retired  lo 
Taunton ;  and  thence,  while  numbers  were  joining  him  from  the  surround- 
ing n«'iirhbo"»'hood,  he  made  a  stealthy  and  solitary  flight  to  the  sanctuary 
of  Bsaiilieu,  in  Hampshire.  Deserted  by  their  leader  the  Cornish  men 
submitted  to  the  king,  who  used  his  triumph  nobly.  A  few  leading  and 
particularly  obnoxious  offenders  were  executed,  but  the  majoiity  were 
dismissed  uninjured.  In  the  case  of  Warbeck's  wife,  Catherine  Gordon, 
Henry  behaved  admirably.  That  lady  being  among  his  prisoners,  he  not 
only  received  and  pardoned  her,  as  being  far  more  worthy  of  pity  than  oi 
blame,  but  even  gave  her  a  highly  reputable  post  at  court. 

A.  D.  1498. — The  long  annoyance  caused  by  Warbeck  induced  Henry's 
advisers  to  urge  him  to  seize  that  impostor  even  in  defiance  of  the  church. 
But  Henry,  who  ever  loved  the  tortuous  and  the  subtle  better  than  the 
openly  violent,  caused  his  emissaries  to  persuade  Warbeck  voluntarily  to 
leave  his  shelter  ^nd  throw  himself  upon  the  king's  mercy.  This  he  ac- 
coixlingly  did,  and  after  having  been  led  in  a  mockery  of  regal  state  to 
London,  he  was  compelled  to  make  a  formal  and  detailed  confession  ol 
the  whole  of  his  strange  and  hypocritical  life,  and  was  then  committed  to 

close  custody.  ,  ,      .,    ,         ,      .     . 

A.  D.  1499. — He  might  now  have  lived  securely,  if  irksomely ;  but  be 
had  so  long  been  accustomed  to  intrigue  and  the  activity  of  imposture, 
that  he  speedily  tv  ok  an  opportunity  to  elude  the  vigilance  of  his  keepers 
and  escape  to  a  sanctuary.  Here  the  prior  of  the  monastery  mediated  for 
him,  and  the  king  consented  once  more  to  spare  his  life;  but  set  him  m 
the  stocks,  at  Westminster  and  at  Cheapside ;  compelled  him  in  that  dis 
graceful  situation,  to  read  aloud  his  confession,  and  then  committed  hiin 
to  close  custody  in  the  Tower  of  London.  Even  now,  this  restless  person 
could  not  submit  to  his  fate.  He  contrived  to  seduce  some  of  the  ser- 
vants of  the  governor,  and  to  associate  with  himself  in  the  project  of  es- 
cape the  unfortunate  young  earl  of  Warwick,  whose  long  imprisonment 
had  BO  weakened  his  mind,  that  no  artifice  was  too  gross  to  impose  upon 
him.  It  would  almost  seem  that  this  hopeless  scheme  must,  indirectlv, 
have  been  suggested  to  the  adventurers  by  the  king  hin.self,  that  he  might 
have  a  sufficiently  plausible  reason  for  putting  Warbeck  to  death,  Nor  is 
It  any  answer  to  this  opinion  to  say,  that  two  of  the  conniving  servants  ol 
the  governor  were  put  to  uealh  for  their  share  in  the  projec-i  =,  lOr  «enn 


HISl'ORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


437 


was  not  of  a  character  to  allow  his  scheme  to  fail  for  want  of  even  such  » 
iiacrifice  as  that.  Both  Warbeck  and  Warwlcii  were  executed  rthe  latter 
on  the  ground  of  his  intention,  which  he  did  not  deny,  to  disturb  the  king's 
government. 

The  fate  of  the  unfortunate  Warwick  excited  universal  indignation 
against  Henry,  who  certainly  sinned  no  less  against  policy  than  against 
humanity  in  this  gratuitous  violence  upon  so  inoffensive  a  character. 

A.  r.  1501. — Henry  had  always  been  anxious  tor  a  friendly  and  close 
connection  with  Ferdinand  of  Arraeon,  whose  profound  and  successful 
polity,  in  many  respects,  resembled  his  own.  He  now,  accordingly,  et- 
erted  himself,  and  with  success,  to  unite  Ferdinand's  daughter,  the  prin- 
cess Catherine,  to  his  own  eldest  son,  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales,  the  for- 
mer being  eighteen,  the  latter  sixteen  years  of  age. 

A.  D.  1502. — Scarcely,  however,  had  the  king  and  people  ceased  their 
rejoicings  at  this  marriage,  when  it  was  fatally  dissolved  by  the  death  of 
(he  young  prince.  The  sordid  monarch  was  much  affected  by  the  loss  of 
his  son,  for  it  seemed  to  place  him  under  the  necessity  of  returning  the 
large  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  ducats  which  had  been  received  as  the 
dowry  of  the  princess.  Henry  exerted  himself  to  bring  about  a  marriage 
between  the  princess  and  his  second  son,  Henry,  who  was  only  twelve 
years  of  age,  and  whom  he  now  created  prince  of  Wales.  The  young 
prince  was  as  averse  to  this  match  as  so  young  a  prince  could  be ;  but  his 
father  was  resolute  in  the  cause  of  his  beloved  ducats,  and  that  marriage 
was  celebrated  which  was  afterwards  the  cause  of  so  much  crime  and 
auifering ;  the  prime  cause,  probably,  why  Henry  VHI.  is  not  by  far  the 
most  admired  of  all  the  monarchs  of  England. 

The  latter  years  of  the  king  were  chiefly  spent  in  the  indulgence  of  that 
detestable  vice,  avarice,  which  seems  not  only  to  increase  by  enjoyment, 
but  also  to  grow  more  and  more  craving  in  exaqt  proportion  to  the  ai>- 
preach  of  that  hour  in  which  the  wealth  of  the  world  is  vain.  His  excel- 
lent but  far  from  well  treated  queen  having  died  in  child-bed  ia  1503,  Hen- 
ry, from  that  time,  seems  to  have  been  haunted  with  a  notion  that  tto  trea- 
sure could  be  too  immense  to  guard  him  against  the  rivalship  of  hi«i  son, 
(he  prince  of  Wales.  Conscious  that  the  late  queen^s  title  w^s  better 
than  his  own,  Henry  probably  thought  that  if  the  prince  were  to  aim  at  the 
^rown  in  right  of  his  mother  he  would  not  be  without  support,  and  that,  in 
such  case,  the  successful  side  would  be  that  which  had  the  best  supply 
of  money.  Upon  no  other  principle  can  we  account  for  the  shiimeless 
and  eager  rapacity  with  which,  by  means  of  benevolences  extorted  from 
parliament,  and  oppressive  fines  wrung  from  individuals  through  the  arts 
of  the  inramous  Dudley  and  Empson,  the  now  enormously  wealthy  nion> 
arch  continued  to  add  to  his  stores,  which,  in  ready  money  alone,  are  said 
to  have  approached  the  large  sum  of  two  millions.  Even  when  he  was 
rapidly  sinking  under  a  consumption,  he  still  upheld  and  employed  his 
merciless  satellites  in  their  vile  attacks  upon  the  property  of  innocent 
men.  The  heaping  up  of  gold,  however,  could  not  stay  the  ravages  of  his 
fearful  disease,  and  he  expired  at  his  palace  at  Richmond  at  the  compar- 
atively early  age  of  fifty-two  years,  and  after  a  prosperous  reign  of  twea> 
ty-three  years  and  eight  months,  on  the  twenty-second  of  April,  1509. 

Cold,  cautious,  resolute  and  stern,  Henry  was  an  arbitrary  and  unjust 
monarch ;  yet  for  the  niiuss  of  the  people  his  reign  was  a  good  one.  To 
the  wealthy  his  avarice  was  a  scourge;  to  the  haughty  and  to  the  high- 
born his  firm  and  vigilant  rule  must  have  been  terrible.  But  he  allowed 
no  one  to  plunder  but  for  him ;  no  one  to  tyrannize  but  in  obedience  to  his 
orders.  The  barbarous  tyranny  of  the  feudal  nobles  was  forever  striekea 
down ;  the  middle  classes  were  raised  to  an  importance  and  influence  pre- 
viously unheard  of  in  England ;  and,  apart  from  his  arbitrary  and  really 
iiS(M/Utic,  because  ueeiiieaK,  exloriiuuH  ut  money,  i\m  gnuttral  siraia  uf  hiji 


mf 


438 


HISTORY  t)P  THE  WORLD. 


lawn  tended  not  only  to  the  making  of  a  despotic  monarch,  but  also  uf  a 
well  regulated  nobility  and  an  enterprising,  prosperous  people,  whose  en- 
terprise and  whose  prosperity,  having  no  check  except  the  despotic  power 
of  the  monarch,  could  not  fail  sooner  or  later  to  curb  that  one  despoiism 
which  had  so  far  been  useful  that  it  had  freed  them  from  the  many-hedded 
despotism  of  the  nobUUy. 


CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

THE    REIOIf   or   HKNRY    VIII. 

a.,  o.  1509. — It  is  a  sad  but  a  certain  truth  that  the  mass  of  mankind 
have  but  a  loose  and  deceptive  morality  ;  they  look  rather  to  the  manrei 
than  to  the  extent  of  crime  when  formme  their  judgments.  The  splendiJ 
tyrannies  of  an  Edward  were  rather  admired  than  deplored ;  even  the 
gifted  ferocity  of  the  usurping  third  Richard  was  thought  to  be  in  some 
sort  redeemed  by  the  vtiy  excess  of  subtlety  in  the  plan,  and  of  mere  an- 
imal daring  in  the  execution,  by  that  nation  whi'-h  now  scarcely  endeav 
oured  to  conceal  its  joy  at  the  dece-ise  of  the  cold,  avaricious  Henry 
Yet,  bad  as  much  of  Henry's  conduct  was,  and  very  contemptible  is  well 
as  hateful  as  excessive  avarice  unquestionably  is,  Richarti,  nay  even  Ed- 
ward, would  not  for  an  instant  bear  comparison  with  Henry  if  the  public 
judgment  were  not  warned.  It  was  not  so  much  the  vices  of  Henry  VII. 
that  the  people  hated  him  for,  as  his  cold  and  wearisome  firmness  of 
rule ;  could  he  sometimes  have  been  with  impunity  sinned  against,  he 
might  have  sinned  ten  times  as  much  as  he  did,  without  being  nearly  so 
much  hated  as  he  was. 

The  cautious  policy  of  Henry  VII.,  the  severity  of  his  punishments,  and 
his  incurable  cupidity,  gave  no  small  advantage  to  the  commencement  of 
Uie  reign  of  his  successor,  who  ascended  the  throne  with  probably  as 
many  prepossessions  in  tho  hearts  and  minds  of  his  people  as  any  monarch 
in  our  history. 

Young,  haodsoinc,  gay,  skilled  in  aii  nanly  exercises,  and  far  better  ed- 
ucated, scholastically  s'peaking,  than  was  usual  even  among  princes  at 
that  time,  Henry  VIII.  had  the  still  fartli'r  and  inestimable  advantages  oi 
having  never  been  in  any  degree  associaii  i  in  men's  minds  with  the  cru- 
elties or  the  extortions  of  his  father,  whos  •  jealousy  had  always  kept  the 
young  prince  unconnected  with  the  management  of  public  affairs.  Wiih 
all  these  advantages,  and  uniting  in  his  own  person  the  claims  of  both 
York  and  Lancaster,  Henry  Vlfl.  may  most  truly  he  said  to  have  com- 
menced his  reign  with  the  universal  love  and  admiration  of  his  people. 
His  grandmother,  the  dowager  countess  of  Richmond  and  Derby,  was 
■till  alive,  and  Henry  had  the  good  sense  and  fortune  to  be  guicled  by 
her  shrewdness  and  experience  in  the  important  matter  of  forming  his 
first  ninistry.  The  ability  of  the  ministers  of  the  late  kin/  was  b('yond 
all  cavil,  and  it  was  Honry's  obvious  policy  to  retain  as  muih  of  the  talent 
Vfhich  had  aided  his  father,  with  as  Utile  ii's  possible  of  either  the  wicked- 
ness or  the  unpopularity.  The  numberless  and  severe  sutferings  which 
had  been  inflicted  upon  men  of  wealth  iiuring  the  last  reign,  caused  a  pro- 
portionately loud  and  general  cry  to  be  now  raised  against  the  informers, 
particularly  against  the  noted  Dudley  and  Kmnson,  who  had  so  successfHlly 
and  unscrupulously  served  the  late  king,  nnn  though  tho  justice  of  llrnrv 
VIH.  did  not  induce  him  to  part  with  any  portion  oi"  the  treasure  which 
his  father  hadsoiniijuitouHly  obtained,  so  lu'illier  did  it  prompt  him  to  de- 
fend his  fnther^s  tools.  Both  Dudley  and  Empson  ^vere  seiiod  ami  conh 
miiind  iO  the  TOwrr,  Hiiiid  ihti  joy  niiiinxttcriilitiiia  OF  ihfi  people  ;  aii.iiJiijp!, 
u  we  thall  in  a  few  worda  bo  abla  to  ■ho;v,lhe  very  crluiinulity  o' 


HISTORY   OK  THE  WORLD. 


4S9 


noich  these  men  were  accused,  was  not  more  flagrant  or  hateful  than 
Ihat  which  was  now  committed  against  them.  When  they  wore  summon- 
ed before  the  council,  and  called  upon  to  show  why  they  should  not 
be  punished  for  their  conduct  during  the  late  reign,  Empson,  who  was  a 
fluent  speaker  and  a  really  able  lawyer,  made  a  defence  of  his  own  and 
his  colleague's  conduct,  which,  had  the  king  been  just  and  the  people  rea- 
sonable, would  have  led  to  such  alterations  in  the  laws  as  would  forever 
after  have  rendered  it  impossible  for  unprincipled  informers  to  ruin  the 
wealthy  subject,  while  pandering  to  the  greediness  of  a  grasping  and  up- 
just  king.  He  very  truly  argued  that  he  and  his  colleague  had  cted  in 
obedience  to  the  king,. and  in  accordance  with  laws  which,  owever 
ancient,  were  unrepealed  and  therefore  as  authoritative  a»  evei  ,  that  it 
was  not  at  all  to  be  marvelled  at  if  those  who  were  punislied  by  law 
should  rail  at  those  who  put  the  law  in  force ;  that  all  well-regulated  states 
always  made  the  impartial  and  strict  enforcement  of  the  laws  their  chief 
boast,  and  that  that  state  would,  inevitably,  fall  into  utter  ruin,  where  a 
contrary  practice  should  be  allowed  to  obtain. 

This  defence,  which  clearly  threw  the  blame  upon  the  state  of  the  laws 
and  upon  the  evil  inclinations  of  the  late  king,  did  not  prevent  Dudley  and 
Empson  from  being  sent  to  the  Tower.  They  were  soon  afterwards  con- 
victed by  a  jury,  and  this  conviction  was  followed  up  by  an  act  of  attainder, 
which  was  passed  by  parliament,  and  Empson  and  Dudley  were  executed 
amid  the  savage  rejoicings  of  the  people,  whose  demt  lOur  on  this  occa- 
sion showed  tliem  to  be  truly  unworthy  the  liberty  they  so  highly  valued. 
We  do  not  palliate  the  moral  feelings  of  Empson  and  Dudley,  but,  legally 
speaking,  they  were  murdered ;  they  were  put  to  death  for  doing  that 
which  the  law  directly  authorised,  and  indirectly  commanded  them  to  do. 

In  compliance  with  the  advice  of  his  council,  and  of  the  countess  of 
Richmond  and  Derby,  Henry  completed  his  marriage  wi«h  the  princess 
Catherine,  the  widow  of  his  brother  Arthur;  though  it  seems  certain,  not 
only  that  Henry  had  himself  no  preference  for  that  princess  who  was 
plain  in  person  and  his  senior  by  six  years,  but  no  less  certaui  that  his 
father  on  his  death-bed  conjured  him  to  take  the  earliest  possible  .  loor- 
tunily  to  break  the  engagem«nt. 

Though  Henry  VlII,  had  received  a  good  education,  and  might  deserve 
the  praise  of  learning  and  ability,  even  without  referc  iice  to  his  high  rank, 
he  was  far  loo  impetuous,  and  too  much  the  creature  of  impulse,  to  de- 
serve the  title  of  a  great  politician.  At  his  coming  to  the  throne,  the  state 
of  Kurope  was  such  that  laissez  alter  would  have  lieen  the  best  maxim  for 
all  the  sovereigns;  and  England,  blest  with  domestic  peace,  and  little  con- 
cerned ilk  tile  affairs  of  the  continent,  ought  especially  to  have  kept  aloof 
from  interference,  Italy  was  the  theatre  of  strife  between  the  powers  of 
Spainaiid  France;  Henry's  best  policy  clearly  would  have  been  to  let  these 
great  powers  waste  tlioir  time  and  strength  against  each  other ;  yet,  at  the 
»ery  commencement  of  his  reign,  he  allowed  Fopo  Julius  II.  to  seduce 
him  into  the  grossly  impolitic  step  of  allying  himself  with  that  pontiflT, 
the  emperor  Maximilian,  and  Henry's  father-in  law,  Ferdinand,  to  crush 
«ikI  trample  upon  (he  oommouwealth  of  Venice. 

A.  D.  I61l>.— Having  succeeded  in  engaging  Henry  in  this  leiigue,  to 
which  neither  his  own  honour  nor  the  interests  of  liis  people  obliged  the 

Jomig  monarch,  Julius  was  eiuMuiraged  to  engage  him  iii  the  more  am- 
ilioun  project  of  freeing  Italy  from  foreigners.  The  pontiff  accordingly 
sent  a  flattering  message  to  Henry,  v  ith  a  perfuntoH  and  an(»inted  rose, 
snd  hu  held  out  |o  Henry's  ambassHdur  nt  Home,  Hainbridge,  archbishop 
of  Yoik,  a  cardinal's  hat  as  the  reward  of  his  exertions  in  his  Interest, 
This  done,  he  |)ersunded  Ferdinand  and  the  Swiss  Clintons  to  join  him, 

mnA  .lj...l.....,l .».:..><    il.^   .l>.l>o  nt    Pj>.».>.>     ttis  ullu    ttnA  rrlniiil  nt   tUm 

French 


-r  m 


440 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


A.  D  151  i.— The  emperoY  Maximilian  still  held  to  his  alliance  with 
Loui^,  and  they,  with  some  malcontent  cardinals,  now  endeavoured  to 
check  the  ambition  of  Julius,  by  calling  a  general  council  for  the  purpose 
of  reforming  the  church.  With  the  exception  of  some  French  bishops,  tba 
cardinals  had  scarcely  any  supporters,  and  they  were  so  ill  received  at 
Pisa,  where  they  first  met,  that  they  were  obliged  to  adjourn  to  Milan. 
Even  here,  though  under  the  dominion  and  protection  of  Prance,  they 
were  so  much  insulted,  that  they  again  adjourned  to  Lyons ;  and  it  was 
evident  that  they  had  but  little  chance  of  success  against  the  pope,  who 
besides  being  extremely  popular,  did  not  fail  to  exercise  his  power  of  ex- 
communicating the  clerical  attendants  of  the  council,  and  absolving  froro 
their  allegiance  the  subjects  of  the  inonarchs  who  protected  them. 

A.  D.  1512. — Henry,  who  at  this  period  of  his  life  was  far  too  impet- 
uous to  be  otherwise  than  sincere,  was  really  anxious  to  protect  the  sov- 
ereign pontiff  from  insi'U  and  oppression,  and  he  was  strengthened  in 
this  inclination  by  the  interested  counsel  of  his  father-in-law,  and  by  his 
own  hope  of  being  honoured  with  the  title  of  Most  Chriatian  King,  which 
heretofore  had  belonged  to  the  king  of  France.  He  conseauently  allied 
himself  with  Spain,  Venice,  and  the  pope,  against  the  king  of  France,  and 
not  merely  sent  an  embassy  to  dehort  Louis  from  warrinu  agtiinst  the 
pope,  but  also  demanded  the  restoration  to  England  of  Anj4.iu,  Maine, 
viuienne,  and  Normandy.  This  demand  was  considered  tantamount  to  a 
declaration  of  war,  and  was  supported  by  parliament,  which  granted 
Henry  a  very  liberal  supply. 

Ferdinand,  who  had  his  own  ends  to  serve,  affected  to  be  extremely 
anxious  to  serve  Henry,  and  sent  a  fleet  to  convey  the  English  troops,  to 
the  number  of  ten  thousand,  to  Fontarubia.  The  marquis  of  Dorset,  ac- 
companied by  the  lords  Bmke  and  Howard,  and  many  other  young  noble- 
men ambitious  of  warlike  fame,  commanded  this  force,  which  was  ex- 
tremely well  appointed,  though  it  chiefly  consisted  of  infantry.  But 
Dorset  very  soon  found  that  Henry's  interests  were  not  consulted  by  Fer- 
dinand and  his  gerierals ;  and,  after  much  idle  disputation,  the  Bnaiish 
troops  broke  out  into  mutiny,  and  the  expedition  returned  wilnoul 
achicvmg  anything.  Henry  was  much  annoyed  by  this  egregious  fail- 
ure, and  Dorset  had  great  didiculty  in  convincing  him  of  the  excliisivo 
ly  selfish  nature  of  Ferdinand's  designs. 

By  sea  the  Knglish  were  not  nnicli  more  prosperous  than  by  land.  A 
fleet  of  forty-five  sail  was  encountered  off  Brest  by  thirU'-ni'ne  sail  of 
the  French ;  the  French  admiral's  ship  caught  Are,  and  rrimau|(«;t,  the 
commander,  resolutely  grappled  with  the  English  admiral;  and  both  ves- 
sels blew  up  together,  the  enraged  crews  combating  to  the  last.  The 
French,  notwithstanding  the  loss  of  their  admiral,  made  good  their  escape 
with  all  the  rest  of  their  ships. 

But  though  Henry  acquired  no  glory  or  advantage  by  these  opcrutions 
against  Franco,  he  did  Louis  serious  mischief  by  coinpelling  him  to  retain 
in  France  troops  whose  presence  was  absolutely  necessary  to  his  interests 
in  Italy.  But  for  this  circumstance  Louis  would  probably  have  prospered 
there.  His  young  and  heroic  nephew,  Gaston  de  Foix,  even  with  Iha 
slender  forces  that  could  be  spared  to  him,  during  a  few  months  of  a 
career  whirh  a  groat  modern  poet  most  truly  calls  "brief,  bravo,  and 
glorious,"  obtained  signal  advantages  :  but  he  fell  in  the  very  moment  of 
victory  over  the  army  of  the  pope  and  Ferdinand,  at  Ravenna.  His  geniiii 
bad,  in  »  great  degree,  compensaicd  for  the  numerical  inferiority  of  lb'. 
French  ;  but  directly  after  his  death  Uonoa  and  Milan  revolted,  and  Lciik 
was  spoedily  deprived  of  every  foot  of  his  newly-acquired  Italian  cob- 
f|ueata,  except  some  isoluted  and  comparatively  unimportant  fortresses. 

A.  D.  161.1,— Pope  Julius  11.  hud  scaicely  time  to  exult  over  his  sue* 
vttsses  agaiusi  tlte  arms  ul  Louib  wlien  that  ponlitif  d<od,  and  wr    sur« 


•9  to  protect  li 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


441 


ceeded  bj;  Tohn  de  Medicis,  who,  under  the  title  of  Leo  X.,  is  famed  in 
history  no  less  fur  his  patronage  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  than  for  his 
profound  political  talents.  Leu  X.  had  no  sooner  ascended  ti.e  papal 
throne  than  he  dexterously  withdrew  the  emperor  Maximilian  from  the 
French  interests ;  and,  by  cheap  but  flattering  compliments  to  Henty  and 
his  leading  courtiers,  greatly  increased  the  popularity  of  the  papal  cause 
in  England,  where  the  parliament  imposed  a  poll-tax 'to  assist  the  king  in 
his  designs  against  France.  While  Henry  was  eagerly  making  hi .  pre- 
parations, he  did  not  neglect  his  dangerous  enemy,  James  of  Scotland. 
That  prince  was  much  attached  to  the  French  cause,  and  sent  a  squadron 
of  vessels  to  aid  it;  and,  though  to  Henry's  envoy  he  now  professed  the 
most  peaceable  inolinations,  the  earl  of  Surrey  \vn(*  ordered  to  watch  the 
borders  with  a  strong  force,  lest  England  should  be  assailed  in  that  direc- 
tion  during  the  king's  absence  in  France. 

While  Henry  was  busied  in  preparing  a  large  land  force  for  the  invasion 
of  France,  liis  fleet,  under  Sir  Edward  Howard,  cruised  in  the  channel, 
and  at  length  drew  up  in  order  of  battle  otf  Brest  and  challenged  the 
French  force  which  lay  there ;  but  the  French  cummunder  being  m  daily 
expectation  of  a  reinforcement  of  galleys  under  the  command  of  Prejeant 
de  Bidoux,  would  not  allow  any  taunts  to  draw  him  from  his  security. 
The  galleys  at  length  arrived  at  Conquet,  near  Brest,  and  Bidoux  placed 
himself  beneath  a  battery.  There  he  was  attacked  by  Sir  fcJdward,  who, 
with  a  Spanish  cavalier  and  seventeen  English,  boldly  boarded  Bidoux's 
own  vessel,  but  was  killed  and  thrust  into  the  sea.  The  \obh  of  their  ad- 
miral so  discouraged  the  English  that  they  raised  their  blockade  of  Brest 
harbour,  and  the  French  f  ^et  soon  after  made  a  descent  upon  the  coast 
of  Sussex,  but  was  beaten  ofl'. 

Eight  thousand  men  under  the  command  of  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
and  six  thousand  under  that  of  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury,  having  em- 
barked for  France,  the  king  now  prepared  to  follow  with  the  main  army. 
He  had  already  made  the  queen  regent  during  his  abseiu^e ;  and  that  she 
might  be  in  the  less  danger  of  being  disturbed  by  any  revolt,  he  now 
caused  Edmund  de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk,  who  had  been  attainted  during 
the  last  reign,  to  be  beheaded  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

On  arriving  at  Calais  Henry  found  that  the  aid  afforded  him  fell  very 
far  short  of  what  he  had  been  promised.  Maximilian,  who  was  to  have 
brought  a  reinforcement  of  eight  thousand  men  in  return  for  a  hundred 
and  twenty  thousand  crowns  which  Henry  had  advaiued  him,  was  unable 
to  fulfil  his  engag'ement.  He  however  made  the  best  amends  in  his  power 
by  Joining  witn  such  scanty  force  as  he  cruld  command;  and  ho  enlisted 
b'.iisL'lf  under  Henry  as  his  officer,  with  a  salary  of  one  hundred  crowns 
per  day. 

The  carl  of  Shrewsbury  and  the  lord  Herbert  immrdintely  on  ihoir 
ftrrival  in  France  had  laid  siege  to  Teronane,  a  town  on  tlio  borders  of 
Picardy,  which  was  gallantly  defended  by  two  thousand  men  under  the 
command  of  Crequl  and  Teligni.  The  strength  of  tho  place  and  the  gal- 
lantry of  the  garrison  bade  dcflance  to  the  besiegers ;  but  a  dreadHd  want 
of  both  provisiiMis  and  ammunition  was  soon  felt  in  the  place.  Fontrutlles 
WM  detached  by  Louis  from  tho  army  at  Amiens  to  carry  some  relief  to 
this  place.  Ho  took  eight  hmidred  horsemen,  eaoh  of  whom  curried 
behind  him  a  sack  of  gunpowder  and  two  quarters  of  baron,  and,  thonah 
•hm  encumbered,  this  gallant  cavalry  cut  their  way  though  the  Englishi 
deposited  their  burdens  in  the  fosse  of  the  Uv/»,  and  returned  to  their 
quarters  with  scarcely  any  loss 

Tho  same  gallant  Fontrailles  was  shortly  nrterwards  again  alKiot  to 
throw  mine  relief  into  Teronane ;  and  as  it  was  Judged  that  the  Knglish 
W(  u!d  nuw  bn  nii  ihn  nicrts  %  struii!!  body  of  Freiuih  cavuifv  w&s  or(»!^sd 
•V  lo  protect  htm     Henry  sent  out  a  body  oi  cavalry  to"  hold   hem  in 


442 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


check,  and,  strange  to  relate,  though  the  French  were  picked  troops,  coii. 
sisting  chiefly  of  gentlemen  who  had  fought  gallantly  and  often,  they 
were  seized  with  a  sudden  panic  at  the  approach  of  the  English,  and  fled 
in  spite  of  the  attempts  to  rally  them  which  were  made  by  such  men  as 
the  chevalier  Bayard,  the  duke  of  Longueville,  and  other  distinguished 
officers  who  were  among  the  number  taken  prisonern.  This  battle,  from 
the  panic  flight  of  the  French,  is  known  as  the  Battle  of  Spurs.  Had 
Henry  immediately  after  this  pushed  his  advantages,  he  might  easily  have 
marched  to  Paris,  where  both  friends  and  foes  fully  expected  to  see  him; 
but  he  allowed  Maximilian  to  persuade  him  into  the  besieging  of  Tournay, 
which,  after  much  delay,  was  taken^  Henry  then  returned  to  England, 
having  gained  some  reputation  as  a  chivalrous  soldier,  but  certainly  with 
no  increase  of  his  reputation  as  a  politician  or  a  general. 

During  Henry's  absence  the  Scots  acted  precisely  as  had  been  antici- 
pated.  James,  with  an  army  of  fifty  thousand  men,  had  crossed  the  border 
and  taken  several  castles,  ravaging  and  plundering  the  country  in  every 
direction  around  them.     Having  taken  the  lady  Forde  prisoner  in  hei 
castle,  James  was  so  much  charmed  with  her  society  that  he  lost  much 
precious  time,  and  his  disorderly  troops  took  advantage  of  his  negligence 
and  retreated  to  their  homes  in  great  numbers  with  the  plunder  they  had 
obtained  from  the  Southrons.    The  earl  of  Surrey,  after  much  difficulty, 
came  up  with  the  Scots,  who  by  these  desertions  were  reduced  to  some- 
what nearer  his  own  force  of  twenty-six  thousand  siien.    James  in  person 
commanded  the  centre  division  of  the  Scots,  the  earl  of  Huntley  and  Lord 
Hume  the  right,  the  earls  of  Lennox  and  Argyle  the  left,  while  the  earl 
of  Bolhwell  had  charge  of  the  reserve.    The  English  centre  was  com- 
manded  by  Lord  Howard  in  the  first  line,  and  by  the  gr.'aant  earl  of  Surrey 
himst..'  in  the  second ;  the  wings  by  Sir  Edmund  Howard,  Sir  Marmaduke 
Constable,  Lord  Dacre,  and  Sir  Edwurd  Stanley.     The  right  wing  of  the 
Scots  commenced  the  action,  and  fairly  drove  the  English  left  wing  off  the 
field}  but  the  Scottish  left,  in  the  meantime,  broke  from  all  discipline, 
and  attacked  so  impetuously,  but  in  such  disorder,  that  Sir  Edward  Howard 
and  the  lord  Dacre,  who  profited  by  their  confusion  and  received  them 
coolly,  cut  them  to  pieces  ere  they  could  be  rescued  by  James's  own  divi- 
■ion  and  the  reserve  under  Bothwell.     Though  the  Scots  sustained  lhi» 
irrept  loss,  the  presence  of  the  sovereign  so  much  animated  their  courage, 
that  they  kept  up  the  engagement  until  night  put  an  end  to  it.    Even  then 
it  wa«  uncertain  which  side  had,  in  reality,  sustained  the  greater  loss. 
But,  on  the  following  day,  it  was  discovered  that  the  English,  as  well  as 
the  Scots,  had  lost  about  five  thousand  men ;  the  former  had  suffered 
almost  exclusively  in  the  ranks,  while  the  latter  had  lost  many  of  theit 
bravest  nobles.     The  king  of  Scotland  was  himself  among  the  missing 
from  tills  fatal  •'  Flodden  Field."     A  body,  indeed,  was  found  among  the 
■lain,  which  from  the  royal  attire  was  supposed  to  be  the  king's,  and  it 
was  even  royaily  inlerredf,  Henry  cenerously  pretending  that  James,  while 
dying,  expressed   his  contrition  for  that  misconduct  towards  the  pope 
which  had  placed  him  under  the  terrible  sentence  of  excommunicaiioR. 
But  though  Henry  was  evidently  convinced  that  he  was  thus  doing  honour 
to  the  body  of  his  brother-in-law,  the  Scots  were  rqnally  convinced  that 
he  was  not,  and  that  James  did  not  fall  in  the  battle.     By  some  il  was  as- 
iiei'ved  that  the  monarch,  escaping  from  the  field,  was  put  to  death  by  order 
of  I^rd  Hume;  while  others  no  less  believed  thai  he  escaped  to  the  Holy 
Land  whence  they  Icng  mbsequently  continued  to  exoeoi  him  to  return. 
The  event  of  the  bnr.^    of  Flodden  having  released  Ilenry  from  all  feat 
of  his  northern  border,  at  least  for  that  time,  he  made  no  difficulty  about 

t ranting  peace  to  his  sister  Margaret,  who  was  now  made  regent  of  Scot- 
md  during  the  mmorily  of  her  son.  ._...,..__  .l,. 

A  D.  iftii.— H»nry  rowuniod  iiie  uhivf  inatfuiiieiita  in  uDtaining  iiiiniBs 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


443 


■ulcndid  victory,  by  conrerring  on  the  earl  or  Surrey  the  title  of  duke  at 
Nor/olk,  which  had  been  furreited  by  that  nobleman's  father,  who  sided 
with  Richard  III.  at  Bosworth  Field ;  upon  Lord  Howard  the  title  of  the 
earl  of  Surrey ;  on  Lord  Herbert  that  or  earl  of  Worcester ;  upon  Sir  Ed- 
ward Stanley  that  of  lord  Monteagle ;  and  upon  Charles  Brandon,  earl  of 
Lille,  that  of  duke  of  Suffolk. 

At  the  «ame  time  the  bishopric  of  Lincoln  was  bestowed  upon  the  king's 
:hief  favourite  and  prime  minister,  Thomas  Wolsey,  whose  part  in  this 
reign  was  so  important  as  to  demand  that  we  should  presently  speak  of 
him  at  some  length. 

The  war  with  Scotland  being  fortunately  terminated,  Henry  again  turned 
his  whole  attention  to  France.  There,  however,  he  found  little  cause  of 
gratulation.  His  father-in-law,  Ferdinand  of  Arragon,  having  obta'ned 
possession  of  the  petty  frontier  kingdom  of  Navarre,  had  eagerly  made 
peace  with  France,  and  induced  the  emperor  Maximilian  to  do  the  same  ; 
and  the  pope,  in  whose  cause  Henry  had  sacrificed  so  much,  had  also  ac- 
cepted of  tlie  submission  of  Louis. 

The  truth  was  now  more  than  ever  apparent,  that,  however  great  Henry's 
other  qualities,  he  was  by  no  means  skilled  in  the  wiles  of  politics:  -ind 
his  present  experience  of*^  that  truth  was  the  more  embittered,  because  he 
found  that  Maximilian  had  been  induced  to  abandon  him  by  an  offer  of  the 
daughter  of  France  to  the  son  of  that  prince ;  though  tha'.  son  Charles 
had  already  been  aflianced  to  Henry's  own  younger  sister,  the  princess 
Mary,  who  was  now  fast  approaching  the  age  for  the  completion  of  the 
.contract. 

Thus  doubly  duped  and  injured,  Henry  would,  most  likely,  have  re-m 
vaded  France,  no  matter  at  what  sacrifice,  but  that  the  duke  of  Longue 
villa,  who  had  remained  a  prisoner  ever  since  the  memorable  "  battle  of 
spurs,"  suggested  a  match  between  the  deserted  princess  Mary  and  Louis 
of  France  himself.  It  ij  true  that  monarch  was  upwards  of  fifty  years  of 
age,  and  the  princess  not  quite  sixteen ;  but  so  many  advantages  were 
offered  to  Henry,  that  the  marriage  was  concluded  at  Abbeville,  whither 
liOuis  proceeded  to  meet  his  young  bride.  Their  happjiess  and  the  re- 
joicings of  the  French  people  were  of  but  short  uUianon,  the  king  sur- 
viving the  marriage  only  about  three  months. 

The  young  queen  dowager  of  France  had,  before  her  marriage,  shown 
some  partiality  for  the  duke  of  Suffolk,  the  most  accomplished  cavalier  of 
the  Rgo,  and  an  especial  favourite  of  Henry ;  and  ho  now  easily  persuaded 
her  to  shorten  the  period  of  her  widowhood.  Honry  was,  or  feigned  to 
\  auffry  at  their  precipitate  union ;  but  his  anger,  if  real,  was  only  of 
«hoit  duration,  and  the  acicompiished  duke  and  his  lovely  bride  were  soon 
invited  to  return  to  the  English  court. 


CHAPTER  XL. 

THE  REioN  or  HENiiT  VIII.  {continued). 

Ab  Henry  Vlll.  was,  in  many  respects,  the  most  extraordinary  ul  our 
monurchs,  his  favourite  and  minister,  the  cardinal  Wolsey,  was  at  the  verj 
head  (if  the  extraordinary  men,  even  in  th.it  age  of  strange  men  and 
•trani>;«  deeds.  Ho  was  the  sun  of  a  butcher  in  the  town  of  Ipswich,  and 
displisying,  while  young,  gnsal  quickness  and  intelligence,  he  had  a  lonriied 
education,  with  a  view  to  his  entering  the  church.  Having,  at  the  con- 
cision of  Ins  own  education,  been  employed  in  teaching  the  children  of 
the  marqui>4  of  Dorset,  he  gave  so  much  satisfaction  that  that  nobleman  ro- 
ooinnirndcd  him  to  Henry  V!l!,^  as  his  chanlain.  As  thn  nrivHle  •tutX 
pablii;  Ht-rvant  of  that  inuaaruh  Wolsuj  gave  equal  satisfaction';  and  when 


i^\ 


y 


444 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


Henry  VIII.,  a  gay,  young,  and  extravagant  monarch,  showed  a  veryevi 
jent  preference  of  the  earl  of  Surrey  to  the  Bomewhat  severe  and  eco 
nomic  Fox,  bishop  of  Winchester,  this  prelate  introducedVVolsey  tothe 
king,  hoping  that,  while  his  accomplishments  and  pliability  would  enable 
him  to  eclipse  the  earl  of  Surrey,  he  would,  from  his  own  love  of  pleasure 
if  not  from  the  motives  of  gratitude,  be  subordinate  in  all  matters  ol 
politics  to  the  prelate  to  whom  he  owed  his  introduction.  The  difference 
between  the  actual  conduct  of  Wolsey,  and  the  expectations  of  the  pre> 
late,  furnishes  a  striking  illustration  of  the  aptitude  of  otherwise  able  men 
to  fall  into  error  when  they  substitute  their  own  wishes  for  the  principlei 
inherent  to  human  nature.  Wolsey  fully  warranted  Fox's  expectation* 
in  making  himself  even  more  agreeable  to  the  gay  humour  of  the  king 
than  the  earl  of  Surrey.  But  Wolsey  took  advantage  of  his  position  tc 
persuade  the  king  that  both  the  earl  and  the  prelate,  tried  counsellors  i^' 
the  late  king,  felt  themselves  appointed  by  him  rather  than  by  their  present 
royal  master,  to  whom  they  considered  themselves  less  servants  than 
authoritative  guardians  and  tutors.  He  so  well,  at  the  same  time,  showed 
his  own  capacity  equally  for  pleasure  and  for  business,  and  his  own  readi- 
ness to  relieve  the  king  from  the  weight  of  all  irksome  details,  and  yet  to 
be  his  very  and  docile -creature,  that  Henry  soon  found  it  impossible  to  do 
without  him,  in  either  his  gaieties  or  in  his  more  serious  pursuits ;  and 
Wolsey  tiiually  supplanted  alike  the  courtier  and  the  graver  man  of  busi 
ness,  who,  in  endeavouring  to  make  him  his  tool,  enabled  him  to  become 
his  superior.  Confident  in  his  own  talents,  and  in  the  favour  of  Henry, 
this  son  of  a'*  ry  humble  tradesman  carried  himself  with  an  all  but  regal 
pomp  and  haL>;^iitine8s;  and  le<'t  men  in  some  difficulty  to  pronounce 
whether  he  were  more  grasping  in  obtaining  wealth,  or  more  magnificent 
in  expending  it.  Supercilious  to  those  who  affected  equality  with  him, 
lie  was  liberal  to  the  utmost  towards  those  beneath  him;  and,  with  a  sin- 
gular inconsistency,  though  he  could  be  ungrateful,  as  we  have  seen  in 
the  case  of  the  unsuspecting  bishop  of  Winchester,  no  man  was  more 

Erone  to  an  exceeding  generosity  towards  those  who  were  not  his  patrons 
ut  his  tools. 

A.  D.  1515. — A  favourite  and  minister  of  this  temper  could  not  fail  to 
make  many  enemies ;  but  Wolsey  relaxed  neither  in  haughtiness  nor  in 
ambition.  Well  knowing  the  temper  of  Henry,  the  politic  minister  ever 
affected  to  be  the  mere  tool  of  his  master,  though  the  exact  contrary 
really  was  the  case ;  and  by  thus  making  all  hin  acts  seem  to  emanate 
from  Henry's  will,  he  piqued  his  vanity  and  wilfulness  into  supporting 
them  and  him  against  all  shadow  of  opposition  or  complaint.  Made 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  then  archbishop  of  York,  Wolsey  held  in  cdnh 
mendam  the  bishopric  oT  Winchester,  the  abbey  of  St.  Alban's,  and  had 
the  revenues  at  very  easy  leases  of  the  bishoprics  of  Bath,  Worcester, 
and  Hereford.  His  influence  tfnr  the  king  made  the  pope  anxious  to  ac- 
tjuirg  a  hold  upon  him ;  Wolsoy^  >ccordingly,  was  made  a  cardinal,  and 
thenceforth  his  whole  energies  itH)  ambition  were  devoted  to  the  endeavour 
.flt-win  the  pupal  throne  itself.  Contrary  to  iht'  iistom  of  priests.the  precious 
metals  ornamented  not  only  his  own  attire,  but  even  the  saddles  and  furni 
ture  of  his  horses ;  his  cardinal's  hat  was  carried  before  him  by  a  man  of  rank 
and  laid  upon  the  altafwhen  he  entered  chapel ;  one  priest,  of  noble  stat- 
ure and  handsome  countenance,  carried  before  him  a  massive  silver  crosi^ 
and  another  the  cross  of  York.  Warham,  archbishop  of  (-anterbury, 
■ilso  held  the  office  of  chancellor,  huO  waii  luit  ill  fitted  to  contend  with  so 
resolute  a  person  as  Wolsey,  who  speedily  worried  him  ii!"  a  resignation 
of  the  chancellorship,  which  dignity  he  himself  grasped.  ^ !  J  emoluments 
were  vast,  so  was  his  expenditure  magnificent (  anH,  ti  he  grasped  at 
iniiny  offiees,  it  i »  ''Ut  fair  to  add  that  he  fulflllwU  hi'^  v.irious  duties  with 
rure  energy,  juugaMrni,  and  justice.    Woisoy  irif"  ■  "'■>*  bo  said  U>  tw 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


445 


Henry  s  only  minister;  Pox,  bishop  of  Winchester,  the  duke  of  Norfolk 
and  the  duke  of  Suffolk  being,  like  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  unable 
to  make  head  against  bis  arbitrary  temper,  and  driven  from  the  court  by 
a  desire  to  avoid  a  useless  and  irritating  conflict.  Fox,  bishop  of  Win- 
Chester,  who  seems  to  have  been  greatly  attached  to  Henry,  warned  him 
against  Wolsey's  ambition,  and  besought  him  to  beware  lest  the  servant 
should  become  the  master.  But  Henry  had  no  fear  of  the  kind ;  he  was 
far  too  despotic  and  passionate  a  person  to  fear  that  any  minister  couM 
govern  him. 

The  success  which  Francis  of  France  met  with  in  Italy  tended  to  ex- 
cite  the  jealousy  and  fears  of  England,  as  every  new  acquisition  made  by 
France  encroached  upon  the  balance  of  power,  upon  which  the  safety  of 
English  interests  so  greatly  depended.  Francis,  moreover  had  given  of- 
fence, not  only  to  Henry,  but  also  to  Wolsey,  who  took  care  not  to  allow 
m  master's  anger  to  subside  for  want  of  a  prompter.  But  though  Henry 
spent  a  large  sum  of  money  in  stirring  up  enmities  against  France,  he 
did  so  to  little  practical  effect,  arid  was  easily  induced  to  peace. 

A.D.  1516.— Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  the  father-in-law  of  Henry,  died  in 
the  midst  of  a  profound  peace  in  Europe,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  grand- 
son Charles.  This  event  caused  Francis  to  see  the  necessity  of  bestirring 
himself  to  insure  the  friendship  of  England,  as  a  support  against  the  ex- 
tensive power  of  Spain.  As  the  best  means  of  doing  so,  he  caused  his 
ambassador  to  make  his  peace  with  Wolsey,  and  affected  to  ask  that 
haughty  minister's  advice  on  the  most  confidential  and  important  sub- 
jects. One  of  the  advantages  obtained  by  Francis  from  this  servile  flat- 
tery of  the  powerful  minister,  was  the  restoration  of  the  important  town 
of  Tournay,  a  frontier  fortress  of  France  and  the  Netheriands ;  Francis 
agreeing  to  pay  six  hundred  thousand  crowns,  at  twelve  equal  annual  in- 
Jtalments,  to  reimburse  Heniy  for  his  expenditu-o  on  the  citadel  of  Tour- 
nay.  At  the  same  time  that  Francis  gave  eight  men  of  rank  as  hostages 
for  the  payment  of  the  above  large  sum  to  Henry,  he  agreed  to  pay  twelve 
thoiisand  livres  per  annum  to  Wolsey  as  an  equivalent  for  the  bishopric 
of  Tournay,  to  which  he  had  a  claim.  Pleased  with  this  success,  Francis 
now  became  bolder  in  his  flatteries,  terming  Wolsey  governor,  tutor,  and 
even /ajAer,  and  so  winning  upon  the  mind  of  Wolsey  by  fulsome  affecta- 
tions of  humility  and  admiration,  that  Polydore  Virgil,  who  was  Wolsey's 
contemporary,  speaks  of  it  as  being  quite  certain  that  Wolsey  was  willing 
to  have  sold  him  Calais,  and  was  only  prevented  from  doing  so  by  the 
general  sense  he  found  to  be  entertained  of  its  value  to  England,  and  by 
his  forming  closer  connections  with  Spain,  which  somewhat  cooled  his 
attachment  to  France.  The  pope's  legato,  Campeggio,  being  recalled  on 
Ills  failure  to  procure  a  tithe  demanded  by  the  pope  from  the  English  cler. 
gy,  on  ihe  old  and  worn-out  pretext  of  war  with  the  Infidels,  ifenry  pro- 
cured  the  legatine  power  to  be  conferred  on  Wolsey.  With  this  new  dig- 
nily,  Wolsey  increased  the  loftiness  of  his  pretensions,  and  the  magnifl. 
cence  of  his  habits;  like  the  pope,  he  had  bishops  and  mitred  abbots  to 
•erve  him  when  he  said  mass,  and  he  farther  had  nobles  of  the  best  fam. 
ilies  to  hand  him  the  water  and  towel. 

'*!"  ''f"8hty  had  he  now  become  that  he  even  complained  of  Warham, 
aruhbishop  of  Canterbury,  as  boin^  guilty  of  undue  familiarity  in  signing 
mmseir  Your  lovtnff  brother ;"  winch  caused  even  the  meek-spirited  War. 
nam  to  make  the  bitter  remark,  "this  man  is  drunk  with  too  much  pros 
perity.  Hut  Wolsey  did  not  treat  his  legutinn  appointment  ns  bftinir  « 
mere  matter  of  dignity  and  pomp,  but  forthwith  opened  what  he  calletrtiie 
efatine  court;  a  court  as  oppressive  and  us  expensive  in  its  auihoriiy  as 
me  Inquisition  itself.  It  was  to  inquire  into  all  manors  of  morality  and 
conscience,  and,  as  it  was  siipplemeiitary  to  the  law  of  the  land,  its  author 
~r  t'ss,  m  fcaiiijT,  amy  iioiiiod  by  ih«  uorisuieiicu  of  the  judge,     Th«  firai 


:f    «   !  I" 


446 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


iudge  appointed  to  this  anomalous  and  dangerous  court  was  John  Allen,* 
man  whose  life  was  but  ill  spoken  of,  and  who  was  even  said  to  have  been 
convicted  by  Wolsey  himself  of  perjury.  In  the  hands  of  such  a  man  as 
this,  the  extensive  powers  of  the  legatine  court  were  but  too  likely  to  be 
made  mere  instruments  of  extortion ;  and  it  was  publicly  reported  that  Al- 
len  was  in  the  habit  of  convicting  or  acquitting  as  he  was  unbribed  or 
bribed.  Wolsey  was  thought  to  receive  no  small  portion  of  the  sums  thus 
obtained  by  Allen  from  the  wickedness  or  the  fears  of  the  suitors  of  his 
court.  Much  clamour  was  raised  against  Wolsey,  too,  by  the  almost 
papal  extent  of  power  he  claimed  for  himself  in  all  matters  concerning 
wills  and  benefices,  the  latter  of  which  he  conferred  upon  his  creatures 
without  the  slightest  regard  to  the  monks'  right  of  election,  or  the  lay  gen- 
try and  nobility's  right  of  patronage.  This  iniquity  of  Allen  al  length 
caused  him  to  be  prosecuted  and  convicted ;  and  the  king,  on  that  coca 
sion,  expressed  so  rtiuch  indignation,  that  Wolsey  was  ever  after  raord 
cautious  and  guarded  in  the  use  of  his  authority. 

A.  D.  1519. — Immersed  in  pleasures,  Henry  contrived  to  expend  all  the 
huge  treasures  which  accrued  to  him  on  the  death  of  his  father ;  and  he 
was  now  poor,  just  when  a  circumstance  occurred  to  render  his  posses- 
sion of  treasure  more  than  usually  important.  Maximilian,  the  em- 
peror, who  had  long  been  declining, "died;  and  Henry  and  the  kings  ol 
France  and  Spain  were  candidates  for  that  chief  place  among  the  princes 
of  Christendom.  Money  was  profusely  lavished  upon  the  electors  by  both 
Charles  and  Francis ;  but  Henry's  minister,  Pace,  having  scarcely  any 
command  of  cash,  found  his  efforts  everywhere  useless,  and  Charles 

gained  the  day.  ,  , ,  ■  .       ^  .. 

A.  D.  1520.— In  reality  Henry  was  formidable  to  either  France  or  the 
emperor,  and  he  could  at  a  moment's  warning,  throw  his  weight  into  the 
one  or  the  other  scale.  Aware  of  this  fact,  Francis  was  anxious  for  an 
opportunity  of  personally  practising  upon  the  generosity  and  want  of  cool 
judgment,  which  he  quite  correctly  imputed  to  Henry.,  He,  therefore, 
proposed  that  they  should  meet  in  a  field  witliin  the  English  pale,  near 
Calais;  the  proposal  was  warmly  seconded  by  Wolsey,  who  was  as  eager 
as  a  court  beauty  of  the  other  sex  for  every  occasion  of  personal  splendour 
and  costliness.  Each  of  the  monarchs  was  young,  gay,  tasteful,  and  mag- 
nificent: and  so  well  did  their  courtiers  enter  into  their  feeling  of  gor- 
geous rivalry,  that  some  nobles  of  both  nations  expended  on  the  ceremony 
and  show  of  a  few  brief  days,  sums  which  involved  their  families  in  strait- 
ened circumstances  for  the  rest  of  their  lives. 

The  emperor  Charles  no  sooner  heard  of  the  proposed  interv  •.  w  between 
the  kings,  than  he,  being  on  his  way  from  Spain  to  the  Nelluirlands,  paid 
Henry  the  compliment  of  landing  at  Dover,  whither  Henry  at  once  pro- 
ceeded  to  meet  him.  Charles  not  only  endeavoured  in  every  possible 
way  to  please  and  flatter  Henry,  but  ho  also  paid  assidious  court  to  Wol- 
sey, and  bound  that  aspiring  personage  to  Ins  interests  by  promising  W 
aid  him  in  reaching  the  papacy ;  a  promise  which  Charles  felt  the  lessdi  • 
dculty  about  making,  because  the  reigning  pope  Leo  X.  was  junior  to  woi- 
sev  by  some  years,  and  very  likely  to  outlive  him.  Henry  was  perfectly 
well  aware  of  the  pains  Charles  took  to  conciliate  Wolsey,  but,  strange 
to  say,  felt  rather  flattered  than  hurt,  as  though  the  compliment  were  ulti- 
mately paid  to  his  own  peison  and  will. 

When  the  emiwror  had  taken  his  departure  Henry  proceeded  to  t  ranee, 
where  the  meeting  took  place  between  him  and  Francis.  Wolsey,  wtio 
had  the  regulation  of  the  ceremonial,  so  well  indulged  his  own  and  nis 
master's  love  of  magnificence,  that  the  place  of  meeting  was  by  the  com- 
mon  corisent  of  the  delighted  spectators  hailed  by  the  gorgeous  I  tie  ol 
The  field  of  the  cloth  of  gold.    Gold  and  jewels  abounded ;  and  bo  n  tne 

■'       .     •'       .  .,--•_   _•:._ - ._  .. -    -_^._I1<»I    in    «ha    moot   ffO^ 

IDonarcno  ana  srcm  nujsicruira  cuurt=  ttcic  ajji^^j-rj-— - 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


44t 


geous  and  picturesque  sty'e.  The  duke  of  Buckingham,  who,  though  very 
wealthy,  was  not  fond  of  parting  with  his  money,  found  the  expenses  to 
which  he  was  put  on  this  occasion  so  intolerable,  that  he  expressed  him- 
self so  angrily  towards  Wolsey  as  led  to  his  execution  some  time  after, 
tbongh  nominally  for  a  different  offence. 

The  meetings  between  the  monarchs  were  for  some  time  regulated  with 
the  most  jealous  and  wearisome  attention  to  strict  etiquette.  At  length 
Francis,  attended  by  only  two  of  his  gentlemen  and  a  page,  rode  into 
Henry's  quarters.  Henry  was  delighted  at  this  proof  of  his  brother-mon- 
arch's confidence,  and  threw  upon  his  neck  a  pearl  collar  worth  five  or  six 
thousand  pounds,  which  Francis  repaid  by  the  present  of  an  armlet  worth 
twice  as  much.     So  profuse  and  gorgeous  were  these  young  kings. 

While  Henry  remained  at  Calais  he  received  another  visit  from  the  em 
peror  Charles.  That  artful  monarch  had  now  completed  the  good  impres 
sion  he  had  already  made  upon  both  Henry  and  Cardinal  Wolsey,  by  of- 
fering to  leave  all  dispute  between  himself  and  France  to  the  arbitration 
of  Henry,  as  well  as  by  assuring  Wolsey  of  the  papacy  at  some  future 
day,  and  putting  him  into  instant  possession  of  the  revenues  of  the  bish- 
oprics of  Badajos  and  Placencia.  The  result  was,  that  the  emperor  made 
demands  of  the  most  extravagant  nature,  well  knowing  that  France  would 
not  comply  with  them ;  and  when  the  negotiations  were  thus  broken  off, 
ft  treaty  was  made  between  the  emperor  and  He^ry,  by  which  the  daughter 
of  the  latter,  the  princess  Mary,  was  betrothed  to  the  former,  and  England 
was  bound  to  invade  France  with  an  army  of  forty  thousand  men.  This 
treaty  alone,  by  the  very  exorbitancy  of  its  injuriousness  to  England, 
would  sufficiently  show  at  once  the  power  of  Wolsey  over  his  king  and 
the  extent  to  which  he  was  ready  to  exert  that  power. 

The  duke  of  Buckingham,  who  had  imprudently  given  offence  to  the 
all-powerful  cardinal,  was  a  man  of  turbulent  temper,  and  very  imprudent 
in  expressing  himself,  by  which  means  he  afforded  abundant  evidence  for 
his  own  ruin.  It  was  proved  that  he  had  provided  arms  with  the  intent 
to  disturb  the  government,  and  that  he  had  even  threatened  the  life  of  the 
king,  to  whom  he  thought  himself,  as  being  descended  in  the  female  line 
from  the  youngest  son  of  Edward  the  Third,  to  be  the  rightful  successor 
should  the  king  die  without  issue.  Far  less  real  guilt  than  this,  aided  by 
the  enmity  of  such  a  man  as  Wolsey,  would  have  sufficed  to  nuin  Buck- 
ingham, who  was  condemned,  and,  to  the  great  discontent  of  the  people, 
executed. 

1521.— We  have  already  mentioned  that  Henry  in  his  youth  had 


I,  D. 


been  jealously  secluded  from  all  share  in  public  business.  Ffe  derived 
from  this  circumstance  the  advantage  of  far  more  scholastic  learning  than 
cOTimonly  fell  to  the  lot  of  princes,  and  circumstances  now  occurred  to 
set  his  literary  attainments  and  propensities  in  a  strikiuj  light.  Leo  X. 
having  published  a  general  indulgence,  circumstances  of  a  merely  per- 
sonal interest  caused  Arcemboldi,  a  Genoese,  then  a  bishop  but  originally 
a  merchant,  who  farmed  the  collection  of  the  money  in  Saxony  and  the 
countries  on  the  Baltic,  to  cause  the  preaching  for  the  indulgences  to  be 
given  to  the  Dominicans,  instead  of  to  the  Augustines  who  had  usually  en- 
joyed that  privilege.  Martin  Luther,  an  Augustine  friar,  feeling  himself 
and  his  whole  order  affronted  by  this  change,  preached  against  it,  and  in- 
veighed against  certain  vices  of  life,  of  whfch,  probably,  the  Dominicans 
really  were  guilty,  though  not  more  so  than  the  Augustines.  His  spirited 
and  coarse  censures  provoked  the  censured  order  to  reply,  and  as  they 
dwelt  much  upon  the  papal  authority,  as  an  all-sufficient  answer  to  Lu- 
ther, he  was  induced  to  question  that  authority ;  and  as  he  extended  hi« 
reading  he  found  cause  for  more  and  more  extended  complaint ;  so  thnt 
he  who  at  first  had  merely  complained  of  a  wrong  done  to  a  particular  or- 
ler  of  churchmen,  soeedilv  declared  himsflirnvAinat  much  nr  tho  rinntrinp 


■Mi'iMl 


448 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  discipline  of  the  church  itself,  as  being  corrupt  and  ol  merely  htuna) 
invention  for  evil  human  purposes.  From  Germany  the  naw  doctiines  (rf 
Luther  quickly  spread  to  the  rest  of  Europe,  and  found  many  proselytei 
m  Ensfland.  Henry,  however,  was  the  last  man  in  his  dominions  who 
was  likely  to  assent  to  Luther's  arguments ;  as  a  scholar,  and  as  an  ex- 
tremely  desp^io  monarch,  he  was  alike  shocked  by  them.  He  not  only 
exerted  himself  to  c=r!:t",'»Af  the  T,inheran  heresies,  as  he  termed  and  no 
doubt  thought  then.,  Its-r,  p^hig  root  in  England,  but  also  wrote  a  book 
in  Latin  againsi  :.\mm.  "'Kas  book,  which  would  have  been  by  no  means 
discreditable  to  an  older  and  more  professional  polemic,  Henry  senttotlie 
pope,  who,  charmed  by  the  ability  displayed  by  so  illustrious  an  advocated 
the  papal  cause,  conferred  upon  him  the  proud  title  of  Defender  of  the  Fcnth, 
which  has  ever  since  been  borne  by  our  monarchs.  Luther,  who  was  not 
of  a  temper  to  quail  before  rank,  replied  to  Henry  with  great  force  and 
with  but  little  decency,  and  Henry  was  thus  made  personally  as  well  as 
Bcholastically  an  opponent  of  the  re  w  UocliUiiia.  But  those  doctrines  in- 
volved so  many  consequences  favourable  to  human  liberty  and  flattering 
to  human  pride  that  neither  scholastic  nor  kingly  power  could  prevent 
their  spread,  which  was  much  facilitated  by  the  recent  invention  of  print- 
ing. The  progress  of  the  new  opinions  was  still  farther  favout-ed  by  the 
death  of  the  vigorous  and  gifted  Leo  X.,  and  by  the  succession  to  the  papal 
thrcjie  of  Adrian,  who  was,  so  far  from  being  inclined  to  go  too  far  in  the 
support  of  the  establishment,  that  he  candidly  admitted  the  necessity  for 
much  reformation. 

A.  D.  1522.— The  emperor,  fearing  lest  Wolsey's  disappoinment  of  the 
papal  throne  should  injure  the  imperial  interests  in  England,  again  came 
nither,  profeosedly  only  on  a  visit  of  compliment,  but  really  to  forward  his 
political  interests.  He  paid  assiduous  court,  not  only  to  Henry,  but  also 
to  Wolsey,  to  whom  he  pointed  out  that  the  age  and  infirmities  of  Adrian 
rendered  another  vacancy  likely  soon  to  occur  on  the  papal  throne ;  and 
Wolsey  saw  it  to  be  his  interest  to  dissemble  the  indignant  vexation  his 
disappointment  had  really  caused  him.  The  emperor  in  consequence  sue- 
ceeded  in  his  wishes  of  retaining  Henry's  alliance,  and  of.  causing  him  to 
declare  war  against  France,  l^rd  Surrey  entered  France  with  an  array 
which,  with  remforcements  from  the  Low  Countries,  numbered  eighteen 
thousand  men.  But  the  operations  by  no  means  corresponded  in  impor- 
tance  to  the  force  assembled ;  and,  after  losing  a  great  number  of  men  by 
sickness,  Surrey  went  into  winter  quarters  in  the  month  of  October  with- 
out having  made  himself  master  of  a  single  place  in  France. 

When  FYance  was  at  war  with  England,  there  was  but  little  probability 
of  Scotland  reirmining  quiet.     Albany,  who  had  arrived  from  France  es- 
pecially with  a  view  to  vexing  the  northern  frontier  of  England,  summoned 
all  the  Scottish  force  thai  could  bo  raised,  marched  into  Annnndale,  and 
prepared  to  cross  into  England  at  Sol  way  Frith.     Hut  the  storm  was 
averted  from  England  by  the  discontents  of  the  Scottish  nobles,  who  ooni- 
plained  that  the  interests  of  Scotland  should  be  exposed  to  all  the  danger 
of  a  contest  with  so  superior  a  power  as  England,  mereW  for  the  advan- 
age  of  a  foreign  power.     So  stnmgly,  indeed,  did  'be  Gordons  and  othoi 
powerful  clansmen  express  their  discontents  on     lis  head,  that  Albany 
made  a  truce  with  the  English  warden,  tht!  lord  Dacre,  and  returned  to 
F'rance,  taking  tiie  precaution  of  sending  thither  before  him  the  earl  of 
Angus,  husband  of  the  queen  dowager. 

A.  D.  1523.— With  only  an  infant  king,  and  with  their  recent  absent 
from  tlie  kingdom,  the  Scots  laboured  under  the  additional  disadvantage 
of  being  divided  into  almost  as  many  factions  as  they  numbered  potent 
and  noble  families.  Taking  advantage  of  this  melancholy  state  of  things 
in  Scotland,  Henry  sent  to  that  country  a  powerful  force  under  the  earl  o: 

•"••■■ itinn  in»/>   tha    Mnrmtt   atld    TeVJOldaW, 


IiivrAar      wtt 


\yn 


rVkflftiMihni 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  449 

buiflod  the  town  of  Jedburgh,  and  ravaged  the  whole  country  round. 
Henry  endeavoured  to  improve  his  present  superiority  over  the  Scots,  by 
bringing  about  a  marriage  between  his  only  daughter,  the  young  princes« 
Mary,  and  the  mfant  king  of  Scotland ;  a  measure  which  would  at  once 
have  put  an  end  to  all  contrariety  of  interests  as  to  the  two  countries,  by 
uniting  them,  as  nature  evidently  intended  them  to  be,  into  one  state. 
But  the  friends  of  France  opposed  this  measure  so  warmly,  that  the  queen 
dowager,  who  had  every  possible  motive  for  wishing  to  comply  with  it, 
both  as  favourmg  her  brother,  and  promising  an  otherwise  unattainable 
prospenty  to  the  future  reign  of  her  son,  was  unable  to  bring  it  about. 
The  partizans  of  England  and  France  were  nearly  equal  in  power,  if  not 
in  number ;  and  while  they  still  debated  the  question,  it  was  decided  against 
England  by  the  arrival  of  Albany.    He  raised  troops  and  nlade  some  show 
of  battle,  but  there  was  little  actual  fighting.    Disgusted  with  the  factions 
into  which  the  people  were  divided,  Albany  at  length  retired  again  to 
Prance ;  and  Henry  having  enough  to  do  in  his  war  with  that  country,  was 
well  content  to  give  up  his  notion  of  a  Scottish  alliance,  and  to  rely  upon 
the  Scots  benig  busy  with  their  own  feuds,  as  his  best  security  against 
their  henceforth  attempting  any  serious  diversion  in  favour  of  France, 
Intiuth,  Henry,  as  wealthy  as  he  had  been  at  the  commencement  of 
his  reign,  had  been  so  profuse  in  his  pursuit  of  pleasure,  that  he  had  now 
no  means  of  prosecuting  war  with  any  considerable  vigour  ev«n  against 
France  alone.    Though,  in  many  respects,  possessed  of  actual  despotic 
power,  Henry  had  to  suffer  the  usual  inconvenience  of  poverty.     \t  one 
time  he  issued  privy  seals  demanding  loans  of  certain  sums  from  wealthy 
men;  at  another  he  demanded  a  loan  of  five  shillings  in  the  pound 
from  the  clergy,   and  of   two  shillings  in  the  pound  from  the  laity. 
Though  nominally  loans,  these  sums  were  really  to  be  considered  as 

Sifts ;  impositions  at  once   so  large,  so  arbitrary,  and  so  liable  to 
c  repeated  at  any  period,  necessarily  caused  much  discontent.    Soon 
after  this  last  expedient  for  raising  money  without  the  consent  of  parlia- 
raent,  he  summoned  a  convocation  and  a  parliament.    From  the  former, 
Wolsey,  relying  upon  his  high  power  and  influence  as  cardinal  and  archr 
oishop,  demanded  ten  shillings  in  the  pound  on  the  ecclesiastical  revenue, 
to  be  levied  in  five  years.    The  clergy  murmured,  but,  as  Wolsey  had  an- 
icipated,  a  few  sharp  words  from  him  silenced  all  objections,  and  what  he 
demanded  was  granted.    Having  thus  far  succeeded,  Wolsey  now,  at- 
tended by  several  lords,  spiritual  and  temporal,  addressed  the  house  of 
commons ;  dilating  upon  the  wants  of  the  king,  and  upon  the  disadvan- 
tageous  position  in  which  those  wants  placed  him  with  respect  to  both 
irance  and  Scotland,  he  demanded  a  grant  of  two  hundred  thousand 
pounds  per  annum  for  four  years.    After  much  hesitation  and  mumlurinff 
the  commons  granted  only  one  half  the  required  sum;  and  here  occ-urred 
a  striking  proof  of  the  spirit  of  independence,  which,  though  it  was  very 
long  in  growing  to  its  present  height,  had  already  been  produced  in  the 
House  of  commons  by  its  possession  of  the  power  of  the  purse.     Wolsey 
on  learning  how  little  the  commons  had  voted  towards  what  he  had  de- 
manded, required  to  bn  allowed  to  "reason"  with  the  house,  but  was 
gravely,  and  with  real    ignity,  informed,  that  the  house  of  commons  conid 
reagon  only  among  itb  mn  members.    But  Henry  sent  for  Edward  Mon- 
»gue,  an  influential  member,  and  coarsely  threatened  him  that  if  the  com- 
u  "/    mu"*"  T°'®  ''®"®'^  °"  ^^^  following  day,  Montague  should  lose  his 
neaa.    ihis  threat  caused  the  commons  to  advance  somewhat  on  their 
lormcr  offers,  though  they  still  fell  far  short  of  the  sum  originally  asked. 
J\  ?i^       presumed  that  Henry  was  partly  goaded  to  his  violent  and 
onitai  ttireat  to  Montague  by  very  urgent  necessity  ;  among  the  items  of 

r!n..*1'°""l?'"*"^^'^'  y^'  *  '°^y  "'"  '^'^^'-  shillings  in  the  pound  on  all  whc 
~-^r?^^i  fifiy  p;;tir»a3  per  armum,  and  tnouffh  this  was  to  be  levied  in 
Vol.  I.— 29 


it£J 


^Fm- 


150  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 

four  years,  Henry  levied  the  whole  of  it  in  the  very  year  in  which  it  wa5 

^S  WM«Pv-for  to  him  the  people  attributed  every  act  of  the  king- 
w^S^Ls^WuT  rfiSgSd  eitV^^^  great  treachery  on  the  part  oj 
was  tnus  Po^^^"^"" '"  ,  if_i_-iuie  misfortune,  rendered  him  constantly  un- 
the  emperor,  or  a  most  mvm^^^^^  ^^^  papal  throne.  It  now 

successful  as  »»  ^^^  e'^^\J°-'Seath  of  Adrian,  but  this  new  awakening  of 
agam  became  vacant  by  ^je^^Y'  ^     ^^^  bitter  disappointment.   He 
iSs  hope  WHS  merely  the  P^l"dMo  «  new  ana    « ^.^.^  JP^^^^  ^^^ 
was  agam  Passed  over,  and  one  m  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^.^ 

throne  under  ^^^  ^"^«  J^VhTiurrence  of  the  imperial  party,  and  he, 
election  took  placo  with  the  ^^^^^'^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^  ^f  ^^^  ,  ^^ 

KrFiate  men  we  conS^^^^  much  more  preferable  the  French 
that  01  n  ranee.  J^' "«;"  ,  .  interests  and  happ mess  of  millions  of  human 
alliance  was  as  regarded  the  1^^^^^^^^^^^  VV^  of  eelf-distrust  to  reflect, 

bemgs,  It  IS  at  on«=e  *  ^"J^f.^^^^^^^^  cardinal  was  determined  to  it,  only 

K'saS^'L^yTrlo^i  fe^^^^^^^^^^  animate  a  couple  of  smai 

by  me  san  ts  paury  ^^  wives  at  an  assize  ball.    But  he  never 

Bquurea  in  %h""y"g  fifd.  jr^they ^  .^  ^^^ ^^^^  ^^  ^^ 

of  the  great  actors  in  the  dra^^^  ^^^        .^ected  the 

Disappointed  in  the  great  object  of  h'«  ajno^^^  ^^^^.^y^         ^^^  ^^ 

"'TSffifemen   for  f cSuatfon  of  that  legatine  power  which  had 
^vl  been  eiUrltd^;  him"b^\wo  popes,  and  Clement  granted  it  to  h«„ 

for  We.  *  If^-^^T^Sery'ria^wSr^^^^^^     was  productive  of  much 
A.  n.  1525.— 1  hough  "enry  8  w-r  g     ^  ^  share  in  it  was  so  little 

mast,  ot  necessity,  b.  given   n»M.lherplM^^^ 

subsequent  to  the  battle  of  Favia,  ^n"  "«  .  L  ^een  by  even  the  cogent 
by  this  merely  personal  argument  than  he  haci  jeen  °y  e  b^^^^ 

iical  one. ,  ^^e/S^^ ^^J^^^^^^^  Tn  whSi  he  undertookto 

of  Francis,  who  had  been  leit  °y' ""*  f^  ^'^^      '       .  ^hile  she  acknowi- 

arrears  of  a  pension  granted  to  him  on  the  giving  up  oi  louru-y, 

nfit';s;:T;rit"tiartt^^^^^^^^ 

wa'i  with  thJerJp'eror,  Henry  iX-i  a  commission    or ^ 
four  shillings  in  the  pound  upon  the  '^^ergy,  and  mree  an^^^^^^  ^^^^ 

lie  laity.  As  this  heavy  demand  ''?»jf.  fj«"/ 'J"'™?"  •  J'the  way  of  U- 
to  have  it  made  known  that  he  desired  ^^'l^'^flSc^henevolLe,  ami 
nevolence.    But  people,  by  ^^is  time,  understood  thaUo^^^^^  ^^^ 

«a«  were  only  different  names  for  the  «"e«°hd  matter  oi^^^ 
!t,„  mnrmnrins  did  not  cease.    In  some  parts  of^tne  couiurj|,^^  ^i;  .^r  ^ 
indeedTbrokeout  into  open  revolt;  but  as  mcy  »»u  ».  .-. - 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WOULD. 


461 


ontial  leader,  the  king's  officers  and  friends  put  them  down,  and  Henry 
pardoned  the  ringleaders  on  the  politic  pretence  that  poverty,  and  not 
wilful  disloyalty,  had  led  them  astray. 

A.  D.  1527.— Though  Henry  had  now  so  many  years  lived  with  his  queen 
in  all  apparent  cordiality  and  contentment,  several  circumstances  had  on- 
curred  to  give  him  doubts  as  to  the  legality  of  their  marriage.  When  the 
emperor  Charles  had  proposed  to  espouse  Henry's  daughter,  the  young 
princess  Mary,  the  states  of  Castile  objected  to  her  as  being  illegitimate ; 
and  the  same  objection  was  subsequently  made  by  France,  when  it  wa» 
proposed  to  ally  her  to  the  prince  of  that  country. 

It  is,  we  think,  usual  too  readily  to  take  it  for  granted  that  Henry  was, 
from  the  first,  prompted  to  seek  the  dissolution  of  this  marriage,  merely 
by  a  libertine  and  sensual  disposition.     It  is  quite  true  that  the  queen  was 
considerably  older  than  he,  and  that  her  beauty  was  not  remarkable ;  and 
it  may  be  quite  true  that  those  circumstances  were  among  his  motives. 
But  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  he  had  studied  deeply,  and  that  his  fa- 
vourite author,  Thomas  Aquinas,  spoke  in  utter  reprobation  of  the  marry- 
ing by  a  man  of  his  brother's  widow,  as  denounced  in  the  book  of  Leviti- 
cus.   The  energetic  reprobation  of  an  author  of  whom  he  was  accustomed 
to  thmk  so  reverently  was,  of  course,  not  weak,  iied  by  the  rejection  of 
his  daughter  by  both  Spain  and  France,  on  the  ground  of  the  incestuous 
marriage  of  her  parents,  and  Henry  at  length  became  so  desirous  to  have 
some  authoritative  settlement  of  his  doubts,  that  he  caused  the  question  to 
be  mooted  before  the  prelates  of  England,  who,  with  the  single  exception 
ofFisher,  bishop  of  Rochester,  subscribed  to  the  opinion  that  the  lrna^ 
nage  was  ab  incepto  illegal  and  null.    While  Henry's  conscientious  scro- 
pie  was  thus  strongly  confirmed,  his  desire  to  get  his  marriage  formally 
and  effectually  annulled  was  greatly  increased  by  his  falling  in  love  with 
Anne  Boleyn,  a  young  lady  of  great  beauty  and  accomplishments.     Her 
parents  were  connected  with  some  of  the  best  families  in  the  nation,  her 
father  had  several  times  been  honourably  employed  abroad  by  the  king 
and  the  young  lady  herself,  to  her  very  great  misfortune,  was,  at  this  time! 
one  of  the  maids  of  honour  to  the  queen.     That  we  are  correct  in  believ- 
ing Henry  to  be  less  the  mere  and  willing  slave  of  passion  than  he  has 
generally  been  represented,  seems  to  be  clear  from  the  single  fact,  that 
there  is  no  instance  of  his  showing  that  contempt  for  the   virtue  of 
the  court  females  so  common  in  the  case  of  monarchs.    He  no  sooner  saw 
Anne  Boleyn  than  he  desired  her,  not  as  a  mistress,  but  as  a  wife,  and 
that  desire  made  him  more  than  ever  anxious  to  dissolve  his  marriage  with 
tatheruie.     He  now,  therefore,  applied  to  the  pope  for  a  divorce,  upon  the 
pound,  not  merely  of  the  incestuous  nature  of  the  marriage— as  that  might 
have  seemed  to  question  or  to  limit  the  dispensing  power  of  Rome— but 
on  the  ground  that  the  bull  which  had  authorised  it  had  been  obtained  un- 
der false  pretences,  which  were  clearly  proven ;  a  ground  which  had  al- 
wavs  been  held  by  Rome  lo  be  sufficient  to  authorise  the  nullifying  of  a 
oull.    Clement,  the  pope,  was,  at  this  time,  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the 
emperor,  and  his  chief  hope  of  obtaining  his  release  on  such  terms  as 
would  render  it  desirable  or  honourable  rested  on  the  exertions  of  Henry 
*rancis,  and  the  states  with  which  they  were  in  alliance.     The  pope. 
ilierefore,  was  desirous  to  conciliate  Henry's  favour ;  but  he  was  timid! 
vacillating,  an  Italian,  and  an  adept  in  that  dissimulation  which  is  so  char- 
acteristic  of  men  who  add  constitutional  timidity  to  intellectual  power 
Anxious  to  conciliate  Henry  by  granting  the  divorce,  he  was  fearful  lest 
le  should  enrage  the  emperor— Queen  Catherine's  nephew— by  doing  so; 
me  consequence  was,  a  long  series  of  expedients,  delays,  promises,  and 
msappomtments,  tedious  to  read  of  in  even  the  most  elaborate  histories,  ond 

Wni(MI,  to  relate   here.  WOnIr)  hn  nn  ininrimiti  \tfr,mta  nfon....^  ....)  *: 

I  lie  cardinal  Campeggio  was  at  length  joined  with  Wolsey  in  a  com- 


^>: 


4U  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

tniBBibn  to  try  the  affair  in  England.    The  two  legates  opened  their  court 
r  London ;  both  the  queen  and  Henry  were  sumponed  to  appear,  and  a 

moat  gainful  scene  tool^place.  When  their  ™«J««''^^*«';«,^f  ^fj^  "»! 
S  the  court,  Catherine  left  her  aeatand  threw  herself  at  the  feet  of  the 
kini,  recalled  to  his  memory  how  she  had  entered  h.s  dominions,  learing 
ull  friends  and  support  lo  depend  upon  him  alone;  how  for  twenty  years 
She  had  been  a  faffiuU  loving,  and  obedient  wife.  She  ^e^^J  Jon 
him  the  fact  that  the  marriage  between  her  and  his  elder  brother  had,  m 
S,  teen  but  such  a  mere  formal  b^^trothal  as  in  »nnumerable  other  cases 
hTd  been  held  no  bar  to  subsequent  marriage ;  that  both  their  fathers,  es 
?eemed  the  wisest  princes  in  Cllristendom,  had  consented  to  their  marnage, 
whSh  they  would  not  have  done  unless  well  advised  of  its  projpnety ;  and 
The  concluded  by  saying,  that  being  well  assured  that  she  ha<f  no  reason 
to  expect  justice  from  I  court  at  the  disposal  of  her  enemies,  so  never 

"Tftrthe'dtarrrro^^'r^^^^^  jir?rs 

from  week  to  week,  and  from  month  to  month,  by  the  arts  of  CampeBgio, 
aSft  by  the  instructions  of  Clement,  who  employed  the  time  in  making 
hS  arrangem^nis  with  the  emperor  for  his  own  benefit,  and  that  of  the 
K  Med  cTs  in  general.     Having  succeeded  in  doing  this,  he,  to  Henry's 
Jwat  as  or:iBhment,  evoked  the  cause  to  Rome  on  the  queen's  appeal,  just 
STeverv  one  expected  the  legates  to  pronounce  for  the  divorce.    Henry 
wanrLuy  enrS  at  Wolsfy  on  account  of  this  result.     He  had  so  lonji 
bien  accSomed  to  see  the  cardinal  successful  in  whatever  he  attempte(r, 
Sat  he  aSuted  his  present  failure  rather  to  treachery  than  to  want  o 
udiment     The  great  seal  was  shortly  taken  from  him  and  g'vei  to  Sr 
ffiSmas  More,  and  he  was  ordered  to  give  up  to  the  king  h:3  stately  and 
Jorrousrfurnish^^^^^        called  York-House,  which  was  converted  into 
frovalSdence,  unJer  the  name  of  Whitehall.     The  wealth  seized  in 
SiKi.  reSce  of  the  cardinal  was  immense  ;  his  p  ate  was  of  regal 
SDlendour  and  inciuded  what  indeed  not  every  king  could  boast,  one  pe  - 
23t  cupboard  of  massive  gold.     His  furniture  l^nV^o^th^e  'inTitem 
merous  and  costly  in  pro.iort  on,  as  may  be  judged  from  the  single  i  em 
So°e  thousand  piece;  ol*  Sue  Holland  cloth !    the  possessor  of  ail  th« 
wealth  howeJer.'^was  a  mined  man  now  ;  in  the  privacy  of  his  compa  a- 
Sv  mean  country  house  at  Esher,  in  Surrey,  he  was  unvis.  ed  and  un- 
Sc^ed  brthose  ccfurtJers  who  had  so  eageriy  crowded  around  h.m  win le 
he  was  vet  distinguished  by  the  king's  favour.     But  if  the  ingrat  tudc  of 
UsTriendrie  !  him  undistuLd  in  his  solitude,  the  activity  of  lis  fo  s  d. 
ot  let  him  rest  even  there.    The  king  had  not  as  yet  deprived  hmoi 

him  to  the  power  of  pariiament.    1  he  l(»rd8  puss  u  lui  vy  i 
Soainst  him  of  which  it  is  not  too  much  lo  say  thut    here  was  not  o  e 
Xrl   m  iht  1  orSive  been  explained  "^^ay,  had  anything  l.k.lpual 
or  proof  »«cn  called  for  or  considered.     Amid  the  general  «'  '\  »  '""     ' 
Solm^u'ls  of  Wols..y  by  thone  «ho  ».ad  .o    atel^  f^^^^^^^^^^ 
H  is  deliffhlful  to  have  to  record,  that  when  those  articles  «-'«", 
to  the  holne   of  commons,  the  i.ppr.-ss.ul  an:i  « '»"''"'^^,'^"X,;; 
warmlv  and  ably  defended  by  Thomas  V?"'*" 'l^ir  iJySTf^* 
had  raised  from  a  very  low  origm.     All  ^f'^^"':;''''''*;,?'*  0^01-1^ 
parliament  pronounced  "That  he  wn.  o"^*;^/''^ J^^"8"XK  "ommit 
Ins  lands  and  goods  were  forfeited ;  and  that  h.s  person  migiii  ne  1 01 

ted  to  cu-aody."  _       ^  _  ^.  ,^ ^  j,,,^  j,.^  ^nmnm  hnd  him 

ordered  to  Yorkshir.,  whore  he  lived  in  great  modesty  at  Cawoo.1. 


lliiAL    O*     I^ULKJi    LiJliAttlMi. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


4«9 


the  king's  differences  with  Kurne  were  now  every  day  growing  greater, 
iiid  he  easily  listened  to  those  who  assured  hina  that  in  finally  shaking  oil 
all  connection  with  the  holy  see,  he  would  encounter  powerful  opposition 
from  the  cardinal.  An  order  was  issued  for  his  arrest  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  his  death  on  the  scaffold  would  have 
been  added  to  the  stains  upon  Henry's  m^moryf  but  that  the  harrassed 
frame  of  the  cardinal  sunk  under  the  alarm  and  fatigue  of  his  arrest  and 
forced  journey.  He  was  conveyed  by  Sir  William  Kingston,  constable  of 
the  Tower,  as  far  as  Leicester  abbey.  Here  his  illness  became  so  extreme 
that  he  could  be  got  no  farther,  and  here  he  yielded  up  his  breath  soon 
after  he  had  spoken  to  Sir  William  Kingston  this  memorable  and  touch- 
ing caution  against  an  undue  worldly  ambition  : 

"I  prav  you  have  me  heartily  recommended  unto  hi?  royal  majesty,  and 
beseech  him,  on  my  behalf,  to  call  to  his  remembrance  all  matters  that 
have  passed  between  us  from  the  beginning,  especially  with  regard  to  his 
business  with  the  queen,  and  then  he  will  know  in  his  conscience  whether 
I  have  offended  him.     He  is  a  prince  of  a  most  royal  carriage,  and  hath  a 

Erincely  heart;  and  rather  than  he  will  miss  0/  want  any  part  of  his  wilL 
e  will  endanger  the  one  half  of  his  kingdom.  I  do  assure  vou  that  I 
have  often  kneeled  before  him,  sometimes  three  hours  together,  to  per 
suade  him  from  his  will  and  appetite,  but  could  not  prevail.  Had  I  but 
served  God  as  diligently  as  I  have  served  the  king,  he  would  not  have 
given  me  over  in  my  grey  hairs.  But  this  is  the  just  reward  that  I  must 
receive  for  my  indulgent  pains  and  study,  not  regarding  my  duty  to  God 
but  only  to  my  prince.  Therefore,  let  me  advise  you,  if  you  be  one  of 
the  privy  council,  as  by  your  wisdom  you  are  fit,  take  care  what  you  put 
into  the  king's  head,  for  vou  can  never  put  it  out  again."  Touching  and 
pregnant  testimony  of  a  dying  man,  of  no  ordinary  wisdom,  to  (he  hoUow- 
ness  with  which  all  the  unrighteous  ends  of  ambition  appear  clad,  when 
ilie  votary  of  this  world  receives  the  final  and  irrevocable  summons  to  the 
brighter  and  purer  world  beyond ! 


CHAPTER  XLL 

THK    REION  or  HENRY  VIU.    (COMTINUBD.) 

Natukallv  too  fond  of  ai  ihority  to  feel  without  impatience  the  neavy 
yoke  of  Itome,  the  opposition  he  had  so  signally  experienced  in  the  mat- 
lor  of  Ins  divorce  had  enraged  Henry  so  much,  that  he  gave  every  encour- 
agement to  the  parliament  to  abridge  the  exorbitant  privileges  of  the 
clewy ;  in  doing  which,  he  equally  pleased  himself  in  mortifying  Rome. 
and  in  paving  tho  way  for  that  entire  independence  of  the  pupal  power,  of 
which  every  day  made  him  more  desirous.  The  parliament  was  equally 
ready  to  depress  the  clergy,  and  several  bills  were  passed  which  tended 
0  make  the  laity  more  independent  of  them.  The  parliament,  about  this 
lime,  passed  another  bill  to  acquit  the  king  of  all  claims  on  account  of 
those  exactions  which  ho  had  speciously  called  loans. 

While  Henry  was  agitated  between  the  wish  to  break  with  Rome,  and 
the  oprx^siiig  unwi.Iingnoss  to  give  no  pj.iin  a  contudictDii  to  all  i;iat  ho 
tiad  advanced  in  tho  book  which  had  procured  him  thn  flattciing  title  o( 
'^V'Mtr  rf  the  Fatth,  ho  was  inf«»rincd  that  Dr.  Cranm?r,  a  fellow  of  Jesus' 
to  iog(!,  Cambridge,  and  a  man  of  go<»d  repute,  both  as  to  life  and  learnlnff. 
■im  Hiigg,.Hte(i  that  all  the  universities  of  Kurope  should  be  onsulted  as 
«•  the  legality  of  Henry's  marriage ;  if  the  decision  were  in  favour  .,1  it, 
tho  king  •  quHlrf.s  of  conscienee  must  needs  disappear  before  such  ■  host 
".kl'l'i'.'-L'*"*'/''^'*'""'"'^-^  the  o|>iiiion  wore  againiit  it,  equally  niuKt 


AH 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


hearinjr  this  opinion  Henry,  in  his  bluff  way,  exclaimed  that  Cranmcr  had 
"aken  the  right  sow  by  the  ear,  sent  for  h.m  to  court,  and  was  so  well 
pleased  with  him  as  to  employ  him  to  write  in  favour  of  the  divorce,  and 
to  superintend  the  course  he  had  himself  suggested. 

AD  1532.-The  measures  taken  by  parliament,  With  the  evident  good- 
will  of  the  king,  were  so  obviously  tending  towards  a  total  separation 
from  Rome,  that  Sir  Thomas  More,  the  chancellor,  resigned  the  great 
Leal;  that  able  man  being  devotedly  attached  to  the  papal  authority,  and 
clearly  seeing  that  he  could  no  longer  retain  office  but  at  the  risk  of  being 
called  upon  to  act  against  the  pope.  j      .u     . 

At  Rome  the  measures  of  Henry  were  not  witnessed  without  anxiety; 
nnd  while  the  emperor's  agents  did  ail  in  their  power  to  determine  the  pope 
wainst  Henry,  the  more  cautious  members  o  the  conclave  advised  that  a- 
kvour  often  granted  to  meaner  princes,  should  not  be  denied  to  him  who 
had  heretofore  been  so  good  a  son  of  the  church,  and  who,  if  driven  to  des- 
peration,  might  wholly  alienate  from  the  papacy  the  most  precious  of  all 
the  states  over  which  it  held  sway.  ti    u  a 

But  the  time  for  conciliating  Henry  was  now  gone  by.  He  had  an 
interview  with  ihe  king  of  France,  in  which  they  renewed  their  personal 
friendship,  and  agreed  upon  the  measures  of  mutual  defence,  and  Henry 
pTvately  married  Anne  Boleyn,  whom  he  nad  previously  created  countess 

°\  TY533.— The  new  wife  of  Henry  proving  pregnant,  Cranmer,  now 
archbi'shop  of  Canterbury,  was  directed  to  lu.ld  a  court  at  Dmistab  e  to 
decide  on  the  invalidity  of  the  marriage  of  Catherine,  who  lived  at  Atnpt- 
hill  in  that  neiglibourhood.  If  this  ccurt  were  anytlimg  but  a  mere  mock- 
e  y,  easonable  men  argued,  it.  decision  should  surely  have  preceded  and 
not  followed  the  second  marriage.  But  the  king's  will  was  absolute,  and 
l?e  op  n  ons  of  tlie  universities  «nd  the  judgment  of  the  convocations  hav- 
g  been  formally  read,  and  both  opinions  and  udgment  bej"?  J^?'""' 
Sherine's  marriage,  it  was  now  solemnly  annulled.  Soon  after,  the  nev» 
Queer,  was  delivered  of  a  daugliter,  the  afterwards  wise  and  powerful 

NouStndilig  all  the  formalities  that  had  been  brought  to  bear  against 
herrights.  Queen  Catherine,  who  was  as  resolute  as  sTie  wasothenv  e 
aniiabi.  refused  to  be  styled  aught  but  aueen  of  England,  aii-l  10  the  day 
of  hS  d  J.UV,  cmpelled  hor  servants,  ana  all  wl.,.  had  the  privilege  of  «p- 
Droacliinir  her,  t.i  address  and  treat  hur  as  their  queen. 
•^  Tie  nemies  of  Henry  at  Rome  urged  the  pope  anew  to  pronounce  on- 
tence  of  excommunication  against  him.  But  Clement's  niece  was  now 
Sed  to  the  second  son  of  the  king  of  France,  who  spoke  to  the  poi-e  .■. 
Henry's  favour.  Clement,  therefore,  for  the  present.  <'.,nfined  his  seve  i  y 
loTsuing  a  sentence  nullifying  Cranmer's  sentence,  and  the  "^^^^^ 
Honrv  to  Anne  Uoloyn,  and  threatening  to  excom-nunicaio  hnn  «aould 
ho  not  restore  his  afTairs  to  llieir  former  f.MUing  by  a  certain  day. 

*  D  1635.-A8  Henry  had  still  some  slrongleanings  to  thochnich,ai  J 
Hsit  was  obviously  mufh  to  the  interest  of  llome  not  wholly  to  lone  its 
h  fluonco  over  so  JveHllhy  u  nation  as  Engliu.d,  then,  .vcn  yet  seem  d 
to  bSsomo  chance  of  an  amicable  termination  of  this  ;||'Y:i,,,' .^^mo 
ioo<l  om.'os  of  iho  king  of  i-'ranco.  the  r-P",  vas  induced  to  P"""  '»  f  » 
SioiouMCO  ill  favour  of  ll.o  divorce,  on  the  receipt  cf  a  ••«rlHm  i.rm  ns  f  1^ 
C  n«  10  submit  his  cause  to  Rome.  The  king  agreed  '"/n"'*"  ^^  «  '"  "  J 
a  1 1  actually  dispatched  «  courier  with  it.  Somodelays  of  the  road  l>r«  v.m-nl 
K  r  ilal  of  11.0  important  .locument  at  Rom.  until  two  .hys  a  eh 
I  roicr  time.  I-i  llie  int.-iim  it  w;.s  reported  at  Rome,  probably  by  son? 
^  ft  0  i  .  ■ri.d  ar.enis.  that  the  nop.  and  cardinuls  had  been  ^M^n^ 
ZL  that  had  been  purfornird  Urn'  Henry  '^nd  Ihh  '•»»'•»•    {'f';' 


41^4- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


fm 


ry  8  promise  was  not  intended  to  be  kept,  and  a  sentence  was  immediately 
pronounced  in  favour  of  Catherine's  marriage,  while  Henry  was  threat- 
ened with  excommunication  in  the  event  of  that  sentence  not  being  8ab> 
mitted  to. 

It  is  customary  to  speak  of  the  final  breach  of  Henry  with  Rom«>  as 
naving  b^en  solely  caused  by  this  dispute  with  Rome  about  the  divu*  e  ; 
all  fact,  hJwever,  is  against  that  view  of  the  case.  The  opinions  of  Lu- 
ther had  spread  far  and  wide,  and  had  sunk  deep  into  men's  hearts ;  and  the 
bitterest  things  said  against  Rome  by  the  reformers  were  gentle  when  com- 
pared 10  the  testimony  borne  against  Rome  by  her  own  venality  and  her 
g^eiieral  corruption.  In  this  very  case  how  could  the  validity  of  Cathe- 
rine's marriage  be  affected  by  the  real  or  only  alledged  performance  of  a 
ribald  farce  before  the  English  court  above  a  score  of  years  after  it  1  The 
very  readiness  with  which  the  nation  joined  the  king  in  seceding  from 
Rome,  shows  ve-y  clearly  that  under  any  possible  circumstances  that  se- 
cession must  have  shortly  taken  place.  We  merely  glance  at  this  fact, 
because  it  will  be  put  beyond  all  doubt  when  we  come  to  speak  of  the  ac- 
cession of  Queen  Klizabeth ;  for  notwithstanding  all  that  Mary  had  done, 
by  the  zeulous  support  she  gave  to  the  church  of  Rome  and  by  her  furions 

Kersecution  of  the  Refj'-mers,  to  render  (he  subserviency  of  England  to 
;ome  both  permanent  and  perfect,  the  people  of  this  country  were  re- 
joiced at  the  opportunity  it  afforded  them  of  throwing  off  the  papal  authority 
The  houses  of  convocation— with  only  four  opposing  votes  and  one 
doubtful  voter— declared  that  "  the  bishop  of  Rome  had  by  the  law  of  God 
110  more  jurisdiction  in  Kngland  than  any  other  foreign  bishop ;  and  the 
authority  which  he  and  his  predecessors  nave  here  exercised  was  only  by 
usurpation  and  by  the  sufferance  of  the  English  princes.'  Tiie  convoca 
tion  also  ordered  that  tho  act  now  passed  by  the  pariiament  against  all  ap- 
peals to  Rome,  and  the  appeal  of  the  king  from  the  pope  to  a  general 
council  sliould  be  affixed  to  all  church  doors  throughout  the  kingdom. 
That  nothing  might  bo  left  undone  to  convince  Rome  of  Henry's  resolve 
upon  an  entire  separation  from  the  chnrch  of  which  he  liad  been  so  ex- 
tolled a  defender,  the  pariiament  passed  an  act  con  aming  the  invalidity 
of  Henry's  marriage  with  Catherine,  and  the  validity  of  that  with  Anne 
Boln^n.  All  persons  were  required  to  take  the  oath  to  support  the  sue- 
cession  thus  fixed,  and  the  only  persons  of  consequence  who  refused  were 
Sir  Tliomas  More  and  bishop  Fisher,  who  were  both  indicted  and  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower.  The  pariiament  having  thus  completely,  and  we 
may  add  servilely,  complied  with  all  the  wishes  of  the  king,  was  for  a 
short  time  prorogued. 

The  pariiament  had  already  given  to  Henry  the  reality,  and  it  now  pro- 
ceeded to  give  him  the  title  of  supreme  .head  of  the  church ;  and  that  Rome 
might  have  no  doubt  that  the  very  fixorbituncy  with  which  she  had  pres- 
«ed  licr  pretensions  to  authority  in  Kngland  had  wholly  transferred  that 
authority  to  the  crown,  the  parliament  accompanied  this  new  and  signl- 
flcmit  title  with  a  prant  of  all  the  annacos  and  tithes  of  benefices  which 
had  hithi^rto  boon  i  -^id  to  Rome.  A  forcible  and  pmcticnl  illustration  of 
the  sort  of  supremacy  which  Henry  intended  that  himself  and  his  sncces- 
•oru  shomil  exercise,  and  one  which  showed  Rome  that  not  merely  in  su- 
perstitious observances  bnt  also  in  solid  mutters  of  pecuniary  tribute,  it 
»a»  Henry's  determination  that  his  peop'  •  hould  bo  free  from  papal  dom 
matioii 

Both  m  Ireland  and  Si"^ttiind  the  king'.<  uirs  were  just  at  this  momen*, 
when  hf  w»s  carrying  m  iors  with  so  l.igu  a  hand  with  Home,  such  Hi  to 
m\ni'  hiin  some  anxictf};,  but  his  main  care  was  wisely  bestowed  upon  his 
•>wij  iciujidinn.  The  mere  secession  of  that  kingdom  from  an  authority 
^'|'n«  honoured  and  hitherto  so  dreaded  «i.  I  so  arbitrary  as  Rome,  was, 
-•■=ii  ;u  3a  novvBrrul  siid  iciorate  a  niaaarcri  &■  Henry,  an  oxpcriment  ol 


...    . 


456 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


•ome  nicety  and  danger.    Might  not  they  who  had  been  taught  to  rebeJ 
against  the  church  of  Rome  be  induced  to  rebel  against  the  crown  itself  t 
Tbe  conduct  of  the  anabaptists  of  Germany  added  an  affirmative  of  expe- 
rience to  the  answer   which   reason  could  not  fail  to  suggest  to  this 
question.    But  besides  that  there  Were  many  circumstances  which  ren- 
dered it  unlikely  that  the  frantic  republican  principles  which  a  few  re- 
forming zealots  had  preached  in  Germany,  would  take  a  hold  upon  the 
hardy  and  practical  intellect  of  Englishmen  long  and  deeply  attached  to 
monarchy,  there  was  little  fear  of  the  public  mind,  while  Henry  reigned, 
having  too  much  speculative  liberty  of  any  sort.    He  had  shaken  off  the 
pope,  ii.deed,  but  h.,  had,  as  far  as  the  nation  was  concerned,  only  done 
80  to  substitute  himself ;  and  though  the  right  of  private  judgment  was  one 
of  the  most  important  principles  of  the  Reformation,  it  very  soon  became 
evident  that  the  private  judgment  of  the  English  subject  would  be  an  ex- 
tremely dangerous  thing  except  when  it  very  accurately  tallied  with  that 
of  his  prince.    Opposed  to  the  discipline  of  Rome,  as  a  king,  he  was  no 
less  opposed  to  the  leading  doctrines  of  Luther,  as  a  theologian.     His 
conduct  and  language  perpetually  betrayed  the  struggle  between  these 
antagonistic  feelings,  and  among  the  ministers  and  frequenters  of  the 
court,  as  a  natural  consequence,  "  motley  was  the  only  wear."    Thus  the 
aueen,  Cromwell,  now  secretary  of  state,  and  Cranmer,  archbianop  of 
Canterbury,  were  attached  to  the  reformation,  and  availed  themselves  of 
every  opportunity  to  forward  it,  but  they  ever  found  it  safer  to  impugn  the 
papacy  than  to  criticise  any  of  the  doctrines  of  Catholicism.    On  the  other 
■ido  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  and  Gardiner,  bishop  of  Winchester,  both  of 
whom  were   high  in  authority  and  favour,  were  strongly  attached  to 
the  ancient  faith.  The  king,  flattered  by  each  of  the  parties  upon  a  portion 
of  his  principles,  was  able  to  play  the  pope  over  both  his  catholic  and  his 
Protestant  subjects,  and  his  stern  and  headstrong  style  of  both  speech  and 
action  greatly  added  to  the  advantage  given  him  by  the  anxiety  of  each 
party  to  have  him  for  its  ally  against  the  other. 

In  the  meantime  it  was  no  longer  in  the  po  wer  of  either  king  or  ministei 
to  prevent  the  purer  principles  of  thn  Reformation  from  making  their  way 
to  the  hearts  and  minds  of  the  people.  Tindal,  Joyce,  and  other  leariied 
mon  who  had  sought  in  the  Low  Countries  for  safety  from  the  king » 
arbitrary  temper,  found  means  to  smuggle  over  vast  numbers  of  tracts 
and  a  translation  of  the  scriptures.  These  got  extensively  circulated  and 
were  greedily  perused,  although  the  catholic  portion  of  the  ministry  aided 
—however  singular  the  phrase  may  sound— by  the  catholic  portion  of  the 
king's  will,  made  great  endeavours  to  keep  them,  but  especially  the  bible, 
from  the  eyes  of  the  people. 

A  singular  anecdote  is  related  of  one  of  the  attempts  made  to  suppress 
the  bible.  Tonstal,  bishop  of  London,  a  zealous  catholic,  but  humane 
man,  was  very  anxious  to  prevent  the  circulation  of  Tindal's  bible,  and 
Tindal  was  hiiuHelf  but  little  less  anxious  for  a  now  and  more  Hccurale 
edition.  Tonstal,  preferring  ilie  prevention  of  what  he  deemed  crime  to 
the  punishment  of  offenders,  devoted  a  large  sum  of  money  to  purchasing 
all  the  copies  that  could  be  met  wiih  of  Tiiidal'a  bible,  and  all  the  copiei 
thus  obtained  were  solemnly  burned  at  the  Cross  of  (>lieap.  Both  the 
^ishrp  »"•'  riiiilal  were  graiifted  on  vhis  uccuaion ;  tlu  fo  mer,  't  is^rue, 
destroyed  the  tirst  and  incorrect  edition  of  the  bible  by  Tindal,  but  he  a 
the  same  time  supplied  tliat  zealous  scholar  with  the  pecuniary  meann.  ol 
which  he  was  otlieiwise  destitute,  of  bringing  out  a  second  -iiid  more  per 
feot  as  well  as  more  extensive  edition.  , 

Others  were  less  humane  in  their  desire  to  repress  what  they  deemeu 
heresy,  and  few  were  more  severe  than  8ir  Thamrm  More,  who  succRedod 
WoUev  as  chancellor,  and  of  whose  own  iinprisonnionl  we  have  alruauy  ^m 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


45^ 


man  of  elegant  learning  and  great  wit,  and  though  in  speculative  opin- 
ions he  advanced  much  which  the  least  rigid  protestant  might  justly  con- 
demn as  impious,  yet,  so  true  a  type  was  he  of  the  motley  age  in  which 
be  lived,  his  enmity  to  all  opposition  to  papacy  in  practice  could  lead  him 
to  the  most  dastardly  and  hateful  cruelty.  To  speak,  in  detail,  of  the 
errors  of  a  great  man  is  at  all  times  unpleasant ;  we  merely  mention, 
therefore,  his  treatment  of  James  Bainham.  This  gentleman,  a  studenl 
ofthe  Temple,  was  during  More's  chancellorship  accused  of  being  con 
cemed  with  olli«rs  in  aiding  in  the  propagation  of  the  reformed  doctrines 
It  appears  that  the  unfortunate  gentlenian  did  not  deny  his  own  part  ii 
the  acts  attributed  to  him,  but  honourably  refused  to  give  any  testi- 
mony against  others.  His  first  examination  took  place  in  the  chancellor's 
own  house,  and  there,  to  his  great  disgrace,  he  actually  had  the  high- 
minded  gentleman  stripped  and  brutally  whipped,  the  chancellor  in  person 
witnessing  and  superintending  the  disgusting  exhibition.  But  the  mis- 
taken and  maddening  zeal  of  More  did  nat  stop  even  here.  .  Enraged  at 
the  constancy  of  his  victim,  he  had  him  conveyed  to  the  tower,  and  there 
saw  him  put  to  the  torture.  Under  this  new  and  most  terriblu  trial  the 
firmness  of  the  unhappy  gentleman  for  a  time  gave  way  and  he  abjured 
his  principles  j  but  in  a  very  short  time  afterwards  he  openly  returned  to 
them,  and  was  burned  to  death  in  Smithfield  as  a  relapsed  and  confirmed 
heretic. 

It  will  easily  be  supposed  that  while  so  intellectual  a  catholic  as  More 
was  thus  furious  on  behalf  of  Rome,  the  mean  herd  of  persecMtors  were 
not  idle.  To  teach  children  the  Lurd's  prayer  in  English,  to  read  the 
scriptures,  or  at  least  th«  New  Testament  in  that  language,  to  speak 
against  pilgrimages,  to  neglect  the  fasts  of  the  church,  to  attribute  vice  to 
the  old  clergy,  or  to  give  shelter  or  encouragement  to  the  new,  all  these 
were  offences  punishable  in  the  bishop's  courts,  some  of  them  even  capi- 
tally. Thus,  Thomas  Bilney,  a  priest,  who  had  embraced  and,  undel 
threats,  renounced  the  new  doctrines,  embraced  them  once  again,  and  went 
throiigii  Norfolk  zealously  preaching  against  the  absurdity  of  relying  for 
salvation  upon  pilgrimages  and  images.  He  was  seized,  tried,  and  burn- 
ed. Thus  far  the  royal  severity  had  chiefly  fr'len  upon  the  reformed ; 
but  the  monks  and  friars  of  the  ofd  faith,  intimately  dependant  upon  Home, 
detpsted  Henry's  separation  a;id  assumption  of  supremacy  far  too  much 
than  to  be  otherwise  than  inimical  to  him.  In  their  public  preachings  they 
more  than  once  gave  way  to  libellous  scurrillity,  which  Henry  bore  with  a 
moderation  by  no  means  usual  with  him,  but  at  length  the  tigtr  of  his 
temper  was  thoroughly  aroused  by  an  extensive  and  impudent  conspiracy. 

At  Aldington,  in  Kent,  there  was  a  woman  named  Klizabeth  Barton,  com- 
monly known  as  the  holy  maid  of  Kent,  who  wav  subject  to  fits,  under  the 
influence  of  which  she  unconsciously  said  odd  and  incoherent  thinga,  which 
her  ignorant  neighbours  imagined  to  be  the  result  not  of  epilepsy  but  o! 
inbpiration.    The  vicar  of  the  parish,  Richard  Masters,  instead  of  re- 

truviiig  und  enlightenr'g  liis  ignorant  flock,  took  their  ignnrant  fancy  ana 
int  lor  a  deep  scheme.  He  lent  his  auihority  to  the  report  that  Iho  maid 
of  Kent  spoke  by  the  inspiration  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  and  he  had  not  any 
gr»at  d'fllouKy  in  acquiring  ihe  most  entire  authority  over  tho  maul  her- 
«cli,  who  tlieiicefnith  »|H»kw  whatever  he  deemed  hi  to  dictate.  Havmg  a 
chapel  in  which  stood  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  to  which,  for  his  own 
proin's  sake,  he  was  r.iixious  to  withdraw  as  many  pilgrims  as  possible 
iroin  other  shrines,  he  entered  into  a  confederacy  with  Dr.  Bocking,  one 
mthe  canons  of  CHnleibury  cathedral,  and  under  their  direction  KiizHbeth 
Barton  pretended  to  receive  a  siipernKUiral  direction  to  proceed  to  the 
linage  in  t|unstion  and  pray  there  tor  her  cure. 
At  (irst,  «i  seems  quite  clear,  the  unfortunale  woman  was  truly  and 

nUrifiV    All     tinilAntiii  •     hiil   tai>np!in/«a     ruiwAvtv      anrl     t%arKnrk«    mt\ni%£k    iialiirul 


W' 


r- 


■  til',   ' 


■ 

i 


458  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

cunnine,  made  her  a  ready  and  unscrupulous  tool  in  the  hands  of  the  plot, 
tins  ecclesiastics,  and  after  a  series  of  affected  distortions,  which  would 
have  been  merely  ludicrous  had  their  purpose  not  added  something  of  the 
impious,  she  pretended  that  her  prostrations  before  the  image  had  entire- 
ly freed  her  from  her  disease.  .     .    ,  u  j  a  a      .r. 

Thus  far  the  priests  and  their  unfoitunate  tool  had  proceeded  without 
anv  interference,  the  severity  with  which  the  king  and  the  powerful  oath- 
dies  treated  all  enmity  to  pilgrimages  and  disrespect  to  shrines,  being  (A 
itself  sufficient  to  insure  their  impunity  thus  far.    But  impunity  as  usual 
oroduced  want  of  caution,  and  the  priests,  seeing  that  the  wondering 
multitude  urged  no  objection  to  tho  new  miracle  which  they  alledged  to 
have  been  wrought,  were  now,  most  lucklessly  for  themselves,  encouraged 
to  extend  their  views  and  to  make  the  unfortunate  Elizabeth  Barton  ol 
use  in  opposing  the  progress  of  the  reformed  doctrine,  and  against  Henry's 
divorce  from  Catherine.    Hence  the  ravings  of  the  maid  of  Kent  were 
directed  against  heresy,  with  an  occasional  prophesy  of  evil  to  the  king 
on  account  of  the  divorce ;  and  the  nonsense  thus  uttered  was  not  only 
repeated  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom  by  monks  and  friars  who,  most 
nrobablv.  were  in  concert  with  Masters  and  Bocking,  but  were  even  col- 
lected  into  a  book  by  a  friar  named  Deering.    The  very  industry  with 
which  the  original  inventors  of  this  grossly  impudent  imposture  caused  it 
to  be  noised  abroad  compelled  the  king  to  notice  it.    The  maid  of  Kent 
with  her  priestly  abettors  and  several  others  were  arrested,  and  without 
being  subjected  to  torture  made  full  confession  of  their  imposture,  and 
were  executed.    From  circumstances  which  were  discovered  during  the 
investigation  of  this  most  impudent  cheat,  it  but  too  clearly  appeared  that 
the  so  called  holy  maid  of  Kent  was  a  woman  of  most  lewd  life,  and  that 
imposture  was  by  no  means  the  only  sin  in  which  Masters  and  Bocking 
had  been  her  accomplices.  ,    ,  .       .     u    •• 

A  D  1535.— The  discoveries  of  gross  immorality  and  elaborate  cheating 
which'  were  made  during  the  investigation  of  the  affair  of  the  m  i 
of  Kent  seems  to  us  to  have  been,  if  not  the  very  first,  at  all  events  tuo 
most  influential  of  the  king's  motives  to  his  subsequent  sweeping  and 
cruel  suppression  of  the  monasteries.  Having  on  this  occasion  suppress- 
ed  three  belonging  to  the  Observantine  friars,  the  very  little  sensation 
■  their  loss  seemed  to  cause  among  the  common  people  ve,ry  naturally  led 
him  to  extend  his  views  still  farther  in  a  course  so  productive  of  pecu- 

"'aJt^aTflresenthe  required  some  farther  satisfaction  of  a  more  ternble 
nature  for  the  wrong  and  insult  that  had  lately  been  done  to  him.  I  isher, 
Srshop  of  Rochester,  in  "ommon  with  Sir  Thomas  More,  had  been,  as  we 
B  ready  mentioned,  committed  to  prison  for  objecting  to  take  the  oath  ol 
luccession  as  settled  by  the  arbitrary  king  and  the  no  less  obsequious  pat- 
liament.  Unhappily  for  the  prelate,  though  a  good  and  even  a  learned 
nan  he  was  very  credulous,  and  he  had  been  among  the  believers  and, 
to  a  certain  extent,  among  the  supporters  of  the  impudent  I-^l'^a  'eth  Bar- 
ton.  Still  more  unhappily  for  the  aged  prelate,  while  he  alj-e-'^X  1"/ «° 
deeplv  i»  the  king's  displeasure,  and  after  he  had  for  a  whole  year  been 
Sned  with  sucl  severity  that  he  was  often  in  want  of  «'>mmoii  neces. 
Ss.  the  pope  c:2ated  him  a  cardinal.  This  decided  the  fate  of  the  un- 
fortunate  prelate,  who  was  at  once  indicted  under  the  act  of  supremacy 

*"The  death  of  Fisher  was  almost  instantly  followed  by  that  of  the  learn- 
ed  though,  as  we  have  seen,  bigoted  and  sometimes  cruel  bir  Ihomafl 
More.  His  objections  to  taking  the  new  oath  of  •"";«««'««"  »«f"''f  ^ 
boon  perfectly  'iincero  and  ^  ere  perfectly  insuperable.  Wo  le^rn  from 
K5dfthatitwasin.im.ited  to  him  bydromwell,  ""-'"high  favour 
•*   ■        •ssti^raaHrtiia  for  hia  determined  refusal,  it wouiu 


iiiiAt  4*uv^<.* 


5  «  _U- 

jui 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


45D 


most  probably  be  set  down  to  the  account  of  obstinacy.    His  own  version 
of  the  dialogue  between  hinaself  and  Cromwell  is  so  curious  that  we  ex 
tract  the  following  from  it. 

MoRB  said  (in  reply  to  the  above  argument  of  Cromwell)  "  it  is  no  ob- 
gtinacy,  but  only  the  fear  of  giving  offence.  Let  me  have  sufficient  war- 
rant from  the  king  that  he  will  not  be  offended  and  I  will  give  my 
reasons." 

CaoMWELL.— "  The  king's  warrant  would  not  save  you  from  the  penal- 
ties enacted  by  the  statute." 

More.—"  In  this  case  I  will  trust  to  his  majesty's  honour ;  but  yet  it 
tbinketh  me,  that  if  I  cannot  declare  the  causes  without  peril,  then  to 
leave  them  undeclared  is  no  obstinacy." 

Cromwell.—"  You  say  that  you  do  not  blame  any  man  for  taking  the 
oath,  it  is  then  evident  that  you  are  not  convinced  that  it  is  blameable 
lo  take  it ;  but  you  must  be  convinced  that  it  is  your  duty  to  obey  the 
king.  In  refusing,  therefore,  to  take  it,  you  prefer  that  which  is  uncertain 
to  that  which  is  certain." 

More.—"  I  do  not  blame  men  for  taking  the  oath,  because  1  know  not 
their  reasons  and  motives ;  but  I  should  blame  myself  because  I  know 
that  I  should  act  against  my  conscience.  And  truly  such  reasoning 
would  ease  us  of  all  perplexity.  Whenever  doctors  disagree  we  have 
only  to  obtain  the  king's  commandment  for  either  side  of  the  question  and 
we  must  be  right." 

Abbot  of  Westminster. — "  But  you  ought  to  think  your  own  conscience 
erroneous  when  you  have  the  whole  council  of  the  nation  against  you." 

More.—"  And  so  I  should,  had  I  not  for  me  a  still  greater  council,  th& 
whole  council  of  Christendom." 

More's  talents  and  character  made  him  too  potent  an  opponent  of  the 
king's  arbitrary  will  to  allow  of  his  being  spared.  To  condemn  him  was 
not  difficult;  the  king  willed  his  condemnation,  and  he  was  condemned 
accordi-ngfly.  If  in  his  day  of  power  More,  uiifort'inately,  showed  that  he 
knew  how  lo  inflict  evil,  so  now  in  his  fall  he  si  owed  the  far  nobler  pow- 
er of  bearing  it.  In  his  happier  days  he  had  beew  noted  for  a  certain  jogu- 
lar  phraseology,  and  this  did  not  desert  him  even  in  the  last  dreadful 
scene  of  alh  Being  somewhat  infirm,  he  craved  the  assistance  of  a  by- 
stander as  he  mounted  the  scaflfold  ;  saying,  "  Friend,  help  me  up,  when 
I  come  down  again  you  may  e'en  let  me  shift  for  myself."  When  the 
ceremonies  were  at  an  end  the  executioner  in  the  customary  terms  begged 
his  forgiveness  ;  "  I  forgive  you,"  he  replied,  "but  you  will  surely  get  no 
credit  by  the  job  of  beheading  me,  my  neck  is  so  "short."  Even  as  he 
laid  his  head  upon  the  block  he  said,  putting  aside  the  long  beard  he  wore, 
"Do  not  hurt  my  beard,  that  at  least  has  comlnilted  no  treason."  These 
words  uttered,  the  executioner  proceeded  with  his  revolting  task,  and 
Sir  Thomas  More,  learned,  though  a  bigot,  and  a  good  man,  though  at  times 
a  persecutor,  perished  in  the  fifty-third  year  of  his  age. 

A.  D.  1530. — While  the  court  of  Rome  was  exertmg  itself  tc  "'c  utmost 
lo  show  its  deep  sense  of  the  indignation  it  felt  at  the  execiuion  of  two 
such  men  as  Fisher  and  More,  an  event  took  place  in  England  which,  in 
Christian  charity,  we  are  boimd  to  believe  gave  a  severe  shock  even  to 
Ihe  hard  heart  ii(  Henry.  Though  the  divorced  Catherine  had  resolutely 
[lersictcd  in  being  treated  as  a  queen  by  all  who  approached  her,  she 
had  suffered  with  so  dignified  a  patience  that  she  was  the  more  deeply 
•ympathized  with.  But  the  stern  effort  with  which  she  bore  her  wrongs 
was  too  much  for  her  already  broken  constitution.  Perceiving  that 
her  days  on  earth  were  numbered,  she  besought  Henry  that  she  migh^ 
once  more  look  upon  her  child,  the  princess  Mary  ;  to  the  disgrace  of  our 
common  nature,  even  this  request  wat  sternly  denied.  She  then  wrote 
ii'm  a  letter,  so  affectins.  that  even  he  shed  tears  over  it,  in  Mhich  sho. 


^■:Upmi 


Lffi^Aj 


'  M-:': 


460 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


gentle  and  submissive  to  the  last  in  all  save  the  one  great  point  of  hei 
wrongs,  called  him  her  "dear  lord,  king,  and  husband,"  besoueht  his  affec- 
tion  for  their  child,  and  recommended  her  servants  to  his  goodness.  Her 
letter  so  moved  him  that  he  sent  her  a  kind  message,  but  ere  the  bearer 
of  it  could  arrive  she  was  released  from  her  suffering  and  wronged  life. 
Henry  caused  his  servants  to  go  into  deep  mourning  on  the  day  of  her 
funeral,  which  was  celebrated  with  great  pomp  at  Peterborough  cathedraL 

Whatever  pity  we  m^y  feel  for  the  subsequent  sufferings  of  Queen 
Anne  Boleyn,  it  is  impossible  to  withhold  our  disgust  from  herconducton 
this  occasion.  Though  the  very  menials  of  her  husband  wore  at  least 
the  outwHrd  show  of  sorrow  for  the  departed  Catherine,  Anne  Boleyn  on 
that  day  dressed  herself  more  showily  than  usual,  and  expressed  a  per- 
fectly savage  exultation  that  now  she  might  consider  herself  a  queen  in- 
deed, as  her  rival  was  dead^ 

Her  exultation  was  as  short  lived  as  it  was  unwomanly.  In  the  very 
midst  of  her  joy  she  saw  Henry  paying  very  unequivocal  court  to  one  of 
her  ladies,  by  name  Jane  Seymour,  and  she  was  so  much  enraged  and  as- 
tonished that,  being  far  advanced  in  pregnancy,  she  was  prematurely  de- 
livered of  a  still-born  prince.  Henry,  notoriously  anxious  for  legitimate 
male  issue,  wss  cruel  enough  to  reproach  her  with  this  occurrence,  when 
she  spiritedly  replied,  that  he  had  only  himself  to  blame,  the  mischief  be 
ing  entirely  caused  by  his  conduct  with  her  maid. 

This  answer  completed  the  king's  anger,  and  that  feeling,  with  his  new 
passion  for  Jane  Seymour,  caused  ruin  to  Anne  Boleyn  even  ere  she  had 
ceased  to  exult  over  the  departed  Catherine. 

Her  levity  of  manner  had  already  enabled  her  foes  to  poison  the  ready 
ear  of  the  king,  and  his  open  anger  necessarily  caused  those  foes  to  be 
still  more  busy  and  precise  in  their  whisperings.  Being  present  at  a  tilt- 
ing match,  she,  whether  by  accident  or  design,  let  fall  her  handkerchief 
exactly  at  the  feet  of  Sir  Henry  Norris  and  her  brother,  Lord  Roohford 
who  at  that  moment  were  the  combatants.  At  any  other  time  it  is  likely 
that  Henry  would  have  let  so  trivial  an  accident  pass  unnoticed.  But  his 
jealousy  was  already  aroused,  his  love,  such  as  it  was,  had  already  burnt 
out,  and,  above  all,  he  had  already  cast  his  eyes  on  Jane  Seymour,  and 
was  glad  of  any  excuse,  good  or  bad,  upon  which  to  rid  himself  of  Anne 
Sir  Henry  Norris,  who  w^as  a  reputed  favourite  of  the  queen,  not  only 
raised  the  handkerchief  from  the  ground,  but  used  it  to  wipe!  his  face,  be 
ing  heated  with  the  sport.  The  king's  dark  looks  lowered  upon  all  pres* 
ent,  and  he  instantly  withdrew  in  one  of  those  moods  in  which  few  cared 
to  meet  him  and  none  dared  to  oppose  his  will.  On  the  next  morning 
Lord  Rochford  and  Sir  Henry  Norris  were  arrested  and  thrown  into  the 
Tower,  and  Anne  herself,  while  on  her  way  from  Greenwich  to  London, 
was  met  by  Cromwell  and  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  and  by  them  informed 
that  she  was  accused  of  infidelity  to  the  king ;  and  she,  too,  was  taken  to 
the  Tower,  as,  charged  with  being  her  accomplices,  were  Brereton,  Wes- 
ton, and  Smeaton,  three  gentlemen  of  the  court. 

Well  knowing  the  danger  she  was  in  when  once  charged  with  such  an 
offence  against  such  a  husband,  she  instantly  became  hysterical;  nowde- 
cla'ing  l-er  innocence  w'th  th«i  bittr^rest  ♦ears^  and  anon  relying  upon  the 
impossibility  oi  any  one  proving  her  guilty.  "'If  any  man  accuse  me,' 
aaid  she  to  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  "  I  can  but  say  nay,  and  they  can 
bring  no  witnesses." 

Anne  now  had  to  experience  some  of  that  heartless  indifference  which 
she  had  so  needlessly  and  disgracefully  exhibited  in  the  case  of  the  unfor- 
tunate and  blameless  Catherine.  At  the  head  of  the  commission  of 
twenty-six  peers  who  were  appointed  to  try  her,  on  the  revolting  charge 
of  gross  infidelity  with  no  fewer  than  five  men,  including  her  own  hall 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


461 


doke  of  Norfolk,  and  to  see,  too,  that  in  him  she  had  a  judge  who  was  far 
Bflough  from  being  prejudiced  in  her  favour.  She  was,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  death,  the  mode  by  fire  or  by  the 
axe  being  left  to  the  king's  pleasure. 

We  have  seen  that  Anne  had  in  her  prosperity  been  favourable  to  the 
reformed ;  and  as  Cranmer,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  well  known 
to  have  great  influence  over  Henry,  the  unhappy  Anne  probably  hoped 
that  he  would  exert  it,  at  the  least,  to  save  her  life.  If  she  entertained 
such  hope,  she  was  bitterly  disappointed.  Henry,  who  seems  to  have 
feared  some  such  humanity  on  the  part  of  Cranmer,  sent  to  him  to  pro- 
nounce sentence  against— an  formerly  he  had  pronounced  it  /or— the 
original  validity  of  Anne's  marriage  with  Henry.  Cranmer,  learned  and 
pious,  wanted  only  moral  courage  to  have  been  a  thoroughly  great  and 
good  man ;  but  of  moral  courage  he  seems,  save  in  the  closing  act  of  his 
life,  to  have  been  thoroughly  destitute.  Upon  whatever  proofs  the  king 
chose  to  furnish  tot  his  guidance,  he,  after  a  mere  mockery  of  trial,  and 
with  an  affectation  of  solemnity  and  sincerity  which  was  actually  impious, 
pronounced  the  desired  sentence;  and  thus  declared  against  the  legitimacy 
of  the  princess  Elizabeth,  as  he  had  already  done  in  the  case  of  the  prin- 
cess Mary. 

Anne  was  not  allowed  to  suffer  long  suspense  after  her  iniquitous  con- 
demnation ;  iniquitous,  even  if  she  really  was  guilty,  inasmuch  as  her  trial 
was  a  mere  mockery.  She  was  kept  for  a  few  days  in  the  Tower,  where, 
with  a  better  spirit  than  she  had  formerly  shown,  she  besought  the  for- 
giveness of  the  princess  Mary  for  the  numerous  injuries  she  had  done  her 
through  her  deceased  mother ;  and  was  then  publicly  beheaded  on  the 
Tower  green,  the  executioner  severing  her  head  at  one  stroke. 

Of  Henr>''s  feelings  on  the  occasion  it  is  unnecessary  to  say  more  than 
that  he  put  on  no  mourning  for  the  deceased  Anne,  but  on  the  very  morn« 
ing  after  her  execution  was  married  to  Jane  Seymour. 

As  to  Anne's  guilt,  we  think  it  most  likely  that  both  friends  and  foes 
judged  amiss.  Her  general  levity  and  many  circumstances  which  would 
be  out  of  place  here,  forbid  us  to  believe  her  wholly  innocent;  and  we 
are  the  more  likely  to  err  in  doing  so,  because  our  chief  argument  in  her 
favour  must  be  drawn  from  the  character  of  her  husband,  of  whom  it  must 
not  be  forgotten  that  once  at  least  he  certainly  was  wronged  by  a  wife. 
On  the  other  hand,  to  believe  her  as  guilty  as  she  has  been  represented 
is  to  throw  aside  all  considerations  of  the  utter  impossibility  of  her  hav- 
'np[  thus  long  beeji  so,  without  being  detected  by  the  numerous  enemier 
with  whom  her  supplanting  Catherine  and  her  patronage  of  the  reformed 
faith  must  needs  have  caused  to  surround  her  during  the  whole  of  her  ill- 
fated  elevation. 

A  new  parliament  was  now  called  to  pass  a  new  act  of  succession,  by 
which  the  crown  was  settled  on  such  children  as  he  might  have  by  his 
present  queen,  Jane  Seymour ;  and  failing  such,  the  disposal  of  the  crown 
was  left  to  Henry's  last  will  signed  by  his  own  hand.  It  was  thought 
from  this  last  named  clause  that  Henry,  fearine  to  leave  no  legitimate 
male  successor,  wished  in  that  case  to  have  the  power  of  leaving  the 
crown  to  his  illegitimate  son,  young  Fitzroy,  who,  however,  to  Henry't. 
great  sorrow,  died  shortly  afterward. 

Henry  seems  to  have  been  much  grieved  by  the  death  of  Fitzroy,  but  he 
Was  prevented  from  long  indulging  in  that  grief  by  a  very  formidable  in- 
surrection which  broke  out  m  the  October  of  this  year.  "The  apathy  with 
which  the  people  had  witnessed  the  dissolution  and  forfeiture  of  three 
monasteries  on  occasion  of  the  detection  of  the  fraud  of  Elizabeth  Barton, 
nad  naturally  encouraged  Henry  to  look  forward  to  that  sort  of  summarj 
justice  as  a  sure  and  abundant  source  of  revenue.  So  extended  was  his 
Unluflnce  that  hs  had  "        " 


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33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR,NY    I4SI0 

(716)  173-4303 


4fS 


462 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


surrender  of  the  leaser  monasteries  into  his  hands.  It  was  probably  one 
of  the  chief  causes  of  his  determined  enmity  to  his  old  tutor  and  council 
lor,  Fishtr,  bishop  of  Rochester,  that  that  excellent  prelate  made  a  veiy 
pithy,  though  quaint  opposition  to  this  proposal,  on  the  ground  that  il 
would  infallibly  threw  the  greater  monasteries  also  into  the  kin(('s  hands 
Subsequently  to  the  affair  of  the  maid  of  Kent,  the  king  antf  his  ministei 
Cromwell  had  proceeded  to  great  lengths  in  dissolving  the  lesser  monas- 
teries, and  confiscating  their  property.  The  residents,  the  poor  who  had 
been  accustomed  to  receive  doles  of  food  at  the  gates  of  these  houses, 
and  the  nobility  and  gentry  by  whom  the  monasteries  had  been  founded 
and  endowed,  were  all  greatly  offended  by  the  sweeping  and  arbitrary 
measures  of  the  blacksmith's  son,  as  they  termed  Cromwell,  and  the  re- 
trencliment  of  several  holidays,  and  the  abolition  of  several  superstitious 
practices  which  had  been  very  gainful  to  the  clergy,  at  length  caused  an 
open  manifestation  of  discontent  in  Lincolnshire.  Twenty  thousand  men, 
headed  by  Prior  Mackrel,  of  Barlings,  rose  in  arms  to  demand  the  putting 
down  of  '*  persons  meanly  born  and  raised  to  dignity,"  evidently  aiming  at 
Cromwell,  and  the  redress  of  divers  grievances  under  which  they  slated 
the  church  to  be  b.bouring.  Henry  sent  the  duke  of  Suffolk  against  this 
tumultuous  multitude,  and  by  a  judicious  mixture  of  force  and  fair  woids 
the  leaders  were  taken,  and  forthwith  executed,  and  the  multitude,  of 
course,  dispersed. 

But  in  the  counties  further  no)rth  than  Lincolnshire  the  discontents 
were  equally  great,  and  were  the  more  dangerous  because  more  distance 
from  the  chief  seat  of  the  king's  power  rendered  the  revolted  bolder. 
Under  a  gentleman  named  Aske,  aided  by  some  of  the  better  sort  of  those 
who  had  been  fortunate  enougli  to  Escape  the  breaking  up  of  the  Lincoln- 
Kliire  confederacy,  upwards  of  forty  thousand  men  assembled  from  the 
counties  of  York,  Durham,  and  Lancaster,  for  what  they  called  the  pilgrim- 
age of  grace.  For  their  banner  they  had  an  embroidery  of  a  crucifix,  a 
chalice,  and  the  five  wounds  of  the  Saviour,  and  each  man  who  ranged 
himself  under  this  banner  was  required  to  swear  that  he  had  "entered 
into  the  pilgrimage  of  grace  from  no  other  motive  than  his  love  of  God, 
care  of  the  king's  person  and  issue,  desire  of  purifying  the  nobility,  oj 
driving  base  persons  from  about  the  king,  of  restoring  the  church,  and  ol 
suppressing  heresy." 

But  the  absence  of  all  other  motive  may,  in  the  case  of  not  a  few  ol 
these  rovoltcrs  ce  very  reasonably  doubted,  when  with  the  oath  taken  by 
each  recruit  who  joined  the  disorderly  ranks  we  take  into  comparison  the 
style  of  circular  oy  which  recruits  were  invited, which  ran  thus:— "We 
command  you  and  every  of  you  to  be  at  (here  the  particular  place  was 
named)  on  Sii'urday  next  by  eleven  of  the  clock,  in  your  best  array,  ai 
you  will  answer  before  the  high  judge  at  the  great  day  of  doom^  and  in  the 

Eain  of  pulling  down  your  houses  anJ  the  losing  of  your  goods,  and  your 
odies  to  be  at  the  captain's  will." 

Confident  in  their  numbers,  the  concealed,  but  real  leaders  of  the  en» 
terpriso  caused  Aske  to  send  delegates  to  the  king  to  lay  their  demands 
betore  him.  The  king's  written  answer  bears  several  marks  of  the  an- 
noyance he  felt  that  a  body  of  low  peasants  should  venture  to  trench  upon 
subjects  n[)on  which  he  flattered  himself  that  he  was  not  unequal  to  thir 
most  learned  clerks.  He  told  them  that  he  greatly  marvelled  how  such 
tSMtrant  churls  should  speak  of  theological  subjtrls  to  him  u>ho  something  had 
been  noted  to  be  learned,  or  oppose  the  suppression  of  monasteries,  as  if  it 
were  not  bfitnr  to  relieve  the  head  of  the  church  in  his  necessity,  than  to 
support  the  sloth  and  wickedness  of  monks.*'  As  it  was  very  re<^uiaite, 
however,  to  break  no  as  pcaconbly  ns  possible,  an  assemblage  which  its 
more  numbers  would  render  it  somewhat  dilllcult  as  well  ns  dnngrrousto 
disDorso  bv  main  force.  Henry  at  the  same  time  uromiscd  that  lie  would 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


463 


remedy  such  of  their  (frievancea  as  might  seem  to  need  remedy.  This 
promise  being  unfulfilled,  the  same  >:ounties  m  the  following  yeai  (1537) 
again  assembled  their  armed  masbes.  The  duke  of  Norfolk,  as  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  king's  forces,  posted  himself  so  advantageously 
that  when  the  insurgents  endeavoured  to  surprise  Hull,  and,  subsequently, 
Carlisle,  he  was  able  to  beat  them  easily.  Nearly  all  the  leading  men 
were  taken  prisoners  and  sent  to  London,  where  ihev  were  shortly  after- 
wards  executed  as  traitors.  With  the  common  sort,  cf  whom  vast  num- 
oers  were  taken  prisoners,  there  was  less  ceremony  used ;  they  were 
nanged  up  "  by  scores,"  says  Lingard,  in  all  the  principal  towns  of  the 
chief  scene  of  revolt.  When  by  this  wholesale  shedding  of  human  blood 
the  king  had  at  length  appeased  his  wrath  and  that  appetite  for  cruelty 
which  every  year  grew  more  and  more  fierce,  the  proclamation  of  a  gen 
eral  pardon  restored  peace  to  the  nation. 

The  chief  plea  for  the  late  insurrection  had  been  the  suppression  of  the 
lesser  monasteries.  That  Henry  had  from  the  very  first,  according  to 
the  shrewd  prophecy  of  Fisher,  bishop  of  Rochester,  intended  to  go  from 
the  Ipsser  up  to  the  greater,  there  is  no  doubt ;  and  the  part  which  the 
monasteries  had  taken  in  encouraging  the  pilgrimage  of  grace,  only  made 
him  the  more  determined  in  that  course.  The  ever  ot)8equious  parlia- 
ment showed  the  same  willingness  to  pass  an  act  for  the  suppression  of 
the  remaining  and  greater  monasteries  that  had  so  often  been  shown  in 
far  less  creditable  affairs ;  and  of  twenty-eight  mitred  abbots— exclusive 
of  the  priors  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  and  Coventry— who  had  seats  in 
the  house  of  lords,  not  one  dared  to  raise  his  voice  against  a  measure 
which  must  have  been  so  distasteful  to  them  all. 

Commissioners  were  appointed  to  visit  the  monasteries.  That  there 
were  great  disorders  in  many  of  them,  that  the  burden  they  inflicted  upon 
the  capital  and  the  industry  of  the  country  far  outweighed  the  good  done 
to  the  poor  of  the  country — a  class,  be  it  remembered,  which  the  monastic 
doles  had  a  most  evil  tendency  to  increase— and  that  they  ought  to  have 
been  suppressed,  no  reasonable  man  in  the  present  slate  of  political 
science  will  venture  to  deny.  It  may  be,  nay  it  is  but  too  certain,  that  the 
mnocent  and  the  guilty  in  some  cases  were  confounded ;  thift  numbers  of 
people  were  thrown  out  of  employment,  and  that  with  a  vast  amount  of 

!:o()d8ome  evil  was  done;  that  Henry  even  in  doing  good  could  not  re- 
rain  from  a  tyrannous  strain  of  conduct;  and  that  much  of  the  property 
thus  wrested  from  superstition  was  lavished  upon  needy  or  upon  profligate 
courtiers,  instead  of  being,  as  it  ought  to  have  been,  made  a  permanent 
national  property  in  aid  of  the  religious  and  civil  expenses  of  the  nation. 
But  after  admitting  all  this,  it  is  quite  certain  that,  however  prompted  or 
however  enacted,  tliis  suppression  of  the  monasteries  by  Henry  V HI.  was 
the  most  important  measure  since  the  Norman  conquest,  and  was  the 
measure  which  gave  the  first  impulse  to  Enghii'd  in  that  march  of  reso- 
lute industry  which  has  long  since  left  her  with  scarcely  a  rival  upon  the 
earth,  whether  in  wealth  or  in  power. 

While,  however,  we  for  the  sake  of  argument  admit  that  Henry  was 
irhiirary  m  his  conduct  towards  the  monasteries,  and  that  his  coinmis- 
•ioneri  were  infinitely  less  anxious  for  truth  than  for  finding  out  or  invent- 
ing causes  of  confiscation,  we  are  not  tlie  loss  bound  to  assert  that,  even 
for  the  single  sin  of  imposture,  the  moiuiHteries  required  the  full  weight  of 
•he  iron  hand  of  Henry.  Of  the  gross  frauds  which  were  committed  for 
the  purpose  of  attracting  the  attention  and  the  money  of  the  credulous  to 
particular  monasterjcs,  our  space  will  only  allow  of  our  moniioning  two 
which,  indeed,  will  sufficiently  speak  for  the  rest.  ' 

At  the  monastery  of  Hales,  in  Gloucestershire,  tlio  relic  upon  wliii^h  the 
monks  relied  for  profit— every  monastery  having  relict,  some  of  which 
Bust  have  had  the  power  of  iibiquitv,  it  befnir  a  fact  that  mnnv  niontat^nr* 


464' 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


at  home  and  abroad  have  pretended  to  possess  the  same  especial  toe  or 
finger  of  this,  that,  or  the  other  saint . — was  said  to  be  some  of  the  bl  lod 
of  our  Saviour  which  had  been  preserved  at  the  time  of  the  crucifixion. 
In  proportion  to  tho  enthusiasm  which  such  a  pretence  was  calculated  to 
awaken  among  people  who  were  as  warmly  and  sincerely  pious  as  they 
were  ignorant,  was  the  abominable  guilt  of  this  im|>osture.  But  the  mere 
and  naked  lie,  bad  as  it  was,  formed  only  a  part  of  the  awful  guilt  of  these 
monks.  They  pretended  that  this  blood,  though  held  before  the  eyes  ol 
a  man  'n  mortal  sin,  would  be  invisible  to  him,  and  would  continue  to  be 
so  until  he  should  have  performed  good  works  sufficient  for  his  absolution. 
Such  a  tale  was  abundantly  sufficient  to  enrich  the  monastery,  but  when 
the  "visitors"  were  sent  thither  by  the  king,  the  whole  secret  of  the  im- 
pudent fraud  at  once  became  apparent.  The  phial  in  which  the  blood  was 
exhibited  to  the  credulous  was  transparent  on  one  side,  but  completely 
opaque  on  the  other.  Into  this  phial  the  senior  monks,  who  alone  were 
in  the  secret,  every  week  put  some  fresh  blood  of  a  duck.  When  the  piU 
grim  desired  to  be  shown  the  bluod  of  the  Saviour  the  opaque  side  of  the 
phial  was  tumud  towards  him;  he  was  thus  convinced  that  he  was  in 
mortal  sin,  and  induced  to  "perform  good  works,"  i.  e.,  to  be  fooled  out 
of  his  money,  until  the  monks,  finding  that  he  could  or  would  give  no 
more  at  that  time  turned  the  transparent  side  of  the  phial  to  him,  and  sent 
him  on  his  way  rejoicing  and  eager  to  send  other  dupes  to  the  monks  ol 
Hales. 

At  Boxley,  near  Maidstone,  in  Kent,  there  whs  kept  a  crucifix  called  the 
rood  of  ^race,  the  lips,  eyes,  and  head  of  which  were  seen  to  move  when 
Uie  pilgrim  approached  it  with  such  gifts  as  were  satisfactory ;  at  the  desire 
3f  Hilsey,  bishop  of  Rochester,  this  miraculous  cruciHx  was  taken  to  Lon 
don  and  publicly  pulled  to  pieces  at  Paul's  cross,  when  it  was  made  clenr 
that  the  image  was  filled  with  wheels  and  springs  by  which  the  so-called 
miraculous  motions  were  regulated  by  the  officiating  priests,  literally  as  the 
temper  of  their  customers  required. 

How  serious  a  tax  the  pretended  miraculous  images  and  genuine  relics 
levied  upon  the  people  of  the  whole  kingdom,  we  may  judge  from  the  fact, 
that  of  upwards  of  six  hundred  monasteries  and  two  thousand  chantries  and 
chapels  which  Henry  at  various  limes  demolished,  comparatively  few  were 
wholly  free  from  this  worst  of  impostures,  while  tho  sums  received  by 
some  of  them  individually  may  be  called  enormous.  For  inst.mce,  the 
pilgrims  to  the  tomb  of  St.  Thomas  ;\  Becket  paid  upwards  of  nine  hun 
dred  pounds  in  one  year— or  something  very  like  three  thousand  pounds 
of  our  present  money  !  The  knowledge  of  such  a  disgraceful  fuct  as  this 
would  of  itself  have  justified  Henry  in  adopting  moderately  strong  mesp 
sures  to  put  an  end  to  the  •*  Pilgrimage  to  Canterbury."  But  moderation 
was  not  Henry's  characteristic,  and  Becket  was  a  saint  especially  hateful 
to  him  as  having  fought  tho  battle  of  the  triple  crown  of  Rome  aguinst  tlie 
king  of  ••'.iiKland.  Not  content,  therefore,  with  taking  tho  proper  measures 
of  mere  policy  that  were  required  to  put  an  end  to  a  sort  of  plunder  so  dis- 
graceful, Henry  ordered  tho  saint  wlio  had  reposed  for  centuries  in  the 
tomb  10  he  formally  cited  to  appear  in  court  to  answer  to  an  inforinalion 
laid  ai(aiii»t  him  by  tho  king's  attorney  I  "  It  had  been  suggested,"  says 
Dr.  Lingard,  "  that  as  long  as  tho  name  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury 
should  remain  in  the  calendar  men  would  be  stimulated  by  his  example  to 
brave  the  ecclesiastical  authority  of  their  sovereign.  The  king's  attorney 
was  therefore  instructed  to  exhibit  an  information  against  him,  and  Tho- 
niM  h  Becket,  sometime  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  formally  cited  to 
appear  m  court  and  answer  to  the  charge.  The  interval  of  thirty  days 
allowed  by  the  canon  law  was  sufTered  to  elapse,  and  still  iho  saiiij 
nogleotPd  to  quit  the  tomb  In  which  he  had  reposod  for  two  centuries  and 
a  half,  and  judgment  would  have  been  given  agaUist  him  by  default,  had 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD. 


4«r) 


not  the  king  of  his  special  grace  assigned  him  counsel.  The  court  sat  at 
Westminster,  the  attorney-general  and  the  advocate  of  the  accused  were 
heard,  and  sentence  was  finally  pronounced  that  Thomas,  sometime  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  had  been  guilty  of  rebellion,  contumacy,  and  treason, 
ihat  his  bones  should  be  publicly  burned  to  admonish  the  living  of  their 
duty  by  the  punishment  of  the  dead,  and  that  the  offerings  which  had  been 
made  at  his  shrine,  the  personal  property  of  the  reputed  saint  should  b« 
forfeited  to  the  crown.  A  commission  was  accordingly  issued,  the  sen* 
tence  was  executed  in  due  form,  and  the  gold,  silver  and  jewels,  the  spoils 
obtained  by  the  demolition  of  the  shrine  were  conveyed  in  two  ponderoui 
coffers,  to  the  royal  treasury.  The  people  were  soon  afterwards  informed 
by  a  royal  proclamation  that  Thomas  i  Becket  was  no  saint,  but  rather  a 
rebel  and  a  traitor,  and  it  was  ordered  to  erase  his  name  out  of  til  books, 
under  pain  of  his  majesty's  indignation,  and  imprisonment  at  his  grace's 
pleasure.'' 

We  have  selected  Lingard's  account  of  this  matter  because  that  histo- 
rian has  a  very  evident  leaning  to  the  catholic  side  of  every  question  of 
English  history,  and  yet  he,  unconsciously,  perhaps,  in  the  words  of  lh« 
above  passage  which  we  have  printed  in  italics,  goes  far  towards  justifying 
Henry's  measures  against  the  monkish  superstitions  and  impostures,  no 
matter  what  his  motives  may  have  been.  What!  gold,  silver,  ^nd  jewels 
thus  abstracted  from  the  wealth  of  the  nation  and  made  perpetually  incon- 
vertible and  unproductive,  and  yet  the  keepers  of  the  shrine  of  the  pre- 
tended saint  and  miracle-worker  still  so  insatiate  that  they  drew  nearly 
a  thousand  pounds  of  the  money  of  that  time  in  a  single  year !  The  pal- 
triest smattering  of  true  political  economy  would  tell  us  that  such  a  state 
of  things,  existing  as  it  did  all  over  the  kingdom,  if  unchecked  for  but  •■ 
few  years  by  the  sovereign,  would  have  been  terminate  jy  a  most  san- 
guinary  revolt  of  the  ruined  people,  whose  hunger  wcuid  have  been  loo 
strong  for  both  their  own  ignorance  and  the  villainy  and  ingenuity  of  their 
deluders.  And  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  although  Henry  was  unwisely, 
nay,  wickedly  profuse  of  the  property  which  he  recovered  from  a  set  o.' 
vile  corporations  which  had  obtainer'  possession  of  it  by  false  pretences, 
it  was  of  only  a  part  of  this  property  that  he  thus  improperly  disposed. 
Every  monk  who  was  dispossessed  of  an  idle  ease  which  ho  ought  never 
to  have  had,  received  a  yearly  allowance  of  eight  marks,  and  every  abbot 
and  prior  had  a  yearly  allowance  proportioned  to  his  character  and  the  in- 
come of  his  abbacy  or  priory.  Making  these  provisions  must  have  con- 
sumed a  largo  portion  of  the  money  realized  by  the  seizures  of  monastic 
property ;  but,  besides  these,  the  king  made  and  endowed,  from  the  same 
source,  six  new  bishopricks,  Westminister,  Oxford,  Peterborough,  Bristol, 
Chester,  and  Gloucester.  When  these  facts  are  taken  into  the  account, 
the  "profit"  derived  by  the  king,  that  the  vulgar  and  more  violently  pa- 
pistical writers  are  fond  of  talking  about,  will  be  found  to  amount  to  littU 
indeed. 

Cardinal  Pole,  a  near  kinsman  of  Hfnry,  and  eminent  alike  for  talents 
•nd  virtue,  hud  long  resided  on  the  continent,  and  to  his  powerful  and  ele- 
gant pen  Henry  attributed  many  of  the  forcible,  eloquent— and  sometimes 
we  may  add,  scurrilous— declamations  which  the  papists  of  Italy  contin- 
ually sent  forth  against  him  whom  the  popedom  had  once  hailed  and  flat- 
tered as  the  defender  of  the  faith,  but  whom  it  now  denounced  as  anothei 
Julian  alike  in  talents  and  in  apostacy.  Henry,  unable  to  decoy  the  as- 
tute cardinal  into  his  power,  arrested  and  put  to  death  first  the  brutherr 
«nd  then  tho  mother  of  thi  t  eminent  person,  the  venerable  countess  of  Sal 
iBhury.  Real  charge  against  this  lady,  then  upwards  of  seventy  years  ot 
tge,  there  was  none;  but  the  ever  obsequious  parliament  passeif  an  ncl 
Mtainling  her  in  the  absence  of  any  trial  or  coniession.  Arter  two  ycaif 
of  rigorous  confinement  in  U)«  Tower  of  London  the  countess  was  brouL'n' 

Viii.    I in 


466  BISTORT  OF  THE  WORLD. 

not  for  execution  ■  and  as  she  refused  to  lay  her  head  upon  the  block,  the 
CScutSs  assistant  had  to  place  her  and  keep  her  there  by  ranm  force. 
SHvens  the  axe  descended  on  her  neck  she  cned  out  «  Blessed  are 

n^trh'eT!S[oWfferyt'jSS^^^^ 

SS^a^nXS^^^^^^^ 

ZnToirnSwSdsTs  not  necessary  to  the  soul's  health;  that  oncte 
m!I  SSt  mwrv  by  the  laws  of  God ;  that  vows  of  chastity  are  to  be  ob- 
TrJet  ra;%rK''msses  ought'  to  be  -f  !«««1^ -/,;';«;„S^^ 
Aurieiilar  confession  s  expedient  and  necessary.  Heavy  penaiiies  were 
dSiSced  on  any  who  should  act  contrary  to  the  aoove  articles;  and 
Smer  who  had  for  many  years  been  married,  could  only  save  himsel 
frJJSThe  effects  of  his  act-to  the  passing  of  which  he  had  made  a  stout 
KeffecLl  opposition-*y  sending^his  wife,  w  th  the.r  numerous  chd- 
Aran  to  Gerinanv.  of  which  country  she  was  a  native.  .        .  t 

Th«  frequent  chanaes  which  hadf  during  a  quarter  of  a  century,  taken 
Dl^e  inytKlogi?aJ  opinions  of  the  king  himself,  did  not  by  any  mean. 
EJhm  with  any  meriiful  feeling  towards  those  who  chanced  to  differ 
f^m  his  t^miiirarv  oSnion ;  he  had  thrown  off  the  clerical  pope  of  Rome 
SSv  inV/t  a^ou?te?r»in^^^^^  in  the  person  of  the  king  of 

SiJliy     A^Sdo^schSster,  ni^^  Lambert,  was  unfortunate 
England.     A  i^nuon  "*•»  ^    Taylor,  afterward  bishop  of  Lincoln, 

r^Si'^seS  the  doctrhaddefenJe'd' the  prevalent  Catholic  doctrine 
S^he  "real  oresence,"  Lambert  had  already  been  'mprisoned  for  hi. 
Snsound  opKbut  having  learned  nothing  by  the  peril  he  had  so  nar. 
•nufiw  Knpftned  he  now  drew  up  formal  objections,  under  ten  neaas. 
Thts^e  SSs  he  made  known  To  Dr  Barnes,  ^^o  ^s  a  Uuh^^^^^^^^^^^ 
who  conseouently  was  as  obnoxious  to  the  existing  law  as  Lambert,  whom 
h.c«S?o  be  cited  before  Cranmer  and  Latimer.  They,  however  much 
uTerZht  agree  wiThim  in  their  hearts,  did  not  dare  P«bl.cly  to  oppose 
SeL^WestoThe  Standard  of  opinion  which  the  arbitrary  Henry  had  set 

»H  that  he  hucf  heard,  noticed  only  the  f-\^'»  ^^  ^^^/Ji?^^^ 
Mnlied  that  for  his  life  he  would  hold  it  at  his  majesty  ■  B^**"^";,'!'" 'm 
Khlch  Hen?y  ungraciously,  not  to  say  crudly,  •""'•^/"'T'  Jii"  JS 
not  minded  to  show  himself  the  patron  of  ['"e^'"!  •"^^n^e  lis  S 
SJdeTed  to  pass  sentence  on  the  prisoner,  whose  «h'«f  « J^",^  "3  oS 
have  been  Hi  fnUy  in  craving  the  notice  of  the  king  by  a  most  g™"'"'" 
MdusSs  display  of  opinions  which  no  earthly  PO/"/°."i  i„  JcrS 
:;Kim  froS.  e';.joyifg  in  -My.  had  ha  cojent^^  ;°  J'i -^rs^rto^ 
The  unfortunate  man  was  burned  to  «J"^f'j»"^  "„^/"buT  dispuU 
fMnonallT  .ibnoxious  to  Henry  from  having  ventured  puoiicur  w      y 


' ■y"-^^9K\y\  ',.11     »      , 


T.UL   or    UmBEHT   »»OttK   lUsii,    VIU.,   ,N    W«,TM.N8TK«   IIalu 


with  him,  thi 

e^t  and  tht, 

proachcd  an] 

subjected  at 

halberts  thej 

exclaiming  ' 

Many  other  i 

In  August 

birth  to  a  pri 

much  diminii 

of  all  his  wiv 

marriage,  but 

Longueville, 

tween  the  tvf 

or  oxen,  he  v 

Cleves,  sistei 

one,  from  the 

fancy  himsell 

had  landed  at 

he  might  unsi 

phrase, "  nou 

ferent  feeling 

bein,  and  the 

80  disgusted  i 

had  chosen  hi 

he  would  hav 

was  afraid  of 

and  thus  raisi 

very  sight  of 

long  ere  he  m 

Cromwell.    1 

son  the  very  s 

phantic  parlia 

of  Salisbury. 

t  bill  of  attain 

he  had  befrier 

him  which  he 

«ey.    Having 

his  attention  t 

scarcely  makt 

figure;  moreo 

unsafe  for  He 

Fortunately,  \ 

with  disgust,  ( 

readily  conser 

pounds  per  an 

precedence  at 

instead  of  beir 

Six  days  afi 
minister  was  c 
hsting  l^im  for 
ries,  and  the  ri 
to  rank  so  hig 

As  if  to  she 
Mian  he  did  foi 
execution  of 
ipny  the  king 
apposite  offem 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


467 


with  him,  the  Cruel  executioners  purposely  made  the  fire  so  slow  mat  his 

egs  and  thighs  were  gradually  consumed  before  the  flames  even  ap- 
preached  any  vital  part.  The  long  tortures  to  which  this  poor  man  was 
subjected  at  length  so  greatly  disgusted  some  of  the  guards,  that  with  their 
halberts  they  threw  him  farther  into  the  flames,  and  he  there  perished, 
exclaiming  with  his  last  breath,  "None  but  Christ,  none  but  Christ!" 
Many  other  cruel  executions  took  place  about  this  time. 

In  August,  1537,  Henry's  third  queen,  the  lady  Jane  Seymour,  gave 
birth  to  a  prince,  to  the  great  delight  of  the  king,  whose  joy,  however,  was 
much  dimmished,  when,  in  a  few  days,  this  best  beloved  and  most  amiable 
nf  all  his  wives  died.    He  soon  after  commenced  negotiations  for  a  new 
marriage,  but  being  disappointed  in  his  views  on  the  duchess  dowager  ol 
Longueville,  and  being  then  refused  by  Francis  permission  to  choose  be* 
tween  the  two  sisters  of  tliat  lady  precisely  as  he  would  have  chosen  sheep 
or  oxen,  he  was  persuaded  by  Cromwell  to  demand  the  hand  of  Anne  oi 
Cleves,  sister  of  the  reigning  duke.    Her  portrait,  of  course  a  flattering 
one,  from  the  pencil  of  the  celebrated  Hans  Holbein,  caused  Henry  to 
fancy  himself  very  much  enamoured  of  her,  and  when  he  learned  that  she 
had  landed  at  Dover,  he  actually  rode  as  far  as  Rochester  in  disguise,  that 
he  might  unseen,  or  at  least  unknown,  have  a  glance  at  her  to,  in  his  own 
phrase, "  nourish  his  love."    This  glance,  however,  "  nursed"  a  very  dif- 
ferent feeling.    The  difference  between  the  delicate  limning  of  Hans  Hoi. 
bem,  and  the  especially  vast  person  and  coarse  complexion  of  the  lady, 
80  disgusted  and  surprised  Henry,  that  he  passionately  swore  that  they 
had  chosen  him  not  a  woman  and  a  princess,  but  a  Flanders  mare ;  and 
he  would  have  fain  sent  her  back  without  a  word  said  to  her,  but  that  he 
was  afraid  of  offending  the  German  princes  connected  with  her  brother, 
and  thus  raising  against  himself  a  too  powerful  coalition.     Detesting  the 
very  sight  of  Anne,  and  yet  feeling  obliged  to  marry  her,  the  king  was  not 
long  ere  he  made  the  full  weight  of  his  indignation  fall  upon  the  head  oi 
Cromwell.    That  too  servilely  obedient  minister  now  had  to  feel  in  per- 
son the  very  same  injustice  which,  at  his  instigation,  the  detestably  syco- 
phantic parliament  had  so  recently  inflicted  upon  the  venerable  countess 
of  Salisbury.     He  was  accused  of  high  treason,  denied  a  public  trial,  and 
»  bill  of  attainder  passed  both  houses,  without  even  one  of  the  many  whom 
he  had  befriended  having  the  generous  courage  to  show  that  gratitude  to 
him  which  he,  under  similar  circumstances,  had  shown  to  Cardinal  Wol- 
«ey.    Having  got  judgment  passed  against  Cromwell,  Henry  now  turned 
his  attention  to  obtaining  a  divorce  from  Anne  of  Cleves.    Even  he  could 
scarcely  make  it  a  capital  offence  to  have  coarse  features  and  an  awkward 
figure ;  moreover,  the  influence  of  Anne's  brother  was  such  as  to  make  it 
unsafe  for  Henry  to  proceed  to  any  thing  like  violent  steps  against  her. 
Fortunately,  however,  for  the  comfort  of  both  parties,  if  he  viewed  her 
with  disgust,  she  viewed  him  with  the  most  entire  indifference;  and  she 
readily  consented  to  be  divorced  on  Henry  giving  her  three  thousand 
pounds  per  annum,  the  royal  palace  of  Richmond  for  a  residence,  and  such 
precedence  at  court  as  she  would  have  enjoyed  had  she  been  his  sistet 
instead  of  being  his  divorced  wife. 

Six  days  after  the  passing  of  the  bill  of  attainder  against  Cromwell,  that 
mimster  was  executed,  no  one  seeming  to  feel  sorrow  for  him ;  the  poor 
hating  ])\m  for  the  share  he  had  taken  in  the  suppression  of  the  monaste- 
ries, and  the  rich  detesting  him  for  having  risen  from  a  mere  peasant  birth 
to  rank  so  high  and  power  so  great. 

As  if  to  show  that  he  really  cared  less  for  either  protestantism  or  popery 
ttiau  he  did  for  his  own  will  and  pleasure,  the  king  ordered  just  now  the 
execution  of  Powel,  Abel,  and  Featherstone,  catholics  who  ventured  to 
fleny  the  king's  supremacy,  and  of  Barnes,  Garret,  and  Jerome,  for  the 
apposite  offence  of  beintr  more  nrotestant  than  it  nleuied  the  kinv  that 


M 


i 


M 


I 


a 


468  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

they  should  be !  And  to  render  this  impartfality  in  despotism  the  mora 
awfully  impressive,  the  protestant  and  catholic  offenders  were  drawn  to 
the  stake  in  Smithfield  on  the  same  huidle !  •   .  ,      *■  4 

A  n    1541.— Though  the  king  had  now  been  married  four  times,  and, 
certainly,  with  no  such  happiness  as  would  have  made  marriage  seem  so 
very  desirable,  the  divorce^rom  Anne  of  Cleves  was  scarcely  accom- 
DlSbed  ere  his  council  memoralised  him  to  take  another  wife,  and  he 
SmpUed  by  espousing  the  niece  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk.    This  lady  by 
Same  Catherine  Howird,  was  said  to  have  won  the  heart  of  the  k,ng ''  by 
he™  notable  appearance  of  honour,  cleanliness,  ?nd  maidenly  behav- 
iour." and  so  well  was  the  king  at  first  satisfied  with  this  his  fifth  wife, 
that  he  not  only  behaved  to  her  with  remarkable  tenderness  and  respect, 
but  even  caused  the  bishop  of  London  to  compose  a  form  of  thanksgiving 
for  the  felicity  his  majesty  enjoyed.    But  the  new  queen,  being  a  catholic. 
had  IS  enemies  imoSg  th/  reformers;  and  Intelligence  was  soon 
brouSt  to  Cranmer  o'  such  conduct  on  the  part  of  Catherine  before  mar- 
rSge  as  he  dared  not  conceal  from  the  king,  though  it  was  by  no  means  a 
saflthinff  to  speak  upon  so  delicate  a  matter.    In  fact,  so  much  did  Craii. 
Ser  d  eaVthe%ioleft  temper  of  the  king,  that  he  committed  the  painfu 
intelligence  to  writing.    Henry  was  at  first  perfectly  incredulous  as  to  the 
LuU  of  a  woman  whose  manners  and  appearance  had  so  greatly  imposed 
Son  him      He  ordered  her  arrest,  and  while  in  durance,  she  was  visited 
b?  a  deputation  from  Henry  and  exhorted  to  speak  the  truth,  m  the  assu- 
jLce  thSher  husband  would  rejoice  at  her  innocence,  an^^at  hej?*'' 
were  both  just  and  strong  enough  to  protect  her.    As  she  hesitated  to 
rnswerVa  bill  of  attamder  was  passed  against  her,  and  then  she  con  eased 
Sat  he  past  life  had  been  debauched,  to  an  extent  tha   cannot  with  de- 
cency  be  particularised.    It  must  suffice  to  say,  that  the  revdting  and 
BTO88  shamelessiiess  of  her  conduct  before  marriage,  as  deposed  by  oth- 
Srand  rgeneral  terms  confessed  by  herself,  render  it  scarcely  possible 
fo"  any  one^cquainted  with  human  nature,  and  the  laws  of  ev.deace  to 
Dlace  the  slightest  reliance  upon  her  assertions  of  the  innocence  of  her 
Sost  nuptial  conduct;  though,  as  she  belonged  to.thecathol.c  party  th 
historians  of  that  party  have  taken  some  pains  to  justify  her.    ^n.e  most 
abandoned  of  her  sex  might  blush  for  the  shameless  guilt  of  which  she 
£  by  her  own  confession  been  guilty ;  and  the  historian  0   any  part 
must  have  a  strange  notion  of  the  tenets  of  his  party,  and  of  the  true  1  a- 
Sre  of  his  Swn  vo^cat"on.  who  seeks  for  party  saL  to  prop  up  a  character 
80  loathsome^  put  the  shameless  wanton  to  death,  by  the  tyran 

nous  mode  of  attaindlr.^ogether  with  her  paramours  and  her  confidante 
Zt  unprincipled  lady  Rochfort,  who  had  taken  so  P""«'P«1  ^^  P^^  .'o'^JJ 
death  of  Anne  Boleyn,  Henry  caused  a  law  to  be  Passf^;  ha  /iny  wo^ 
who  should  marry  him,  or  any  of  his  ^u''^^^^""' J^*^  in  t  e  oass  H 
hpfnrft  marriaffe.  reveal  that  d  sgrace  on  pain  of  death ;  on  the  passing  ui 
SrrSfjeoJle  jocosely  ?emarked'that  the  king's  best  plan  would 
be  to  take  a  widow  for  his  next  wife.  .  , 

Henrv  now  employed  some  time  m  mitigaUng  the  severe  s'X  ™^; 
.0  far  as  regarded  the  marriage  of  priests :  but  he  made,  at  the  same  time, 
ronSSTnToarupon  thf  prop'erty  0/  both  the  regular  and  secu 
dernr.    Still  bent  upon  upholding  and  exerting  his  supremacy,  he  also 
encSaged  appeals  from  the  spiritual  to  the  civil  courts,  of  which  Hume 
aSSy  as  ji  stly  says  that  it  was  "  a  happy   nnovation,  though  at  fiw 
invented  for  arbitrary  purposes."   He  now  also  issued  a  8'"aU  vdune  en 
titled  "The  InstitutfonoFa  Christian  Man,'  in  which  >"  h  f  "«u^^^^^^^^ 
tmy  style,  and  without  the  least  apparent  consciousness  of  the  inconsis 
ent  Veering  he  had  displayed  on  theological  sub  ects.  he  prescribed  to  hij 
SLoDle  ho5  they  should  believe  and  think  upon  the  delicate  matter.  o> 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD^  469 

jastification,  free-will,  good-works,  and  grace,  with  as  much  coolness  as 
hough  his  ordinances  had  concerned  merely  the  fashion  of  a  jerk  in  or  the 
length  of  a  cross-bow  bolt.  Having  made  some  very  inefficient  alterations 
in  the  inass-book,  Henry  presently  sent  forth  another  little  volume,  called 
me  "Erudition  of  a  Christian  Man."  in  this  he  flatly  contradicted  the  "  In- 
»titut.on  of  a  Christian  Man,"  and  that,  too,  upon  matters  of  by  no  means 
secondary  imp)rtance;  but  he  just  as  peremptorily  and  self-complacently 
called  upon  his  subjects  to  follow  him  now  as  he  had  when  just  before  he 
pointed  a  directly  opposite  path ! 

The  successful  rivalship  of  his  nephew,  James  of  Scotland,  in  the  affec- 
tions  of  Marie,  dowager  duchess  of  Longueville,  gave  deep  offence  to 
Henry,  which  was  still  farther  irritated  into  hatred  by  JamSs' adhesioS 
to  the  ancient  faith,  and  his  close  correspondence  with  the  pope,  the  em- 
peror  Charles,  and  Francis,  of  which  Henry  was  perfectly  Well  nformed 
by  the  assiduity  of  his  ambassador,  Sir  Ralph  S^ler.  These  personal 
feelings,  fully  as  much  as  any  political  considerations,  caused  Henry  to 
commence  a  war  which  almost  at  the  outset  caused  James  to  die  of  dVer- 
excited  anxiety ;  but  of  this  war  we  shall  hereafter  have  to  speak 

1    k'".^/"  '^'«  «'*'^,  marriage  made  good  the  jesting  prophecy  of  the 
people  by  takmg  to  wife  Catherine  Parr,  widowif  NevifLSrd  Lalhner! 
She  was  a  friend  o  the  reformed,  but  a  woman  of  too  much  prudence  to 
peril  herself  injudiciously.    He  treated  her  with  great  respect,  and  in  I644I 
when  he  led  a  large  and  expensive  expedition,  with  coSsid^rably  more 
edat  than  advantage,  he  left  her  regent  during  his  absence  from  fingUnd 
Subsequently,  however,  the  queen,  in  spite  of  her  pVudence,  was  mo?e 
than  once  m  imminent  danger.    Anne  Askew,  a  ladv  whom  she  had 
openly  and  greatly  favoured,  imprudently  provoked  the  king  by  opposi- 
viou  upon  the  capital  point  of  the  real  presence,  and  chancellor  Wriottes- 
tey,  who  had  to  interrogate  the  unhappy  lady,  being  a  bigoted  catholic,  it 
nZfrrV^'^'^^  that  his  extreme  severity  might  induce  her  to  confess 
howiar  Catherine  and  the  chief  court  ladies  were  implicated  in  her  oTno" 
rrnTJTn".'-     ^T^'j^y^^V^  *"d  delicate,  the  poor  girl  was  laid  u%n 
he  rack  and  questioned,  but  torture  itself  failed  to  extort  an  answer  to 
the  questions  by  which  the  chancellor  endeavoured  to  come  at  the  queen 
So  enraged  was  that  most  brutal  officer,  that  he  ordered  the  lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  to  stretch  the  rack  still  farther,  and  on  his  refusing  to  do  so 
latdhts  ownhandtolhe  rackcrid  drew  it  so  violenUy  that  ht  almost  tore  he^ 
bodv  asunder:^    This  diabolical  cruelty  served  no  other  purpose  than  to 
ThJLJni''"'","^^  infamous  while  the  annals  of  England  shall  remain. 
The  heroic  girl  bore  her  horrible  torture  with  unflinching  fortitude,  and 
rl^T?^^''  the  stake  in  a  chair,  her  body  being  so  maimed  and  diS 
cated  that  she  could  not  walk.    She  suffered  at  the  same  time  with  John 
Lascelles.  of  the  king's  household,  John  Adams,  tailor,  and  Nicholas  Ble- 
uUiii  a  priest* 

Subsequently  the  queen  was  again  much  endangered.    Thouffh  she  had 
TZ  ^'T^!^^^-  '"  ^'""'■^"'•"  ^''^  ^'^  '=°»'1"«''  «he  would  occasionally 

and  an  ulcer  m  his  lea;  caused  him  so  much  agonv  that  "he  was  as  furious 
as  a  chained  tiger."  H.s  natural  vehemence  and  intolerance  of  opposition 
Ev"*^''"^"^.'^ '»»«''  increased  under  such  circumstances ;  and  Cath- 
erine  8  arguments  at  length  so  offended  him.  that  he  compla  ned  of  her 
conduct  to  Gardiner  and  Wrioitesley.  They  bigoted  friends  tS  the  ca?h 
tlSl  ^^r^P^Portionally  inimical  to  &th?rine  as  a  friend  of  the 
unn.  Sn  1  "^  encouraged  his  ill  temper,  and  so  dexterously  argued 
thShl  nrt'""*'**','^^  °f,P""*"»  ^^^^"^  ^^'^^y  i"  'he  higlf  plfces. 
LSldav  iL«^'^°?^"  for  her  being  sent  to  the  Tower  5n  tW  foU 
S2«  Z">,i  Vu  '«"""*'«  «no"«h  to  get  information  of  what  was 
w  »iore  for  her,  and  her  cool  temper  and  shrewd  woman's  wit  sufficed  \o 


00 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


Mve  her  from  her  enemies.  She  well  knew  that  as  lust  had  been  the 
crime  of  Henry's  manhood,  so  vanity— that  vanity  which  cannot  endure 
even  the  pettiest  opposition — was  the  great  spring  of  his  actions  now  that 
his  eye  was  growing  dim  and  his  natural  force  abated.  She  paid  him  her 
usual  visit  that  day,  and  when  he  tried  to  draw  her  into  their  common 
course  of  argument,  she  said  that  arguments  in  divinity  were  not  proper 
for  women ;  that  wotnen  should  follow  the  principles  of  their  husband?,  as 
she  made  a  point  of  following  his ;  and  that  though,  in  the  belief  that  it 
something  alleviated  his  physical  sufferings,  she  sometimes  pretended  to 
oppose  him,  she  never  did  so  until  she  had  exhausted  all  her  poor  means 
of  otherwise  amusing  him."  The  bait  to  his  inordinate  vanity  was  easily 
taken.  "  Is  it  so,  sweetheart !"  he  exclaimed,  "  then  we  are  perfect  friends 
again,"  and  he  embraced  her  affectionately.  On  the  foUowing  day  the 
chancellor  and  his  far  more  respectable  myrmidons  the  pursuivants  went 
to  apprehend  4he  queen,  when  the  sanguinary  man  was  sent  away  with  a 
Tolley  of  downright  abuse,  such  as  Henry  could  bestow  as  well  as  the 
meanest  of  his  subjects  when  once  his  temper  was  fully  aroused. 

A.  D.  1547. — In  almost  all  Henry's  persecutions  of  persons  of  any  emi- 
nence, careful  observation  will  generally  serve  to  discover  something  of 
that  personal  ill-feeling  tvhich  in  a  man  of  lower  rank  would  be  called 
personal  spite.  Thus  the  duke  of  Norfolk  and  his  son,  the  earl  of  Surrey, 
wrere  now  arrested  and  charged  with  various  overt  acts  which  caused 
♦iiem — ^as  tho  charges  ran — to  be  suspected  of  high  treason.  Their  real,  and 
their  only  real  crime  was  their  relationship  to  Catherine  Howard,  his  fifth 
queen.  The  very  frivolous  nature  of  the  charges  proves  that  this  was  the 
case,  but  the  despicably  servile  parliament,  as  usual,  attended  only  to  the 
king's  wishes,  and  both  Norfolk  and  his  son  were  condemned.  The  pro 
ceedings  in  the  case  of  the  latter,  from  his  being  a  commoner,  were  more 
speedy  than  that  of  his  father,  and  the  gallant  young  Surrey  was  execu- 
ted. Orders  were  also  given  for  the  execution  of  Norfolk  on  the  morning 
of  the  29th  of  January,  1547 ;  but  on  the  night  of  the  28th  the  furious  king 
himself  died,  in  the  thirty-seventh  year  of  his  arbitrary  reign  and  in  the 
fifty-sixth  of  his  age ;  and  the  council  of  the  infant  prince  Edward  VI. 
wisely  respited  the  duke's  sentence,  from  which  he  was  released  at  the 
accession  of  Queen  Mary. 

That  the  character  of  Henry  was  per  se  bad,  few  can  doubt  that  have 
read  his  reign  attentively ;  but  neither  will  any  just  man  deny,  that  he,  so 
gay  and  generous,  so  frank  and  so  great  a  lover  of  literature  in  youth, 
owed  not  a  little  of  his  subsequent  wickedness  to  the  grossly  servile  adu- 
lation of  the  great,  and  to  the  dastardly  submission  of  the  parliament. 
What  could  be  expected  from  a  man,  naturally  vain,  to  whom  the  able 
Cromwell  could  say,  that  "  he  was  unable,  and  he  believed  all  men  were 
unable,  to  describe  the  unutterable  qualities  of  the  royal  mind,  the  sub- 
lime virtues  of  the  royal  heart ;"  to  whom  Rich  could  say,  that  "  in  wis- 
dom he  was  equal  to  Solomon,  in  strength  and  courage  to  Sampson,  in 
beauty  and  address  to  Absalom  ;"  and  what  could  be  expected  from  a  man, 
naturally  violent  and  contemptuous  of  human  life,  who  found  both  houses 
of  parliament  vile  enough  to  slay  whoever  he  pleased  to  denounce  1  Ad 
arbitrary  reign  was  that  of  Henry,  but  it  wrought  as  much  for  the  perma 
nem,  religious,  and  moral  eood  of  the  nation,  as  the  storms  and  tempests 
beneath  which  we  cower  while  they  last,  work  for  the  physical  atmosphere 


CHAPTER  XLII. 

THB  REION  or  IDWARD  VI 

*.  o.  l»4r.— Hknby's  will  fixed  the  majority  of  his  son  and  successoi 
Edward  VI.,  at  the  ugc  ol  eighteen.    Tho  young  prince  at  the  time  of  hm 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


471 


father's  death  was  but  a  few  month's  more  than  nine,  and  the  government 
wao  during  his  minority  vested  in  sixteen  executors,  viz.,  Cranmer,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury ;  Lord  Wriottesley,  chancellor ;  Lord  St.  John,  great 
master;  Lord  Russell,  privy  seal ;  the  earl  of  Hertford,  chamberlain ;  Vis- 
count  Lisle,  admiral ;  Tonstall,  bishop  of  Durham ;  Sir  Anthony  Browne, 
master  of  the  horse  ;  Sir  William  Paget,  secretary  of  state ;  Sir  Edward 
Forth,  chancellor  of  the  court  of  augmentations;  Sir  Edward  Montague, 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas ;  Judge  Bromley,  Sir  Anthony  Denny, 
and  Sir  William  Herbert,  chief  gentlemen  of  the  privy  chamber ;  Sir  Ed 
ward  Wotton,  treasurer  of  Calais  ;  and  Dr.  Wotton,  dean  of  Canterbury. 

Not  only  did  Henry  VIIL  name  these  councillors,  some  of  whom  were 
in  station  at  least,  far  below  so  important  a  trust,  but  he  laid  down  a  course 
of  conduct  for  them  with  a  degree  of  minuteness,  which  shows  that  to  the 
very  close  of  his  career  his  unbounded  vanity  maintained  its  old  ascend- 
ancy over  his  naturally  shrewd  judgment,  and  that  he  expected  that  his 
political  and  religious  supremacy  would  be  respected  even  when  the  earth- 
worms and  the  damps  of  the  charnel-house  should  be  busy  with  his  inani- 
mate body.  The  very  first  meeting  of  the  councillors  showed  the  fallacy 
of  the  late  king's  anticipations.  He  evidently  intended  that  the  co-ordinate 
distribution  of  the  state  authority  should  render  it  impracticable  for  the 
ambition  of  any  one  great  subject  to  trouble  or  endanger  the  succession  of 
the  young  Edward  ;  and  this  very  precaution  was  done  away  with  by  the 
first  act  of  the  councillors,  who  agreed  that  it  was  necessary  that  some 
one  minister  should  have  prominent  and  separate  authority,  under  the 
title  of  protector,  to  sign  all  orders  and  proclamations,  and  to  communi- 
cate with  foreign  powers.  In  a  word,  they  determined  to  place  one  of 
their  number  in  precisely  that  tempting  propinquity  to  the  throne,  to  guard 
against  which  had  been  a  main  object  of  Henry's  care  and  study.  The 
earl  of  Hertford,  maternal  uncle  to  the  king,  seemed  best  entitled  to  thik 
high  ofRce,  and  he  was  accordingly  chosen,  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of 
Chancellor  Wriottesley,  who  from  his  talents  and  experience  had  antici- 
pated that  he  himself,  in  reality  though  not  formally,  would  occupy  this 
very  position. 

Having  made  this  most  important  and  plainly  unauthorised  alteration 
m  Henry's  arrangement,  the  council  now  gave  orders  for  the  interment 
of  the  deceased  monarch.  The  body  lay  in  state  in  the  chapel  of  White- 
hall, which  was  hung  with  fine  black  cloth.  Eighty  large  black  tapers 
were  kept  constantly  burning ;  twelve  lords  sat  round  within  a  rail  as 
raourneis ;  and  every  day  masses  and  dirges  were  performed.  A.t  the 
commencement  of  each  service  Norroy,  king-at-arms,  cried  in  a  loud 
voice,  "  Of  your  charity  pray  for  the  soul  of  the  high  and  mighty  prince, 
our  late  sovereign  lord,  Henry  the  Eighth."  On  the  14th  of  February  the 
body  was  removed  to  Sion  house,  and  thence  to  Windsor  on  the  following 
day,  and  on  the  16th  it  was  interred  near  that  of  Lady  Jane  Seymour  in  a 
vault  near  the  centre  of  the  choir.  Gardiner,  bishop  of  Winchester,  per- 
formed  the  service  and  preached  a  sermon.  As  he  scattered  earth  upon 
thecoflin  and  pronounced,  in  Latin,  the  solemn  word"  "Ashes  to  ashes 
and  diist  to  dust,"  certain  of  the  principal  attendants  broke  their  wanda  of 
office  into  three  parts,  above  their  heads,  and  threw  the  pieces  upon  the 
"offin.  The  solemn  psalm  de  profundis  was  then  recited,  and  garter  king 
at  arms,  attended  by  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the  bishop  of  Dur 
nam,  proclaimed  the  style  and  titles  of  Edward  VI. 

The  coronation  next  followed,  but  was  much  abridged  of  the  usual  cere- 
mony  and  splendour,  chiefly  on  account  of  the  delicate  state  of  the  king's 
neallh.  The  executors  of  the  late  king,  though  they  had  so  importantly 
departed  from  the  express  directions  of  the  will  upon  some  points,  were 
wry  exact  in  following  it  upon  others.  Thus,  Henry  had  charged  them 
W  make  certain  creations  or  promotions  in  the  peerage  ;  and  Hertford 


if^i 


p»ii 


172 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Ifi 


was  now  made  duke  of  Somerset,  marshal  and  lord  treasurer ,  hwoppo- 
nenl,  the  chancellor  Wriottesley,  earl  of  Southampton  ;  tlie  earlo  basex. 
marquis  of  Northampton;  Viscount  Lisle,  earl  of  Warwick  ;  Sir  rhomHs 

Seymour,  Lord  SejSour  of  Sudley  a»d  f'''"''^  « V'f  f \'"'^ '  '"^^'" 
Richard  Rich,  WiUtam  Willoughby,  and  Edmund  Sheffield,  barons.  Som 
TrBet  tnd  some  of  the  other  peers  were  at  the  same  time,  to  enable  them 
to  support  their  dignity,  gratified  with  deaneries,  prebends,  and  other  spir- 
Uual  benefices  ;  a  most  pernicious  precedent,  and  one  which  has  caused 
and  enabled  so  much  church  property  and  influence  to  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  laymen,  many  of  whom  are  avowedly  and  flagrantly  dissenters 
from  the  doctrine  of  the  church,  and  foes  to  her  establishment. 

Wriottesley,  earl  of  Southampton,  was  greatly  disappointed  hat  he,  in- 

siead  of  Somerset,  had  not  been  chosen  protector;  and  this  feeling  tended 

Jreatly  to  exasperate  the  political  opposit-on  which  had  ever  existed 

EMween  them.     Wriottesley,  with  a  want  of  judgment  strangely  in  con 

trast  with  his  usual  conduct,  gave  to  Somerset  an  opportunity  to  distress 

and  mnrlify  him.  of  which  that  proud  noble  was  not  slow  to  avail  hims.H. 

Desiring  to\rive  the  utmost  possible  amount  of  time  to  public  business, 

and  f  8  far  as  possible  to  share  and  check  the  authority  o    the  protector, 

Southampton,  merely  upon  his  own  authority,  piit  the  great  seal  into  com- 

mission,  empowering  four  lawyers  to  execute  the  office  of  chancellor  for 

Sm  :  and  two  of  the  four  lawyers  thus  named  were  canonists,  which  gave 

•ome  appearance  to  his  conduct  of  a  desire  to  show  disrespect  to  the  com- 

mon  law     Somerset  and  his  party  eagerly  caught  at  this  indiscretion  of 

their  noble  and  resolute  opponent,  and  easily  obtained  from  the  judges  an 

opinion  to  the  effect  that  Southampton's  course  was  illegal  and  unjus ti- 

flSble.  and  that  he  had  forfeited  his  office  and  even  laid  himself  open  to 

■till  farther  ounishment.     Southampton  was  accordingly  summoned  before 

Xe  cminci  ^  and,  hough  he  defended  himself  acutely,  he  was  condemned 

£  lose  u"e  great  seal,  to  pay  a  pecuniary  fine,  and  to  be  confined  to  hi. 

***Ha^v°nrthroLortSy  removed  his  most  powerful  and  persevering 
.  pponcnt,  Somerset  immediately  set  about  enlarging  his  own  power  and 
Lftering  is  foundation.  Professing  to  feel  a  delicacy  m  exercising  he 
extensive  powers  of  protector  while  holding  that  office  only  under  the  au- 
Sy  nf  HrexecutSrs  of  the  late  king's  will,  ho  obtained  from  iho  young 
kinifcdward  a  patent  which  gave  him  the  protectorate  with  full  regal 
Mwers  and  wlSch.  though  it  reappointed  all  the  councillors  and  execu- 
S^iamed  in  Hen  y'«  will,  with  the  solo  exception  of  Southa.nptoi.  ex- 
SSptedle  protector  from  his  former  obligations  to  consult  them  or  to  be 

•^Se'd'brCraierTl'he  protector,  in  spite  of  the  strong  and  able  oppo.i- 
tion  of  Gardiner,  made  considerable  advances  in  religious  reformation; 
v^tmnde  them  with  a  most  prudent  and  praiseworthy  tenderness  to  ho 
n  fS  KP  eiudices  of  the  mass  of  that  generation.  Thus,  ho  appou.ted 
Jfsitors  fav  and  clerical,  to  repress,  as  far  as  might  bo  obvious,  impostures 
and  flagrant  hnmoral  tie;  on  tho  part  of  the  catholic  clergy  ;  but  he  at  the 
Mmetfi  e  nsVructed  those  visitors  to  deal  respectfully  with  such  ceremo- 
Sas  we  i  yet  unabolished,  and  with  such  Images  and  shrines  as  were 
Tabused  to  Urn  purpose  of  idolatry.  While  thus  prudent,  m  teiiderncs 
to  the  inveterate  and  ineradicable  prejudices  of  tlie  ignorant,  ho  with  a 
verv  sound  policy  took  measures  for  weakening  the  mischievous  eflecU 
of  7ho  p3...g  of  the  monks.  Many  of  these  men  were  p  aced  in  vacant 
church U.  that  so  the  exchequer  might  be  relieved,  pro  tanto,  of  the  pay- 
ment  of  iho  annuities  settled  upon  them  at  the  "uppression  of  re hg u^ui 
houses  As  it  was  found  that  they  took  advantage  o\  their  position  to  n- 
_"" ihr.-.  iC~i:,A^  of  t»-.H  iirnoru'it  the  worst  of  tiie  old  superstitions  and  a 
iMo'^haVred  oTlhe  refoiHTalion  Soiuersel  now  compelled  them  to  avoid 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


4T3 


thnt  conduct,  by  enjoining  upon  them  the  reading  of  certain  homilies  hav- 
ing precisely  tlie  opposite  tendency  and  by  strictly  forbidding  them  to 
preach,  unless  by  special  indulgence,  anywiiero  save  in  their  own  parish 
churches.  'J'he  monks  being  thus  strictly  confined  in  their  own  parish 
churches,  and  limited  in  their  liberty  of  preaching  even  there,  while  the 
protestnnt  clergymen  could  always  insure  a  special  license  for  peripatetic 
preacliing,  Av as  a  system  too  obviously  favourable  to  the  reformation  to 
pass  uncensured  by  the  principal  catholic  champions.  Bonner  at  tlieout- 
•et  gave  the  protector's  measures  open  and  strong  opposition,  but  subs  • 
quenlly  agreed  to  them.  Gardiner  a  less  violent  but  far  firmer  and  more 
consistent  man,  because,  probably,  a  far  more  sincere  man,  was  staunch 
in  his  opposition.  He  was  of  opinion  that  the  reformation  could  not  be 
carried  any  farther  but  with  real  and  great  danger.  "It  is,'*  said  he,  "a 
dangerous  thing  to  use  too  much  freedom  in  researches  of  this  kind.  If 
you  cut  the  old  canal,  the  water  is  apt  to  run  farther  than  you  have  a  mind 
to ;  if  you  indulge  the  humour  of  novelty,  you  cannot  put  a  stop  to  people's 
demands,  nor  govern  their  indiscretions  at  pleasure.  For  my  part  my  sole 
concern  is  to  manage  the  third  and  last  act  of  my  life  with  decency,  and 
to  make  a  handsome  exit  off  the  stage.  Provided  this  point  is  secured  I 
nm  not  solicitous  about  the  rest.  I  am  already  by  nature  condemned  to 
death :  no  man  can  give  me  a  pardon  from  this  sentence,  nor  so  much  as 
procure  me  a  reprieve.  To  speak  my  mind,  and  to  act  as  my  conscience 
directs,  are  two  branches  of  liberty  which  I  can  never  part  with.  Sincerity 
in  speech  and  integrity  in  action  are  enduring  qualities;  they  will  stick  by 
a  man  when  everything  else  takes  its  leave,  and  I  must  not  resign  them 
upon  any  consideration.  The  best  of  it  is,  if  I  du  not  throw  these  away 
myself,  no  man  can  force  them  from  me  ;  but  if  I  give  them  up,  then  am 
I  ruined  by  myself,  and  deserve  to  lose  all  my  preferments.''  Besid  s 
the  obvious  danger  of  going  too  far  and  making  the  people  mischievously 
familiar  witli  change,  Gardiner  charged  his  opponents  with  an  unnecessary 
:ind  presumptuous  assumption  of  metaphysical  exactitude  upon  the  doc- 
trines of  grace  and  justification  by  faith,  points  not  vitally  necessary  to 
any  man,  and  beyond  the  real  comprehension  of  the  multitude.  The 
ability  and  the  flnnncss  with  which  he  rtrcssed  these  and'other  grounds  of 
opposition  so  highly  enraged  the  prote^^tor,  that  Gardiner  was  committed 
to  the  Fleet,  and  there  t.eated  with  a  severity  which,  his  age  and  his 
talents  being  considered,  reflected  no  little  di<»credit  upon  the  protcstunt 
party.  Tonstal,  bishop  of  Durham,  who  sided  with  Gardiner,  was  expelled 
the  council,  but  allowed  to  live  without  farther  molestation. 

The  active  measures  of  Somerset  for  promoting  the  reformation  in 
England  gave  force  and  liveliness  to  the  antagonist  parties  in  Srv  „land 
also.  The  cardinal  Beaton,  or  Bcthune,  was  resolute  to  put  dovvii  the 
preaching,  even,  of  tlie  reformers ;  while  these  latter,  on  the  other"  handi 
were  daily  becoming  more  and  more  inflamed  with  a  zeal  to  which  mar- 
tyrdom ilsrlf  had  no  terrors.  Among  the  most  zealous  and  active  of  the 
reformed  preachers  was  a  well-born  gentleinun  named  Wishart,  a  inai^ol 
(reat  learning,  high  moral  character,  and  a  rich  store  of  that  passionate 
ind  forcible,  though  rude,  elouuencu  which  is  so  powerful  ov>'r  tho  mindi 
of  enlhiKiastic  but  uneducated  men.  The  principal  scene  of  his  preach- 
ing WHS  Dundee,  where  his  eloquence  had  so  visible  and  stirrins  an  efTect 
upon  the  multitude,  that  the  magistrates,  as  a  simple  matter  or  civil  po- 
lice, felt  bound  to  forbid  him  to  preach  within  their  Jurisdictiun.  IJnablo 
to  avoid  retiring,  WiRhart,  however,  in  doing  so,  Bolninnly  invoked  and 
prophesied  a  heavy  and  speedy  calamity  upon  the  towu  in  which  hit 
preacliing  had  thus  been  stopped.  Singularly  enough,  he  had  not  long 
been  banished  from  Dundee  when  the  plague  burst  out  with  great  violcncp. 
Poit  hoc,  ergo  propter  hoc  is  over  the  popuTur  maxim  \  men  loudly  declared 
iiiiti  iiie  plague  was  evidently  the  coniec  lenue  of  Wishart's  baiiishmeiti 


4U 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  that  the  hand  of  the  destroying  angel  would  never  be  stayed  until  the 
preacher  should  be  recalled.  Wishart  was  recalled  accordingly^  and 
taking  advantage  of  the  popular  feelings  of  dismay,  he  so  boldly  and  pas. 
■lonately  advocated  innovations,  that  Cardinal  Beaton  caused  him  to  be 
arrested  and  condemned  to  the  stake  as  a  heretic. 

Arran,  the  governor,  showing  some  fear  and  unwillingness  to  proceed 

to  the  eitremiiv  of  burning,  the  cardina  carried  the  sentence  into  execu- 

tion  on  his  owii  authority,  and  even  stationed  himself  at^a  window  from 

which  he  could  behold  the  dismal  spectacle.    This  indecen  and  cruel 

triumph  was  noted  by  the  suflferer,  who  solemnly  warned  Beaion  that  ere 

manv  days  he  should  be  laid  upon  that  very  spot  where  then  he  triumphed. 

Agitated  as  the  multitude  were  by  the  exhortations  of  their  numeroui. 

preachers  of  the  reformed  doctrine,  such  a  prophecv  was  not  likely  to 

fall  unheeded  fro-n  such  a  man  under  such  circumstarfces.    His  followers 

in  great  numbers  associated  to  revenge  his  death.    Sixteen  of  the  most 

courageous  of  them  went  well  armed  to  the  cardinal's  palace  at  an  early 

hour  in  the  morning,  and  having  thrust  all  his  servants  and  tradesinen  o^^ 

proceeded  to  the  cardinal's  apslrtment.    For  a  shor    time  the  fasiemngs 

defied  their  power,  but  a  cry  arising  to  bring  fire  to  their  aid,  the  unfortu- 

nate  old  man  opened  the  door  to  therA,  entreating  to  spare  his  he  and  re- 

minding  them  of  his  priesthood.    The  foremost  of  his  assailants,  James 

Melvilll,  called  to  the  others  to  execute  with  becoming  gravity  and  de. 

SSration  a  work  which  was  only  to  be  looked  upon  as  the  judgment  of 

**"ReDent  thee,"  said  this  sanguinary  but  conscientious  enthusiast, '« re- 
pent  thee,  thou  wicked  cardinal,  of  all  thy  sins  and  iniquities,.  espetiaUy  of 
the  murder  of  Wishart,  that  instrument  of  God  for  the  conversion  of  these 
lands.  It  is  his  death  which  now  cries  vengeance  upon  thee:  we  are 
sent  by  God  to  inflict  the  deserved  punishment.  For  here,  be  ore  the  Al- 
miBhty,  I  protest  that  it  is  neither  fiatred  of  thy  person,  nor  love  of  thy 
riches  nor  fear  of  thy  power,  which  moves  me  to  seek  thy  death,  but  only 
becau;eThorhas!beL^nd  still  remains      an  obstinate  enemy  to  ChriBt 

'"wUMhe'e  iSs'TeWme  stabbed  the  cardinal,  who  fell  dead  at  hi. 
feet  This  murder  took  place  the  year  before  the  deathof  Henry  Vlll.,to 
whom  the  assassins,  who  fortified  themselves  and  friends,  to  the  number 
?fahuiiclredand  forty,  in  the  castle,  dispatched  a  messenger  for  a^. 
He.irv.  always  jealous  of  Scotland  and  glad  to  cripple  its  turbulent  nobili- 
!v  nr«'n  s«J  '"^  Somerset  now.  in  obedience  to  the  dying  in- 

MonofthekingVprenired  to  march  an  army  into  Scotland,  for  the 
'purpose  of  compellmg  a  Inion  of  the  two  countries,  by  ."-arrymg  the  minor 
SueVn  of  Scotland  to  the  minor  king  of  England.    With  a  fleet  of  sixty 
2aira"  da  force  of  eighteen  thousand  men,  he  set  out  with  ll;«  «yov^j<l 
Ju  po«e  of  not  listening  to  any  negotiation,  unless  based  "P»"  ."' f  Knt 
tion  ol  the  marriage  oflho  young  queen  of  Scotland  to  Kdvvirdof  hng- 
lln"  ,  H  mcTsure  which  he  urgeS  and  justified  at  great  lengM  in  a  pam- 
Dhlot  Dublished  by  him  bcforo  opening  the  campaign. 
^Except  La  means  of  justifying  his  own  conduct  in  commencing  the 
war  U  would  seem  that  so  well  informed  a  statesman  as  Somcrfot  c.mld 
Turi'ly  haveexjected  livllo  effect  from  this  manifesto.    The  qucon  dowj- 
ISrif  Scotland  was  wholly  influenced  by  France,  which  could  not  but  be 
to  the  utmost  degree  opposed  to  the  union  of  Scotland  and  Kng  and  t  and 
Ihe  was  hu'  nir  too  Juch  attached  to  the  catholic  religion  to  look  w^h 
Iny  compiaoent  feeling  upon  a  transfer  of  Scotland  into  the  hsn.  s  onhe 
Inown  aSd  p.,n,«v«rin{  ei.omy  of  that  religion.     From  n«'*'ck  to  Kdln^ 
burah  Somerset  experienced  but  little  resistance.     Arran.  ho^^f"' ""J 
K  UD  hi^^sition  on  the  bank,  of  the  Kske  at  about  Jonrm.lrs  fmu 
Edinburgh,  wilh  an  army  double  in  uuiuuir  w  Inat  oi  inc  csg:-:- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WOULD. 


476 


otvalrv  aflhii  of  outfrasts  the  Scots  were  woraied,  and  Lota  Hqme 
leverely  wounded,  but  Somerset  and  the  eatl  of  Warwick 'having  recon- 
Doitredthe  Scottish  camp«  found  that  it  was  too  well  posted  to  be  assailed 
with  any  reasonable  chance  of  success.  Somerset  now  tried  negotiation, 
offering  to  evacuate  the  country  and  even  to  make  compensation  for  such 
mischief  as  had  already  been  done,  on  condition  that  the  Scots  should  en* 
gage  to  keep  their  young  queen  at  home  and  uncontracted  in  marriage 
VDtil  she  should  reach  an  age  to  choose  for  herself.  This  offer,  so  much 
in  contrast  with  the  determmation  with  which  the  protector  had  set  out, 
caused  the  Scots  to  suppose  that,  intimidated  by  their  numbers  or  moved 
Dy  some  secret  and  distressing  information,  he  was  anxious  to  get  away 
upon  any  terms,  and  the  very  moderation  of  the  terras  offered  by  him  was 
the  cause  oftheir  being  rejected.  Whoever  will  carefully  and  in  detail 
study  the  great  campaigns  and  battles,  whether  of  ancient  or  of  modern 
times,  will  find  that  at  once  the  rarest  and  the  most  precious  gift  of  a  q~^- 
eral-in-chief  is  to  know  how  to  refrain  from  action.  The  Fabian  policy  t-- 
suitable  only  to  the  very  loftiest  and  most  admirable  military  genius  ;  not 
because  of  the  physical  difficulty  of  remainhig  tranquil,  but  simply  because 
to  do  so  in  spite  alike  of  the  entreaties  of  friends  and  the  taunts  of  foes, 
requires  that  self-conquest  which  is  to  be  achieved  only  by  a  Fabius  or  a 
Wellington.  On  the  present  occasion  the  Scot's  leaders  had  to  contend 
not  only  against  their  own  mistake  as  to  Somerset's  circumstances  and 
motives,  but  also  against  the  frantic  eagerness  of  their  men,  who  were 
wound  up  to  the  most  intense  rage  by  the  preaciiing  of  certain  priests  in 
their  camp,  who  assured  them  that  the  detestable  heresy  of  the  English 
made  victory  to  their  arms  altogether  out  of  the  question. 

Finding  his  moderate  and  peaceable  proposal  rejected,  Somerset  saw 
that  it  was  necessary  to  draw  the  enemy  from  their  sheltered  and  strong 
position,  to  a  more  open  one  in  which  he  could  advantageously  avail  him- 
self of  his  superiority  in  cavalry.  He  accordingly  moved  towards  the 
sea;  and  as  his  ships  at  the  same  moment  stood  in  shmo,  as  if  to  re* 
ceive  bim,  the  Scots  fell  into  the  snare  and  moved  from  their  strong  posi- 
tion to  intercept  him.  They  entered  the  plain  in  three  bodies,  the  van- 
guard commanded  by  Angus,  the  main  body  commanded  by  Arran,  and 
some  light  horse  and  Irish  archers  on  the  left  flank  under  Argyle. 

As  the  Scots  advanced  into  the  plain,  they  were  severely  galled  by  the 
artillery  of  the  English  ships,  and  among  the  killed  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Lord  Graham.  The  Irish  auxiliaries  were  thrown  into  the  utmost  disor- 
der, and  the  whole  main  body  began  to  fall  back  upon  the  rear-guard, 
which  was  under  the  command  of  Huntley.  Lord  Grey,  who  had  the 
command  of  the  English  cavalry,  had  orders  not  to  attack  the  Scottish 
van  till  it  should  be  closely  engaged  with  the  English  van,  when  he  was 
totake  it  in  flank.  Tempted  by  the  disorder  of  the  enemy,  he  neglected 
this  order,  and  led  the  English  cavalry  on  at  full  gallop.  A  heavy  slough 
and  broad  ditch  threw  them  into  confusion,  and  they  were  easily  repulsed 
bv  the  long  spears  of  the  Scotch  ;  Lord  Grey  himself  was  severely  wound* 
«d,  the  protector's  son,  Lord  Edward  Seymour,  had  his  horse  killed 
under  him,  and  the  cavalry  was  only  rallied  by  the  utmost  exertion  and 
presence  of  mind  on  the  part  of  Sir  Ralph  Sadler,  Sir  Ralph  Vane,  and 
the  protector  in  person.    The  Ei  i{liah  archers  and  the  English   ships 

SsUed  the  van  of  the  Scots  so  seven  ly  that  it  at  length  gave  way,  and 
le  English  van  being,  at  that  critical  moment,  led  on  in  good  order,  the 
Scots  and  their  Irish  auxiliaries  took  to  flight.  How  short  and  unequal 
the  fliffht  was,  and  how  persevering  and  murderous  the  pursuit,  may  be 
nd«(ca  from  the  fact,  that  the  English  loss  was  short  of  two  hundred,  and 
that  of  (he  Scots  above  t»n  thousand !  Full  fifteen  hundred  were  also 
made  prisoners  at  this  disastrous  bnltlo  of  Pinkoy. 


'S,  ..^.TCm  caSuCS,  fvbCiTSQ  Ins  SSIt'iliiSSiuii  ui  ins  twiiu- 


^HH 

S'^^^H 

^^^^^^fflffi 

K^^l 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■flSs 

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' ^^^^1 

I^^^^^^^^^^HE 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^M 

^^^^1 

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^^H 

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.^^H 

S»a«|^MH^ 

.  ^^H 

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^^^^^HBii 

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'1  ^^1 

1*-  .m. 


476 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


tiea  on  tha  i>order,  destroyed  the  shippinK  on  the  const,  and  was  in  a  sit- 
uation to  have  imposed  the  most  onerous  terms  on  the  Scots,  could  he 
have  followed  up  his  advantages;  but  information  reached  him  of  in- 
trigues going  on  in  England,  which  obliged  him  to  return,  after  having  ap- 
pointed Berwick  for  the  place  of  conference  of  the  commissioners,  whom 
the  Scots,  in  order  to  gain  time  and  procure  aid  from  France,  affected  to 
wish  to  send  to  treat  for  peace. 

On  Somerset's  return  to  England  he  assumed  moire  state  than  ever, 
being  elated  with  his  success  in  Scotland.  He  caused  his  nephew  to  dig. 
pense  with  the  statute  of  precedency  passed  in  the  late  reign,  and  to  grant 
to  him,  the  protector,  a  patent  allowing  him  to  sit  on  the  throne,  upon  a 
stool  or  bench  on  the  right  hand  of  the  king,  and  to  enjov  all  honours  and 
priviJeges  usually  enjoyed  by  any  uncle  of  a  king  of  Eiis/iand. 

Whi2e  thus  intent  upon  hislown  aggrandizement.  Someisnt  was,  never, 
thelesfl,  attentive  also  to  the  ameliorating  of  the  law.  The  statute  of  the 
six  articles  was  repealed,  as  were  all  laws  against  Lollardy  and  heresy— 
though  the  latter  was  still  an  undefined  crime  at  common  law— all  laws 
extending  the  crime  of  treason  beyond  the  twenty-fifth  of  Edward  HI., 
and  all  the  laws  of  Henry  VIII.  extending  the  crime  of  felony;  and  no 
accusation  founded  upon  words  spoken  was  to  be  made  after  the  expira- 
tion of  a  month  from  the  alledged  speaking. 

A.  D.  1648. — The  extensive  repeals  of  which  we  have  made  mention  are 
well  described  by  Hume  as  having  been  the  cause  of  "some  dawn  of  both 
civil  and  religious  liberty"  to  the  people.  For  them  great  praise  was  due 
to  Somerset,  who,  however,  was  now  guilty  of  a  singular  inconsistency; 
one  which  shows  how  difficult  it  is  for  unqualified  respect  to  the  righli 
of  the  mulliiude  to  co-exist  with  such  extensive  power  as  that  of  the  pro- 
tector. Wliat  Hume,  with  terse  and  significant  emphasis,  calls  "  that  law, 
the  destruction  of  all  laws,  by  whicli  the  king's  proclamation  was  made  of 
equal  force  with  a  statute,"  was  repealed;  and  yet  the  protector  continued 
to  use  and  uphold  the  proclamation  whensoever  the  occasion  seemed  to 
demand  it;  as,  for  instance,  forbidding  the  harmless  and  time-hallowed 
superstitions  or  absurdities  of  carrying  about  candles  on  Candlemas  day, 
asnes  on  Ash  Wednesday,  and  palm  branches  on  Palm  Sunday. 

Aided  by  the  French,  the  Scots  made  many  attempts  to  recover  the 
towns  and  castles  whicli  had  been  taken  from  them  by  Somerset,  and  with 
very  general  success.  The  English  were  reduced  to  so  much  distress, 
and  so  closely  kept  within  Haddington  by  the  number  and  vigilance  of 
their  enemies,  that  Somerset  sent  over  a  reinforcement  of  eighteen  ihou- 
land  English  troops  and  three  thousand  German  auxiliaries.  This  large 
force  was  commanded  by  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  who  relieved  Hadding- 
ton,  indeed,  but  could  not  get  up  with  the  enemy's  troops  until  they  were 
BO  advantageously  posted  near  Kdiiigburgh,  that  he  thought  it  imprudent 
to  attack  thom,  and  marched  back  into  England.  , .  ,    , 

We  must  now  refer  to  ihose  intrigues  of  the  English  court  to  which  the 
Scots  owed  not  a  little  of  their  comparative  security.  Between  the  pro. 
tector  and  his  brother,  the  lord  Seymour,  a  man  of  great  talent  a""  «t»l 
greater  arrogance  and  ambition,  tnere  was  a  feeling  of  rivalry,  which 
was  greatly  Increased  and  imbittered  by  the  feminine  rivalry  and  spite 
of  their  wives.  The  queen  dowager,  the  widow  of  Henry  Vlll.,  married 
Lord  Seymour  at  a  scarcely  decent  interval  after  her  royal  husband  i 
death ;  the  queen  dowager,  though  married  to  a  younger  brother  of  the 
dukH,  took  precedence  of  the  dnchess  of  Somerset,  and  the  latter  used  all 
her  great  power  and  influence  over  her  husband  to  irritate  him  agaiiislhi* 
brother.  When  Somerset  led  the  English  army  into  Scotland,  Lord  Sey 
mour  took  the  opportunity  to  endeavour  to  strengthen  his  own  cabal,  oy 
dittributing  his  liberalities  among  the  king's  councillors  and  «er^«nt», 
and  by  improper  ioouigonce  io  iiie  yuuug  kiiig  hiuiicii      occn-.s.-j  i  ns^-t, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


411 


who  well  knew  the  bitter  and  restless  rivalry  of  the  two  brothers,  warned 
Lord  Seymour  to  beware,  thai,  by  encouraging  cabals,  he  did  not  bring 
down  ruin  upon  that  lofty  stale  to  which  both  himself  and  the  protectoi 
had  risen,  and  which  had  made  them  not  a  few  powerful  foes,  who  would 
but  little  hesifate  to  side  with  either  for  a  time  for  the  sake  of  crushing 
both  in  the  end.  Lord  Seymour  treated  the  remonstrances  ot  Paget  with 
neglect;  and  the  secretary  perceiving  the  evil  and  danger  daily  to  grow 
more  imminent,  sent  the  protector  such  information  as  caused  him  to  give 
ap  all  probable  advantage,  and  hasten  to  protect  his  authority  and  inter* 
csts  at  home.  The  subsequent  departure  of  the  young  queen  of  Scotland 
for  France,  where  she  arrive'  in  safety  and  was  betrothed  to  the  dauphin, 
made  Somerset's  Scottish  projects  comparatively  hopeless  and  of  little 
consequence,  and  he  subsequently  gave  his  undivided  attention  to  the 
maintenance  of  his  authority  in  England. 

Not  contented  with  the  degree  of  wealth  and  authority  he  possessed,  as 
admiral  of  England  and  husband  of  the  queen  dowager,  Lord  Seymour, 
whose  artful  complaisance  seems  to  have  imposed  upon  his  nephew, 
caused  the  young  monarch  to  write  a  letter  to  parliament  to  request  that 
Lord  Seymour  might  be  made  governor  of  the  king's  person,  which  office 
bis  lordship  argued  ought  to  be  kept  distinct  from  that  of  protector  of  the 
realm.  Before  he  could  bring  the  affair  before  parliament^  and  while  he 
was  busily  engaged  in  endeavouring  to  strengthen  his  party.  Lord  Sey« 
mour  was  warned  by  his  brother  to  desist.  The  council,  too,  threatened 
that  it  would  use  the  letter  he  had  obtained  from  the  affection  or  weak 
ness  of  the  young  king,  not  as  a  justification  of  his  factious  opposition  to 
the  protector's  legal  authority,  but  as  a  proof  of  a  criminal  tampering  with 
a  minor  and  a  mere  child,  with  intent  to  disturb  the  legal  and  seated  gov- 
ernment of  the  realm.  It  was  further  pointed  out  to  him,  that  the  council 
now  knew  quite  enough  to  justify  it  in  sending  him  to  the  Tower:  and 
the  admiral,  however  unwillingly,  abandoned  his  designs,  at  least  for  the 
time. 

Somerset  easily  forgave  his  brother,  but  the  ambition  and  aching  envy 
of  that  turbulent  and  restless  man  was  speodily  called  into  evil  activity 
again,  by  a  circumstance  which  to  an  ordinary  man  would  have  seemed 
a  sufficient  reason  for  lowering  its  tone.  His  wife,  the  queen  dowager, 
died  in  giving  birth  to  a  child,  and  Lord  Seymour  then  paid  his  addresses 
to  the  lady  Elizabeth,  as  yet  only  sixteen  years  of  age.  As  Mary  was 
the  eldest  daughter,  and  as  Henry  had  very  distinctly  excluded  both  Mary 
and  Elizabeth  from  the  throne  in  the  event  of  their  marrying  without  the 
consent  of  his  executors,  which  consent  Lord  Seymour  could  have  no 
chance  of  getting,  it  was  clear  that  Seymour  could  only  hope  to  derive 
benefit  from  such  an  alliance  by  resorting  to  absolute  usurpation  and  vio- 
lence. That  such  was  his  intention  is  mrthcr  rendered  probable  by  tho 
fact,  that  besides  redoubling  his  efforts  to  obtain  influence  over  all  who 
had  access  to  tho  king  or  power  in  the  state,  he  had  so  distributed  his  fa- 
vours even  among  persons  of  comparatively  low  rank,  that  he  calculated 
on  beinff  able,  if  it  were  neceisary,  to  muster  an  army  of  ten  thousand 
men.  For  this  number,  it  seems,  he  had  actually  provided  arms  ;  he  had 
farther  strengthened  himself  by  protecting  pirates,  whom,  us  admiral  ol 
Kngland,  it  M'as  his  especial  duty  to  suppress ;  and  he  had  corrupted  Sir 
John  Spurington,  the  master  of  the  mint  at  Bristol,  who  was  to  supply 
him  witn  money. 

Well  informed  as  to  his  brother's  criminal  projects,  the  protector,  botli 
hv  intreatics  and  by  favours  conferred,  endoavcmred  to  indiico  him  t(» 
abandon  his  mad  ambition.  But  the  natural  wrong-hciidcdnoss  of  Lord 
Seymour,  and  tho  ill  advice  of  Dudley,  earl  of  Warwick,  a  man  of  great 
talent  and  courage,  but  of  just  such  principles  as  iiiight  be  expected  from 
the  son  of  that  Dudley,  the  extortioner,  who  was  colleague  of  iSinpaon 


urn 


4t8 


HISTORY  OF  THB  WORLD. 


in  thA  miirn  of  Henrv  VII.,  rendered  the  humane  efforts  of  the  protewoi 
'vU     Hftl.g  both  [L  brothers,  Warwick  dreaded  the  Lord  Seymour  the 
more  for  hisispiring  temper  and  superior  talents  j  and  seemg  him  only 
SS^well  inclined  to^seditlous  practices,  the  treacherous  Warwick  urged 
him  on  in  his  ttuilty  and  foolish  career,  and  at  the  same  time  secretly  ad- 
J  LTe  protlSor  to  take  stern  means  of  putting  a  stop  to  the  practice, 
of  a  brXer  upon  whom  kindness  and  srood  counsel  were  completely 
SrJwn  away.     By  Warwick's  advice  tTie  protector  first  deprived  his 
bSr  of  the  offi  Jof  admiral,  and  then  committed  him,  with  someof  his 
aSffed  accomplices,  to  the  Tower.    Three  privy  councillors,  who  were 
lent  to  examine  the  prisoners,  reported  that  tjere  was  important  evidence 
Sainst  them;  and  even  now  the  protector  offered  liberty  and  pardon  to 
S8broiher™on  condition  of  his  retiring  to  his  coimtry  houses,  and  con- 
fining  himlelf  strictly  to  private  life.    Undaunted  by  all  the  appearances 
Hst  him,  Lord  Seymour  replied  only  by  threats  and  sarcasms ;  and, 
S  by  h^8  personal  and  political  friends,  real  and  pretended,  the  pro- 
ector  consented  not  only  that  his  brother  should  be  proceeded  against,  bm 
ilsothl"  he  should  be  refused  a  free  and  open  trial  which  he  indignantly 
demanded,  and  be  proceeded  against  before  that  ready  instrument  of  sove 

'•n.'Tsr^S'n  JhVmSTo"  ^  a  bill  of  attainder  was  origi- 

nat^d  in  the  uDoer  house.  By  way  of  evidence,  several  peers  rose  and 
Stated  whaf  they  knew  oi  proYessell  to  know  of  the  criminal  designs  and 
DracUcrs  of  he  admiral ;  and  upon  this  evidence  given,  be  it  observed,  by 
?Sm  fn  the  case,  that  house  of  peers  in  which  the  deluded  man  had  sup. 
Doled  h"n  self  to  have  so  many  ^st  friends,  passed  the  bill  with  scarcely 
rdTsseS  vo  ce,  and.  as  Hume  observes  "  without  any  one  having  e.  her 
The  couraTC  or  equity  to  move  that  he  might  be  heard  m  his  defence;  that 
hS  tesUmony  agS  him  should  be  delivered  in  a  legal  manner,  and  that  he 
should  bTconfronted  with  the  witnesses."    Contrary  to  what  might  have 

ber„'an'ticipa"ted."!i  better  spirit  was  «?!;i'''»«t  "  inde  7as  S 
it  w»8  moved  that  the  proceeding  by  bill  of  attainder  was  DdO,  ana  inai 
evmrTan  should  be  present  and  Tormally  tried  previous  to  condemnation. 
AmLZe  nominally  from  the  king,  but  really  from  the  council,  how 
ever!ten?iinated  this^show  of  spirit  and  «q»i;y.  *"  Vh^lfrraftJnS  th 
rinaioriiv  of  four  hundred  to  some  nine  or  ten.     Shortly  a"er  yards  me 
5dS  was  beheaded  on  Tower-hill,  the  warrant  of  his  execution  be  ng 
;S by  hi- brother  Somerset!  or  rather  the  90"^«'""»^'°"„„^^"it 
frinl  of  ford  Sevmour  the  most  important  business  of  this  session  wa» 
/cc les  asUcal    onTact  allowing  priests  to  marry,  but  saying  in  the  pre- 
amble that  "it  were  better  for  priests  and  the  ministers  of  tKe  church  to 
rechistely  and  without  marriage,  and  it  were  much  to  be  wwhed  ^Jat 
thevwould  of  themselves  abstain;"  another  prohibiting  'he  use  o   Je  h 
tney  wouiu  o    luc  oernMltina  and  prov  d  ng  for  a  union  of  cures  in 

Sriitv  of  Yor^  MsSi^ofC  cufe.  it  was  stated  in  the  preamble,  were 
£rm?cS  im"po^erSrii.ly  to  support  an  incu^^^^^^^^^^^ 
ment  which  no  doubt  arose  from  the  transfer  of  the  e«>e«.a8tu=jl  "V^^ 
ues  into  the  hands  of  laymen  and  absentees.  There  was  now  a  ^e^  »""; 
«alom ward  conformity,  at  least,  with  the  doctrine  and  liturgy  of  the  e- 
format  on!  Butllh  Aner  and  Gardiner  were  i^""^"^?^ Xv  iai 
na  the  catholic  doctrine  of  the  real  presence,  the  princess  Mary  wm 
hfeSened  by  The  council  for  persisting  to  hear  mass,  and  obtained 
Indultence  through  the  influence  of  the  emperor.     A  "»'»  f^fj"  ^"° 

"not  aign'the  watnint  for  her  exftcuuon.    Uruauier-ai-s  •  »»«  -:- ■- 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


4^ 


ihonid  have  less  of  Christian  charity  than  his  infant  kmg !— argued  him 
into  compliance ;  but  a  compliance  accompanied  by  tears  and  by  the  re. 
mark  that  upon  Cranmer's  head  would  the  deed  lie  for  good  or  evil.  The 
execution  of  this  woman  was  followed  by  that  of  a  Dutch  arian,  named 
Von  Paris,  who  suffered  his  horrible  death  witli  apparent  delight^so  ill 
adapted  is  persecution  to  make  converts ! 


CHAPTER  XLIII. 


TDE 


REiBN  OF  EDWARD  VI.  {continued) 

To  deny  that  a  great  reformation  was  much  needed  in  the  church  at  the 
time  when  it  was  commenced  bv  Henry  VIII.  would  be  utterly  and  oh- 
Btinately  to  close  one's  eyes  to  the  most  unquestionable  evidence.  Nev- 
ertheless it  is  no  less  certain  that  the  wealth  which  was  justly  taken  from 
the  monks  Avas  quite  as  unjustly  bestowed  upon  laymen.  It  was  not  be- 
cause corrupt  men  had  insinuated  or  forced  themselves  into  the  church, 
that  therefore  the  church  should  be  plundered ;  it  was  not  because  the 
monks  had  diverted  a  part  of  the  large  revenues  of  the  chnrch  from  the 
proper  purpose,  that  therefore  the  king  should  wrongfully  bestow  a  still 
larger  pan.  The  laymen  upon  whom  Henry  bestowed  the  spoils  of  the 
mater  and  lesser  houses  had  in  few  cases,  if  any,  a  single  claim  upon 
those  spoils  save  favouritism,  not  always  too  honourable  to  themselves 
or  to  the  king ;  yet  to  thera  was  given,  without  the  charre  of  the  poor,  that 
property  upon  which  the  poor  had  been  bountifully  fed.  The  baron  or  the 
knight,  the  mere  courtier  or  the  still  worse  charactei  .pon  whom  this 
property  was  bestowed  might  live  a  hundred  or  even  a  thousa-id  miles 
from  the  land  producing  his  revenue— from  that  land  npon  which  its  for- 
mer possessors,  its  rfstdent  landlords  the  monks,  eniployed  the  toiling 
man,  and  fed  the  infirm,  the  helpless,  and  the  suffering'.  Nor  was  it 
merely  by  the  hind  who  laboured,  or  by  the  needy  man  who  was  fed  in 
charity,  that  the  monks  were  now  missed ;  the  monks  were  not  only  res- 
ident landlords,  they  were  also  liberal  and  indulgent  landlords.  They  for 
a  great  portion  of  their  low  rents  took  produce ;  the  lay  landlords  de- 
manded higher  rents  and  would  be  paid  in  money ;  the  monks  lived  among 
their  tenants  and  were  their  best  customers ;  the  lay  landlord  drew  his 
money  rents  from  Lincoln  or  Devon,  to  spend  them  in  the  court  revels  at 
London  or  in  the  wars  of  France  or  Scotland.  Many  other  differences 
might  be  pointed  out  which  were  very  injurious  to  the  middle  and  lowet 
class  of  men ;  but  enough  has  been  said  to  show  that  however  necessary 
the  change,  it  was  not  made  with  due  precautions  against  the  impoverisl" 
ment  and  suffering  of  great  bodies  of  men,  and  great  consequent  dangot 
of  state  disturbances.  Even  the  iron  hand  of  Henry  VHI.  would  not  have 
been  able  to  prevent  both  suffering  and  murmuring ;  and  when  under  the 
milderruleof  the  protector  Somerset  the  people  were  still  farther  distress- 
ed by  the  rage  for  grazing,  which  caused  the  peasantry  to  be  driven  in 
nerds  not  only  from  the  estates  upon  which  they  had  laboured,  but  ever 
from  their  cottngcs  and  from  the  commons  upon  which  they  had  fed  their 
cows  or  sheep,  the  cry  of  distress  became  loud,  general,  and  appalling. 
Tlie  protector  issued  a  commission  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  rural 
people,  nnd  to  find  out  and  remedy  all  evils  connected  with  enclosures. 
But  the  poor  in  various  parts  of  the  country  rose  in  arms  before  the  com- 
miwion  had  time  even  to  make  inquiries ;  Wiltshire,  Oxford,  Gloucester, 
Hants,  Sussex,  and  Kent  ros6  simultaneously,  but  were  speedily  put  down, 
chiefly  bv  Sir  William  Herbert  and  Lord  Gray  of  Wilton.  But  the  most 
formidable  rioters  made  their  appearance  in  ^forfolk  and  Devonshire. 

In  Norfolk  above  twenty  tbnusind  assembled,  and  from  th«>ir  nriolnnl 


HH^mlHli 

s 

■■HBwMm  BBmi 

1 

1 

^^^B^DmH 

■ 

^^H^^M 

■ 

^HH^^H^Hh  i 

1 

^^^^^Pm|WW  ! 

tl 

^^^^^^^^vB^Nl  ' 

m 

^^^^^^^B^^K^B^K  bK 

1 

480  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

demand  for  doing  away  with  the  enclosures,  they  passed  to  demiinding 
fhriMtoration  0?  the  old  religion,  the  placing  cf  new  councillors  about 
hiSrS  the  utter  abolition  of  all  gentry !    A  bold  and  ruffianly  foi- 
low  one  Ket.a  tanner,  took  the  command  of  this  assemblage,  andexer- 
SredTs  authority  over  such  of  the  gentry  as  were  unlucky  enough  to  De 
cised  nis  »"'"""'{,,     --bitrarv  and  insolent  style  that  might  be  antici- 
palSi"  h'lTngtis  cotttS  agreat  oak  o./  Mousehold  Hill  which 
SJerlooks    hf  city  of  Norwich.     Against  this  demagogue  and  his  de. 
EiTuowers  the  marquis  of  Northampton  was  at  first  sent,  but  he  was 
luded  foUowers  ine  mar^  Lord  Sheffield,  one  of  his  officers,  was  killed. 
SB  Warwick  was  then  sent  against  Ket  with  an  anny  of  six 
Ssand  which  had  been  levied  to  go  to  Scotland.    Warwick,  with  hi% 
S  course  and  conduct,  beat  the  rebels;  killed  two  thousand  of  them, 
hanged  ujKet  at  the  castle  of  Norwich,  and  nine  of  the  other  nnglead- 
*«i  on  the  bouffhs  of  the  oak  tree  on  Mousehold  hill.         ,   .     ..  , 

In  Devonshfre  as  in  Norfolk,  though  the  complaints  made  by  the  people 
originated  n  the  injustice  of  the  enclosures  and  in  very  real  and  widely- 
Sd  misery,  demagogues,  among  whom  were  some  priests  of  Sampford 

means  ii  *»?"'**"'''  „-ui'  order  of  disciplined  troops.  Lord  Russell, 
•"?  C  tien^  sent  LaKt  them  wi°h  but  a^eak  force,  finding  them  so 
^'me'iius'SSrSed!  ind^in  such  good  order,  ende^vore  to  jet 
IiT*!!.  .«  HifinprftR  bv  affectinff  to  negotiate  with  them.  He  lorwarflea 
S.Mr»Za"t  demand,    "the  council,  who  returned  for  an.«er  thai 

fluarters  at  Honiton  to  the  relief  of  Exeter.    The  rebels  suffered  dfead 
?ulirboth  in  the  battle  and  subsequent  to  ^^e  'etre^^-  ,«"";PS2re  er 
riel  and  other  leading  men  were  seized,  carried  to  London,  and  there  ex 
«oued    manvof  thi  rabble  were  executed  on  the  spot  by  martia  law, 
Sthe  vSf  St  Thomas  was  hanged  on  the  top  of  his  own  steeple 

•^tlJ^mlndEesffi'ieverity  with  which  the  more  formidable  re- 
hJi^ns  of  Norfolk  and  Devonshire  had  been  put  down,  caused  weake. 
STin  VoSshire  and  elsewhere  to  take  the  alarm  and  disperse;  and 
5"  protector  both  widely  and  humanely  fostered  this  spir  t  o  returnmg 
nhlKrebv  proclaiming  a  general  indemnity.  But  besides  the  terrible 
S.,  of  life  wh^ch  hese  insurrections  cost  on  the  spot,  they  caused  grea 

Nnpfolk  men.  enabled  the  French  and  Scotch  to  capture  the  fortress  oj 

abandon  that  important  fortress  and  carry  the  stores  to  "e'*""*:  ,„^y. 
Tire  kinK  of  Frinee  was  at  the  same  time  tempted  by  the  WraWe 
domestic  dlturbances  in  England  to  make  an  effort  to  recove^Bo  og  , 
which  had  been  taken  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  "«  tooK  sema. 
r^rtppMPs  in  the  neighbourhood,  but  while  preparing  to  attack  "»>  »0K"« 
fCSiTa  peslilentii  (fistemper  b^ko  out  in  his  camp.    Tiie  autumnal  rain. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


481 


felang  with  great  violence,  Henry  of  France  lost  all  instant  hope  of  tak- 
ing Boulogne,  and  returned  to  Paris,  leaving  Gaspar  de  Coligny,  so  well 
known  as  the  admiral  Coligny,  to  command  the  troops  and  to  form  the 
siege  as  early  as  possible  in  the  following  spring.  Coligny  even  went  be 
yond  these  orders  by  making  some  dashing  attempts  during  the  winter, 
but  they  were  all  unsuccessful.  The  protector  having  in  vain  attempted 
to  procure  the  alliance  of  the  emperor,  he  turned  his  thoughts  to  makini? 
peace  With  both  France  and  Scotland.  The  young  queen  of  Scotland* 
for  whose  hand  he  had  chiefly  gone  to  w.,  could  not  now  be  married  to 
Edward  of  England,  however  much  even  le  Scots  might  desire  it:  and 
as  regards  the  French  quarrel,  Henry  VIII.  having  agreed  to  give  up 
Boulogne  in  1554,  it  was  little  worth  while  to  keep  up  an  expensive  war- 
fare  for  retaining  the  place  for  so  few  years  as  had  to  elapse  to  that  date. 

But  Somerset,  .though  a  man  of  unquestionable  ability,  seems  to  have 
been  singularly  ignorant  or  unobservant  as  to  the  real  light  in  which  he 
was  regarded  by  the  council,  and  still  more  so  of  the  real  character  and 
views  of  Warwick.  He  gave  his  reasons,  as  we  have  given  them  above ; 
and  sound  reasons  they  were,  and  as  humane  as  sound;  but  he  did  not 
sufficiently  take  into  calculation  the  pleasure  which  his  enemies  derived 
from  the  embarrassment  caused  to  him,  and  the  discontent  likely  to  arise 
in  the  pubhc  mind  on  account  of  the  state  of  our  affairs,  at  once  inrio- 
nous  and  expensive,  in  France  and  Scotland. 

Besides  ha  vine  the  personal  enmity  of  Warwick,  Southampton,  whom 
the  protector  had  restored  to  his  place  in  the  council,  and  other  council- 
lors, fsomerset  was  detested  by  a  great  part  of  the  nobility  and  gentry, 
who  accused  him,  perhaps  not  altogether  unjustly,  of  purchasing  popular 
ity  at  the  expense  of  their  safety,  by  showing  such  an  excessive  and  un- 
fair preference  of  the  poor  as  encouraged  them  in  riot  and  robbery.  As 
an  instance  of  this,  it  was  objected  that  he  had  erected  a  court  of  re- 
quests in  his  own  house  for  the  professed  relief  of  the  poor,  and  even  in- 
erfered  with  the  judges  on  their  behalf.  The  principles  of  constitutional 
liberty  such  as  we  now  enjoy  were  at  that  time  so  little  understood,  that 
It  was  not  the  mere  interference  with  the  judges,  which  we  should  now 
very  justly  consider  so  indecent  and  detestable,  that  caused  any  disgust, 
but  Somerset  had  interfered  against  the  very  persons,  the  nobles  and  gen- 
try,  upon  whom  alone  he  could  rely  for  support,  and  he  was  now  to  en- 
dure  the  consequences  of  so  impolitic  a  course.  His  execution  of  his 
own  brother,  however  guilty  that  brother,  bis  enormous  acquisitions  ol 
church  property,  and  above  all,  the  magnificence  of  the  palace  he  was 
building  in  the  Strand,  for  which  a  parish  church  and  the  houses  of  three 
bishops  were  pulled  down,  and  the  materials  of  which  he  chiefly  got  by 
dismantling  a  chapel,  with  cloister  and  charnel-house,  in  St.  Paul's 
churchyard,  after  his  labourers  had  been  by  force  of  arms  driven  from  an 
attempt  to  tear  down  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  for  that  purpose  !— 
mese  things,  and  the  overweening  pride  which  was  generally  attributed 
to  him,  were  skilfully  taken  advantage  of  by  his  enemies,  and  he  was 
everywhere  described  as  the  main  cause  of  all  the  recent  public  calamities 
It  home  and  abroad.  Warwick,  with  Southampton,  Arundel,  and  five  ol 
he  councillors,  headed  by  Lord  St.  John,  president  of  the  council,  formed 
hemse  ves  into  a  sort  of  independent  council.  Taking  upon  themselves 
the  style  and  authority  of  the  whole  council,  they  wrote  letters  to  all  the 
Chief  nobihty  and  gentry,  asking  for  their  support  and  aid  in  rcmedyino 
me  puWic  evils,  which  they  affected  to  charge  entirely  upon  Somerset's 
ma  administration.  Having  determined  on  their  own  scheme  of  reme- 
dial measures,  they  sent  for  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  London  and  the 
nemenont  of  the  Tower,  and  informing  them  of  the  plans  which  they 
proposed  to  adopt,  strictly  enjoined  them  to  aid  and  obey  them,  in  dcBpilr 
01  aught  that  Somerset  might  think  fit  to  order  to  the  contrary.  Somer 
Vot.  i. — ai 


i 


46a 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


■et  was  now  so  unpopular,  that  obedience  was  readily  promised  to  tU« 
Jommand?7n  the  fic?at  once  of  the  king's  patent  and  of  the  fact  that 
fheTvery  councillors,  who  now  complained  of  the  protector's  acts  as 
illerral.had  aided  and  encouraged  him  m  whatever  Wd  been  illegally 
don^-his  original  departure  from  the  will  of  the  late  king!  No  farther 
argument  can  be  requisite  to  show  that  personal  and  selfish  feehng,  and  , 
JorSy  to  the  young  king  or  tenderness  to  his  suflfenng  people  ac- 
fuated  these  factious  councillors.  But  faction  has  an  eagle  eye  where- 
wUh  to  gaze  unblinkingly  upon  the  proudest  and  mos  brillian  light  of 
troth  and  the  self-apMinteT  junto  was  on  the  foUowmg  day  joined  by 
K  lori  chanVellorEh.  by\he  marquis  of  Northampton,  the  earl  of 
Shrew^ury,  Sir  Thomas  Cheney.  Sir  John  Gage,  Sir  Ralph  Sadler,  and 
The  chief  jistice  Montague.  And  when  the  protector,  seeing  t»ie  immi- 
nent peril  in  which  he  was  placed,  sent  Secretary  Petre  to  treat  with  the 
counSllors  at  Ely-house,  tViat  craven  personage,  instead  of  performing 
his  duty,  took  his  seat  and  sided  with  the  junto. 

Consulting  with  Cranmer  and  Paget,  who  were  the  only  men  of  mark 
and  power  that  still  abided  by  his  fortunes,  the  i,rotecior  removed  the 
JJung  king  to  Windsor  castlef  and  gathered  his  fi-iends  and  retainers  m 
irms^aroufid  him.    But  the  adhesion  to  the  junto  of  the  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower,  and  the  unanimity  with  which  the  common  council  of  London 
joined  the  mayor  in  promising  support  to  the  new  measures,  caused  the 
Ipeaker  of  thJhouse  of  commons  and  the  two  or  three  o  her  councdloni 
who  had  hitherto  remained  neuter  to  join  the  ascendant  party  of  VVar- 
wick- and  Somerset  so  completely  lost  all  hope  and  confidence,  that  he 
Tow  began  tHpply  to  his  foes  for  pardon.    This  manifestation  of  his 
dSspairf  which  wbuld  have  been  inexcusable  had  it  not,  unhappily,  been 
unavoidable,  was  decisive.    Warwick  and  his  friends  addressed  the  king, 
Md  with  miny  protestations  of  their  exceeding  loyalty  and  the  misch.ev- 
SSsness  of  the^protector's  measures,  solicited  that  they  might  be  admitted 
°o  his  majesty's^ presence  and  confidence,  and  that  Somerset  be  dismissed 
from  his  high  office.    The  fallen  statesman  was  accordingly,  with  several 
o?hisfrieJds,inriuding  Cecil,  the  afterwards  renownel  and  admirable 
Lord  Burleigh  swu  to  tL  Tower.    But  though  the  junto  thus  pronounced 
iuuiat  Somerset  had  done  to  be  illegal,  they  appom  ed  as  cmincil  of  re- 
gency,  not  the  persons  named  in  the  late  king's  will,  but,  for  the  mos 
K  the  same  men  who  had  been  appointed  by  Somerset,  and  who8«  ^cts 
Snder  his  appointment,  supposing  it  to  be  illegal,  ought  clearly  to  have 

'ttn  tprrentSK^^^^^^^  the  ambiticn^ 

JA«nnr\nAd  Warwick  ;  when  he  had  snatched  the  office  of  earl  mar- 
S«l  T  oJd  St  John  tCt  of  treasurer,  the  marquis  of  Northampton  that  of 
Sei\  cSlbeVSSd  Wentworth  'that  of  chamberlain  of  the  house  ol J 
h!!fHp-  the  manors  of  Stepney  and  Hackney  which  were  plundered  from 
fhebtshoSric  o  London;^^^^^^^  Russell  the  earldcm  of  Bedford,  the  hot 
Da'rSTof  Warwick  ;as  satisfied.  The  humbled  Somerset  having  thus 
Cde  wTy  for  his  enemies,  and  having  stooped  to  the  deg™^/  •«"«/. '"t 
Sg  to  them  apologies  and  submissions  which  his  admirers  must  eve, 

on-ont  hP  was  rcstorcd  to  liberty  and  forgiven  a  fine  of  £2000  a  year  in 
Und  whkh  ha3  been  inflicted  upo^n  him.    As  though  even  this  hunuhat.on 

wJre  not  enough,  Warwick  not  only  readmitted  him  to  the  council,  bui 
«ave  Ws  son,  Lort  Dudley,  in  marriage  to  Somerset's  daughter,  the  lady 

'f  D 'iwo -The  new  governors  of  England,  though  they  had  insidiously 
refused  to  ad  Somerset  in  his  wise  and  reasonablo  Propos-'ls  f<>r  ^l^inj 
So  with  France  and  Scotland  when  he  was  desirous  to  do  so  now 
SJcrly  exerted  themselves  for  the  same  end.    Having,  to  colour  ove. 


iheir  faciious  oppositioa  to  ooinKrsci,  jiiaue  p! 


for  the  warlikn  aii  ^H 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


488 


ol  the  emperor,  which  aid  they  well  knew  would  be  refused,  they  ag^reed 
to  restore  Boulogne  for  four  thousand  crowns,  to  restore  Lauder  and 
Douglass  to  Scotland,  and  to  demolish  the  fortresses  of  Roxburgh  and 
Eyniouth.  This  done,  they  contracted  the  king  to  Elizabeth,  a  daugh'et 
of  the  king  of  France,  the  most  violent  persecutor  of  the  protestants;  but 
though  all  the  articles  were  settled,  this  most  shameful  marriage  treaty 
came  to  nothing.  ..       .      • 

In  the  history  of  public  affairs  there  is  scarcely  anything  that  is  more 
startling,  or  that  gives  one  a  lower  opinion  of  the  morality  of  those  public 
men  who  most  loudly  vaunt  their  own  integrity  and  decry  that  of  their 
opponents,  than  the  coolness  with  which  they  will  at  the  same  instant  of 
time  propose'  two  measures  diametrically  opposed  to  one  and  the  same 
principle.     We  have  seen  that  Warwick  and  his  friends  had  agreed  to 
marry  the  protestant  Edward,  their  sovereign,  to  the  daughter  of  Henry  of 
France,  the  fiercest  persecutor  of  the  protestants.    But  even  while  they 
were  thus  proclaiming  their  friendship  with  the  chief  upholder  of  the  right 
of  Catholicism  to  persecute,  they  visited  several  of  the  most  eminent  of 
their  own  catholics  with  severe  punishment,  not  for  persecuting  protest- 
ants, but  merely  for  a  natural  unwillingness  to  be  more  speedy  than  was 
unavoidable  in  forwarding  the  protestant  measures.     Gardiner,  as  the 
most  eminent,  was  the  first  to  be  attacked.    For  two  long  years  he  was 
detained  in  prison,  and  then  Somerset  condescended  to  join  himself  with 
Secretary  Petre,  by  whom  he  had  himself  formerly  been  so  shamefully 
deserted,  as  a  deputation  to  endeavour  to  persuade  or  cajole  the  high- 
minded  and  learned,  however  mistaken  prelate,  into  a  compliant  mood. 
More  than  one  attempt  was  made ;  but  though  Gardiner  showed  himself 
very  ready  to  comply  to  a  certain  and  beconing  extent,  he  would  not 
confess  that  his  conduct  had  been  wrong ;  a  confession  of  which  he 
clearly  saw  that  his  enemies  would  make  use  to  ruin  him  in  character  as 
well  as  fortune ;  and  a  commission,  consisting  of  Cranmer,  the  bishops  of 
London,  Ely,  and  Lincoln,  Secretary  Petre,  and  some  lawyers,  sentenced 
him  to  be  deprived  of  his  bishopric  and  committed  to  close  custody ;  and 
to  make  this  iniquitous  sentence  the  more  severe,  he  was  deprived  of  all 
lwok»  and  papers,  and  was  not  only  denied  the  comfort  of  the  visits  of  two 
■  friends,  but  even  of  their  letters  or  messages. 

k,  D.  1551.— Several  other  prelates  were  now  marked  out  for  persecu- 
tion ;  some  because  they  were  actually  disobedient,  others  because  they 
were  suspected  to  be  not  cordial  in  their  obedience.  Large  sums  of  money 
were  thus  wrung  from  them ;  and,  under  the  pretence  of  purging  the  libra- 
ries of  Westminster  and  Oxford  of  superstitious  books,  the  dominant^li- 
tical  party— for  religion  really  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  motives  of  War- 
wick and  his  lay  friends— destroyed  inestimable  literary  treasures  for  the 
mere  sake  of  the  comparatively  small  hums  to  be  obtained  by  the  gold  and 
silver  with  which,  unfortunately,  the  books  and  manuscripts  were  adorned. 

Much  as  we  shall  have  occasion  to  blame  the  Queen-Mary  for  her  mer- 
ciless abuse  of  power,  it  is  not  easy  to  help  admiring  the  cold,  stern,  un- 
blenching  mien  with  which  the  princess  Mary  at  this  tiipe  of  peril  defied 
all  attempts  at  making  her  bow  to  the  dominant  party.  Deprived  of  her 
chaplains,  and  ordered  to  read  protestant  books,  she  calmly  professed  her 
readiness  to  endure  martyrdom  rather  than  prove  false  to  her  faith  ;  and 
this  conduct  she  steadfastly  maintained,  although  it  was  only  from  tear  oi 
the  warlike  interference  of  the  emperor  that  her  persecutors  were  with 
^eld  from  offering  her  personal  violence. 

Even  in  the  midst  of  these  quasi  religious  vexations,  some  very  userui 
measures  were  taken  for  promoting  industry,  especially  by  revoking 
sundry  most  impolitic  patents,  by  which  the  trade  in  cloth,  wool,  and 
many  other  commodities  had  been  almost  entirely  thrown  into  the  hands 

-•:   luiciKiicra.        lire  uicitiiat!t3  •,•«    •<•-    • — • — —    • 


? 


484 


EI8T0RT  OF  THE  WORLD. 


sgainst  this  "new  measure;**  but  Warwick  and  his  frienda— this  at  loan 
is  to  their  credit — were  firm,  and  a  very  sensible  improvement  in  the  Eng> 
lish  spirit  (^  industry  was  the  immediate  consequence.  Is  it  to  look  too 
curiously  into  public  cause  and  effect  to  ask  whether  our  present  high 
commercial  fortune  may  not  be  greatly  owing  to  this  very  measure,  though 
nearly  three  centuries  have  since  elapsed ! 

But  Warwick  could  not  long  confine  his  turbulent  and  eager  spirit  tn 
the  noble  and  peaceable  triumphs  of  the  patriot.  Self  was  his  earthly 
deity.  The  title  and  the  vast  estate  of  the  earldom  of  Northnmberland 
were  at  this  time  in  abeyance,  owing  to  the  last  earl  dying  without  issue, 
and  his  brother,  Sir  Thomas  Percy,  having  been  attainted  of  treason.  01 
these  vast  estates,  together  with  the  title  of  duke  of  Northumberland,  War 
wick  now  possessed  himself,  and  he  procured  for  his  friend.  lK>rd  St.  John, 
tiie  title  of  marquis  of  Winchester,  and  for  Sir  William  Herbert  that  of 
carl  of  Pembroke. 

Northumberland's  complete  triumph  and  vast  acqiiisitions  could  not  but 
be  very  distasteful  to  Somerset,  who  not  only  cherished  the  most  violent 
intentions  towards  him,  but  was  even  stung  into  the  imprudence  of  avow- 
ing them  in  the  presence  of  some  of  his  intimate  attendants,  among  whom 
was  Sir  Thomas  Palmer,  who  appeared  to  have  been  placed  in  his  service 
88  a  mere  spy  of  Northumberland's.  Somerset,  his  duchess,  and  several 
of  their  friends  and  attendants,  were  suddenly  arrested ;  and  Somerset 
was  accused  of  high  treason  and  felony;  the  former  crime  as  having  pre* 
pared  for  insurrection,  the  latter  as  having  intended  to  assassinate  North 
umberland,  Northampton,  and  Pembroke. 

The  marquis  of  Winchester,  the  friend,  almost  the  mere  follower  ol 
Northumberiand,  was  appointed  high  steward,  and  presided  at  the  trial  of 
Somerset ;  and  of  the  twenty-seven  peers  who  made  the  jury,  three  were 
Northumberland,  Northampton,  and  Pembroke,  the  very  men  whom  he 
had  threatened !  He  was  acquitted  of  treason,  but  found  guilty  of  felony, 
to  the  great  grief  of  the  people,  among  whom  Somerset  was  now  popular. 
A.  D.  1553.— As  it  was  not  to  be  supposed  that  a  mild  and  toward  young 
prince  like  Edward  YI,  would  easily,  if  at  all,  be  brought  to  turn  a  deat 
ear  to  his  uncle's  solicitation  for  mercy,  great  care  was  taken  by  North- 
umberland to  prevent  all  access  to  the  king  of  the  friends  of  Somerset,  and 
that  unhappy  nobleman  after  all  his  services  as  regent,  and  after  his  almost 
paternal  goodness  as  guardian  of  the  king's  person,  was  executed  on 
Tower-hill ;  the  grieved  people  dipping  their  handkerchiefs  in  his  blood 
as  mementos  of  his  martyrdom.  His  friends,  Sirs  Thomas  Arundel, 
Michael  Stanhope,  Miles  Partridge,  and  Ralph  Vane  were  also  executed ; 
Paget,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  was  deprived  of  his  office 
and  of  the  garter,  and  fined  £6,000  :  and  Lord  Rich,  the  chancellor,  was 
also  deprived  of  office  for  the  crime  of  being  the  friend  of  Somerset,  whose 
chief  faults  seem  to  have  been  an  overweening  ambition,  co-existing  with 
rather  less  than  more  than  the  average  sagacity  and  firmness  of  those  who 
take  the  lead  in  troublous  and  unsettled  times. 

A.  D.  1553.— -A  new  session  of  parliament  was  held  immediate-/  U*!?!  m 
execution  of  Somerset,  in  which  several  logulatkons  were  madp?ht  ^.i; 
calculated  to  advance  the  cause  of  the  reformation.    Butt!  ;  -. 

having  refused  to  pass  a  hill  of  deprivation  against  the  universa.iv  .-^peci 
ed  Tonstal,  bishop  of  Durham,  a  new  parliament  was  summoned;  and  to 
secure  one  favourable  to  his  views  Norlhinnberland  caused  the  king,  cer 
tainly,  and  most  p»x)bablv  the  majority  of  the  councillors  and  peers,  t» 
rooommend  particulat  geutliinen  to  be  sent  up  for  particular  counties. 
The  pa!:!<am«nt,  thus  coii-.enientl}  iposed,  readily  confirmed  the  depr^ 
vatioK  ar i<it.v  •  ■  /  pronounced  upon  nstal,  and  two  bishoprics  were  cre- 
ated OK';  ii  •  'tor  D'jiiham— the  rich  regalities  of  that  see  being  conferred 


HISTORY  GP  THE  WOBLD. 


485 


betland  induced  the  king:  to  bestow  the  dukedom  of  Suffolk  upon  the  mar* 
quia  of  Dorset;  and  having  persuaded  the  new  duke  to  give  his  daughter, 
tne  lady  Jane  Grey,  in  marriage  to  Northumberland's  fourth  son,  the  Lord 
Goiidford  Dudley,  next  proceeded  to  persuade  Edward,  who  was  in  an  in* 
firm  condition,  to  pass  by  his  sisters  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  both  of  whom 
had  been  pronounced  illegitimate,  and  the  former  of  whom,  as  «ell  as  the 
young  queen  of  Scots,  was  a  papist,  and  tu  settle  the  crown  on  the  mar* 
chioness  of  Dorset  (duchess  of  Suffolk)  whose  heiress  was  the  lady  Jane 
Grey.  By  a  variety  of  arguments,  some  of  which  were  both  specious  and 
solid,  but  all  of  which,  as  proceeding  from  so  ambitious  a  man,  ought  to 
have  been  looked  upon  with  suspicion,  Northumberland  prevailed  upon 
the  young  king.  It  was  in  vain  that  the  judges  and  the  most  eminent  law 
officers  protested  against  being  compelled  to  draw  out  a  patent ;  it  was  in 
vain  they  urged  that  they  would  subject  themselves  to  the  pains  and  pen- 
alties of  treason  should  they  do  so;  Northumberland  gave  Montague, 
chki  jusUce  c'  common  pleas,  the  lie ;  swore  he  would  fight  any  man  in 
hia  isliirt  who  should  deny  the  justice  of  lady  Jane*s  succession ;  and  was 
so  iucccs:Krul  that  the  crown  was  accordingly  settled  upon  lady  Jane ;  her 
mother,  the  duchess  of  Suffolk,  very  willingly  allowing  heiself  to  be 
passed  by. 

This  patent  was  by  many  looked  upon  as  the  death-warrant  of  Edward 
VI.  signed  by  himself.  His  health  daily  grew  worse,  and  his  physicians 
being  dismissed  in  favour  of  some  ignorant  woman,  her  quack  medicines 
brought  on  symptoms  at  once  fatal  and  very  symptomatic  of  poison,  and 
he  died  in  the  16th  year  of  his  age  and  the  seventh  of  his  reigti. 

The  whole  life  and  reign  of  this  prince  was  spent  literally  in  statu  pupil- 
tari;  but  so  far  as  he  could  in  such  a  state  manifest  his  disposition,  he 
seems  fully  to  have  deserved  the  affection  with  which  even  to  this  dav 
he  is  spoken  of. 


CHAPTER  XLIV. 

THE   REISN   OF  HART. 

A.  D.  1553. — Thb  artful  precautions  taken  by  Northumberland  to  secure 
the  throne  to  his  young  and  accomplished  daughter-in-law,  by  no  means 
rendered  the  success  of  the  project — for  which  he  had  certainly  toiled 
much,  and  for  which,  we  fear,  he  had  sinned  no  little— so  secure  as  at  first 
sight  it  might  seem.  In  the  first  place,  young  Edward's  reien  had  been  so 
short  and  completely  a  reign  of  tutelage,  that  his  will  had  none  of  that 
force  with  the  multitude  which  was  possessed  by  the  will  of  his  bluff*  and 
iron-handed  father.  Henry  VIII.  had,  it  is  true,  bastardized  both  his 
laughters,  but  he  had  subsequently  restored  them  to  the  succession ;  and 
the  people  were  too  much  accustomed  to  regarding  Mary  as  the  rightful 
successor  to  Edward,  in  the  event  of  his  dying  without  issue,  to  allow 
of  the  almost  dying  act  of  the  young  king  speedily  changing  their  opin 
ion  and  directing'  their  loyalty  to  the  lady  Jane.  Again,  the  catholics, 
ftr  more  uunierous  secretly  than  might  be  imagined,  were  to  a  man 
partizans  of  Mary;  and  if  the  prrtestants  had  some  misgivings,  founded 
on  her  known  bigotry  in  favour  of  her  own  faith,  they  yet  feared  even 
the  bigot  far  less  than  the  lady  Jane,  who,  as  they  well  knew,  could 
be  and  would  be  a  mere  puppet  in  the  hands  of  Northumberland,  who 
by  this  time  had  contrived  to  render  himself  at  once  the  most  powerful, 
the  roost  dreaded,  and  the  most  detested  man  in  the  whole  nation^.  And 
it  is  worthy  of  observation  also,  that  so  nearly  balanced  were  the  par^ 
t'zans  of  the  respective  religions,  that  each  stood  in  dread  of  the  other. 

iiiit  M.irthiinihprlanH  uraa  far  tnn  wilv  a  nAivoniiirf!  tn  be  icnoraiil  of 


(86 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


the  weight  which,  with  the  majority  of  the  people,  detestation  of  him 
self  and  respect  for  the  memory  pf  Henry  Vm.,woiJd  have  m  decidiiui 
between  the  princess  Mary  and  the  lady  Jane.  When,  therefore,  he 
perceived  that  the  speedy  death  of  Edward  wus  mevitable,  Norlhumbepland 
wused  the  princesses  Mary  and  Elizabeth  to  be  sent  for,  as  though  the 
voung  king  had  been  desirous  of  seeing  them.  Mary  had  reached  Hod- 
desden  in  Hertfordshire,  only  about  seventeen  miles  from  London,  when 
the  king  died.  Northumberland,  anxious  to  get  her  into  his  power. 
Mve  orders  that  the  melancholy  event  should  be  kept  a  secret;  but  the 
earl  of  Arundel  sent  her  warning  of  Northumberland  s  deceit  and  pro- 
bable  designs,  and  she  hastily  retreated  to  the  retired  fishing  town  ol 
Framlingham,  in  Suffolk,  whence  she  sent  letters  to  the  council  and  to 
the  principal  nobility,  informing  them  of  her  knowledge  of  her  brother's 
death,  promising  indemnity  to  all  who  had  thus  far  aided  in  concealing 
it.  but  calling  upon  them  forthwith  to  proclaim  her  as  queen.  While 
thus  active  in  asserting  her  right,  she  carefully  provided,  also,  for  her 
flight  into  Flanders,  in  the  event  of  her  efforts  proving  unsuccessful. 

Vhen  Northumberland  found  that  Edward's  death  was  known  to  the 
rightful  queen,  he  at  once  threw  off  all  disguise.    Lord  and  the  lady  Jane 
Dudley  were  Jt  this  time  residing  at  Sion  House;  and  Northumberland, 
with  James'  father,  the  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  other  noblemen,  approached 
her  with  all  the  form  and  respect  due  from  subjects  to  their  sovereign. 
Young,  gifted  with  singular  talents  for  literature,  and  with  a  scarcely  less 
singular  propension  tovvards  literary  pursuits,  Jane  v^wed  the  throne  in 
its  true  light  as  a  dangerous  and  uneasy  eminence.    Even  now  wlien  her 
father  her  still  more  powerful  and  dreaded  father-in-law,  and  the  very 
chiefest  men  in  the  kingdom,  with  all  the  emblems  of  state,  pressed  her  to 
Sssume  the  aiuiority  „?  que^n,  she  recoiled  from  it  as  an  ev.l  of  the  first 
magn  lude!    Her  husbanS,  though,  like  herself,  but  little  more  than  s.x- 
Sef  years  of  age,  had  been  but  loo  skilfully  tutored  by  h.s  wily  father. 
aJlIe  seconded  that  ambitious  man's  entreaties  so  well  hat,  overcome 
though  not  convinced,  the  unfortunate  Jane  consented.    She  was  imme- 
diatelv  escorted  to  the  Tower,  the  usual  residence  of  the  English  sove. 
Ss^irtheir  first  accession;  and  Northumberland  took  care  that  «^.e 
STd  be  accompanied  thither,  not  only  by  his  known  and  fast    riends, 
biU  also  by  the  wliole  of  the  councillors,  whom  he  thus   m  effect,  ma  e 
orisoners  and  hostages  for  the  adhesion  of  their  absent  friends.    Orders 
wTre  nowissuedto  proclaim  Queen  Jane  throughout  the  k.ngdom.butitwas 
only  Kndon.  where  Northumberland's  authority  was  as  yet  too  firm  o 
be  op(  nly  resis  ed,  that  the  orders  were  obeyed.     And  even  in  London  the 
maffi  y  liste.  ed  to  the  proclamation  in  asullen  and  ominous  silence.  Some 
Snlv  scoffed  at  Jane's  pretensions,  and  one  unfortunate  boy,  who  was  a 
v&s  servan  .  w.s  severely  punished  for  even  tliis  verhaf,  and  perhaps 
unreasoning  opposition  to  the  will  of  the  haughty  Norihumberland. 

WhUe  the  people  of  London  were  thus  cool  towards  their  nominal 
qnee     an    evSn  t  le  nrotestants  listened  without  conv.clum  to  the  preach- 
?i  g»  of  RWley  and  otiier  eminent  protestant  churchmen  in  '"'i^,  Y""-;;  ^"^ 
Ker  retreat  in  Suffolk  was  actively  a.d  ably  exerting  h«r«e  f  fo  U  epw. 
tection  of  her  birthright.     She  was  surrounded  by  «'"''"l''   »'  \  '"J  "     *; 
men  with  their  levies  of  tenants  or  hired  adherents  ;  and  as  she  sinmaiy 
Td  rSeatedly  professed  her  determination  not  to  infringe  'he  laws  of  ei 
brotie'^  with  reipect  to  religion,  even  the  protestants  throughm    S,  iff.  k 
eoually  with  the  catholics,  wore  enthusiastic  in  her  cause.  ^Nor  was  ihe 
feeling  in  favour  of  Mary  exhibited  merely  in  her  own  '"^-Rh  .ourluHM. o 
m     5  those  who  might' bo  called  her  personal  friends.     Northunibrrlai  d 
•^0  nnJssioned  Sir  Ed'ward  Hastings  brother  of  the  ear  ';!.K;";;'';f -J,  J 
levy  men  in  Buckinghamshire  on  behalfof  Jane.    Sir  KdwartUxecul^Ba 
lUfl commission  wiiii  grual  leaaiiufia  ana  oUCic.-. as  ta:  oa  .t-:- 


i)os5iniiiiy  I 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


idH 


lag  the  men ;  but  he  no  sooner  found  himself  at  the  head  of  a  force  of 
nearly  four  thousand  strong  than  he  marched  in  to  the  aid  of  Mary.  Wi'-h 
the  marine  the  duke  was  not  more  fortunate  than  with  the  land  forces ;  a 
fleet  was  sent  by  him  to  cruise  oflf  the  Suffolk  coast,  to  cut  Mary  off  from 
her  retreat  to  Flanders,  should  she  attempt  it,  and  was  driven  by  stress  of 
weather  into  Yarmouth,  where  it  immediately  declared  in  favour  of  Mary. 

Perplexed  and  alarmed,  Northumberland  yet  determined  not  to  give  up 
tlie  grand  prize  without  a  stout  effort  for  its  preservation-  He  determined 
to  remain  with  Jane  at  the  Tower,  and  to  commit  the  command  of  the 
(roops  he  had  levied  to  her  father.  But  the  imprisoned  councillors,  clear- 
ly understanding  both  their  own  position  and  his,  astutely  persuaded  him 
that  he  alone  was  fit  to  head  the  forces  upon  which  so  much  depended, 
ind  they,  at  the  same  time,  successfully  worked  upon  the  fears  of  Jane  on 
behalfof  her  father.  The  councillors  were  the  more  successful  in  per- 
suading Northumberland  to  the  almost  suicidal  act  of  taking  the  commsind 
of  the  troops,  because,  while  he  naturally  felt  great  confidence  in  his  own 
well-tried  valour  and  ability,  he  was  well  aware  of  the  inferiority  of  Suf- 
folk in  thr  latter  respect  at  least. 

Northumberland  acc'>rdingly  set  out  to  combat  the  forces  of  the  enemy, 
and  was  taken  leave  of  by  the  councillors  with  every  expression  of  at- 
tachment and  confidence  of  his  success ;  and  Arundel,  his  bitterest  enemy, 
was  by  no  means  the  least  profuse  of  these  expressions.  Scarcely,  how- 
ever, had  Northumberland  marched  out  of  London  ere  he  perceived  a  bo- 
ding and  chilling  suUenness  among  all  ranks  of  men ;  and  he  remarked  to 
Lord  Orey,  who  accompanied  him,  "  Many  come  out  to  look  at  our  array, 
indeed,  but  I  find  not  or.e  who  cries  •  God  speed  your  enterprite.'' " 

Arrived  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  the  duke  found  that  his  army  did  not 
greatly  exceed  six  thousand  men,  while  the  lowest  reports  of  the  opposite 
force  gave  double  that  number.  Aware  of  the  immense  importance  of  the 
first  encounter,  Northumberland  resolved  to  delay  his  proposed  attack,  and 
sent  an  express  to  the  councillors  to  send  him  a  large  and  instant  rein- 
forcement. But  the  councillors  had  no  sooner  received  the  duke's  express 
than  they  left  the  Tower,  on  the  pretext  of  obeying  his  order ;  and  assembled 
Ht  Baynard's  castle,  the  house  of  Pembroke,  to  deliberate,  not  upon  the 
means  of  aiding  Northumberland,  but  upon  the  best  means  of  throwing  off 
his  yoke,  and  of  dethroning  the  puppet  queen  he  had  set  over  them.  Arun- 
del, whom  Northumberland  had  with  a  most  unaccountable  weakness  left 
behind,  expatiated  warmly  and  eloquently  upon  all  Northumberland** 
vices  and  evil  deeds,  and  exhorted  the  others,  as  the  only  just  or  even 
prudent  course,  to  join  him  in  at  once  throwing  their  weight  into  the  scale 
of  Mary,  and  thus  insuring  not  merojy  her  pardon  for  their  past  involun- 
tary offences,  but  also  her  favour  for  their  present  and  prompt  loyalty. 
Pembroke  loudly  applauded  the  advice  of  Arundel,  and,  laying  his  hand 
upon  his  sword,  expressed  his  readiness  to  fight  on  the  instant  any  man 
who  should  preteno  to  oppose  it.  The  mayor  and  aldermen  of  London 
being  sent  for  to  attend  this  conference,  showed  the  utmost  alacrity  to 
proclaim  Mary,  and  the  proclamation  was  accordingly  made  amid  the 
most  riipturous  applauses  of  the  populace.  The  reign  of  Jane,  if  a  lonely 
»nd  anxious  confinement  in  the  Tower  for  ten  days  could  bo  called  a 
reign,  was  now  at  an  end ;  and  she  retired  to  her  private  residence  and 
private  station,  with  a  readiness  as  great  as  the  reluctance  she  had  shown 
to  leave  them. 

The  councillors  having  thus  completely  beaten  Northumberland  in 
his  chief  or  only  stronghold,  sent  messengers  to  demand  that  he  should 
lav  down  his  arms,  disband  his  troops,  and  submit  himself  to  the  mer(7 
of  his  righiful  sovereign,  Queen  Mary.  The  message  was  needless; 
Northumberland,  receiving  no  reinforcement  from  London,  saw  the  im- 
iiOBBiniiiiy  of  rci>ib(inf  the  hourly  sncroasing  force  at  Mary,  aisu  findirg 


ml% 


'ii:Mi'>v: 


\m\ 


$ 


II 


'  if   :  i 


486 


HISTORY  Of  TflE  WORLU. 


himself  fast  deserted  by  his  handful  of  foreigners,  had  already  proclaim- 
cd  Q{.eeii  Mary  with  as  much  apparent  heartiness  and  zeal  as  though  hf 
had  not  aimed  at  her  crown— and  probably  her  life. ,     ^,     .       • 

Mary,  on  receiving  the  submission  and  hypocntical  adhesion  of  Nor- 
thumberland, set  out  for  London.  Her  progress  was  one  continued  and  un- 
broken triumph.  Everywhere  she  was  met  by  multUudes  of  the  people 
invoking  blessings  upon  her ;  her  sister,  the  lady  Elizabeth,  met  her  at  the 
head  of  a  thousand  well-appointed  horse,  and  when  she  reached  the  Tower 
she  found  that  even  Suffolk  had  thrown  open  its  gates  and  declared  him- 
self  in  her  favour.  All  circumstances  considered,  there  is  scarcely  an 
instance  in  history  to  equal  this  in  the  facility  with  which  a  rightful 
princess  of  no  amiable  character,  and  opposed  to  a  large  portion  of  her 
subjects  in  religion,  vanquished  the  opposition  of  so  wily,  so  daring,  and 
to  accomplished  a  pre-usurper     s  Northumberland. 

Mercy  was  assuredly  not  the  characteristic  of  Mary,  but  the  utmost 
mfatuation  of  mercy  could  not  have  allowed  offences  so  gross  as  those 
of  Northumberland  to  pass  unpunished.    Mary  gave  orders  for  his  arrest, 
and,  whether  from  being  broken-spirited  by  his  ill  success,  or  from  sheer 
cowardice  and  a  lingering  hope  of  saving  at  least  his  life,  he  fell  on  hia 
knees  to  his  bitter  enemy,  Arundel,  who  arrested  him,  and  implored  his 
mercy.    His  sons,  the  earl  of  Warwick  and  lords  Ambrose  and  Henry 
Dudley,  and  his  brother  Sir  Andrew  Dudley,  were  at  the  same  time  com- 
mitted to   custody ;  as  were  the  marquis  of  Northampton,  the  earl  of 
Kuntingdon,   Sir  Thomas  Palmer,   and   Sir  John   Gates.     On  farther 
inauiry  and  consideration,  the  queen's  advisers  found  it  necessary  to  con- 
fine the  duke  of  Suffolk,  Lord  Guildford  Dudley,  and  his  innocent  and 
Hnfortunate  wife,  the  lady  Jane.     At  this  early  period  of  her  reign  pol- 
icy overcame  Mary's  natural  propensity  to  cruelty  and  sternness.    The 
souncillors,  pleading  their  constraint  by  Northumberland,  were  speedily 
liberated,  and  even  Suffolk  himself  was  not  excluded  from  this  act  of 
mingled  justice  and  mercy.     Northumberland,  Sir  Thomas  Palmer,  and 
Sir  John  Gates  were  brought  to  trial.     The  duke's  offence  was  too  clear 
and  flagrant  to  admit  of  any  elaborate  defence ;  but  he  asked  the  peers 
whether  they  could  possibly  pronounce  a  man  guilty  of  treason  who  had 
obeyed  orders  under  the  great  seal,  and  whether  persons  who  had  been  in- 
volved  in  his  alledged  guilt  could  be  allowed  to  sit  in  judgment  upon 
him  I    The  answer  to  each  question  was  obvious.     Li  reply  to  the  first, 
ne  was  told  that  the  great  seal  of  a  usurper  could  have  no  authority ;  to 
the  second,  that  persons  not  having  any  sentence  of  attaint  against  them 
were  clearly  qualified  to  sit  on  any  jury.     Northumberland  then  pleaded 
guilty,  and  he,  with  Sir  Thomas  Paftiier  and  Sir  John  Gates  were  execu- 
ted.    At  the  scaffold  NorthumberWid  professed  to  die  in  the  catholic 
faith  and  assured  Iho  bystanders  that  they  would  never  prosper  until  the 
catholic  religion  should  he  restored  to  all  its  authority  among  them.  Con- 
flidering  the  whole  character  of  Northumberland  and  the  indifferonca  he 
had  always  shown  to  disputes  of  faith,  it  is  but  too  probable  that  even  in 
these  his  dying  words  ho  was  insincere,  and  used  them  to  eiijjnge  Iht 
mercy  of  the  queen,  whose  bigotry  they  mip:ht  flatter,  towards  Ins  unfor- 
tunate family.     Vpon  the  people  his  advice  wrought  no  effect.    Mnny 
loCKCJ  upoi,  the  j>reparalioiis  for  his  death  merely  with  a  cold,  unpitying 
ilernnose,  still  more  shimled  to  him  to  remember  Somerset,  and  some 
even  hold  up  to  him  handkerchiefs  incrusted  with  the  blood  of  that  noble- 
man, and  exulted,  rather  like  fiends  than  men,  that  his  hour  of  a  like 
bloody  doom  was  at  length  arrived.  . .    j    .u 

Lord  Guildford  Dudley  and  thti  lady  Jane  were  also  condemned  to  death, 
but  their  youth  and,  perhaps,  Mary's  feeling  of  the  impolicy  of  extreme 
severity  to  criminals  who  had  so  evidently  offended  under  the  constraint 
Slid  iuit3in^«  or  ISi/ifcnuuiCGnanui  savca  inczs*  *u» 
for  the  Dreientf 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


489 


Xbo  reign  of  Mary  contains  so  little  upon  which  the  historian  can  be» 
jtow  even  negative  praise,  that  it  is  pleasing  to  be  able  to  remark  that  the 
rery  earliest  portion  of  her  reign,  il  stained  with  tlie  bloodshed  of  a  ne- 
eessary  justice,  was  also  marked  by  some  acts  of  justice  and  gratitude. 
When  she  arrived  at  the  Tower  of  London  and  made  her  triumphant  eu- 
Iry  into  that  fortress,  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  who  had  been  in  prison  from 
Ihe  close  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  Courtney,  son  of  the  marquis  of 
Exeter,  who  ever  since  his  father's  attainder  had  been  in  the  same  con- 
finement, though  when  he  entered  it  he  was  a  mere  child  and  there  was 
no  shadow  of  a  charge  against  him,  with  bishops  Gardiner,  Bonner,  and 
Tonstal,  were  allowed  to  meet  her  on  the  Tower  green,  where  they  fell 
upon  their  knees  before  her,  and  implored  her  grace  and  protection 
They  were  restored  to  liberty  immediately ;  Norfolk's  attainder  was  re- 
moved as  having  been  ab  origtne  null  and  invalid,  and  Courtney  was  made 
earl  of  Devonshire.  Gardiner,  Bonner,  and  Tonstal  were  reappointed  to 
their  sees  by  a  commission  which  was  appointed  to  review  their  trial  and 
condemnation ;  and  Day,  Heath,  and  Vesy  recovered  their  sees  by  the 

game  means.  .      .       -^    1/ 

The  queea's  zeal  for  the  catholic  religion  now  began  to  show  itaelf. 
Holgate,  archbishop  of  York,  Coverdale,  to  whom  the  reformation  owed 
80  much,  Ridley,  Hooper,  and  Latimer,  were  speedily  thrown  into  ytitton  \ 
and  the  bishops  and  priests  were  exhorted  and  encouraged  to  revive  the 
mass,  though  the  laws  against  it  were  still  in  unrepealed  force.  Judge 
Hales,  who  had  so  well  and  zealously  defended  the  right  of  the  princess 
Mary  when  her  brother  desired  him  to  draw  the  patent  which  was  to  ex- 
clude her  from  the  throne,  opposed  the  illegal  practices  which  Queen 
Mary  now  sanctioned.  All  his  former  merits  were  forgotten  in  this  new 
proof  of  his  genuine  and  uncompromising  honesty;  he  was  thrown  into 
prison,  and  there  treated  with  such  merciless  cruelty  and  insult,  that  ho 
lost  his  senses  and  committed  suicide.  .„<,„,•      «      , 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  zeal  of  the  men  of  Suffolk,  during  Mary  s 
retreat  at  Framlingham,  was  stimulated  by  her  pointed  and  repealed  as- 
surances that  she  would  in  no  wise  alter  the  laws  of  her  brother  Kdward, 
as  to  n  ligion.  These  simple  and  honest  men,  seeing  the  gross  partiality 
and  tyranny  by  which  the  queen  now  sought  to  depress  the  protestants, 
ventured  to  remind  her  of  her  former  promises.  Their  remonstrance  was 
received  as  though  it  had  been  some  monstrous  and  seditious  matter,  and 
one  of  them  continuing  his  address  with  a  somewhat  uncourtly  pertina- 
city was  placed  in  the  pillory  for  his  pains.    ,      ^     ,  , 

Cranmer,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  by  the  change  of  sovereigns 
placed  in  a  most  perilous  position.    It  is  true  that  during  the  life  of  Henry 
VIII.  Cranmer  had  often  and  zealously  exerted  himself  to  prevent  that 
monarch's  rago  from  being  felt  by  the  princess  IMary.     But  Mary  s  grati 
tude  as  a  woman  was  but  little  security  against  her  bigotry  as  a  religion- 
ist; and  any  services  that  Cranmer  liad  rendered  her  were  likely  enough 
to  be  forgotten,  in  consideration  of  the  discouragements  he  had  dealt  to 
her  religion  in  his  character  of  champion  as  well  as  child  of  the  reforma- 
tion.  Nothing,  probably,  could  have  saved  Cranmer  but  cmire  silence  and 
regiirnation  of  his  see,  or  immediate  emigration.     But  Cranmer  was  too 
hearty  and  sincere  in  his  love  of  the  reformed  religion,  and,  perhaps,  wis 
also  too  conlWent  of  ita  success,  .wen  now  that  Rome  was  backed  by  the 
Jueen,  to  bo  in  anywise  minded  for  craven  sdcnce  or  retreat.     His  ene- 
mies, perceiving  that  as  yet  ho  had  met  with  no  signal  affront  or  injury 
from  the  queen,  spread  a  report  that  he  owed  his  safety  and  probab  e  favuur 
to  his  having  promised  to  say  mass  before  Mary.    Situated  as  Cranmer 
was,  it  would  have  been  his  wisest  plan  to  have  listened  to  this  msultma 
report  with  contemptuous  silence,  ami  to  have  relied  upon  his  well-earned 
uhmcler  to  refute  the  calumny  to  all  whose  judgment  was  of  any  real 


m 


400 


HiaTORY   OB"  THK   WORLD. 


H 


' 


H 


BbnMnuon«e.  Bui  the  iir«libl»h(ip  ihouKhi  othnrwUe,  and  he  huNtenfld  to 
MuHlin  It  manlftnto  in  wliichliM  K»ve  ilm  inoit  uiiqiuilinml  conirmlictionic 
The  rtiKirt.  N»y,  he  did  not  iiu»p  «v«ii  hero ;  not  <!oiii«nt  with  vlndiciuing 
himnelf  ho  onterod  more  ueiuTuily  into  th«  mnUnr,  «»d  lhu«  tfiivo  lii»  cnB. 
miea  ihHl  very  hHn«ll«  mmtn  him  which  ihoy  lo  engerly  wUl.ed  for.  He 
said,  ttfler  ooiilruditiilnRthe  charge,  that,  •'  us  iho  devil  wai  h  har  fromiho 
b0fflimlii|{,  and  the  futlior  of  liiit,  he  had  at  ihU  t  »>e  atirred  up  hi.  m. 
vttiui  to  p«r«ocule  Christ  and  his  true  religion  j  that  this  Infernal  nmrn 
WMS  now  ondoRVOurhig  to  rwslorfl  the  Lotln  ..UUfactory  ininseH,  n  thiiio 
of  his  own  invention  and  device ;  iind,  in  order  to  effect  his  purposo.  Imd 
falsely  miide  use  of  his,  (^lannier's,  name  and  outhority  ;"  and  Craninct 
addetl,  that  "the  mass  Is  not  only  without  foundaiion  In  either  llio  icnp. 
tures  or  the  praotioe  of  the  primitive  ohuroh,  but  likewiHe  dmctovors  a  plum 
contradiction  to  antiquitv  and  the  inspired  writings,  and  is,  besides,  re- 
plete with  many  horrid  blasphemies." 

However  much  we  may  wdntlro  the  general  olmracter  of  Crnnmor- 
thouih  it  WHS  by  no  meaiiH  without  its  blomislHiH— It  Is  imnossiblo  for  the 
most  sealous  and  sinctiro  protoNlunla  to  deny  that,  under  the  circunisiaii. 
u«s  of  the  nation,  many  of  the  pasHitges  we  have  quoted  wore  Brossly 
offensive!  and  equally  Impossible  is  it  to  deny  thai  under  Craiiinoru  now 
iHirsonal  olrcumsiances  they  were  as  grossly  and  gratuiiouily  imp.)  ilu". 
His  enemies  eagerly  availed  ihomselves  of  hm  want  of  temper  or  po  i«y, 
und  used  ibis  really  ooaiae  and  inllammatory  paper  as  n  means  by  wlmh 
to  indutie  ibe  tiueen  to  throw  him  Into  prison  for  the  share  he  bad  had  in 
the  usurpation  of  the  lady  Jane,  about  whioh  heolherw.se  would  pn.biilily 
have  remained  unquestioned.  Merely  us  the  prolestant  archbishop,  (.ran- 
mer  had  more  than  enough  of  enemies  in  llis  house  of  peers  to  iiiBure  lim 
bfllnii  found  guilty,  and  he  was  sentenced  to  death  on  the  cbarifc  of  hiLrli 
treason.  He  was  not,  however,  as  might  have  been  expeoto.  muiiod.- 
atelv  and  upon  this  sentence  put  to  death,  but  committed  back  to  cIoho 
custody,  where  he  was  kept,  as  will  soon  bo  seen,  for  a  still  more  cruel 

Kvcrv  day  made  il  more  and  morn  evident  tint  the  protostants  had  nelli- 
int  to  expect  but  the  utmost  severity  of  persecution,  and  many  even  of 
the  most  eminent  of  their  preachers  began  to  look  abroad  and  to  oxilo  for 
•afety.     Peter  Martyr,  who  In  the  late  prosperity  of  the  reformers  Imd 
been  formally  and  with  much  pressing  invited  to  Kngland.  now  ai)i)licd  K. 
the  council  for  permission  to  return  to  his  own  country.    At  first  the 
council  seemed  much  inclined  to  rol\i8e  oompliance  wilh  this  rcHB..nabl8 
request.     Uut  Gardiner,  with  a  spirit  which  makes  us  the  more  rcgrel 
that  bigotry  ever  induced  him  to  act  leas  generously,  reprosonlfid  that  us 
Peter  Had  teen  invited  to  Engbin.l  by  the  gov..r...nciil,  Ins  '>^l'"rU'f«  !;ou^^^J 
not  be  opposed  without  the  utmont  national  disgrace.    Nor  d  d  (.anliiur* 
«n«n.sty   end  here;    having  obtai.ted  Peter  permisaion   to  leave  ih 
Kalm.  he  supplied  him  with  money  to  travel  with.    The  bones  of    e 
Martyr's  wilVworo  shortly  afterwards  torn  from  ibe  grave  at  Ox     d  nml 
hutie^  in  a  dunghill;  and  the  university  of  CambrlcTge  '*l«»'l  »'!    «»"^« 
lime  disflraoed  itself  by  exhuming  the  bones  oi  Ihicer  and  fsgius,  two 
eminent  Toreign  reformers  who  bad  been  buried  there  '»/''""  ft '£ 
John  h  Usco  and  his  congregation  were  now  ordered  to  depart  ll'«  "in  g- 
dom.  and  most  of  the  foreign  protestants  »ool^,"«  »'?'.V'*''*"\\'     ,3 
followed  ihemt  by  which  the  country  was  deprived  of  its  m^f  •'^' f"' '  "" 
ladusirioMs  arUmns  lust  as  ihev  were  giviuff  a  useful  and  extensive  in- 
pulse 'to  its  manufactures.     The  temper  manifested  by  tbe  oourt.  and  tii« 
sudden  departure  of  the  foreign  protcitanta,  greatly  alarmed  »""  P«* 
lanta  in  general;  and  many  o}  the  Engliah  o?  that  •'r "?""'""  J7*J 
the  eiample  set  them  by  their  foreign  brethren,  and  flpj  from  ajaad 
wliwh  everything  seemed  to  Uiretleu  wUn  ins  moBt  »cfriu;c  ai:u  r-,- 


troim 


les. 


and  lovers*  vi 


HUBTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


401 


l*h«  maotins  of  parliament  by  no  means  iinprovod  the  protpeuta  of  the 
jiroteitanla.  It  has  already  been  remarked  llial,  however  completely  the 
reformation  might  have  seemed  to  be  triumpltiint,  there  was  something 
like  a  moiotv,  at  least,  of  the  nation  that  was  still  in  heart  attached  to  the 
old  faith.  To  these  the  court  could  add  as  practical  frieuds  that  large 
body  which  in  all  times  and  in  all  countries  is  niady  to  side  with  the  dom- 
inant party  ;  there  was  consequently  no  difficulty  experienced  in  getting 
•uch  nu!n  returned  to  parliament  as  would  be  pliant  tools  in  the  hands  ol 
Mary  and  her  ministers.  To  the  dismay  of  the  protestants,  though  it 
would  be  to  impeach  their  sagacity  should  we  say  that  it  was  to  their 
surprise  also,  parliament  was  opened  not  by  prayer  after  the  reformed 
urdniance,  but  bv  the  celebration  of  mass  in  the  Latin  tongue.  Taylor, 
bithop  of  Lincoln,  more  sincere,  or  at  all  events  more  courageous  than 
gonin  of  his  brethren,  hoiieHlly  refug«id  to  kneel  at  this  mass,  and  was  in 
consoquonce  very  rudely  HMoaiiud  by  some  of  the  catholic  zealots,  and  at 
length  actually  thrust  from  the  house. 

After  following  the  good  example  of  the  parliament  of  the  last  reign  in 
aaiaing  an  act  bv  which  all  law  of  treason  was  limited  to  the  statute  of 
Kdward  III.,  and  all  law  of  felony  to  the  law  as  it  stood  before  (1  Henry 
VIII.)  the  parliament  pronounced  the  queen  legitimate,  annulled  ihe  di 
Torce  pronounced  by  Cfraimier  between  Catherine  of  Arragon  and  Henry 
VIII.,  and  severely  censured  Cranmer  on  account  of  that  divorce.  It  is  a 
little  ninifiilar  that  oven  the  acute  Hume  has  not  noticed  the  inconsistency 
with  which  Mary  had  by  the  vote  of  her  parliament,  which  in  reality  was 
her  vote  as  the  membeis  were  her  mere  creatures,  denied  the  infallibility 
and  upset  the  decision  of  that  holy  sec,  the  infallibility  of  which  she  pre 
«cribcd  to  her  subjects  on  pain  of  the  stake  and  the  tar  barrel ! 

Oontinning  in  the  same  hopeful  course,  the  parliament  now  at  one  fell 
iwoop,  and  by  a  single  vote,  repealed  all  those  statutes  of  King  Edward  with 
respect  to  religion,  which  Mary  had  again  and  again,  and  sometimes  even 
voluntarily,  said  that  nothing  should  induce  her  to  disturb !  Dicers'  oaths 
811(1  lovers'  vows  are  not  more  frail  than  the  promises  of  a  bigot! 

Miiry,  who  even  in  her  (Irst  youth  had  no  feminine  beauty  to  boast,  was 
considerably  above  thirty  years  of  age,  indeed  fast  approaching  to  forty — 
that  decline  of  life  to  even  the  most  brilliant  personal  charms— -when  she 
ascended  the  throne;  and  when  her  parliament  showed  its  anxiety  as  to 
her  marriage  she  herself  appeared  to  be  fully  as  anxious.  Courtney,  son 
of  the  manuiis  of  Exeter,  whom  she  liberated  from  the  Tower  at  her  ac- 
cession and  created  earl  of  Devon,  was  at  that  time  a  very  young  man, 
and  possessed  not  only  great  perfection  of  manly  beauty,  but  also,  despite 
nil  long  and  dreary  imprisonment,  all  those  graces  and  accomplishments 
which  are  so  rarely  to  be  acquired  elsewhere  than  at  court.  The  queen 
was  so  favourably  impressed  by  his  manners  and  appearance,  that  she 
formed  the  idea  of  raising  him  to  the  dignity  of  her  husband  ;  and  as  her 
litUHtion  would  have  rendered  any  advances  on  his  part  presumptuous, 
she  not  only  showed  him  all  possible  personal  distinction,  but  even  caused 
official  hints  to  he  given  to  him  of  the  favour  with  which  he  might  hope 
for  his  highest  aspirations  being  received.  But  Courtney  was  young  and 
romantic,  and  Mary  was  not  only  disagreeable  in  face  and  figure,  and  re- 
pulsive in  manner,  but  was  also  very  nearly  old  enough  to  be  his  mother, 
and  he  showed  not  the  slightest  intention  of  profiting  by  the  amorous  con- 
desrension  of  his  sovereign.  Enraged  that  he  should  neglect  her,  she 
was  still  more  enraged  when  she  discovered  that  he  was  a  close  attendant 
upon  hor  sister  Elizabelli,  then  in  her  first  flush  of  youth.  The  parliament, 
by  nnnullingthe  divorce  of  Mary's  mother,  had  virtually  pronounced  Eliz- 
abeth's illegitimacy  ;  and  au  Mary  on  discovering  Courtney's  partiality  to 
ihat  princess  exhibited  extreme  annoyance  and  Isid  her  under  great  re- 

Itrirtion.  Elizuhnlh's  frioods  b'je&fi  to  b"  luiriounlv  n\Armi>A  fur  nvmi  hitj 


'.p^  r  ''l^-'ti  - 


■  i 

! 

■I9!l 

ii 

:?  >ufi 


li 


49£  HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 

neraonal  safety,  especially  as  her  attachment  to  the  reformed  reliij-.oii 
could  not  fail  to  increase  the  hatred  called  down  upon  her  by  the  attach- 
ment of  Courtney  to  herself.  .ur  i  <•  *  v 
Despairing  of  making  any  impression  upon  the  youthful  fancy  of  the 
eari  of  Devon,  Mary  now  bestowed  a  passing  glance  at  the  graver  and 
more  elderly  attractions  of  the  Cardinal  Pole.  It  is  true  he  was  a  car- 
dinaUbut  he  had  never  taken  priest's  orders.  He  was  a  man  of  high 
character  for  wisdom  and  humanity,  and  yet  had  suffered  much  for  his 
attachment  to  the  catholic  church,  of  which,  on  the  death  of  Fope  Paul 
III  he  had  nearly  obtained  the  highest  honour ;  and  his  mother,  that  old 
countess  of  Salisbury  who  was  so  brutally  beheaded  by  order  of  Henrv 
VIII.,  had  been  a  most  kind  and  beloved  governess  to  Mary  in  her  girl- 
hood.  But  the  cardinal  was  somewhat  too  far  advanced  in  life  to  please 
Mary,  and  it  was,  moreover,  hinted  to  her  by  her  friends,  that  he  was  now 
too  lonir  habituated  to  a  quiet  and  studious  life  to  be  able  to  reconcile 
himself  to  the  glitter  and  bustle  of  the  court.  But  though  she  rejected 
Pole  as  a  husband,  she  resolved  to  have  the  benefit  of  his  abilities  as  a 
minister,  and  she  accordingly  sent  assurances  to  Pope  Julius  ill.  of  her 
anxious  desire  to  reconcile  her  kingdom  to  the  holy  see,  and  requested 
that  Cardinal  Pole  might  be  appointed  legate  to  arrange  that  important 

business.  .  ,    ,  .      i>   „ 

Charles  V.,  the  emperor,  who  but  a  few  years  before  was  master  of  all 
Germany,  had  recently  met  with  severe  reverses  both  in  Germany  and 
France,  in  which  latter  country  he  was  so  obstinately  resisted  by  the  duke 
of  Guise,  that  he  was  at  length  obliged  to  retire  with  the  remnant  of  his 
dispirited  army  into  the  low  countries.    Far-seeing  and  ambitioua,  Charles 
no  sooner  heard  of  the  accession  of  Mary  to  the  throne  of  England,  than 
he  formed  the  design  of  making  the  gain  of  that  kingdom  compensate  for 
the  losses  he  had  sustained  in  Germany.    His  son  Philip  was  a  widower, 
and  though  he  was  only  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  and  eleven  years 
Marv's  1  union  the  emperor  determined  to  demand  her  hand  for  his  son, 
and  sent  over  an  agent  for  that  purpose.    If  Mary  had  looked  mth  favour 
UDon  Courtney's  person,  and  had  felt  a  passing  attachment  excited  by  the 
mental  endowments  of  Cardinal  Pole,  Philip  had  the  doub  e  recommenda- 
tion of  being  a  zealous  catholic,  and  of  her  mother's  family.     I  has  actu. 
ated  bv  bigotry  and  by  family  feeling,  and  being,  moreover,  by  no  means 
disinclined  to  matrimony,  Mary  gladly  entertained  the  proposal,  and  was 
seconded  by  the  advice  not  only  of  Norfolk,  Arundel,  and  Paget,  but  also 
of  Gardiner,  whose  years,  wisdom,  and  the  persecution  he  had  endured 
for  Catholicism  had  given  him  the  greatest  possible  authority  m  hei 
ooinion.    Gardiner,  at  the  same  time,  strongly  and  wisely  dissuaded  the 
oueen  from  further  proceeding  in  her  enterprise  of  making  innovations  in 
religion      He  well  observed  that  an  alliance  with  Spain  was  already  niore 
than  sufficiently  unpopular;  that  the  parliament,  amidst  all  its  complai* 
ance  and  evident  desire  to  make  all  reasonable  concessions  to  the  personal 
wishes  and  feelings  of  the  sovereign,  nevertheless  had  lately  shown  strong 
jnwillingness  to  make  any  further  concessions  to  Rome.     He  argued,  too, 
that  whereas  any  precipitate  measures  in  religion  just  at  that  time  woum 
irreaily,  perhaps  even  fatally,  increase  the  popular  prejudice  against  the 
Spanish  alliance,  that  alliance  when  once  brought  about  would,  contra": 
wise,  enable  the  queen,  unresisted,  to  work  her  own  will  in  the  other  and 
far  more  important  measure.    To  the  emperor,  Gardiner  transmitted  the 
same  rcaaonings,  with  the  additional  hint  that  it  was  necessary  that, 
oBteiislbly  or  temporarily  at  least,  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  nmr- 
riage  should  be  such  as  to  secure  the  favour  of  the  English  populace,  by 
appearing  even  more  than  fairiy  favourable  to  English  interests,     ins 
emperor,  who  had  a  high  opinion  of  Gardiner's  sagacity  and  jujignient, 
lied  to  itii  inai  ns  saviaca 


not  only  asaiii 


ou;  oven  cxixurucu  m^  ^r?-- —  — 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


403 


to  religious  moderation,  at  least  for  that  time,  in  his  own  private  letters  to 
Mary.  He  even  went  still  further;  for  being  informed  that  Pole,  the  sin- 
centy  and  fervour  of  whose  relieious  zeal  not  unfrequently  triumphed 
over  his  great  natural  humanity,  had  sent  Mary  advice  to  proceed  with 
rigour  against  open  heresy,  the  emperor  detained  Pole  at  the  town  of  Di)- 
linghen,  on  the  Danube,  as  he  was  on  his  way  to  England,  lest  his  pres- 
enee  should  prevent  Mary  from  following  his  more  pacific  and  politic 
counsels. 

The  parliament  having  openly  expressed  a  dislike  of  Mary's  proposed 
marriage  with  a  son  of  Spain,  was  dismissed,  and  Mary's  ministers  had 
orders  to  press  the  match  on  to  a  conclusion.  The  convocation,  which 
had  been  summoned  at  the  same  time  as  the  parliament,  was  not  contented 
with  a  general  profession  and  exhibition  of  its  attachment  to  the  new 
order  of  things  that  Mary  had  so  fapidly  introduced,  but  the  catholic  part 
of  it  boldly  volunteered  to  put  the  capital  article  between  them  and  the 
catholics,  transubstantiation,  into  dispute.  The  protestants  argued,  but 
could  rarely  be  heard,  through  the  clamour  raised  by  their  adversaries, 
who  finally,  being  the  majority,  complacently  voted  that  they  had  clearly 
and  decidedly  triumphed.  This  triumph—at  least  of  voices  and  numbers, 
if  not  of  fair  argument — so  elated  the  Romanists,  that  they  soon  after  re- 
newed the  dispute  at  Oxford,  and,  as  if  to  show  how  secure  they  held 
themselves  to  be  of  the  victory,  they  caused  Cranmer,  Latimer,  and  Rid> 
lev  to  be  conveyed  thither  unaer  a  guard  to  take  their  parts  in  the  debate, 
wnich  ended,  as  may  be  anticipated,  in  the  complete  verbal  triumph  of  the 
catholics. 

A.  D.  1554. — The  complaisance  of  the  parliament,  and  thd  formal  de- 
btes  on  religion  that  had  been  initiated  by  Romanist  members  of  con- 
vocation, were  merely  preclusive  to  still  further  and  more  sweeping  alter- 
ations in  religion,  which  were  made  in  defiance  of  all  that  the  emperor  and 
the  astute  Gardiner  could  uTg^^  to  the  contrary.  It  is  true — and  the  fact 
confirms  what  we  have  more  than  once  said  as  to  the  wide  difference  be 
tween  the  apparent  and  the  real  number  of  protestants  existing  during  the 
two  previous  reigns — the  mere  connivance  of  government  had  in  most 
parts  of  England  sufflced  to  encourage  the  people  to  set  aside  the  refor- 
mation in  the  most  important  particulars.  But  after  the  dismissal  of  par- 
liament, the  new  regulations  of  Mary,  or  rather  her  new  enactments  of 
old  abuses,  were  everywhere,  openly,  and  by  formal  authority,  carried  into 
execution.  Mass  was  re-established,  three-fourths  of  the  clergymen,  be- 
ing attached  to  reformed  principles,  were  turned  out  of  their  livings,  and 
replaced  by  zealous  or  seemingly  zealous  Romanists,  and  marriage  was 
once  again  declared  to  be  incompatible  with  the  holding  of  any  sacred 
office.  The  oath  of  supremacy  was  enjoined  by  the  unrepealed  law  of 
Henry  VIII.,  but  it  was  an  instruction  to  a  commission  which  the  queen 
now  authorised  to  see  to  the  more  perfect  and  speedy  re-establishment  of 
mass  and  the  other  ancient  rites,  that  clergymen  should  strictly  be  pro 
hibjted  from  taking  the  oath  of  supremacy  on  entering  benefices. 

Willie  Mary  was  thus  busied  in  preparing  the  way  for  laying  her  kmg- 
dom  once  more  at  the  feet  of  the  haughty  pontiffs  of  Rome,  the  discon- 
tents tlius  caused  were  still  further  increased  by  the  fears,  some  well 
founded  and  some  vague,  but  no  less  powerful  on  that  account,  excited  in 
the  public  mind  on  account  of  the  Spanish  match.  On  the  part  of  the 
court,  in  compliance  with  the  sagacious  advice  of  Gardiner,  great  care 
was  taken  to  insert  nothing  in  the  marriage  articles,  which  were  published, 
Ihat  coiii'l  at  ail  fairly  he  deemed  unfavourable  to  England. 

Thus  it  was  stipulated,  that  though  the  title  of  king  should  be  accorded 
•0  Philip,  the  administration  should  be  entirely  in  the  mieen ;  that  no 
office  whatever  in  the  kingdom  should  be  t(?nable  by  a  foreigner ;  thiit 

Knifllfltl      lafcua      ji*»*ml£\»mm    nrt/l     rkt^i  Wllu/VAa      ai^/\i'«t^J      WAvnniri      iiranlf  a«ia/I    .      *Kn*     t%%M 

ST"—    — ■  — — ;  -.».—-«..,;—  rr'9%1    j-s  s-tT-'j-— —    -..,...,-.,    ,*.jr,..pf.    vtFr?£t.^'x  vM  ^    tiiat   titr 


4d4 


HISTORY  OP  THB  WORLD. 


aueen  should  not  be  taken  abroad  by  Philip  without  her  own  consent,  voi 
Jny  of  her  children  without  that  of  the  nobil.ty;  that  a  jo'nture  of  „,.ty 
thousand  pounds  should  be  securely  settled  upon  the  queen  ;  that  the  male 
MueVif  any,  of  the  marriage  should  inherit  not  only  England,  but  a  so 
Burgundy  and  the  Low  Countries  in  any  case,  and  that  in  the  case  of  the 
death  of  Don  Carlos,  son  of  Philip,  such  male  issue  of  Phihf  and  Mary 
shouU  also  inherit  Spain,  Sicily.  Milan,  and  all  the  other  dominions  of 

^  Every  day's  experience  serves  to  show  that  it  in  quite  possible  to  carry 

DoUcy  too  far,  and  to  cause  the  sincerity  of  concession  to  be  suspected 

SSm  Its  very  excess.    If  we  may  suppose  that  men  so  sagacious  as  the 

emperor  and  Gardiner  were  rendered  by  their  anxiety  temporarily  for- 

wtful  of  this  truth,  the  public  murmuring  very  speedily  remmded  them  of 

U     The  people,  with  that  intuitive  sagacity  which  seems  the  special  pro- 

vision  for  the  safety  of  the  unlettered  multitude,  analogous  to  the  instinct 

of  the  lower  animals,  exclaimed  that  the  emperor,  in  his  greedy  and  tyran- 

nous  anxiety  to  obtain  possession  of  so  rich  yet  hated  a  country  as  here- 

S  England,  would  doubtless  accede  to  any;  terms     As  a  papist  and  a 

sSaniarJ  he  would  promise  anything  now  wuh  the  full  determination  of 

recking  everything  the  moment  he  should  have  concluded  the  desired 

mitch"  and  the  more  favourable,  argued  the  people,  the  terms  now  pub- 

Ushed  we?e  to  England,  the  greater  the  probability  that  the  emperor  and 

h's  son  would  revoke  them  it  the  very  first  opportunity,  if  indeed  they 

wwe  not  already  provided  with  secret  articles  authorizing  them  to  do  so 

tS  the  fraud  and  ambition  of  the  emperor  the  popular  report  said  that 

Phil  p  added  sullenness,  haughtiness,  cruelty,  and  a  domineermg  dmposi- 

tion  oeculiarly  his  own.    Thlt  the  death  of  the  emperor  would  put  Philip 

hi  SoSskm  of  his  father's  dominions  was  clear;  the  people  assumed  it 

S  be  equally  so  that  England  would  from  that  moment  become  a  mere 

DrovincHf  Spain;  that  Englishmen  equally  with  the  other  subjects  of 

Srfain  would  Tn  be  subjected  to  all  the  tender  mercies  of  the  inquisition, 

and  that  the  Spanish  alliance  and  the  complete  '«'"  «|  ,E"8'f'',f  "Jj: 

Jlaving  of  all  fenglishmen  were  but  different  terms  and  formula  m  which 

'°Za"toVeXTdV?i:?;ntented,  as  the  protestants  of  England  were 
with  the  recent  and  sudden  changes  made  in  religious  affairs,  such  argu- 
ments  as  these  could  not  be  addressed  with  any  art  or  industry  without 
bSSLproductive  of  great  effect.     Every  day  increased  the  general  dislike 
S  the  people  o  the  Spanish  match.    Tfie  more  prudent  among  even  those 
who  in  principle  were  the  most  deeply  and  sincerely  opposed  ^ojMejm 
lemD  atJd  niamage,  did  not,  indeed,  see  that  th»)  mere  anticipation  of  evil 
t^S  nrand  an  In  icipatioA,  too,  which  was  quite  opposed  to  the  j>vo  ved 
DuSises  of  the  emperor  and  Philip,  could  warrant  an  open  res  siaiice. 
6uMhe  reasonable  and  the  just  are^eldom  the  majority  where  either  he 
fee  i  Jls  o??he  interests  of  mankind  are  very  much  aroused  and  appealed 
to    and  a  few  men  of  some  note  were  soon  found  to  place  themselves  at 
he  Sead  oMh^discontented,  with  the  avowed  intention  of  appealtn?  Jo 
arms  rather  than  allowing  themselves  to  become  the  bond-slaves  of  the 
Kiard     Had  France  at  this  critical  juncture  taken  advantage  of  Mary  s 
Sue,  and  want  of  popularity,  it  is'  very  Pr«ba»'l«^''«;' »i"  IJ?;;^ 
have  ended  hore,  and  that  her  memory  would  have  been  saved  Iromine 
fndeliWo  sJarns  of  much  and  loathsome  cruelty.     But  the  k.n^  of  Franc j 
though  at  war  with  Philip,  would  lend  no  aid  to  an  English  'n«""«;2 
Perhaps  he  felt  that  Mary,  aided  as  she  was  certain  to  be  by  Spain,  wouia 
•urev  out  down  any  attempts  at  insurrection,  in  which  case  she,  of  course, 
wou  5  aid  thHrnperor  against  France;  and  to  this  motive  we  may  no 
Treaso'Iably  be  sSpposef  to  have  added  that  feeling  for  thorights  ofs^|^ 
BrolantV  over  subicctB,  which  even  ihr  liOiiil.iy  oi  sovereigns  --     -- 


lII    nurlirtinnlsn 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


495 


banish  from  their  hearts.  From  whatever  motives,  however,  the  king  oi 
France  did  refuse  to  aid  the  English  in  their  proposed  resistance  to  theii 
sovereign's  alliance  with  Philip  of  Spain.  But  this  did  not  damp  the  en- 
thusiasm  of  the  leading  opponents  of  the  Spanish  alliance.  Sir  Thomas 
Wyatt  offered  to  raise  and  head  the  malcontents  of  Kent,  and  Sir  Petei 
Carew  those  of  Devonshire ;  and  they  persuaded  the  duke  of  Suffolk  to 
raise  the  midland  counties,  by  assuring  him  that  their  chief  object  was  to 
re-invest  the  lady  Jane  with  the  cruwn.  A  time  was  fixed  for  the  simul 
taneous  action  of  these  leaders ;  and  had  the  compact  been  punctually 
kept,  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the  enterprise  would  have  been  fully 
successful.  But  Sir  Peter  Carew,  in  his  exceeding  eagerness,  rose  before 
the  appointed  time,  and  being,  in  consequence,  unsupported  by  Wyatt  and 
the  duke  of  Suffolk,  was  beaten  at  the  first  onset  by  the  earl  of  Bedford, 
and  with  difficulty  made  his  escape  to  France.  Suffolk,  on  hearing  of 
Carew's  failure  and  flight,  left  town,  accompanied  by  his  brothers.  Lord 
Thomas  and  Sir  Leonard  Gray,  and  proceeded  to  the  counties  of  Warwick 
and  Leicester,  where  his  chief  influence  lay.  But  he  was  hotly  pursued 
by  a  party  of  horse  under  the  earl  of  Huntingdon,  and  being  overtaken 
before  he  could  raise  sufficient  force  for  resistance,  was  obliged  to  dis- 
perse his  few  followers  and  conceal  himself.  Accident  or  treachery  soon 
discovered  his  hiding  place,  and  he  was  sent  under  an  escort  to  London. 
Wyatt,  in  the  meantime,  raised  the  standard  of  revolt  at  Maidstone,  in 
Kent,  where  he  issued  a  passionate  proclamation,  inviting  the  people  to 
aid  him  in  removing  e\  il  councillors  from  about  the  queen,  and  to  prevent 
the  ruin  of  the  nation  which  must  needs  follow  the  completion  of  the 
Spanish  match.  Great  numbers  of  persons  joined  him,  and  among  them 
lome  catholics,  as  he  had  dexterously  omitted  from  his  proclamation  all 
mention  of  religion.  The  duke  of  Norfolk,  at  the  head  of  the  queen's 
guards  and  some  other  troops,  reinforced  by  five  hundred  Londoners  un- 
der the  command  of  Brett,  marched  against  the  revolted  and  came  up 
with  them  at  Rochepter.  Here  Sir  George  Harper,  who  had  been  with 
Wyatt,  pretended  to  desert  to  the  duke,  but  quickly  returned  to  Wyatt, 
carrying  with  him  Brett  and  his  Londoners,  upon  whom  Sir  George's 
eloquence  so  wrought,  that  they  professed  their  preference  of  death  to 
aiding  in  the  enslavement  of  their  country.  Norfolk,  fearing  that  this 
desertion  might  mislead  the  rest  of  his  force,  now  retreated,  and  Wyatt 
marched  to  Southwark,  whence  he  sent  to  demand  that  the  Tower  should 
be  placed  in  his  hands,  that  the  queen  should  free  the  nation  from  all  ter- 
ror of  Spanish  tyranny  by  marrying  an  Englishman,  and  that  four  coun 
cillors  should  forthwith  be  placed  in  his  hands  as  hostages  for  the  per- 
formance of  these  conditions. 

While  Wyatt  was  wasting  his  time  in  sending  this  demand  and  await- 
ing a  reply,  Norfolk  had  secured  London  bridge,  and  had  taken  effectual 
steps  to  overawe  the  Londoners  and  prevent  tiiem  from  joining  Wyatt. 
Perceiving  his  error  when  too  late,  Wyatt  marched  to  Kingston,  where 
he  crossed  the  river,  and  made  his  way  unresisted  into  Westminster. 
Here,  however,  his  followers  rapidly  deserted  him,  and  he  was  encoun- 
tered and  seized  in  the  Strand,  near  Temple-bar,  by  Sir  Maurice  Berke- 
ley. Vast  numbers  of  the  deluded  countrymen  were  at  the  same  time 
seized,  and  as  the  queen's  rage  was  proportioned  to  the  fear  and  peril  to 
which  she  had  been  subjected,  the  executions  that  followed  were  very 
numerous.  It  is  said  that  not  less  than  four  hundred  of  the  captured 
wretches  were  put  to  death  in  cold  blood  ;  four  hundred  more  were  con- 
demned, but  being  led  before  the  quer-n  with  halters  on  their  necks,  they 
Icnell  to  her  and  implored  her  grace,  which  was  granted.  Wyatt,  the 
crime  mover  of  this  revolt,  was  executed,  as  a  matter  of  course.  On  the 
scaffold  he  took  care  to  exonerate,  in  the  most  unequivocal  terms,  from 

-II  nai>lininnlinn  f\m  MVAn  IrtiAixrlMfloA  nf  hie  nrnr*f>^ft intra  IHa  tnHv   Ii!liviih»lh 


fitil: 


im 


496  HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 

and  the  earl  M  Devon,  whom  Mary's  jealous  hatred  had^ndeavoured  to 
connect  with  thU  ill-starred  and  iU-managed  revolt.  They  were  both 
seized  and  strictly  examined  by  the  council,  but  Wyat  's  manly  and  pr(.. 
Gise  declaration  defeated  whatever  intent  there  might  have  been  to  em- 
ploy false  witnesses  to  connect  them  with  his  rash  proceedings.  But 
ihoufh  Mary  was  thus  prevented  from  proceeding  o  the  last  extremity 
against  them,  she  sent  Elizabeth  under  strict  surveinance  to  Woodsiock, 
aSd  the  earl  of  Devon  to  Fotheringay  castle.  To  Elizabeth,  indeed,  ira- 
mediate  release  was  offered,  on  condition  of  her  accepting  the  hand_of  the 
duke  of  Savoy,  and  thus  relieving  her  sister  from  her  presence  in  he 
kingdom ;  but  Elizabeth  knew  how  to  "  bide  her  time,"  and  she  quietly, 
but  positively,  refused  the  proffered  alliance.  , 

All  this  time  Lord  Guildford  Dudley  and  the  lady  Jane  had  remairted  im- 

Drisoned,  but  unmolested  and  unnoticed.    The  time  which  had  elapsed 

without  any  proceedings  being  taken  against  them,  beyond  their  mere 

confinement,  led  every  one  to  suppose  that  their  youth,  and  the  obvious 

restraint  under  which  they  had  acted,  had  determined  Mary  not  to  punish 

^em  beyond  imprisonment,  and  that  she  would  terminate  even  that  when 

she  safely  could  do  so.      But  the  imprudent,  nay,  the  situation  of  his 

daughter  and  her  husband  being  considered,  the  wicked  connection  of  the 

duke  of  Suffolk  with  Wyatt's  revolt,  aroused  m  Mary  that  suspicion 

which  was  no  less  fatal  to  its  objects  than  her  bigotry     Jane  now  anew 

appeared  to  her  in  the  character  of  a  competitor  for  the  throne     That 

sSfwas  not  wilfully  so,  that  she  was  so  closely  confined  that  she  could 

not  by  any  possibility  correspond  with  the  disaffected,  were  arguments 

?o  wh^ch  Mary  attached  no  importance.    To  her  it  was  enough  that  this 

Snocent  creature,  even  now  a  mere  girl  and  wishing  for  "'f  l»n|.^™h 

as  the  quiet  and  studious  moral  life  in  which  her  earlier  girlhood  had  b  en 

oassed  mieht  possibly  be  made  the  pretext  for  future  revolt.    The  Lord 

Sforf  Dudley  and^ady  Jane  were,  consequently,  warned  that  the  day 

was  fixed  for  their  execution.   Subsequently  the  queen  bestowed  the  cruel 

mercy  of  a  reprieve  for  three  days,  on  the  plea  that  she  did  not  wish 

while  inflicting  bodily  death  on  Jane,  to  peril  her  eternal  salvation.    The 

rhappy  lady  was,  therefore,  during  the  short  remnant  of  her  life  impor- 

SeTand  annoyed  by  catholic  priests,  who  were  sent  by  the  queen  toen- 

deavour  to  convert  her  to  their  faith.    But  she  skilfully  and  coolly  used 

Jll  the  arguments  then  in  use  to  defend  the  reformed  faith,  and  even  wrote 

^Greek  letter  to  her  sister,  adjuring  her  to  persevere  m  the  true  faith 

"rw^^rfirettfeS^rbet^^^  both  the  prisoners  at  the  same  time 

anion  the  same  scaffold.  C  reflection,  n»«^'7»  f ,  Pf |=y  JSdfS 
queen  to  alter  this  determination ;  and  it  was  ordered  that  L«rd  Guildford 
Should  first  be  executed  on  Tower-hill,  and  the  lady  Jane  shortly  after- 
w3  within  the  precincts  of  the  Tower,  where  she  was  confined. 

On  the  morning  appointed  for  this  double  murder.  Lord  Guildford  sent  to 
his  young  and  unfSrtunate  wife,  and  requested  an  interview  to  ake  a„ 
earlhlv  farewell ;  but  Jane  with  a  more  masculine  and  self-possessed  prn- 

Srnce,M2cUnei  it.  on  the  ground  that  their  .^PPf^'^^i'"^  l»;;,i;7re,S5 
full  attention  of  each,  and  that  their  brief  and  bloody  "ep^^ation  on  ea-JJ 
would  be  followed  by  an  eternal  union.  From  her  prison  window  tne 
hdy  Jane  saw  her  youthful  husband  led  out  to  execution,  and  shortly  af^ 
erward"  saw  his  headless  body  brought  back  in  a  common  cart^  Even 
tS  s  sad  spectacle,  instead  of  shaking  her  firniness,  did  but  the  more  con- 
firm  and  strengthen  a  constancy  which  was  founded  not  upon  mere  con- 
stitution,  but  upon  long,  serious,  and  healthy  study. 

Her  own  dread  hour  had  at  length  arrived,  and  Sir  John  Sago,  the  cofr 
St,  hu'of  the  Tower,  on  summoning  her  to  the  scaffold,  begged  her  pbe 
si.tuii,  »••  "I"  ^""  j^  j^._  „.i.:„^  K- ™i«ht  boAii  nn  m.  nemelual mcmoriaJ  oi 

Blow  some  glSV  UpUZI  Itltir    TTr:.vt.   "•     •—B f r        • 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


49^7 


her.  Shepve  him  her  tablets  in  wliieli,  or.  seeing  the  dead  body  of  her 
ousband,  she  had  written  a  sentence  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  English,  to  the 
eflecl  that  though  hunian  justice  was  against  her  husband's  body,  the  di- 
me  mercy  would  be  favourable  to  his  soul ;  that,  for  herself,  if  her  fault 
deserved  punishment,  her  youth,  at  least,  and  her  imprudence,  were  wor- 
thy  of  excuse,  and  that  she  trusted  for  favour  to  God  and  to  posterity. 

On  the  scaffold  she  blamed  herself  not  for  ever  having  wished  for  the 
crown,  but  for  not  having  firmly  refused  to  act  upon  tlie  wishes  of  others 
"u^^^l  ",F  t  "•  ,  ®^®  confessed  herself  worthy  of  death,  and  being  dis- 
robed  by  her  female  attendants,  calmly  and  unshrinkingly  submitted  her- 
self to  her  fatal  doom. 

The  duke  of  Suffolk  and  Lord  Thomas  Gray  were  shortly  afterwards* 
executed  for  their  share  m  Wyatt's  revolt.    Sir  Nicholas  Throgmorton 
was  tried  in  Guildhall  for  the  same  offence,  but  there  being  little  or  no 
evidence  against  him,  his  eloquent  and  acute  defence  led  the  jury  to  acquit 
him.     With  an  arbitrary  and  insolent  stretch  of  prerogative  that  now 

^'i!^H^S  w-  Tr^'}'\^n'y'  ^""^^^^  ^'  '^«  acquittal,  not  only  recora- 
mitted  Sir  Nicholas  to  the  Tower,  where  she  kept  him  for  a  considerable 
ime,  but  she  even  had  the  jury  sent  to  prison,  and  fined  from  one  to  two 
thousand  pounds  each !  The  end  she  had  in  view  in  this  abominably  ty- 
rannous conduct,  however,  was  fully  achieved.  Thenceforth  jurors  were 
little  prone  to  acouit  the  unhappy  gentlemen  who,  no  matter  how  loosely 
were  charged  with  participation  in  the  affair  of  Wyatt.  Many  were  con- 
.hi"!  ""I-^^  I"  «on«eq"«nce  of  the  terrors  of  tbeir  jurors,  and  among 
them  was  Sir  John  Throgmorton,  brother  to  Sir  Nicholas.  Arrests  took 
place  every  day,  the  Tower  and  other  places  of  confinement  were  filled 
with  nobles  and  gentlemen,  whose  offence  was  that  they  chanced  to  be 
ST  fii  .if  f^T'^^  of  the  people  being  a  deadly  offence  to  the  queen, 
who  felt  that  she  was  loathed  by  them,  and  who  felt  so  little  secure 
against  a  new  out-break,  that  she  sent  out  commissioners  to  disarm  them, 
and  lay  up  the  seized  arms  in  her  strong-holds.  ^ 

In  the  midst  of  this  gloomy  state  of  things,  the  parliament  was  called 
upon  to  invest  the  queen  with  the  power  which  had  formerly  been  granted 
to  her  father,  of  disposing  of  the  crown  at  her  decease.  Gardiner  took 
care  to  dwell  upon  the  precedent  afforded  by  the  power  given  to  Henry 
Vlll.,  and  he  had  little  fear  of  success,  because,  independent  of  the  geii- 
era!  terror  caused  by  the  queen's  merciless  and  sanguinary  proceedings, 
he  good-will  of  numerous  members  of  parliament  had  been  purchased  by 
hedistribution  of  four  hundred  thousand  crowns,  which  the  emperor  had 
sent  over  for  that  purpose.  ^ 

th?f  ?*'i".  *.f  ™'"  ""'■  purchased  complaisance  could  blind  the  house  to 
the  facts,  that  the  queen  detected  Elizabeth,  and  that  the  legitimacy  of  the 
queen  must  imply  the  bastardy  of  Elizabeth.  The  manner!  too,  in  SS 
Gardiner  in  the  couree  of  his  speech  avoided  mentioning  Elizabeth,  ex- 
cepting  merely  as  "the  lady  Elizabeth,"  and  without  siylin|  her  the  queen's 
8i8ter,  confirmed  the  suspicion  that,  once  invested  with  the  power  which 
mak  hT/^Tk'^'  ^'"  (l"««'V«'o»'d  declare  Elizabeth  illegitimate,  and  bv 
.?S?Sn'""K'.''""'''""^/*'t>l''""\'°  Philip,  hand  over  the  nation  t'o 
Sil  wlre'^eJiertafned."^'      '  '"      ^*'"'^'"  anticipati«,„s  had  been  and 

lh.^^ii^'•"  '*'*'"§l*"'n  "."  other  grounds  of  suspicion  of  Mary's  intention, 
ihe  hirelings  an3  parasites  of  Philip  were  just  now,  as  zealously  as  inipru 

ently  busy  m  dwelling  upon  Philip's  descent  from  the  house  «?LaIlcis. 

oiirsP  »»Thf  *"'l"f  him-taking  Elizabeth's  bastardy  as  a  matter  ol 
-ourse— as  the  next  heir  to  Mary  by  right  of  descent. 

mm  tn  Jr/.lf  Vu'  ^™"'  fear  or  favour,  waB  the  desire  of  the  whole  pari!,-. 
Vol  "f— 32""  "'"  '■'""'°  ^"  '""^  oF3"«"»™  was  siai  greater.     Tiict 


498  «.  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 

not  only  lefused  to  pass  the  bill  to  give  Mary  the  power  to  will  away  the 
AroSit  when  another  bill  was  introduced  to  make  |t  ireasonable  to 
mSe  or  attempt  thedeath  of  the  queen's  husband  while  she  hved,  they 
LooUv  laid  it  aside;  and  that  Philip  might  not  be  led  to  complete^the  mar 
naee  by  any  ringering  hope  of  possessing  any  authority  in  the  aat.ou 
whfch  watunhappy  enough  to  have  Mary  for  its  queen,  the  house  passed 
Tlaw  enacthig,  "That  her  majesty,  as  their  only  queen,  should  solely  and 
Js  a  solequS  enjoy  the  crown  and  sovereignty  of  her  realms,  with  all 
Se  ore  eEences  dignities,  and  rights  thereto  belonging,  m  as  large  and 
.4^e  a  manner  after  her  marriage  as  before,  without  any  title  or  claim 
a™Wing™e  prince  of  Spain,  either  as  tenant  by  courtesy  of  the  realm 

"%j^  "^2  t°h^f  aTfar"^  was  in  their  power,  limited  and  discouraged  the 
danirous  aSn  of^^^  and  iJgoted  Philip,  the  parliament  passed 

?he  ScatTn  of  the  articles  of  marriage,  which,  indeeA  were  drawn  so 
fivouJLwy  to  England,  that  no  reasonable  objection  could  have  been  made 

**"  I'iTothine  more  could  be  extorted  or  bribed  from  parliament  with  re 
»  .„  th!?nueen'3  marriage,  its  attention  was  now  directed  to  matter 
'P^'^*  Mo]  wiSeSaior  The  bishopric  of  Durham,  which  had  been  di- 
Sin  tt  eiJnWdwa^^^^^^^^^  w£ch  by  an  arbitrary  edict  of  the  queea 
W  already  befn  re-conferred  upon  Tonstal,  was  now  re-erected  by  act 
nfnaUarnent     Some  bills  were  also  introduced  for  revising  the  laws 

sullenly  dissolved  it. 


CHAPTER  XLV. 

THB    RBION    OF   MABY  (CONTINUKO). 

Mart's  aee.  and  some  consciousness,  perhaps,  of  the  addition  made  by 
heV  fearful  femper  to  the  natural  homeliness  of  her  features,  had  tended  to 

V  tJ^o  o3,iiion  of  a  vounn  and  illustrious  husband  all  the  more 
"'''''  il^STfritsve^ylmprSbability ;  and  though  she  had  seen  only 
fhTJ^Llit  of  trfutureSraEhe  hid  contrived^  become  so  enam- 
^nrpCfC  thafwhenthe  prelim  naries  of  the  marriage  were  all  arranged, 
^nni/Salof^he  prince  was  hourly  expected,  every  delay  and  every 
Stacle  Sted  almost  to  phrenzy!  Though  as  a 'natter  of  amb.t.on 
Phi  fn  wa"very  desirous  of  the  match,  as  a  simple  matter  of  love,  he  was, 
JtKvP^ least  indifferent:  and  even  the  proverbial  hauteur  and  solem- 
'^  .f?h^  Sniihcharacer  could  not  suflSciently  account  for  the  cold 
Slel  wSicTcautd  Sm  to'f  "rbear  from  even  favouring  his  future  wife 
Ind  querwith  a  letter,  to  account  for  delays  which,  in  «P'te  of  her  doung 
fondSearMarv  could  not  but  believe  that  the  prince  might  eas'ly  "^ve 

RO  sullen  and  resentful  a  nalure  as  ners,  aia  hsuuu  iu  .««  .»- = 


fierce  bigotr 
county  in  Et 
mourning, 
to  Lord  Effii 
was  the  ser 
spirit  of  mut 
the  queen  thi 
and  the  squa 
dispensably 
mind  of  the  i 
of  the  sea,  bi 
fleet.  The 
was  frequeni 
health  affect( 
be  affected 
nervous,  she 
with  the  usui 
her  by  her  u 
ing  franticall 
became  desp 
pleasing. 

At  length  i 
was  publicly 
Philip  had  m 
gazers  with  l 
away  to  the  < 
suited  the  p 
well  calculat 
the  unfavoui 
he  was  dista 
bravest  and  ' 
to  see  him  p; 
that  he  was  ( 
The  unavoid 
by  Spanish  { 
have  been  in 
lects,  was  in 
possessed  h( 
share  his  rot 
than  a  hard-i 
the  prince  to 
if  he  showec 
jealouey  was 
had  been  so 

The  worn! 
way  to  Philii 
ready  to  pun 
total  sacrifice 
By  means  ol 
to  get  memb 
she  now  sun 
existing  tern 
punishment  i 
great  onwan 
the  establish 

Cardinal  i 
iptrafp.  only 


HISTORY  OF   THE   WORLD. 


41K) 


fierce  bigotry  which  subsequenlly  lighted  the  fires  of  persiecution  in  e^ery 
county  in  England,  and  left  scarcely  a  village  without  its  niariyr  iin«l  n's 
mourning.  A  squadron  had  been  fitted  out,  and  the  -command  was  givwu 
to  Lord  Effingham,  to  convoy  the  prince  to  England ;  but  so  unpopular 
was  the  service,  and  such  strong  symptoms  appeared  of  a  determined 
spirit  of  mutiny  among  the  sailors,  that  Lord  Effingham  frankly  informed 
the  queen  that  he  did  not  think  the  prince  would  be  safe  in  their  handK, 
and  the  squadron  was  at  once  disbanded.  But  this  measure,  though  in- 
dispensably necessary  under  the  circumstances,  brought  no  peace  to  the 
mind  of  the  queen,  for  she  now  dreaded  not  merely  the  inevitable  dangers 
of  the  sea,  but  also  that  her  husband  should  be  intercepted  by  the  French 
fleet.  The  slightest  rumour  so  heightened  her  self-torturmg,  that  she 
was  frequently  thrown  into  convulsions ;  and  not  merely  was  her  bodily 
health  affected  in  the  most  injurious  degree,  but  even  her  mind  began  to 
be  affected  to  a  very  perceptible  extent.  Hypochondriac  and  pitiably 
nervous,  she  became  pamfullv  conscious  of  her  want  of  beauty  ;  though, 
with  the  usual  self-flattery, -she  ascribed  the  repulsive  aspect  presented  to 
her  by  her  unflattering  mirror  wholly  to  her  recent  sufferings.  From  be- 
ing frantically  impatient  for  the  arrival  of  Philip,  the  unhappy  queen  now 
became  desponding,  and  dreaded  lest  on  his  arrival  he  should  find  her  dis- 
pleasing. 

At  length  the  object  of  so  many  hopes  and  fears  arrived ;  the  marriage 
was  publicly  and  with  great  pomp  performed  at  Winchester;  and  when 
Philip  had  made  a  public  entry  into  London,  and  dazzled  the  eyes  of  the 
gazers  with  the  immense  riches  he  had  brought  over,  Mary  hurried  him 
away  to  the  comparative  seclusion  of  Windsor.  This  seclusion  admirably 
suited  the  prince,  whose  behaviour,  from  the  day  of  his  arrival,  was  as 
well  calculated  as  though  it  had  been  purposely  intended,  to  confirm  all 
the  unfavourable  opinions  that  had  been  formed  of  him.  In  his  maiyier 
he  was  distant,  not  with  shyness  but  with  overweening  disdain ;  and  the 
bravest  and  wiscnt  of  the  oldest  nobility  of  England  had  the  mortification 
to  see  him  pass  them  without  manifesting  by  glance,  word,  or  gesture, 
that  he  was  conscious  of  their  respect,  salutations,  or  even  their  presence. 
The  unavoidably  wearisome  etiquette  of  court  was  now  so  much  increaseo 
by  Spanish  formalities,  that  both  Philip  and  Mary  may  almost  be  said  to 
have  been  inaccessible.  This  circumstance,  however  disgusting  to  sub 
jects,  was  in  the  highest  degree  pleasing  to  the  queen  :  having  at  length 
possessed  herself  of  her  husband,  she  was  unwilling  that  any  one  should 
share  his  company  with  her  for  a  moment.  More  like  a  love-sick  girl 
than  a  hard-featured  and  hard-hearted  woman  of  forty,  she  could  not  bear 
the  prince  to  be  out  of  her  sight ;  his  shortest  absence  annoyed  her,  and 
if  he  showed  the  commonest  courtesy  to  any  of  the  court  ladies,  her 
jealousy  was  instantly  shown  to  him,  and  her  resentment  to  the  fair  who 
had  been  so  unfortunate  as  to  be  honoured  with  his  civility. 

The  womanly  observation  of  Mary  soon  convinced  her  that  the  only 
way  to  Philip's  heart  was  to  gratify  his  ambition  ;  and  she  was  abundantly 
ready  to  purchase  his  love,  or  the  semblance  of  it,  even  at  the  price  of  the 
total  sacrifice  of  the  liberties  and  interests  of  the  whole  English  people. 
By  means  of  Gardiner  she  used  both  fear  and  hope,  both  power  and  gold, 
to  get  members  returned  in  her  entire  interests  to  a  new  parliament  which 
she  now  summoned ;  and  the  returns  were  such  as  to  promise  that,  in  the 
existing  temper  of  the  fiation,  which  had  not  yet  forgotten  the  sanguinary 
punishment  of  the  revolt  under  Wyatt,  she  might  safely  make  her  next 
great  onward  movement  towards  the  entire  restoration  of  Catholicism  and 
the  establishment  of  her  own  absolute  power. 

Cardinal  Pole,  who  was  now  in  Flanders,  invested  with  the  office  of 
iPCTte,  only  awaited  the  removal  of  the  attainder  passed  against  him  in 
"ie  reign  of  Henry  VI il.     The  pafliaiticai  rcadii}'^  passed  an  act  for  that 


1*1  -  ^ff 


I  y  >i 


500 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


liiiiii 


purpose,  and  the  legate  iinra3cliately  came  to  England,  when,  af-er  wail- 
ing  on  I'hilip  and  Mary,  he  presented  himself  to  parliament,  and  lormally 
mvited  the  English  nation  to  reconcile  itself  to  the  holy  see  from  which, 
said  the  legate,  it  had  been  so  long  and  so  unhappily  separated. 

The  well-trained  parliament  readily  acknowledged  and  prolessed  to  de- 
plore the  defection  of  England,  and  presented  an  address  to  Philip  ai.d 
Mary,  entreating  them,  as  being  uninfected  by  the  general  guilt,  to  inter- 
cede  with  the  holy  father  for  their  forgiveness,  and  at  the  same  time  de- 
clared their  intention  to  repeal  all  laws  that  were  prejudicial  to  the  church 
of  Rome.  The  legate  readily  gave  absolution  lo  the  parhament  and  peo- 
ple of  England,  and  received  them  into  the  communion  of  Rome ;  and 
Pope  Julius  III.,  with  grave  and  bitter  mockery,  observed,  when  the  formal 
thanks  of  the  nation  were  conveyed  to  him,  that  the  English  had  a  strange 
notion  of  things  thus  to  thank  hira  for  doing  what  he  ought,  in  fact,  to 

thank  them  for  letting  him  do.  

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  though  the  nobility  and  gentry  in  parlia- 
menl  assembled  thus  readily  and  crouchingly  laid  England  once  again  at 
the  feet  of  the  Roman  Pontiff,  that  they  were  prepared  fully  to  undo  all 
that  Henry  had  done.  Indifferent  as  to  the  mode  of  faith  prescribed  to 
the  multitude,  they  had  not  an  objection  lo  make  this  sudden  and  sweep- 
ing re-lransfer  of  the  spiritual  authority  over  England.  But  before  they 
would  consent  to  that  transfer  of  spiritual  authority,  they  obtained  from 
Rome,  as  well  as  from  the  queen,  the  most  positive  assurances  that  the 
church  property,  snatched  from  the  church  and  divided  among  laymen  by 
Henry,  should  not  be  interfered  with,  but  should  remain  undisturbed  in  the 
hand?  of  its  lay  possessors.  The  parliament,  also,  in  the  very  act  by 
which  it  restored  the  pope's  spiritual  auth6rity,  enacted  that  all  marriages 
contracted  during  the  English  separaiion  from  Rome  should  remain  valid, 
and  also  inserted  a  clause  which  secured  all  holders  of  church  lands  in 
their  possessions;  and  the  convocation  presenled  a  petition  to  the  pope  lo 
the  same  effect,  to  which  petition  the  legate  gave  an  affirmative  answer. 
Bigoted  and  arbitrary  as  Mary  confessedly  was,  it  appeared  that  she  could 
not  fully  restore,  even  temporarily,  the  power  of  Rome. 

The  sentence  had  irrevocably  gone  forth  against  that  grasping  and  greedy 
despotism  ;  and  though  the  accidental  occurrence  of  a  hercely  and  coldly 
cruel  bigot,  in  the  person  of  Mary,  being  seated  upon  the  throne  gave  back 
for  a  time  to  Rome  the  npiritual  jurisdiction,  and  the  power  to  dictate  and 
tyrannize  in  spiritual  affairs,  all  the  power  and  zeal  of  that  bigot  could  not 
re-possess  the  church  of  the  lands  which  had  become  lay  property.  In 
the  first  instance,  indeed,  Rome  hoped,  by  forgiving  the  past  fruits  ot  the 
lands,  to  be  able  to  resume  the  lands  for  the  future  ;  but  when  Pole 
arrived  in  England  he  received  information,  amply  confirmed  by  his  own 
observations,  which  induced  him  without  further  slrugale  to  agree  to  the 
formal  and  complete  settlement  of  the  lands,  of  which  we  have  above 
given  an  account.  r.     i     j  .1   , 

Perhaps  no  greater  misfortune  could  have  occurred  to  England  than 
this  very  cession  in  form,  by  the  pope,  of  the  right  of  the  laiiy  to  lU 
lands  ol  which  they  had  possessed  themselves  at  the  expense  ol  the  church 
Had  Rome  attempted  to  resume  the  solid  properly,  as  well  as  the  spiritual 
rights,  of  the  church,  considerations  of  intere'it  in  the  former  would  have 
caused  the  nobility  and  gentry  to  hesitate  about  surrendering  the  latter; 
but  having  secured  their  own  property,  the  greui  were  easily  induc-d  to 
hand  over  the  bulk  of  the  people  to  a  spiritual  lyrannv  which  they  flat- 
tered Ihemwlves  that  they  would  not  suffer  from.  The  vile  oia  lawn 
against  heresy,  which  the  former  parliament  had  honestly  and  indignantly 
rejected,  were  now  re-enacted  ;  statutes  were  passed  for  punishing  setii- 
{<.....  •n-nuure."  £!>d  it  wae  m&de  irHtoD  to  imagine  or  to  attempt  the  lit' 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


501 


of  Philip  during  that  of  the  queen,  which,  also,  the  former  parrr^ment  had 
ft'fused. 

But,  amidst  all  this  disgusting  sycophancy,  even  this  complaisant  par- 
liament had  still  some  English  sense  of  reserve,  and  resisted  every  at- 
'ompt  of  the  queen  to  get  her  husband  declared  presumptive  heir  to  the 
3rown,  entrusted  with  ihe  administration,  or  even  honoured  with  a  corona- 
lion.  The  same  anti-Spanish  feeling  which  caused  the  firmness  of  parlia- 
ment on  those  points,  also  caused  it  to  refuse  all  subsidy  in  support  of  the 
emperor,  in  the  war  which  he  was  still  carrying  on  against  France.  These 
very  plain  indications  of  the  feelings  of  the  nation  towards  himself  per- 
sonally caused  Philip,  not  indeed  to  lay  aside  his  morose  and  impolitic 
hauteur,  for  that  was  part  and  parcel  of  his  nature,  and  as  inseparable 
from  his  existence  as  the  mere  act  of  breathing,  but  to  endeavour  to  di- 
minish his  unpopularity  by  procuring  the  release  of  several  distinguished 
prisoners,  confined  either  for  actual  offence  against  the  court,  or  for  the 
quasi  offence  of  being  agreeable  to  the  people.  The  most  illustrious  of 
diese  prisoners  was  the  lady  Elizabeth ;  and  nothing  that  Philip  could 
have  done  could  have  been  more  pleasing  to  the  nation  than  his  releasing 
that  princess,  and  protecting  her  from  the  petty  but  no  less  annoying  spite- 
fulness  of  her  sister. 

About  the  same  time,  Philip's  politic  intervention  also  gave  liberty  to 
the  lord  Henry  Dudley,  Sir  George  Harper,  Sir  Nicholas  Throgmorton, 
Sir  Edmund  Warner,  Sir  William  St.  Loe,  and  Sir  Nicholas  Arnold,  to- 
gether with  Harrington  and  Tiemaine.  The  earl  of  Devonshire  also  was 
released  from  Fotheringay  castle,  and  allowed  to  go  abroad,  but  he  only 
reached  Padua  when  he  was  poisoned,  and  the  popular  rumour  and  belie 
ascribed  the  murder  to  the  Imperialists. 

Baffled  in  her  endeavours  to  get  her  husband  declared  her  heir  presump- 
t've,  the  queen  became  more  than  ever  anxious  for  the  honours  of  mater, 
nity,  of  the  approach  of  which  she  at  length  imagined  that  she  felt  the 
symptoms.  She  was  publicly  declared  to  be  pregnant,  and  Bonner,  bishop 
of  London,  ordered  public  prayers  to  be  put  up,  that  the  young  prince — 
for  the  catholics  chose  to  consider  not  merely  the  pregnancy  of  the  queen, 
but  even  the  sex  of  the  child  a  matter  perfectly  settled!— might  be  beau- 
tfui,  strong,  and  witty.  The  people  in  general,  however,  manifested  a 
orovoking  incredulity  even  as  to  the  pregnancy  o(  the  queen,  whose  age 
and  haggi'rd  aspect  certainly  promised  no  very  numerous  offspring;  and 
Jhe  people's  incredulity  was  shortly  afterwards  justified,  it  proving  that 
the  queen  had  been  mistaken  by  the  incipient  symptoms  of  dropsy.  To 
the  last  possible  moment,  however,  Philip  and  his  friends  concealed  «he 
truth,  and  Philip  was  thus  enabled  to  get  himself  appointed  protector  du- 
ring  the  minority,  should  the  chiM  survive  and  the  queen  die.  Finding 
that  this  was  the  utmost  concession  that  could  at  present  be  wrung  from 
the  parliament,  and  trusting  that  it  might  by  good  management  be  made 
productive  of  more  at  some  future  time,  the  queen  now  dissolved  the  par 
liament. 

A.  n.  ir)55.— The  dissolution  of  parliament  was  marked  by  an  occurrenc© 
which  of  itself  would  bo  sufficient  to  indicate  the  despotic  character  of  the 
times.    Some  members  of  the  commons'  house,  unwilling  to  agree  to  the 
slavish  complaisance  commonly  shown  by  the  majority,  and  yet,  as  a 
minority,  quite  unable  to  stem  the  tide,  came  to  the  resolution  to  secede 
from  their  attendance.     No  sooner  was  the  parliament  dissolved  than 
these  members  were  indicted  in  the  king's  boiioh.     Six  of  them,  terrified 
at  the  mere  thought  of  a  contest  with  the  powerful  and  vindictive  queen, 
made  the  requisite  submissions  and  obtained  pardon  \  and  the  remainder 
exercised  their  right  of  traverse,  thereby  so  long  postponing  the  trial  that 
ihja  /;........««  -!n~ih  nut  'in  !>!!!!  Ui  ihfi  affair  altoseUier^     GHrdiner**  mci't^M 

in  brnging  about  the  Spanish  inatcli  tu  wliicii  the  nation  had  been  so 


"»««»S-| 


a;        \f  f 


SOB 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


averse,  and  tlie  tact  and  zeal  for  the  queen's  service  whinh  he  had  shown 
in  his  dexterous  management  of  the  house  of  commons,  made  him  now 
more  than  ever  a  weighty  authority,  not  only  with  the  queen  but  with  the 
catholic  party  in  general.  It  is  singular  enough,  as  Hume  well  remarks, 
that  though  this  very  learned  prelate  was  far  less  aealous  upon  points  of 
theology  than  Cardinal  Pole,  yet,  while  the  mild  temper  of  the  latter 
allayed  and  chastened  his  tendency  towards  bigotry,  the  sterner  and  hardi- 
er  character  of  the  former  caused  him  to  look  .upon  the  free  judgment  ol 
tiie  commonality  as  a  presumption  which  it  behoved  the  rulers  of  the  land 
to  put  down,  even  by  the  severest  and  most  unsparing  resort  to  persecu 
tion.  For  some  time  it  was  doubtful  whether  the  milder  course,  recom. 
mended  as  politic  by  Pole,  or  the  sterner  course,  advocated  as  essentially 
necessary  by  Gardiner,  would  prevail.  But  Gardiner  had  the  great  advan- 
tage  of  advocating  the  system  which  was  the  most  in  accordance  with 
the  cruel  and  bigoted  temper  of  both  Philip  and  Mary  ;  and  Pole  had  the 
mortification  not  only  of  being  vanquished  by  his  opponent,  but  also  ol 
•eeing  fail  and  terrible  license  and  freedom  given  to  the  hitherto  partially 
restrained  demons  of  persecution. 

Having  determined  the  queen  and  court  to  a  course  of  severity,  Gar- 
diner had  no  difficulty  in  persuading  them  that  it  was  politic  to  select  the 
first  victims  from  among  the  eminent  for  learning  or  authority,  or  both; 
and  Rogers,  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  a  man  still  more  remarkable  for 
virtue  and  learning  than  for  his  eminence  in  the  church  and  in  the  reform- 
ed party,  had  tlie  melancholy  honour  of  being  singled  out  as  the  first  vic- 
tim.    As  instances  of  conversion  were  even  more  sought  after  by  Gardin- 
er than  punishment,  there  was  probably  yet  another  reason  why  Rogers 
was  selected  for  the  first  prosecution.    He  had  a  wife  and  ten  cliildren, 
and  was  remarkable  for  iiis  affection  both  as  a  father  and  a  husband ;  and 
there  was  every  probability  that  tenderness  for  them  might  lead  him  to 
avoid,  by  apostacy,  a  danger  which  otherwise  he  might  have  been  expect- 
ed to  brave.     But  if  Gardiner  really  reasoned  thus,  he  was  greatly  mista- 
ken.    Rogers  not  only  refused  to  recmt  an  iota  of  his  opinions  at  what 
was  called  his  trial,  but  even  after  the  fatal  sentence  of  burning  was  pass- 
ed upon  him  he  stil!  preserved  sucli  an  equable  frame  of  mind,  tliat  when 
the  fatal  hour  arrived  his  jailers  actually  had  to  awaken  him  from  a  sweet 
sound  sleep  to  proceed   to  the  stake.     Such  courage  miglil,  one  would 
suppose,  have  disarmed  even  the  wrath  of  bigotry ;  but  Gardiner,  when 
the  condemned  gentleman  asked  permission  to  have  a  parting  interview 
with  his  wife,  cruelly  and  scoffingly  replied,  that  Rogers,  being  a  priest, 
could  not  possibly  have  a  wife !    This  unfortunate  and  learned  divine  was 
burned  at  Smithfield,  and  the  flames  that  consumed  him  may  be  said  to 
have  kindled  a  vast  and  moving  pile  that  swallowed  up  sufferers  of  both 
•exes,  and  of  nearly  all  ages  in  every  county  of  Kngland. 

Hooper,  bishop  •>f  Gloucester,  was  tried  at  the  same  time  with  Rogers, 
and  was  also  condoinnod  to  the  stake,  but,  with  a  refinement  upon  cruelly, 
he  was  not  executed  at  Smithfield,  though  tried  in  Loudon,  but  sent  for 
that  purpose  into  his  own  iliocose,  that  his  agonies  and  death  in  the  midsl 
of  the  very  scene  of  his  labours  of  piely  and  usefulness  might  the  more 
effectually  slriki'  terror  into  the  hearts  of  his  flock.  Hooper,  however, 
lurned  what  his  enemies  intcMided  for  an  aggravation  of  his  fate  inlo  u 
consolation,  and  an  opportuiniy  of  giving  lo  lliose  whom  he  had  long  and 
faithfully  taught,  a  parting  proof  of  the  sincerity  of  his  teachingH,  and  )l 
the  efficacy  of  gnnuino  religion  to  uphold  its  sincere  believers,  even  umloi 
the  most  terrible  agonies  that  rnlhloHs  and  mistaken  man,  in  his  pride  ol 
fierceness,  can  inflict  upon  his  fellow  worm.  And  terrible,  even  beyond 
the  usual  terrors  of  these  abominable  siciies.  w. u?  the  tortures  of  the 
raarlyrod  Hooper.  The  faggots  provided  lor  his  execution  were  too  ^ 
to  kiudie  ftti»iaiy,  arKi,  a  high  wind  blowing  a;  iht  vmt,  the  Sainr?  ■;■•.■ 


reeii 
I 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


£08 


around  his  lower  limbs  without  beings  able  to  fasten  upon  the  vital  parts. 
One  of  his  hands  dropped  off,  and  with  the  other  lie  continued  to  beat  his 
breast,  praying  to  heaven  and  exhorting  the  pitying  spectators,  until  his 
swollen  tongue  could  no  longer  perform  its  office ;  and  it  was  three  quar- 
ters of  an  hour  before  his  tortures  were  at  an  end.  Of  the  courage  and 
sincerity  of  Hooper  there  is  striking  evidence  in  the  fact  that  the  queen's 
pardon  was  placed  before  him  on  a  stool  after  he  was  tied  to  the  stake, 
but  he  ordered  it  to  be  removed,  preferring  the  direst  torture  with  sincerity, 
to  safety  with  apostacy. 

Sanders,  burned  at  Coventry,  also  had  the  queen's  pardon  offered  to 
him,  and  he  also  rejected  it,  embracing  the  stake  and  exclaiming,  "  We 
have  the  cross  of  Christ !  Welcome  everlasting  life."  Taylor,  the  cler- 
gyman of  Hadley,  in  Hertfordshire,  was  burned  at  that  place,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  his  parishioners.  When  tied  to  the  stake  he  began  to  pray  in 
English,  which  so  enraged  his  guards,  that,  bidding  him  speak  Latni,  they 
struck  him  so  violently  on  the  head  with  their  halberts,  that  he  died  on  thfl 
instant,  and  was  spared  the  lingering'  agonies  prepared  for  him. 

Philpot,  archdeacon  of  Winchester,  had  very  greatly  distinguished 
himself  by  hi«  zeal  for  protestantism.  On  one  occasion,  being  engaged 
in  a  controversy  with  an  Arian,  the  zeal  of  the  archdeacon  so  far  got  thf 
Ascendancy  over  his  good  manners,  that  he  actually  spat  in  the  Arian's 
face.  Subsequently,  and  when  he  might  have  been  expected  to  have  re. 
pented  on  reflection  of  what  he  had  done  in  the  heat  of  passion,  he  pub- 
lished a  formal  justification  of  his  conduct,  in  which  he  said  that  he  felt 
bound  to  give  that  strong  proof  of  the  detestation  of  his  opponent's  blas- 
phemy. So  impetuous  a  man  was  not  likely  to  escape  notice  in  the 
persecution  that  novv  raged,  and  he  was  brought  to  trial  for  heresy  and 
burned  to  death  in  Smilhfield. 

If  Gardiner  was  the  person  to  whom  the  persecution  chiefly  owed  its 
commencement,  it  was  Bonner,  bishop  of  London,  who  carried  it  on 
with  the  coarsest  and  most  unrelenting  barbarity.  Apart  from  all  mere 
bigotry,  this  singularly  brutal  man  appeared  to  derive  positive  sensual 
gratification  from  the  act  of  inflicting  torture.  He  occasionally,  when  he 
had  prisoners  under  examination  who  did  not  answer  to  his  satisfaction, 
would  have  them  stripped  and  flog  them  with  his  own  hand.  Nor  was 
this  his  worst  brutality.  An  unfortunate  weaver,  on  one  occasion,  re- 
fused  to  recant,  when  Bonn(3r  endeavoured  to  persuade  him,  and,  as  is 
vwraciously  recorded,  this  disgrace  of  his  sacred  profession  first  tore  the 
unfortunate  man's  beard  out  by  the  root,  and  then  held  his  hand  in  the 
flame  of  a  lamp  until  the  sinews  burst,  by  way  of  giving  him,  as  he  said, 
some  notion  of  what  burningr  really  was  like  ! 

When  we  say  that  this  liorrible  system  of  persecution  and  cruelty 
endured  for  three  yearti,  and  that  in  that  tune  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  persons  are  known  to  have  suffered — while  prohiibly  many  more 
were  similarly  butchered  of  whom  we  have  no  account — while  that,  be- 
sides  men  of  alt  ranks,  from  bishops  to  day-labourers,  fifty-flve  women 
«nd  four  children  thus  perished,  it  must  be  obvious  that  a  detailed  account 
ofthis  terrible  season  of  crucltv  would  be  disgusting,  even  were  it  not 
luite  iuipracticable.  We  shall,  tiierefore,  add  but  a  few  more  cases, 
•nd  then  leave  a  subject  which  cunnol  be  treated  of  even  at  this  distance 
of  time  without  feelings  of  disgust  and  horror. 

Ferrar,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  in  Wales,  being  condemned  to  denth  ns  n 
heretic,  appealed  to  Cardinal  Pole  !  but  his  appeal  was  wholly  unattended 
to,  and  the  unfortunate  bishop  was  burned  in  iiis  own  diocrse. 

There  yet  remitined  two  still  more  illustrious  victims  to  be  immolated. 
Ridley,  formerly  bishop  of  Loudon,  and  Latimer,  formerly  bishop  of  Wor- 
uestrr,  had  long  been  coltjliratod  for  both  the  jsoal  and  efficiency  of  their 
^Pficri  of  ihe  uauiu  of  thu  r«rurniHUon.     in  lh«  preaching  of  buih  Uiprr 


iifi> 


VMi 


\ 


xWmWmWrWn 


\u 


ltd 


^l' 


504  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

wM  a  ceitixin  nervous  homeliiiesg.  which  made  their  eloquence  especially 

aci:ount  these  two  prelates  were  ^^rc^^r^'  ^^^^  chastened 

It^e^t.  a?ro  suTh  apital  lueSof  Romanism-one  of  whom  more- 
style.     I  nai  two  sui-u  ^"j'  nn«spssed  of  Bonner's  own  see— shoulJ 

over,  had  even  fo' ««•"«  ™i?"'\PJ'/;';^^^^^^  condemned,  and 

escape,  <="f"f,  ^^^j^St  Oxford    TolS^  and  a 

both  burned  at  the  f*™«  f„^f,«  "^."J'"  E^en  when  they  were  already  tied 
calm  <^7t"°.L"^LrSoSrtragedy  commenced,  iatimer  che/rfuUy 
?Xdm.f  "Be  Jf  Xd  coT^^^^^  Ridley,  we  shall  this  day  kin  le 

called  out,    ue  oi  guuu  i."u.  =  '       .    ^^   ,  shall  never  be  extinguished." 

Latimer,  wno  ^.^f '"'-^  *;»  „ '  (i„.  ^hjch  the  exeeut  oner  had  mercifully 
SSviJetrtSltTurp'o^r^^^^^^^  was  seen  to  be  alive  some  ti.e 

''Ts  tirrlTno"r';mS,  nSer  learning  nor  courage  could  make  any 

As  neither  age  "or  ymi    ,  gonner,  so  neither  could  even  the  most 

.mpresBion  upon  he  J  Jjy '^^^   '^""'^^d,  named  Hunter,  who  was  only 

heroic  proof  of  niial  P'';';''     ^X  ■"  /,f    '  ^^  the  imprudence  common  to 

absconded  lest  ^" Vf;9^h7y  on  the ^^^^^^^  ^.^  .^^^^_ 

'"  ^l^ln'S'ionner  Sng  that  t^e  youth  had  absconded,  caused  his 
mation,  and  ''""'i^'^' '®^;"'"»„; '  „,„  treated  him  with  great  immediate 

""'^J^inX  lad's  ipe3^  but  Bonner  fuiow  no 

overlooking  the  iart  8  specuiau  committed  to  the  flames. 

''T"'/tm  more  dCacrfSS  barblus  incident  occurred  in  Guern- 
^  "  A\rre tched  wS  in  that  island  was  condemned  to  the  stak  , 
wt.  when  led  to  punishment,  far  advanced   m  pregnancy.     The 


;?i.tom  in  every  direction,  and  a  .commission  was  appointed  o    nquiring 
ilSi^S'^lljec^'and 'many  horotii^iii^.r  Ion.  were  al.o  .pre»d  uu-OHfi 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


505 


them,  the  commissioners  were  to  inquire  into  these  either  by  prrsentment«, 
by  witnesses,  or  any  other  political  way  they  could  devise,  and  to  search 
after  all  heresies,  the  brnigws  in,  the  sellers,  the  readers  of  ah  lieretical 
books  ;  to  examine  and  punish  all  misbehaviours  or  negligences  in  any 
church  or  chapel ;  to  try  all  priests  that  did  not  preach  the  sacrament  of 
the  altar ;  all  persons  that  did  not  hear  mass,  or  go  to  their  parish  church 
to  service;  that  would  not  go  in  processions  or  did  not  take  holy  bread  or 
holy  water ;  and  if  they  found  any  that  did  obstinately  persist  in  such 
heresies,  they  were  to  put  them  into  the  hands  of  their  ordinaries,  to  be 
punished  according  to  the  spiriiual  laws ;  giving  the  commissioners  full 
power  to  proceed  as  their  discretion  and  consciences  should  direct  them, 
and  to  use  all  such  means  ai  they  would  invent  for  the  searching  of  the 
premises,  empowering  them,  also,  to  call  before  them  such  witnesses  aa 
they  pleased,  and  io  force  them  to  make  oath  of  such  things  as  might  discover 
what  they  sought  after."  This  new  commission  was,  in  fact,  an  English 
inquisition ;  and  the  following  extract  from  Hume  abundantly  shows  the 
determination  that  that  inquisition  should  not  want  (or  officials  m\d  familiars. 

"To  bring  the  method  of  proceeding  in  England  still  nearer  to  the  prac- 
tice of  the  inquisition,  letters  were  written  to  Lord  North  and  others,  en- 
joining them  '  to  put  to  the  torture'  such  obstinate  persons  as  would  not 
confess,  and  there  to  order  them  at  their  discretion. 

"Secret  spies,  also,  and  informers  were  employed,  according  to  the 
practice  of  that  iniquitous  tribunal.  Instructions  were  given  to  the  jus- 
tices of  the  peace  that  they  should  'call  secretly  before  them  one  or  two 
honest  persons  within  their  limits,  or  more,  at  their  discretion,  and  com- 
mand them,  by  oath  or  otherwise,  that  they  shall  secretly  learn  and  search 
out  such  persons  as  shall  evil  behave  themselves  in  'he  church,  or  idly,  or 
shall  despise,  openly  by  words,  the  king's  or  queen's  proceedings,  or  go 
about  to  make  any  commotion,  or  tell  any  seditious  tales  or  news.'  And 
also  that  the  same  persons,  so  to  be  appointed,  shall  declare  to  tiiC  same 
Justices  of  the  pe^ce  the  ill  behaviour  of  lewd  disorderly  persons,  whether 
it  shall  be  for  using  unlawful  games  or  any  such  other  light  behaviour  of 
such  suspected  persons ;  and  that  the  same  information  shall  be  given 
itcretly  to  the  justices,  and  the  same  justices  shall  call  such  accused  per- 
sons before  them  and  examine  thorn,  without  declaring  by  whom  they 
were  accused." 

This  precious  commission  also  had  power  to  execute  by  martial  law 
not  only  the  putters  forth  of  all  heretical,  treasonable,  and  seditious  books 
and  writings,  but  also  all  "  whosoever  had  any  of  these  books  and  did  not 
presently  burn  them,  without  reading  them  or  showing  them  to  any  other 
person."  Did  not  the  whole  tenor  of  this  portion  of  our  history  forbid  all 
touch  of  humour,  one  would  be  strongly  tempted  to  inouiro  how  a  man 
was  possibly  to  know  the  character  of  books  coining  to  him  by  gift  or  in- 
heritance, for  instance,  without  cither  reading  them  himself  or  showing 
them  to  some  one  else !  But  as  bigotry  cannot  feel,  so  neither  will  it 
condescend  to  reason. 

While  Philip  and  Mary  were  thus  exhibiting  an  evil  industry  and  zeal 
to  merit  the  reconcilement  of  the  kingdom  to  Rome,  Paul  IV.,  who  now 
filled  the  papal  throne,  took  advantage  of  Mary's  bigotry  to  assume  the 
right  of  cori/erri>j>{'  upon  Mary  the  kingdom  of  Ireland,  which  ahe  already 
possessed  dejactoet  de  jure  as  part  and  parcel  of  the  English  sovereignty, 
and  to  insist  upon  the  restoration  to  Rome  of  certain  lands  and  money  1 
Sovoral  of  the  council,  probably  fearing  that  by  degrees  R"nie  would  do 
niand  back  all  the  church  property,  pointed  out  the  great  danger  of  impov- 
erishing the  kingdom,  and  but  that  death  had  deprived  Mary  of  the  shrewd 
juilgment  of  Gardiner,  such  concessions  would  probably  not  have  been 
niado  to  the  graiiping  spirit  of  Home.  But  Mary  replied  to  all  objortions 
by  saying  that  siio  preferred  itie  aalvttiiuu  of  injr  rWa  aoui  10  w\\  alicU 


I'  I'i 


111 


.1 


m 


506  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD.  ^ 

kingdoms  as  England ;  and  Heath,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  hau 
succeeded  Gardiner  in  the  possession  of  the  great  seal,  encouraged  her  uj 
that  feeling.     A  bill  was  accordingly  presented  to  parliament  for  restoring 
to  the  church  the  tenths,  first  fruits,  and  all  impropriations  whic;i  remained 
in  the  hands  of  the  queen.     At  first  sight  it  might  seem  that  parliament 
had  little  cause  or  right  to  interfere  in  a  matter  which,  as  far  as  the  terms 
of  the  bill  went,  concerned  only  the  queen  herself.     But  the  lay  possessors 
of  church  lands  naturally  enough  considered  that  subjects  would  scarcely 
be  spared  after  the  sovereign  had  been  mulcted.     Moreover,  while  some, 
probably  a  great  number,  of  the  members  were  chiefly  moved  by  this  con- 
sideration, all  began  to  be  both  terrified  and  disgusted  by  the  cruel  execu. 
tions  which  had  disgraced  the  whole  nation.    A  steady  opposition  conse- 
fluently  arose ;  and  when  the  government  applied  for  a  subsidy  for  two 
years  and  for  two-fifteenths,  the  latter  were  refused,  and  the  opposition, 
with  equal  bitterness  and  justice,  gave  as  the  reason  of  this  refusal,  that 
while  the  crown  was  wilfully  divesting  itself  of  revenue  in  behalf  of  Rome, 
it  was  quite  useless  to  bestow  wealth  upon  it.    The  dissatisfaction  of  ihe 
parliament  was  still  farther  evidenced  by  the  rejection  of  two  bills,  enact- 
ine  penalties  against  such  exiles  as  should  fail  to  return  withm  a  certain 
time,  and  for  incapacitating  for  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace  such 
magistrates  as  were  remiss  in  the  prosecution  of  heretics.    This  fresh  and 
pointed  proof  of  the  displeasure  of  the  parliament  determined  the  qneen 
to  dissolve  it.     But  the  dissolution  of  the  parliament  did  not  diminish  the 
pecuniary  embarrassment  of  the  queen.    Her  husband  had  now  been 
several  months  with  his  father  in  Flanders;  and  the  very  little  of  his  cor- 
respondence with  which  he  favoured  her  chiefly  consisted  of  demands  for 
money.     Stern  and  unfeeling  as  she  was  to  every  one  else,  the  infatuated 
aneen  was  passionately  attached  to  the  husband  who  certainly  took  no 
pains  to  conceal  his  dislike  of  her  ;  and  as  the  parliament,  previous  to  Us 
dissolution,  had  granted  her  but  a  scanty  supply,  she  was  led,  by  her 
anxiety  to  meet  her  husband's  demands,  to  extort  money  from  her  subjects 
in  a  manner  the  most  unjustifiable.     From  each  of  one  thousand  persons, 
of  whose  personal  attachment  she  aff'ected  to  be  quite  certain,  she  de- 
manded a  loan  of  60/. ;  and  even  this  large  sum  being  inadequate  to  her 
wants,  she  demanded  a  farther  general  loan  from  all  persons  possessing 
'wentv  pounds  a  year  and  upwards  ;  a  measure  which  greatly  distressed 
he  smaller  gentry.     Many  of  them  were  obliged  by  her  inroads  upon 
iheir  purses  to  discharge  some  of  their  servants,  and  as  these  men  sud- 
denly tlirown  upon  the  world  became  troublesome,  the  queen  issued  a 
proclamation  to  compel  their  former  employers  io  take  them  back  again! 
Upon  seven  thousand  yeomen  who  had  not  as  yet  contributed,  she  levied 
Bixtv  thousand  marks,  and  from  the  merchants  she  obtained  the  sum  of 
■ix  and  thirty  thousand  pounds.     She  also  extorted  money  by  the  most 
tvrannouB  interference  with  trade,  as  regarded  both  the  foreign  and  native 
merchants;  yet  after  all  this  shameless  extortion  she  was  so  poor,  that 
»he  ofl"ered,  and  in  vain,  so  bad  was  her  credit,  fourteen  per  cent,  for  a  loan 
of  30  OOOl      Not  even  that  high  rate  of  interest  could  induce  the  merchants 
of  Antwerp,  to  whom  she  olTered  it,  to  lend  her  the  money,  until  by  men- 
aces she  had  induced  her  good  city  of  London  to  be  security  for  her 
Who  would  imagine  that  we  are  writing  of  the  sslf-same  nation  that  so 
shortly  afterward*  warred  even  to  the  death  with  Charles  I.  for  the  com- 
paratively trifling  matter  of  the  ship  money  1 

Th«  poverty  which  alone  had  induced  Philip  to  correspond  with  her  was 
now  terminated,  the  emperor  Charles  the  Fifth,  that  prince's  father,  resign- 
ing to  him  all  his  wealth  and  dominion,  and  retiring  to  a  monastery  in 
Spain  A  singular  anecdote  is  told  of  the  abdicated  monarch.  He  spent 
much  of  his  time  in  the  constructing  of  watches,  and  finding  it  impossihic 
lu  make  Uwiu  go  eKactiy  BiiKQ,  ne  romarRca  inai  iic  nau  mucr^  r- - 


'Lai   avrnnhniil 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD, 


50*; 


ish  to  expect  that  he  could  compel  that  unirormity  in  minds  which  he  could 
not  achieve  even  in  mere  machines  !  The  reflection  thus  produced  is  said 
even  to  have  given  him  some  leaning  towanis  those  thei)logical  opinions 
jf  wliich  he  and  his  son  had  been  the  most  brutal  and  ruthless  persecutors. 

A.  D.  1556, — Cranmer,  though  during  the  whole  of  this  reign  he  liad  been 
left  unnoticed  in  confinement,  was  not  forgotten  by  the  vindictive  queen 
She  was  daily  more  and  more  exacerbated  in  her  naturally  wretched  tem- 
per by  the  grief  caused  by  the  contemptuous  neglect  of  her  husband.  Her 
private  hours  were  spent  in  tears  and  complaints ;  and  that  misery  which 
usually  softens  even  the  most  rugged  nature  had  in  her  case  only  the  effect 
af  making  her  still  more  ruthless  and  unsparing. 

Cranmer,  though  h«  had  durinp  part  of  Henry's  reign  warded  off  that 
monarch's  rage  from  Mary,  was  very  much  hated  by  her  for  the  part  he 
had  taken  in  bringing  about  the  divorce  of  her  mother,  and  she  was  not 
only  resolved  to  punish  him,  but  also  to  make  his  death  as  agonising  as 
possible.  For  the  part  he  had  taken  in  the  opposition  to  her  ascending 
the  throne  she  could  easily  have  had  him  beheaded,  but  nothing  short  of 
the  flames  seemed  to  her  to  be  a  sufficiently  dreadful  punishment  for  him. 
She  caused  the  pope  to  cite  him  to  Rome,  there  to  take  his  trial  for  heresy. 
Being  a  close  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  the  unfortunate  prelate  perforce  neg- 
lected the  citation,  and  he  was  condemned  par  conlumace,  and  sentenced 
to  the  stake.  The  next  step  was  to  degrade  him  from  his  siicred  office ; 
and  Bonner,  who,  with  Thirleby,  bishop  of  Ely,  was  er.trusted  with  this 
task,  performed  it  with  all  the  insolent  and  triumphant  brutality  consonant 
with  his  nature.  Firmly  believing  that  Cranmer's  eternal  as  well  as  earthly 
punishment  was  assured,  the  queen  was  not  yet  contented ;  she  would 
fain  deprive  him  in  his  last  hours  even  of  human  sympathy,  and  the  credit 
attached  to  consistency  and  fidelity  to  the  cause  he  had  embraced.  Per- 
sons were  employed  to  persuade  him  that  the  door  of  mercy  was  still  oper 
to  him,  and  that  he,  who  was  so  well  qualified  to  be  of  wide  and  perma- 
nent service  to  mankind,  was  in  duty  bound  to  save  himself  by  a  seeming 
compliance  with  the  opinions  of  the  queen.  The  fear  of  death,  and  the 
strong  urgings  of  higher  motives,  induced  Cranmer  to  comply,  and  he 
agreed  to  subscribe  to  the  doctrines  of  the  real  presence  and  the  papal 
supremacy.  Shallow  writers  have  blamed  Cranmer  for  this  compliance; 
none  will  do  so  who  consider  "how  fearfully  and  how  wonderfully  we  :iro 
made"— in  mind  as  well  as  in  body;  how  many  and  urgent  were  the  ii.o- 
tives  to  this  weakness,  how  much  his  mind  was  shaken  by  long  peril  an  1 
imprisonment,  and,  above  all,  who  remember  and  reflect  how  nobly  he 
subsequently  shook  off  all  earthly  motives  "like  dew  drops  from  the  lion's 
mane,"  and  with  what  calm  and  holy  serenity  he  endured  the  last  dread 
tortures. 

Having  induced  Cranmer  privately  to  sign  his  recantation,  the  queen 
now  demanded  that  he  should  (Complete  the  wretched  price  of  his  safety 
by  publicly  making  hia  recantation  at  St.  Paul's  before  the  whole  people, 
l-ven  this  would  not  have  saved  Cranmer.  But,  either  from  his  own 
judgment,  or  from  the  warning  of  some  secret  friend,  Cranmer  perceived 
that  it  WHS  intended  to  send  him  to  execution  the  moment  that  he  should 
thus  have  completed  and  published  his  degradation.  All  his  former  high 
and  courageous  spirit  was  now  again  aroused  within  him ;  and  he  not  only 
refused  to  comply  with  this  new  demand,  but  openly  and  boldly  said  that 
the  only  passage  m  his  life  of  which  he  deeply  and  painfully  Vepented  was, 
that  recantation  which,  in  a  moment  of  natural  weakness,  he  already  had 
been  induced  to  make.  He  now,  he  said,  moat  sincerely  repented  and  dis- 
avowed that  recantation,  and  inasmuch  as  his  hand  had  offended  in  signing 
it,  10  should  his  hand  first  suffer  the  doom  which  only  that  single  weak- 
ncss  and  insincerity  had  made  him  deserving.    The  rage  of  the  court  a;:-* 

'U   ■vrnnhniitn    -it    hnai-imr  u  iiiihlii.    uvnwul    mn   rfiflTMrpnt    from    thilt  winch 


808 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


ihey  expected,  scarcely  left  them  as  much  decency  of  patience  as  would 
allow  them  to  hear  him  to  the  end  of  his  discourse ;  and  the  instant  that 
he  ceased  to  speak  he  was  led  away  to  the  stake. 

True  to  his  promise,  Cranmer  wlien  the  faggots  were  lighted  held  out 
his  hand  into  the  rising  flames  until  it  was  consumed,  repeatedly  exclaim- 
ing  as  he  did  so,  "  This  untoorthy  hand!"  "  TMf  hand  has  offended!"  The 
fierce  flames,  as  they  reached  his  body,  were  not  able  to  subdue  the  sub. 
lime  serenity  to  which  he  had  wrought  his  christian  courage  and  endurance, 
and  as  long  as  his  countenance  was  visible  to  the  appalled  bystanders,  it 
wore  the  character  not  of  agony  but  of  a  holy  sacrifice,  not  of  despair  but 
of  an  assured  and  eternal  hope.  It  is  said  by  some  Protestant  writers  of 
the  time,  that  when  the  sad  scene  was  at  an  end,  his  heart  was  found  eu- 
tire  and  iminjured ;  but  probably  this  assertion  took  its  rise  in  the  singular 
constancy  and  calmness  with  which  the  martyr  died.  Cardinal  Pole,  on 
the  death  of  Cranmer,  was  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  But  though 
this  ecclesiastic  was  a  man  of  great  humanity  as  well  as  of  great  ability, 
and  though  he  was  sincerely  anxious  to  serve  the  great  interests  of  religiop 
i}pt  by  ensnaring  and  destroying  the  unhappy  and  ignorant  laity,  but  by 
elevating  liie  clergy  in  the  moral  and  intellectual  scale,  to  render  them 
more  efficient  in  their  awfully  important  service,  there  were  circumstances 
which  made  his  power  far  inferior  to  his  will.  He  was  personally  disliked 
at  Rome,  where  his  tolerance,  his  learning,  and  his  addiction  to  studious 
retirement,  had  caused  him  to  be  suspected  of,  at  least,  a  leaning  to  the 
new  doctrines. 

A.  D.  1557.— -In  the  midst  of  Mary's  fierce  persecutions  of  her  protestani 
subjects,  she  was  self-tortured  beyond  all  that  she  had  it  in  her  power  to 
inflict  on  others,  and  might  have  asked,  in  the  words  of  the  dying  Inca  to 
his  complaining  soldiers,  "Think  you  that  /,  then,  am  on  a  bed  of  roses T 
War  raged  between  France  and  Spain,  and  next  to  her  desire  firnily  to  re 
establish  Catholicism  in  England,  was  her  desire  to  lavish  the  blood  and 
treasures  of  her  people  on  the  side  of  Spain.     Some  opposition  being  made 
Philip  visited  London,  and  the  queen's  zeal  in  his  cause  was  increased 
instead  of  being,  as  in  the  case  of  a  nobler  spirit  it  would  have  been,  utterly 
destroyed,  by  his  sullen  declaration,  that  if  England  did  not  join  iiim  against 
France,  he  would  see  England  no  more.     Even  this,  however  much  it  af- 
fected the  queen,  did  not  bear  down  the  opposition  to  a  war  which,  as  tht 
clearer-headed  members  discerned,  would  be  intolerably  expensive  in  any 
case,  and,  if  successful,  would  tend  to  make  England  a  mere  dependency 
of  Spain.     Under  the  circumstances,  a  true  English  patriot,  indeed,  must 
have  wished  to  see  Spain  humbled,  not  exalted ;  crippled  in  Us  finances, 
not  enriched.     It  unfortunately  happened,  however,  that  an  attempt  wah 
made  to  seize  Scarborough,  and  Stafford  and  his  fellows  in  this  attempt 
confessed  that  they  were  incited  to  it  by  Henry  of  France.     This  declar- 
ation  culled  up  all  the  dominant  national  antipathy  to  France  ;  the  prudence 
of  the  opposition  was  at  opce  laid  asleep ;   war  was  declared,  and  every 
preparation  that  the  wretched  financial  state  of  England  would  permit, 
was  made  for  carrying  it  on  with  vigour.     By  dint  of  a  renewal  of  the 
most  shameless  and  excessive  extortion,  the  queen  contrived  to  raise  and 
equip  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men,  who  were  sent  to  Flanders  under  the 
earl  of  Pembroke.     To  prevent  disturbances  at  home,  Mary,  in  obedience 
probably  to  the  advice  of  her  cold  and  cruel  husband,  caused  many  of  the 
first  men  in  Englan  J,  from  whom  she  had  any  reason  to  fear  opposition. 
to  be  seized  sr.U  imprisoned  in  places  where  even  their  nearest  friends 
could  not  find  them.  ^  ,  „     .       -.u  i.  . 

The  details  of  the  military  affairs  between  France  and  Spam  with  hei 
English  auxiliaries  belong  to  the  hist«»ry  of  France.  In  this  place  it  may 
•uffice  to  say,  that  the  talents  of  Guise  rendered  all  attempts  useless ;  ana 
-14  that-  s'-i  far  from  bensfitins  PhiUpj  th«  English  lost  Calais,  that  key  w 


C^UKKN    ELIZAUblTU. 


4  ft  ft  V, 


Krance,  of  w 

unpatriotic  h 

was  often  h( 

her  death  "  ( 

But  regrets  \ 

success  by  s 

her  very  froi 

from  an  oner 

Philip  cont 

drawn  from  i 

toration  of  C 

der  a  dropsy, 

after  a  most  vi 

This  miserab 

sole  good,  th< 

this  virtue  mi 

bistorian.    Ai 

But  why]     h 

by  her  tame  ai 

hood,  after  t!»( 

days,  while  it 

ability  of  the 

that  she  could 

protestants  we 

yet  she  no  so( 

tared  her  pror 

and  cruelty  wl 

which  even  ye 

of  the  Blood  r 


A.  D.  1658. — 

disgusted  her  i 

opinions,  that  t 

edand  almost 

been  called  toi 

Heath,  as  chaii 

conclude  ere  bi 

Elizabeth !    Lo 

Deep  and  de; 

queen  to  have  n 

to  a  nation  prov 

Elizabeth,  wh 

field,  where  sht 

Dient;  for,  even 

younger  sister  h 

occasion  to  burs 

•0  the  appearnnc 

abode  in  the  T( 

stances  und«r  w 

when  she  was  a 

her  then  all-pow( 

wees  and  return 

'row  langer,  wh 


-      HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  50O 

was  often  heard  to  say  ^n  the  ZS  .^f  t  ?''''^'  m.sfonune;  and  she 
her  death  "  Calais'' would  be  foKfsih  I  ^  "''onous  gnef,  that,  aftt-r 
But  regrets  were  vain,  and  wisdom  Z^i't^^ll^S  """Ztl  ''""'''"  '."?^»- 
success  bystirrinLr  up  the  Scotch-  an  w,^.h  1  u  * '^"^6  improved  hej 
her  veiy  frontier,  EnSand  was  obliirpri  ;.!^ r^,"""*'/  .1^"««''  threatening 
from  an  onerous  warfare?  wS  she  had  mn,f^^  *"''  f '^""^  *"*  withdraw 

Philip  continued  the  v^;r  for  some  tfmer.rr'V'^X*^'!'''''^''  "P""- 
drawn  from  it;  and  he  was  nelSin^  !."!L^"^  ^"^.^^^  ^"^^'^^^y  with- 
loration  of  Ca Lis  as  onrof  its  condSL /IT^  "^J,^  '""f  ^'"^  "P«n  ^^e  res- 
der  a  dropsy,  was  seS  witl  Sa  Sines  a"nJ*!;'^A^°"'^''*'"""ff  ""' 
after  a  most  wretched  and  SschSvous  re  "n  „fT^^  ^'^^'  '"  'i",^  ^'^^  1^88, 
This  miserable  woman  h™  beerailowi?lth/'^^^y*'"^/'?** '^°"  months. 

sole  good,  the  one  oasis tthrd"arfd:stt'o?  he  "characlT^K  ^  "^^ 

£;rir  Ts'a^roriSdSirr '-  ^-^'^^oterb^The  zs 

But  why?    Her  SSuy  Snd  dUnotil T  "  T"'  """^^^  ^V  in«ncerity, 

byher  tame  and  aghSKttXvP^n'"*  too  completely  unresisted 

hood,  after  the  ve?y  firet'^days  of  l^^r  dirrLTrT  '^"'" "'"  l?"'"^'««  "^  f^l««- 

days,  while  it  was  yet  unSfa°n  vvheth/r  «hf "'  'f^^""  •  ^"f  •"  ">«««  ««« 

ability  of  the  ambitfourS  uSpJnSoJed  N-th^  '»f"-'*  '^  '"'^"  """^ 
that  she  could  use  guile  where  C  £     Northumberland,  she  proved 

Protestants  were  in  many^Sses  JolSntrv  ^nT^\  "?'"  P'-'^Tes  »»  the 
yet  ste  no  sooner  grasL'^iJ:  s^X'TrmJy  hir'hand'V'Jn  ^^''^V 
tered  her  prom  ses  to  the  winds  and  pnmmL  "  .u  .  '  ^"*"  *h®  scat- 
and  cruelty  which  has  for  TvS  affixed  TnTf*^  ""**  u°""«  "'"  ''•^o'T 


IS?  i  ;I 

,'U 


'  CHAPTER  XLVI. 

THE    REION   or    ELIZABETH. 

d-B^ef  h';7s'uVect7'a^^^^^^^^  T^'  f '^n  of  Ma.^ 

opinions,  that  the  accession  of  Enzabeth  ^ThSLJjui"^  ^'  '""eious 
edand  almost  too  great  to  havrheenh^nLf    ^^?  ^^*'^'"«'' »na»oy. 

qu?en'^ol^era;e"dSd?a:ian?c^r  i^  ^'^T^^  9^  the  deceased 

fieS' wtre-  rhe^hatrs^e  l?rTsf  Sii  '^^  f^^^^' ''^"'^  -«  "^  ««»■ 
ment ;  for,  even  to  the  last  Crvl?.H?h^^^'i'fl!^^        ^"'^  «'"««  fetire 
younger  sister  had  suffered  no  abaLmen^    Y  ^''  '"J*''^"''^  «?»*"«'  her 
occasion  to  burst  LtTfatarviolencpivh"'*  required  only  the  slightest 
w  the  appearance  of  monrn  nT.K  ^'i^'i  "''^  ^ad  devoted  a  few  days 

abode  if  the  Tower     Th«  /«n,p^  proceeded  to  London  and  took  up  he? 
bailees  under  S  sHp  hf/r ^'"'7^"-^-  ""i  '^e  very  different  circu.n 
when  she  wa^a  p^ter   ani  he"r  lU''"'^'^  '^'^  blood-stained  fortrei" 
her  then  all-power?uiSr«ff«J^!HK^  '"  '^"''^t'  '^'■"'"  '^e  malignity  01 
knees  and  retumel  .h^nto  '  ^^"'^  ^'l.  h"  fo  much,  that  she  fell  upon  her 


'1 


510 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


in  the  de»  of  lions.  Her  immediately  subsequent  conduct  showed  that 
her  heart  was  properly  affected  by  tlie  emotions  which  called  forth  this  act 
of  piety.  She  had  been  much  injured  and  much  insulted  during  the  life 
of  her  sister ;  for  such  was  the  hateful  and  petty  cast  of  Mary's  mind, 
that  there  were  few  readier  ways  to  win  her  favour  than  by  insult  or  in- 
jury to  the  then  friendless  daug;hter  of  Anne  Boleyn.  But  Elizabeth  now 
seemed  determined  only  to  remember  the  past  in  her  thankfulness  for  hej 
complete  and  almost  miraculous  deliverance  from  danger.  She  allowed 
neither  word  nor  glance  to  express  resentment,  even  to  those  who  had 
most  injured  her.  Sir  H.  Bedingfield,  who  had  for  a  considerable  time 
been  her  host,  and  who  had  both  harshly  and  disrespectfully  caused  her 
to  feel  that,  though  nominally  his  guest  and  ward,  'she  was  in  reality  his 
jealously-watched  prisoner,  might  very  reasonably  have  expected  a  cold 
if  not  a  stern  reception;  but  even  this  man  she  received  with  affability 
when  he  first  presented  himself,  and  never  afterwards  inflicted  any  severei 
punishment  upon  him  than  a  good-humoured  sarcasm.  The  sole  cast 
m  which  she  manifested  a  feeling  of  dislike  was  that  of  the  brutal  anc 
blood-stained  Bonner,  from  whom,  while  she  addressed  all  the  otbei 
bishops  with  almost  affectionate  cordiality,  she  turned  away  with  an  ex- 
pressive and  well-warranted  appearance  of  horror  and  disgust. 

As  soon  as  the  necessary  attention  to  her  private  affairs  would  allow 
her,  t^ie  new  queen  sent  off  messengers  to  foreign  courts  to  announce  her 
sister's  death  and  her  own  accession.  The  envoy  to  4'hilip,  who  at  this 
time  was  in  Flanders,  was  the  lord  Cobhara,  who  was  ordered  to  return 
the  warmest  thanks  of  his  royal  mistress  for  tlie  protection  he  had  afforded 
her  when  she  so  much  needed  it,  and  to  express  her  sincere  and  earnest 
desire  that  their  friendship  might  continue  unbroken.  The  friendly  ear- 
nestness of  Elizabeth's  message  strengthened  Philip  in  a  determination  he 
had  made  even  during  the  illness  of  Mary,  of  whose  early  death  he  could 
not  but  have  been  expectant,  and  he  immediately  instructed  his  ambassa- 
dor to  the  court  of  London  to  offer  the  hand  of  Philip  to  Elizabeth. 
Blinded  by  his  eager  desire  to  obtain  that  dominion  over  England  which 
his  marriage  with  Mary  had  failed  to  secure,  Philip  forgot  that  there 
wen;  many  objections  to  this  measure;  objections  which  he,  indeed, 
would  easily  have  overlooked,  but  which  the  sagacious  Elizabeth  could 
not  fa  1  to  notice.  As  a  catholic,  Philip  was  necessarily  disliked  by  the 
protestants  who  had  so  lately  tasted  of  catholic  persecution  in  its  worst 
form ;  as  a  Spaniard,  he  was  cordially  detested  by  Englishmen  of  either 
creed.  But  apart  from  and  beyond  these  weighty  objections,  which  of 
themselves  would  have  been  fatal  to  his  pretensions,  he  stood  in  precisely 
the  same  relationship  to  Elizabeth  that  her  father  had  stood  in  to  Cath 
arine  of  Arragon,  and  in  marrying  Philip,  Elizabeth  would  virtually,  and 
in  a  manner  which  the  world  would  surely  not  overlook,  pronounce  hex 
mother's  marriage  illegal  and  her  own  birth  illegitimate.  This  last  con- 
sideration alone  would  have  decided  Elizabeth  against  Philip;  but  while 
in  her  heart  she  was  fully  and  irrevocably  determined  never  to  marry  him, 
she  even  thus  early  brought  into  use  that  duplicity  for  which  she  was 
at'terwards  as  remarkable  as  for  her  higher  and  nobler  qualities,  and  sent 
liim  80  equivocal  and  undecided  an  answer,  that,  so  far  from  despairing 
of  success,  Philip  actually  sent  to  Rome  to  solicit  the  dispensation  that 
would  be  necessary. 

With  her  characteristic  prudence,  Elizabeth,  through  her  ambassador  at 
Rome,  announced  her  accession  to  the  pope.  That  exalted  personage 
was  grieved  at  the  early  death  of  Mary,  not  only  as  it  deprived  Rome  o' 
the  benefit  of  her  bigotry,  but  as  it  made  way  for  a  princess  who  was 
already  looked  up  to  with  pride  and  confidence  by  the  protestants :  and 
he  suffered  his  double  vexation  to  manifest  itself  with  a  very  indiscreet 
cncrrv.     He  treated  Flizabeth's  assumption  of  the  crown  without  his 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


611 


permission  as  being  doubljr  wrong ;  wrong,  as  treating  witn  disrespect 
the  holy  see,  to  which  he  still  deemed  England  subject,  and  wrong,  as  the 
holy  see  had  pronounced  her  birth  illegitimate.     This  sort  of  conduct 
was  by  no  means  calculated  to  succeed  with  Elizabeth;  she  immediately 
recalled  her  ambassador  from  Rome,  and  only  pursued  her  course  with 
the  more  resolved  and  open  vigour.    She  recalled  home  all  who  had  been 
exded,  and  set  at  liberty  all  who  had  been  imprisoned  for  their  religious 
opimons  during  the  reign  of  her  sister;  she  caused  the  greater  part  of 
the  service  to  be  performed  in  English,  and  she  forbade  the  elevation  of 
the  host  m  her  own  chapel,  which  she  set  up  as  the  standard  for  all  other 
places  of  worship.    But,  always  cool  and  cautious,  Elizabeth,  while  she 
Jid  thus  much  and  thus  judiciously  to  favour  the  reformers,  did  not  nec- 
'ect  to  discourage  those  who  not  only  would  have  fain  outstripped  her  in 
advancing  reform,  but  even  have  inflicted  upon  the  Romanists  some  of 
the  persecutions  of  which  they  themselves  had  complained.    On  occasion 
of  a  petition  being  presented  to  her,  it  was  said,  in  that  partly  quaint  and 
partly  argumentative  style  which  in  that  age  was  so  greatly  affected,  that 
having  graciously  released  so  many  other  prisoners,  it  was  to  be  hoped 
that  she  would  receive  a  petition  for  the  release  of  Matthew,  Mark,  Luke 
and  John.    Being  as  yet  undetermined  as  to  the  extent  to  which  it  would 
be  desirable  to  permit  or  encourage  the  reading  of  the  Scriptures,  she 
readily  replied,  that  previous  to  doing  so  she  must  consult  those  prison- 
ers,  and  learn  whether  they  desired  their  liberty.    To  preaching  she  was 
never  a  great  friend;  one  or  two  preachers,  she  was  wont  to  say,  were 
enough  for  a  whole  county.    And,  at  this  early  period  of  her  reign,  she 
deemed  that  the  indiscreet  zeal  of  many  of  the  most  noted  of  the  pro- 
testant  preachers  was  calculated  to  promote  that  very  persecution  of  the 
Romanists  which  she  was  especially  anxious  to  avoid ;  and  she,  conse- 
quently, forbade  all  preaching  save  by  special  license,  and  took  care  to 
grant  licenses  only  to  men  of  discretion  and  moderation,  from  whose 
preaching  no  evil  was  to  be  apprehended. 

The  parliament  M'as  very  early  employed  in  passing  laws  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  recently  erected  monasteries,  and  restoring  the  alien- 
ated  tenths  and  first  fruits  to  the  ci-own.  Sundry  other  laws  were  passed 
chiefly  relating  to  religion;  but  those  laws  will  be  sufficiently  under- 
stood by  those  who  have  attentively  accompanied  us  thus  far,  when  we 
Bay,  that  they,  substantially,  abolisht  1  all  that  Mary  had  done,  and  re- 
stored all  that  she  had  abrogated  of  the  laws  of  Edward. 

The  then  bishops,  owing  everything  to  her  sister  and  to  Catholicism, 
were  so  greatly  offended  by  these  clear  indications  of  her  intended 
course,  that  they  refused  to  officiate  at  her  coronation,  and  it  was  not 
without  some  difficulty  that  the  bishop  of  Carlisle  was  at  length  pre- 
vailed upon  to  perform  the  ceremony. 

The  most  prudent  and  effectual  steps  having  thus  been  taken  to  se- 
cure the  protestant  interests  without  in  any  degree  awakening  or  en- 
couraging whatever  there  might  be  of  protestant  bigotry,  and  to  despoil 
ne  Komamsts  of  what  they  had  violently  acquired  without  driving  them 
w  desperation,  the  queen  caused  a  solemn  disputation  to  be  held  before 
Hacon,  whom  she  had  made  lord  keeper,  between  the  protestant  and  the 
Komanist  divines.  The  latter  were  vanquished  in  argument,  but  were 
too  obstinate  to  confess  it ;  and  some  of  them  were  so  refractory  that 
wag  deemed  necessary  to  imprison  them.  Having  been  thus  far  tri- 
umphant, the  protestants  proceeded  to  their  ultimate  and  most  important 
«ep;  and  a  bill  was  passed  by  which  the  mass  was  abolished,  and  (!.« 
liturgy  of  King  Edward  re-established;  and  penalties  were  enacted 
against  all  who  should  either  absent  themselves  from  worship  or  depart 
rora  the  order  here  laid  down.  Before  the  conclusion  of  the  session, 
ne  parliament  gave  a  still  farther  nroof  of  its  attachment  tn  th* 


h«>    niiitnn. 


512 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  of  its  desire  to  aid  her  in  her  desi},Mis,  by  voting  her  a  subsidy  of 
four  shillings  in  the  pound  on  land,  and  two-and-eight-pence  on  goods 
with  two  fifteenths.     Well  knowing  all  the  dangers  of  a  disputed  s\'x 
cession,  the  parliament  at  the  same  time  petitioiied  iier  to  ohoose  a  Ims 
bund.     But  the  queen,  though  slie  acjinowledired  that  the  petition  whs 
couched  in  terms  so  general  and  so  respectful  that  she  could  not  take 
any  offence  at  it,  protested  that,  always  undesirous  of  changing  her  con- 
ditton,  she  was  anxious  only  to  be  the  wife  of  England  and  the  mother 
of  the  English,  and  had  no  higher  ambition  than  to  have  for  her  epitaph, 
"  Here  lies  Elizabeth,  who  lived  and  died  a  maiden  queen." 

A.  D.  1559. — The  parliament  just  prorogued  had,  as  we  have  shown,  got 
through  a  vast  deal  of  important  business  in  the  session ;  but  though  that 
was  the  first  session  of  a  new  reign,  a  reign,  too,  immediately  following  one 
in  which  such  horrors  of  tyrannous  cruelty  had  been  enacted,  it  is  to  be  re- 
marked, to  the  praise  of  the  moderation  of  both  queen  and  parliament,  that 
not  a  single  bill  of  attainder  was  passed,  though  some  attaints  by  former 
parliaments  were  mercifully  or  justly  removed. 

While  the  queen  had  been  thus  wisely  busy  at  home,  she  had  been  im 
less  active  abroad.  Sensible  that  her  kingdom  required  a  long  season  of 
repose  to  enable  it  to  regain  its  power,  she  ordered  her  ambassadors. 
Lord  Effingham  and  the  bishop  of  Ely,  to  conclude  peace  with  France  on 
any  termsn  and  peace  was  accordingly  concluded.  But  as  the  marria|rp 
of  Henry  and  Anne  Boleyn  had  been  concluded  in  open  opposition  to 
Rome,  France  chose  to  deem  Elizabeth  wrongfully  seated  upon  tlie 
throne ;  and  the  duke  of  Guise  and  his  brothers,  seeing  that  Mary,  queen 
of  Scots,  the  wife  of  the  dauphin,  would— supposing  Elizabeth  out  of  the 
question— be  the  rightful  heir,  persuaded  the  king  of  France  to  order  his 
son  and  his  daughter-in-law  to  assume  both  the  title  and  the  arms  of 
England.  The  death  of  Henry  of  France  at  a  tournament  not  being  fol- 
lowed by  any  abandonment  on  the  part  of  Mary  and  her  husband,  then 
Francis  11.  of  France,  of  this  most  unwarrantable  and  insulting  assump- 
tion, Elizabeth  was  stung  into  the  commencement  of  that  deadly  hatred 
which  subsequently  proved  so  fata!  to  the  fairer  but  less  prudent  Mary  ol 

Scotland.  ....  .  .•  l 

A.  D.  15G1.— Tbe  situation  of  Scotland  and  the  circumstances  which 
occurred  there  at  this  period  will  be  found  in  all  necessary  detail  under 
the  proper  head.  It  will  suffice  to  say,  here,  that  the  theological  and  civil 
disputes  that  raged  fiercely  among  the  turbulent  and  warlike  nobility  ol 
Scotland  and  their  respective  followers,  plunged  that  country  into  a  slate 
of  confusion,  which  encouraged  Elizabeth  in  her  hope  of  extorting  from 
Mary,  now  a  widow,  a  clear  and  satisfactory  abandonment  of  heras8um[)« 
tion ;  an  abandonment  which,  iiKhuid,  had  been  made  for  her  by  a  treaty 
at  Edinburgli,  which  treaty  Elizabeth  now,  through  Throgmorton,  liei 
ambassador,  demanded  that  Mary  should  ratify.  But  wilfulness  and  a 
certain  petty  womanly  pique  determined  Mary  to  refuse  this,  although 
immediately  on  the  death  of  her  husband  she  had  laid  aside  both  the  title 

and  the  arms  of  queen  of  England.      

Mary's  residence  in  France,  meanwhile,  had  become  very  disaBfrecahit 
to  her  from  the  ill-offlces  of  the  queen  mothor,  and  she  resolved  to  com- 
ply with  the  invitation  of  the  states  of  Scolland  to  return  to  that  kingdoiii 
Klio  accordingly  ordered  her  ambassador,  D'Oisel,  to  apply  to  Elizabeth 
for  a  safe  condu<'.t  thnmgh  England ;  but  Elizabeth,  through  Throgmorton, 
refuseil  cumpliaiice  witli  that  r.'*iucst,  except  on  condition  of  .n.iry  «  rat* 
ification  of  the  treaty  of  Edinburgh.  Mary  remonstrated  in  fcvcre  though 
-huHteiied  terms,  and  immediatoly  determined  upon  proceeding  to  Scot- 
land by  sea,  for  which  purpose  she  embarked  at  Calais.     Elizabeth  at  the 

•;•"••.  Hei'.t  out  cruisers^  uBlcnsiblv  to  Dursu«  niratoa,  but,  as  itslioiilu 

leeni,  with  the  iiiteuiiou  oi"  seizing  upon  the  person  of  Mary,  who,  how- 


HISTORY   or  THE   WORLD.  513 

ever,  passed  througn  the  English  sauadron  in  a  fog,  and  arrived  safely  at 
Leith.  But  though  safe,  Mary  was  far  from  happy.  She  had  loved  France 
with  even  more  than  a  native's  love,  and  only  ceased  to  gaze  upon  its  re- 
eeding  shores  when  they  were  hidden  by  the  darkness  of  night.  The 
manners  of  the  French  were  agreeable  to  her;  she  had  become,  as  it  were 
"native  and  to  the  manor  born,"  in  that  land  of  gaiety  and  frivolity ;  and 
all  that  she  heard  of  the  stern  harsh  bigotry  of  the  predominant  party  in 
Scotland,  led  her  to  anticipate  nothing  but  the  most  wearisome  and  "mel- 
ancholy feelings.  Her  youth,  her  beauty,  her  many  accomplishments, 
and,  above  all,  the  novelty  of  seeing  their  sovereign  once  more  among 
them,  caused  the  Scots  to  give  her  a  most  joyful  and  affectionate  recep- 
tion. Her  first  measures  were  well  calculated  to  confirm  the  favourable 
opinion  which  her  people  appeared  to  entertain.  She  gave,  at  leasl  osten 
gibly,  all  her  confidence  and  nearly  all  her  attention  to  the  leaders  of  the 
reformed  party,  who,  indeed,  had  now  complete  power  over  the  great 
mass  of  the  Scottish  people.  Secretary  Liddington  and  her  brother,  Lord 
James,  whom  she  created  earl  of  Murray,  ably  seconded  her  endeavours 
to  introduce  something  like  order  into  that  land  so  long  and  so  grievously 
torn  by  faction  and  strife,  and  as  the  measures  taken  were  at  once  firm 
and  conciliatory,  everything  seemed  to  promise  success. 

But  there  was,  amidst  all  this  seeming  promise  of  better  times,  one 
fatal  element  which  rendered  her  success  nearly  impossible.  Bigotry  ir 
England  was  personified  mildness  and  moderation,  compared  to  the  in- 
tense and  envenomed  bigotry  which  at  that  time  existed^in  Scotland, 
Mary  on  her  first  entrance  into  Scotland  had  issued  an  order  that  nvery 
one  should  submit  to  the  reformed  religion.  But  she  herself  was  still  a 
papist ;  and  acarcoly  was  the  first  joy  of  her  arrival  subsided  when  the 
reformed  preachers  began  to  denounce  her  on  that  account.  The  celcbra- 
Hon  of  catiiolic  rites  in  her  own  chapel  would  have  been  sternly  refused 
her  by  the  zealous  preachers  and  their  zealous  followers,  had  not  the  mul- 
titude been  induced  to  side  by  her  in  that  matter,  for  fear  of  her  returnmg 
to  France  in  disgust.  But  even  that  consideration  did  not  prevent  the 
preachers  and  some  of  their  followers  from  proceeding  to  tlie  most  out- 
rageous lengths  ;  and  this  single  consideration  suflicedto  throw  the  whole 
Scottish  people  into  confusion  and  uneasiness. 

Wisely  chary  of  expense,  and  profoundly  politic,  Klizahctli  saw  that 
the  bigotry  of  Mary's  subjects  would  find  that  princess  other  einplnyineiu 
than  that  of  making  any  attempt  to  disturb  tiio  peace  of  Knglaml.  She 
therefore  turned  her  attention  to  improving  tlie  arts,  commerce,  navy,  and 
artillery  of  Kngland  ;  and  with  so  much  judgment,  and  with  su(rh  great  as 
well  as  rapid  success,  that  she  well  merited  the  title  that  was  hoslowod 
iipon  her,  of  "the  restorer  of  naval  glory  and  queen  of  the  northern  seas." 
Her  spirit  and  prudence  had  naturally  enough  cn(;ouraq;ed  fttreign  princes 
(0  believe,  that  though  she  had  in  some  sort  pK  Iged  herself  to  a  maiden 
hfe,  It  was  not  inipossihlo  to  dissuade  her  from  persevering  ir.  that  rcso- 
iution.  The  arciiduke  Charles,  second  son  of  the  emperor ;  Casiniir,  son 
of  the  elector  palatine;  Kric,  king  of  Sweden;  AdoIph,duke  of  llolstoin  ; 
and  the  earl  of  Arrnu,  presumptive  heir  to  the  crown  of  Scotland,  were 
among  the  suitors  for  her  hand.  Nor  wore  there  wanting  asfiirants  to  thai 
niffh  and  envied  honour  even  among  her  own  mibjects.  The  carl  of  Arun- 
«t!l,  though  old  enough  to  bo  her  father,  and  Sir  William  Pickering  wore 
among  those  who  flattered  themselves  with  hope;  as  was  Lord  Holwrt 
Uuflloy,  n  son  of  the  ambiticuis  duke  of  Northumberland,  beheaded  in  the 
feign  of  Murv  ;  and  as  the  (iiio  person  and  showy  tccomnlishineius  of  iIiin 
Mi  caused  the  qtieen  to  treat  him  with  more  favour  and  oonfldenco  than 
W«  actual  talents  seemed  to  warrant  from  so  acuta  a  iudHO  of  men's  iner- 

Itli  na  Klivulxifl.  ;,  ......  f «  •: ii„  ;.„_"._  j  ..     .•_ 

■•■  ;••  ■•:   -•-:::-  -::::■:;  rtrtj-  f;r::.  r:x::y  :;::::^iiiCa  JflSi  fit    Wiit. 

a  lavoured  lover.     But  the  queen  answered  all  addreises  with  a  refusuJ, 
Vol.  I 33 


iS  f 


i:lif  '.^^ 


I 


514 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


and  yet  not  such  a  refusal  as  to  utterly  destroy  that  feeling  of  attachment 
which  was  so  useful  to  her  as  a  queen,  and— can  we  doubt  it !— so  agree- 
ablo  as  well  as  flattering  to  her  as  a  wonjani  But  though  Elizabeth  ap. 
poared  to  be  decidedly  disinclined  to  marriage,  nothing  appeared  to  offend 
her  more  than  the  marriage  of  any  who  had  pretensions  to  succeed  her. 
A  remarkable  instance  of  this  occurred  in  the  case  of  the  lady  CatheriiiP 
Gray,  youngest  sister  of  the  hapless  lady  Jane.  This  lady  married,  in 
second  nuptials,  the  earl  of  Hertford,  son  of  the  protector  Somerset,  and, 
the  lady  proving  pregnant,  Elizabeth  confined  both  husband  and  wife  in 
the  Tower,  where  they  remained  for  nine  years.  At  the  end  of  that  time 
the  countess  died,  and  then  the  queen  at  length  gave  the  persecuted  earl 

A.  D.  1562. — Besides  all  considerations  of  his  personal  and  ineradicable 
bigotry,  Philip  of  Spain  had  yet  another  motive  for  fulfilling  the  vow 
which,  on  escaping  from  a  violent  tempest,  he  had  made,  to  do  all  that  in 
him  lay  for  the  extirpation  of  heresy.     Of  that  "  heresy"  Elizabeth,  by 
the  common  consent  not  only  of  her  own  subjects  but  of  the  prolestaaU 
of  all  Europe,  was  looked  upon  as  the  child  and  champion ;  and  her  rejec- 
tion of  Philip's  hand,  and  her  consequent  bafliing  of  all  his  hopes  of  ob- 
taining sway  over  England,  had  excited  his  gloomy  and  vindictive  nature 
to  a  tierce  and  personal  hatred.    In  every  negotiation,  under  every  circum- 
stance, he  made  his  hatred  to  the  queen  appear  in  his  virulent  and  obsti- 
nate opposition  to  the  interests  of  England.    Not  content  with  the  most 
violent  persecution  of  the  -protestants  wherever  his  own  authority  could 
be  stretched  to  reach  them,  he  lent  his  aid  to  the  queen  mother  of  France. 
That  aid  so  fearfully  turned  the  scale  against  the  French  Huguenots,  that 
their  chivalrous  leader,  the'  prince  of  Cond6,  was  fain  to  apply  for  aid  to 
the  prolestant  queen  of  England.    Though  during  the  whole  of  her  long 
and  glorious  reign,  Elizabeth  was  wisely  chary  of  involving  herself  in 
ffreat  expenses,  the  cause  of  protestantism  would  probably  of  itself  have 
been  too  dear  to  her  to  allow  of  her  hesitating.    But  the  prince  of  Condfi 
appealed  to  her  interest  as  well  as  to  her  religious  sympathies.    1  he  Hu- 
ffuenota  possessed  nearly  the  whole  of  Normandy  ;  and  Cond6  proffered 
to  give  Elizabeth  possession  of  Huvre-de-Grace,  on  condition  that  she 
should  put  a  garrison  of  three  thousand  men  into  that  place,  send  three 
thousand  men  to  garrison  Dieppe  and  Ilonen,  and  supply  money  to  the 
amount  of  a  hundred  thousand  crowns.     The  offer  was  tempting.     1  rue 
h  was  that  the  Froiich  were  by  treaty  bound  to  restore  Calais,  but  there 
were  many  reasons  for  doubting  whether  that  agreement  would  be  fuini- 
led      Possessed  of  Havre,  and  thus  commanding  the  month  of  the  Seine, 
Enjrland  would  be  the  more  likely,  to  be  able  to  command  ihc  rnBtituiion 
of  Calais ;  the  offer  of  Cond6  was  accordingly  accepted.    Havre  and 
Dieppe  were  immediately  garrisoned,  but  the  latter  place  was  spcortily 
found  to  bo  untenable,  and  evacuated  accordingly.   To  Houf  n  the  ciitliolics 
were  laying  siege,  and  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  Poyniiigs  threw  in 
a  small  reinforcement  of  English  to  aid  the  Huguenot  garrison,     rhus 
aided  the  H.ijfuenots  fought  bravely  and  well,  liut  were  at  Iniigth  over- 
powered  and  put  to  the  sword.    About  the  same  lime  three  Ihousaivl  more 
Eimlish  arrived  to  the  support  of  Havre,  under  the  command  of  the  oar 
of  Warwick,  eldest  brother  of  the  Lord  Robert  Dudley.     With  tiu».  a'_ 
and  a  second  sum  of  a  hundred  thousand  crowns,  llio  Huguenots,  though 
severely  beaten  near  Dreiix,  where  Condi  and  Montmorency  were  taken 
prisoners  by  iho  catholics,  still  kept  well  together,  and  even  took  some 
nonsiderable  towns  in  Normandy.  ... 

A.  D.  1563.— How  sincerely  desirous  Elizabeth  was  of  effectually  am  no 
Ihfl  Huguenots  will  appear  from  the  fact  that,  while  she  had  »»'»  «"'«  ^ 
.'!,.m  with  a  immeroua  body  of  admirable  troops  and  with  two  hundred 
tiiouiinil  crowns,  an  weU  »•  proffered  her  bond  for  anoihBr  nui.urw  ipou 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


516 


ficnJ  ii  merchants  could  be  found  to  lend  the  amount,  she  was  now  so 
poor  that  she  was  obliged  to  summon  a  parliament  uiid  demand  assistance. 
This  demand  led  to  a  renewal  of  the  parliament's  request  that  she  would 
marry.  She  had  been  dangerously  ill  of  the  small-pox,  and  her  peril  had 
re-awakened  all  the  national  terrors  of  the  evils  inseparable  from  a  dis- 
puted succession.  The  parliament,  consequently,  now  added  to  its  peti- 
tion, that  she  would  marry,  the  alternative,  that  she  would  at  least  cause 
her  successor  to  be  clearly  and  finally — save  in  the  event  of  her  marrying 
and  having  issue — named  by  an  act  of  parliament. 

Nothing  could  have  been  less  agreeable  to  the  queen  than  this  petition. 
Lhe  well  knew  the  claim  of  Mary  of  Scotland,  and  shrewdly  judgrH  that 
the  being  named  as  her  successor  would  not  dimmish  the  iiiclin'ation  ui 
that  queen  to  give  her  disturbance.  On  the  other  hand,  to  deny  that  claim 
and  to  decide  in  favour  of  the  house  of  Suffolk,  would  be  to  incite  Mary 
to  instant  enmity,  and  at  the  same  time  to  create  in  another  quarter  the 
itnpatience,  rarely  unmixed  with  enmity,  of  the  declared  successor.  In 
this  dilemma  she  acted  with  her  usual  caution  and  policy;  gave  the  par- 
liament  to  understand  that  she  had  by  no  means  irrevocably  made  up  her 
mind  against  marriage,  and  assured  them,  in  general  terms,  that  she  could 
not  die  with  any  satisfaction  until  she  had  settled  the  succession  on  solid 
and  satisfactory  foundations. 

Tiie  parliament,  sincerely  attached  to  the  queen,  and,  besides,  well 
«ware  that  her  temper  would  but  ill  bear  aught  that  bore  the  appearance 
of  importunity  or  of  dictation,  was  obliged  to  be  contented,  or  seemingly 
go,  with  this  reply ;  and  proceeded  to  busy  itself  in  passing  needlessly 
severe  laws  against  the  catholics,  and  ridiculously  severe  laws  against 
those  imaginary  and  impossible  offenders,  witches  and  wizards.  A  sub- 
sidy and  two  fifteenths,  and  a  subsidy  of  six  shillings  in  the  pound,  the 
last  to  be  paid  in  three  years,  were  then  voted  tu  the  queen,  and  parlie- 
tnetit  WHS  again  prorogued. 

After  long  and  mutually  cruel  butcheries  the  French  Huguenots  and 
catholics  came  to  an  agreement.  An  amnesty  and  partial  toleration  of 
the  Huguenots  was  published  by  the  court,  and  Cond6  was  reinstated  in 
his  appointments.  To  the  great  discredit  of  this  gallant  leader,  his  own 
and  his  party's  interests  were  never  attended  to  by  him,  almost  to  the 
entire  forgetfulness  of  his  agreements  made  with  Elizabeth  when  she 
so  nobly  and  liberally  assisted  him.  He  stipulated,  indeed,  that  she  should 
be  repaid  her  expenses,  but  in  return  she  was  to  give  up  Havre,  and  trust, 
a«  before,  for  the  restitution  of  Calais  to  that  treaty  which  the  French  had 
so  evidenlly  resolved  upon  breaking.  Enraged  at  Condi's  breach  of  faith, 
and  believing  the  possession  of  Havre  to  bo  her  best  if  not  her  sole 
ieeurity  for  the  restitution  of  Calais,  Elizabeth  rejected  these  terms  with 
disdain,  and  sent  orders  to  the  carl  of  Warwick  to  take  every  precaution 
to  defend  Havre  from  the  attacks  of  the  now  united  French. 

Warwick,  in  obedience  to  these  orders,  expelled  all  French  from  that 
place,  and  prepared  to  defend  himself  against  a  large  French  army,  en- 
couniged  by  the  presence  of  the  queen  mother,  the  king,  the  constable  of 
France,  and  Gondii  himself.  But  the  courage,  vigour  and  ability  of  WuN 
wick,  which  promised  to  baffle  all  attempts  upon  Havre,  or  at  least  to 
make  it  a  right  dear  purchase  to  the  enemy,  were  counterbalanced  by  th« 
breaking'  out  among  his  men  of  a  most  fatal  and  pestilential  sickness. 
(Seeing  tliem  die  daily  of  this  terrible  disease,  which  was  much  aggravated 
by  the  great  scarcity  of  provisions,  Warwick  urgently  demanded  a  rein- 
forcement and  supplies  from  F<ngland.  But  theno  being  withheld,  and  the 
French  having  succeeded  in  milking  two  practical  breaches,  the  earl  had 
no  altorimtiv«  but  to  capitulate,  and  he  was  obliged  to  surrender  the  place 
-^"•Ts  ;;:r  swis  Cuiiuiiion  oi  uFiiiK  niiu«v6u  iUB  rtiin  iais  i:i>ii(IUOt  fiii  nw 
tf«H)ps.    He  hkd  hardly  surrendered  when  a  reinforcement  of  threa  thou- 


'I 


/  ^k%i 


5ie 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


sand  men  arrived  from  England  under  Lord  Clinton,  but,  besides  that  they 
were  too  late,  they  also  were  suffering  under  the  plague  which  at  that 

Kriod  raged  in  England.  As  a  consequence  of  the  loss  of  Havre,  Rliza- 
th  was  glad  to  consent  to  restore  the  hostages  given  by  France  for  the 
restitution  of  Calais,  on  receiving  two  hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
crowns;  but  it  w«8  stipulated  that  nothing  in  this  transaction  should  be 
held  to  prejudice  the  claim  of  either  nation. 

Though  ill  reality  the  hatred  and  jealousy  that  subsisted  between  Eliz- 
abeth and  Mary  queen  of  Scots  were  bitter  and  constant,  nothing  of  quairel 
bad  as  yet  been  openly  allowed  to  appear.  They  corresponded  weMy 
and  assumed  quite  a  sisterly  tone  of  affection.  So  far  was  this  deceptive 
conduct  carried  on  the  part  of  Elizabeth,  that  Hales,  a  lawyer,  having 
published  a  book  opposing  the  title  of  Mary  as  Elizabeth's  successor,  was 
fined  and  imprisoned ;  and  Bacon,  the  lord  keeper,  on  the  mere  suspicion 
of  having  encouraged  that  publication,  was  visited  for  some  time  with  the 
queen's  displeasure.  An  mterview  was  even  appointed  to  take  place  be- 
tween the  two  queens  at  York,  but  Elizabeth,  probably  not  very  anxious 
to  let  her  subjects  see  Mary's  superiority  of  personal  beauty,  pleaded 
public  affairs,  and  the  meeting  was  abandoned. 

A  new  source  of  care  arose  for  Elizabeth.  Mary,  young  and  lovely, 
and  of  ivo  frigid  temperament,  was  naturally  not  disinclined  to  a  second 
inairiage  ;  and  her  uncle's  restless  ambition  would  scarcely  have  allowed 
her  to  remain  unmarried  even  had  she  been  so.  To  prevent  Mary's  mar- 
riage was  obviously  not  in  Elizabeth's  power ;  but  as  she,  at  least,  imd 
the  power  of  getting  her  formally  excluded  from  the  English  succession, 
she  thought  it  not  so  impossible  in  the  first  instance  to  procrastinate 
Mary's  choice,  and  then  to  cause  it  to  fall  on  the  least  likely  person  to  aid 
and  encourage  her  in  any  attempts  prejudicial  to  England.  With  tliis 
view  she  raised  objections,  now  of  one  and  now  of  another  sort,  aijuinst 
the  aspirants  to  Mary's  ..and,  and  at  length  named  Lord  Robert  Dudley, 
her  own  subject,  and,  as  some  thought,  her  own  unfavoured  suitor,  as  tlie 
person  upon  whom  it  would  be  most  agreeable  to  her  that  Mary's  choice 
shotild  fall.  ,  , ,     , 

The  Lord  Robert  Dudley— as  the  reader  has  hitherto  known  him,  but 
who  had  now  been  created  earl  of  Leicester— was  handsome,  prcally  and 
generally  accomplished,  and  possessed  the  art  of  flattery  in  its  utmost 
perfection ;  an  art  to  which,  far  more  than  to  his  solid  merits,  lio  owed 
his  power  of  concealing  from  Elizabeth  his  ambition,  rapacity,  and  intoler- 
able haughtiness,  or  of  reconciling  her  to  them.  The  groat  and  continued 
favour  shown  to  him  by  the  queen  liad  made  himself  as  well  as  the  multi- 
tude imagine,  that  he  nnght  reasonably  hope  to  l)t;  honoured  with  lior 
hand ;  and  it  was  even  b(diovcd  that  the  early  death  of  his  youiiK  and 
lovely  wife,  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy  grntlt!in;ui  named  Rolisait,  had 
been  planned  and  ordered  by  the  earl,  in  onlor  to  reinove  what  he  dci'med 
the  solo  obstacle  to  tlio  success  of  his  loftier  views.  To  so  ambitious  a 
man.  whatever  the  personal  superiority  of  Mary  over  Elizabeth,  the  crown 
matrimonial  of  Scotland  must  have  seemed  a  poor  substitute,  indteil,  to 
that  of  England ;  and  Leicester  not  Mily  olijected  to  the  proposal,  l)nl 
attributed  its  conception  to  a  deep  scheme  ui  his  able  and  bitter  ciicniy, 
Cecil,  to  deprive  him  of  hia  iiidiience  by  weaning  Elizabeth  from  all  per- 
gonal feeling  for  him,  and  causing  her  to  ulniiiry  him  with  her  rival  M 17. 
The  queen  of  Scotland,  on  the  other  lumil,  wearie<l  with  the  long  and 
voxalioufi  delays  and  vacillations  of  Eliz;i!i»l!i,  and  influenced  pi'rliaps,by 
the  personal  beauty  and  accomplishments  of  the  curl,  as  well  as  iiiixious 
by  her  marriage  with  him  to  remove  Eli/,al)eth'8  evident  reluctance  to 
naming  her  to  the  Englitth  suceession,  intimated  her  wilhngness  to  ncccpl 
ihi.  n.iwerful  fiivouiitc.  Dut  Elizal'eth  had  named  him  only  in  llic  hopf 
tiiat'he  would  be  rejected ;  lie  was  too  great  a  fuvounto  to  he  pariuu  wiOj 


HISTORY    OP  THE   WORLD. 


filT 


and  though  she  had  herself  distinctly  named  the  earl  as  the  oalv  man 
whom  she  should  choose  to  see  the  husband  of  Mary,  she  now  coldly  ani 
suddenly  withdrew  her  approbation.  "«"iy -uj 

The  high,  and  never  too  prudent,  spirit  of  Mary  naturally  revolted  from 
this  new  proof  of  duplicity  and  unfriendly  feeling;  the  correspondence 
between  the  rival  queens  grow  less  frequent  and  more  curt  and  formal, 
and  at  length  for  a  time  wholly  ceased.  But  Mary,  probably  under  the 
advice  of  her  friends  in  France,  resolved  to  make  yet  another  effort  to 
avoid  a  final  and  irremediable  breach  with  Elizabeth,  and  for  that  purpose 
sent  oir  James  Melvil  on  a  mission  to  London. 

Englishmen  are  greatly  and  justly  proud  of  queen  Elizabeth ;  taken  as 
a  whole  her  reign  was  one  of  the  greatest  and  wisest  in  our  history.  But 
even  making  all  a  lowance  for  the  prejudice  Melvil  may  be  supposed  to 
have  felt  against  Ll.zabeth.  the  account  he  gives  of  what  he  saw  of  her 
conduct  on  this  occasion  places  her  in  so  weak,  so  vain,  so  puerile  a  liirht. 
hat,  would  rigid  impartiality  allow  it,  one  would  gladly  overlook  this  por- 
lion  of  our  great  Elizabeth's  reign  altogether.  Ivery  day  she  appeared 
in  some  nevv  style  of  dress,  every  interview  was  marked  by  some  question 
as  to  the  difference  in  feature,  person,  or  manner  between  herself  and  her 
far  lovelier,  i;ar  more  accomplished,  but  far  less  worthy  and  less  estimable 
rival,  which  18  infinitely  nmre  characteristic  of  the  p/tty  but  aching  envy 
of  some  Ill-natured  school-girl,  with  vanity  made  only  the  more  rlst  ess 
and  craving  of  flattery  from  the  occasional  suggestions  of  shrewder  sensJ 
on  the  score  of  personal  inferiority,  than  of  that  high-souled  and  calm 
browed  queen  who  knew  how  to  endure  a  dungeon  and  to  dare  an  armada. 

An  accomplished  courtier,  Melvil  was  also  a  shrewd  and  practised  man 

P  i^!fh!:'[h'  il  ""'^  I  "'  ^"'!'  '^'^'"V  ff"'"  his  memoirs,  that  he  saw  through 
Elizabeth  ahkein  the  weakness  of  her  vanity,  and  in  the  streiicth  of  her 
deep  and  iron  determination.  His  report,  and  probably  both  her  friends' 
advice  and  her  own  inclination,  determined  Mary  no  longer  to  hesitate 
about  choosing  a  husband  for  herself.     Lord  Darnley,  son  of  the  eari  of 

H?Zl:vuT"J''rV''  ^^''"'y-  H  "'f  '''^^y  '^"••^'«'^'  Douglas,  niece  of 
Henry  VIM.,  was  by  «11  parties  in  Scotland  considered  a  very  suitable  per- 

the  crown  of  Lnglaml,  and  would  preserve  the  crown  of  Scotland  in  the 
house  or  Stuart.  While  these  considerations  made  him  eliciblo  in  the 
eyes  of  Mary's  family  and  of  all  Scotchmen,  ho  had  been  born  and  edu- 
ca  ed  m  hnglaiui,  and  it  was  therefore  not  to  be  supposed  that  Elizabeth 
could  have  any  of  that  jealousy  towards  him  which  slie  might  have  felt  in 
Uie  caso  of  a  fonng.i  prince  and  a  papist.  And,  in  truth,  perceiving  that  it 
was  not  to  l,e  hoped  that  Mary  would  remain  single,  Elizabeth  was  not  i 
pleased  that  Mary's  choice  should  fall  upon  Darnley.  He  could  add 
nothing  m  the  way  of  power  or  alliance  to  the  Scottish  queen,  whose  mar- 
la^e  with  him  would  at  once  release  Elizabeth  from  the  half-defined 
ealousy  she  felt  as  t(|  Leicester's  real  sentiments,  and  would,  at  the  same 
Ume,  do  away  with  all  dread  of  the  queen  of  Scots  forming  any  one  of  the 

would  be  dangerous  to  England. 

.n^lT'n  k!""^  ""■"  '""?'"  "*•'*•  K''2»beth  now  secretly  advised  Marv 
to  recall  him,  r  verse  his  attainder,  and  restore  his  forfeited  Mssess.on?; 

wihM.pT"" '?'  "'"  ;'""?  *•""'  "h*  »P«»'y  h'-^od  the  proceedings^ 
Tnii  .  ^'uun^  ""'"'  "f  P'"''«"a.sBinff  Mary  and  of  keeping  up  het  oJ5 
interest  with  the  opposite  faction  in  Scotland.  Her  d.ipliciiy  L  not  st^! 
Ipv  »'.k.!i  ri"  *^"  "«:»""«'"""',  <■«»'  ll'«  marriage  w.re  far  advanced,  Darn- 
wL  to  Jii'"'*"'''"'  1'""'"""""  '"  B"  i''to  Scotland  ;  and  that  permission 
was.  to  all  appearance,  cheerfully  granted.     Hut  when  she  lekrned  tha 

£.e.fl,. •..!!;.,«„  n;,.  =.,p  =^r,?  ?,»        ^,^.j.    nanUcy    oil    X!0    NCCOUIH    lO    gO    OU 


itjittru  t/ll- 


i;ic  zviii  tu 


618 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


with  the  marriage,  but,  on  his  alleeiance,  to  return  to  England  forthwith, 
Compliance  wiih  such  caprice  and  tyranny  was  out  of  the  question ;  and 
Elizabeth  threw  the  countess  of  Lenox  and  her  second  son  into  prison, 
and  seized  all  Lenox's  English  property  without  the  shadow  of  a  plea 
beyond  tlie  conduct  of  young  Darnley,  to  which  she  had  deliberately  given 
her  sanction  I  The  insulting  vacillation  of  Elizabeth's  conduct  in  a  matter 
of  such  delicate  interest  to  Mary,  can  only  be  reconciled  with  her  usual 
shrewdness  by  supposing  that,  independent  of  any  small  feminine  spiteful 
ness  of  which  we  fear  that  even  the  utmost  partiality  can  hardly  acquit 
her,  she  deliberately,  and  as  a  matter  of  deep,  though  merciless  pohcy, 
•ought  thus  to  obtain  a  plea  upon  which  to  repudiate  Mary  as  her  succes- 
sor in  England,  and  a  ready  means  of  stirring  up  discontents  among  Mary's 
own  subjects,  and  thus  preventing  them  from  being  troublesome  to  Eng 

A.  D.  1565.— Mary's  relationship  to  the  house  of  Guise,  whose  detesta 
tion  of  the  reformed  religion  was  so  widely  known  and  so  terribly  attested, 
was  very  unfortunate  for  her;  inasmuch  as  it  converted  her  warm  attach- 
ment  to  her  own  religion  into  something  like  bigotry  and  intolerance. 
She  not  only  refused  to  ratify  the  acts  establishing  the  reformed  religion, 
and  endeavoured  to  restore  civil  power  and  jurisdiction  to  the  catholic 
bishops,  but  was  even  imprudent  enough  to  write  letters  to  the  council  of 
Trent,  in  which  she  professed  her  hope  not  merely  of  one  day  succeeding 
to  the  crown  of  England,  but  also  of  so  usinsr  her  power  and  influence  as 
to  bring  about  the  reconciliation  of  the  whole  of  her  dominions  to  the 
holy  see.    Considering  her  knowledge  of  Elizabeth's  temper  and  feelings 
towards  her,  and  considering,  too,  how  much  advantage  Elizabeth  would 
obviously  obtain  from  every  circumstance  which  could  cause  the  Scotch 
zealots  to  sympathize  with  Elizabeth  against  their  own  aueen,  nothing 
could  well  have  been  more  impmdent  than  this  missive.     Under  any  cir- 
cumstances, probably,  Mary,  a  zealous  catholic,  would  have  had  but  an 
uneasy  reign  among  the  fiercely  bigoted  Scottish  protestants ;  but  there 
is  little  reason  to  doubt  that  this  very  communication  to  the  council  of 
Trent  was  a  main  first  cause  of  all  her  subsequent  misfortunes.    The 
protestants  of  Scotland  were  at  that  time  no  whit  behind  the  catholics  of 
any  part  of  the  world,  either  in  self-righteousness,  or  in  bitter  and  bigoted 
detestation  of  all  who  chanced  to  differ  from  them.    Alarmed  as  well  as 
indignant  at  the  queen's  ostentatious  attachment  to  her  own  creed,  the 
protestants  not  only  murmured  at  her  exercise  of  its  rites,  even  in  her 
own  private  residence  and  chapel,  but  abused  her  faith  in  the  grossest 
terms  while  importuning  her  to  abjure  it.    The  queen  answered  these 
rude  advisers  with  a  temper  which,  had  she  always  displayed  it,  migm 
have  spared  her  many  a  sorrowful  day ;  assured  them  that  besides  thai 
hor  apostacy   would   deprive    Scotland  of  her  most   powerful  f^rieiida 
on  the  continent,  sb  «  was  sincerely  attached  to  her  own  faith  and  con- 
vinced of  it*   *■   -.1.     With  the  self-cornplacenoy  peculiar  to  narrow 
minded  bigot. y,  the  remonstrants  assured  her  that  they  alone  had  truth  on 
their  side,  and  bade  her  prefer  that  truth  to  all  earthly  support  and  alli- 
ances.    The  rude  zeal  of  the  reformed  was  still  farther  increased  by  the 
belief,  carefully  encouraged  by  the  agents  of  Elizabeth,  that  the  Lenox 
family  were  also  papists.     It  was  in  vain  that  Darnley,  rtow  King  Henry, 
endeavoured  to  show  that  ho  was  no  papist  by  frequently  makina;  his  ap- 
pearance at  the  established  church;  this  conduct  was  nttribuied  to  ajesu- 
ftifal  and  profound  wilinos»,and  the  preachers  often  publicly  insulted  mm 
Knox,  especially,  not  scrupling  to  tell  him  from  the  pulpit  th:it  hc»ys  "ml 
women  were  only  put  to  rule  over  nations  for  the  punishment  of  thrirsii  s. 
While  the  violence  of  the  clergy  and  the  arts  of  Llizabeth's   omwmiries 
were  thus  irritating  the  common  people  of  Scotland  against  their   qt>oui, 
the  disconienis  of  her  iiobiiiiy  bcgiui  lo  ihrtjaien  her  wiui  a  yci  i;catr,  -  - 


3SK;o5r<3  nii  diitDii 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


619 


more  rtnnous  opposition.  The  duke  of  Chaterault  and  the  earls  of  Mur- 
ray  and  Argyle,  with  other  malcontent  nobles,  actually  raised  forces,  and 
soon  appeared  in  arms  against  the  king  and  queen,  instigated  to  this 
treasonable  conduct  merely  by  their  paltry  fears  of  being  losers  of  influ- 
ence and  power  by  t.e  rise  of  the  Lenox  family  consequent  upon  Dam- 
ley's  marriage  to  the  queen.  The  reformed  preachers  openly,  and  En* 
((lish  emissaries  secretly,  aided  the  malcontent  lords  in  endeavouring  to 
seduce  or  urge  the  whole  Scottish  population  from  its  allegiance.  But  the 
people  were,  for  once,  in  no  humour  to  follow  the  seditious  or  the  fanati- 
cal i  and  after  but  very  trifling  show  of  success,  the  rebels,  being  pursued 
by  the  king  and  queen  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  eighteen  thousand,  were 
fain  to  seek  safety  in  England. 

We  dwell  more  upon  the  affairs  of  Scotland  just  at  this  period  tnan  we 
generally  do,  because  thue  much  of  Scottish  history  is  necessary  here  to 
the  undernlanding  of  that  portion  of  English  history  with  which  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,  is  so  lamentably,  and  so  disgracefully  to  England,  con 
nected. 

The  event  of  the  Scottish  revolt  having  thus  completely  disappointed 
all  the  hopes  of  Elizabeth,  she  now  strenuously  disavowed  all  concern  in 
it ;  and  having  induced  Murray  and  Chaterault's  agent,  the  abbot  of  Kil- 
winning, to  make  a  similar  declaration  before  the  Spanish  and  French 
ambassadors,  she,  with  a  bitter  practical  satire,  added  to  the  force  of  their 
declaration,  by  instantly  ordering  them  from  her  presence  as  detestable 
tnd  unworthy  traitors ! 

A.  D.  1666.— Hard  is  the  fate  of  princes !  Rarely  can  they  have  sincere 
friends  ;  still  more  rarely  can  they  have  favourites  who  do  not,  by  their 
own  ingratitude  or  the  envy  of  others,  call  up  a  storm  of  misfortune  for 
both  sovereign  and  favourite. 

Hitherto  the  conduct  of  Mary  had  been  morally  irreproachable ;  for  the 
coarse  abuse  of  Knox  is  itself  evidence  of  the  strongest  kind,  that,  save 
her  papacy  and  her  sex— of  which  he  seems  to  have  felt  an  about  equal 
detestation — even  he  had  not  wherewithal  to  reproach  her.  Having  for 
her  second  husband  a  handsome  and  youthful  man  of  her  own  choice,  it 
might  have  been  hoped  that  at  least  her  domestic  felicity  was  secured. 
But  Darnley  was  a  vain,  weak-minded  man;  alike  fickle  and  violent;  am- 
bitious of  distinction,  yet  weary  of  the  slightest  necessary  care ;  easily 
offended  at  the  most  trivial  opposition,  and  as  easily  governed  by  the 
most  obvious  and  fulsome  flattery.  Utterly  incapable  of  aiding  the  queen 
in  the  government,  he  was  no  jot  the  less  anxious  to  have  the  crown 
matrimonial  added  to  the  courtesy-title  of  king  which  Mary  had  already 
bestowed  upon  him.  In  this  temper  he  was  inclined  to  detest  all  who 
seemed  able  and  willing  to  afford  the  queen  counsel ;  and  among  thes** 
w«8  an  Italian  musician,  by  name  David  Rizzio.  He  had  attended  an 
embassy  sent  to  Scotlaiul  by  the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  was  retained  at  the 
Scottish  court,  in  the  Arst  instance,  merely  on  account  of  his  musical  tal- 
ents. But  he  was  both  aspiring  and  clever,  and  he  soon  testified  so  much 
ihrewdness  and  inclination  to  be  useful,  that  he  was  made  French  secre- 
tary to  the  queen.  Brought  thus  intimately  into  contact  with  the  queen, 
he  10  rapidly  improved  on  his  advantages,  that  in  a  short  time  he  was 
universally  looked  upon  not  only  as  the  queen's  chief  confidant  and  coun- 
•ellor,  but  also  as  the  chief  and  most  powerful  dispenser  of  her  favours.. 
As  is  usually  the  case  with  favourites,  the  ability  which  had  enablnd  Rizzio 
to  conquer  court  favour  did  not  teach  him  to  use  it  with  moderation ;  and 
he  had  scarcely  secured  the  favour  of  the  queen,  ere  he  had  incurred  the 
deadly  hate  of  nearly  every  one  at  court.    The  re'ormed  hated  him  as  a 

Sapist  and  the  reputed  sp]^  and  pensionary  of  the  pope  j  the  needy  hated 
m  for  his  wealth,  the  high-born  for  his  upstart  insolence  ;  the  aspiring 
sstcsted  hii  anibiiJOii,  fiiiU  utMity  iiiuu — pfObabiy  aul  loo  puftt  in  iheir  Own 


« 


,t« 


ii  !ti 


580 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


morals— could  find  no  olhe^Buppo8ition  on  which  to  account  for  Mary's 
protection  of  him,  save  a  criminal  connection  between  ihem.  It  is  true 
that  Rizzio  was  ugly  and  by  no  means  very  young  even  whtfn  he  firbt 
came  to  court,  and  some  years  had  now  passed  suice  that  event ;  and, 
moreover,  Rizzio,  whose  ability  had  done  much  to  clear  away  the  obsta- 
cles to  the  marriage  of  Mary  and  Darnley,  bad  at  one  time  ,  at  least,  been 
M  much  in  the  favour  of  the  king  as  of  the  queen.  But  Darnley,  soured 
by  the  queen's  coldness,  which  he  was  willing  to  attribute  to  any.  cause 
rather  than  to  his  own  misconduct,  easily  fell  into  the  snare  set  by  the 
enemies  alike  of  himself,  his  queen,  and  Rizzio,  and  became  furiously 
lealous  of  an  ugly  and  almost  deformed  secretary.  Yet  Darnley  was  one 
of  the  handsomest  men  of  the  age  and  a  vain  man  too ! 

Among  the  extravagant  reports  to  whio.h  the  excessive  favour  already 
enjoyed  by  Rizzio  had  given  rise,  was  one,  that  it  was  the  intention  o( 
Mary  to  make  him  chancellor  in  the  room  of  the  earl  of  Morton  I  It  was 
true  that  Rizzio  knew  nothing  of  the  language  or  of  the  laws  of  Scotland ; 
but  the  report  was  credited  even  by  the  astute  Morton  himself,  who  forth- 
with exerted  himself  to  persuade  Darnley  that  nothing  but  the  death  of 
Rizzio  could  ever  restore  peace  and  safety  to  either  king  or  kingdom. 

The  earl  of  Lenox,  the  king's  father,/George  Douglas,  natural  brother  to 
the  countess  of  Lenox,  and  the  lords  liindesay  and  Ruthven,  readily  joined 
in  the  conspiracy  against  the  unfortunate  foreigner,  and,  to  guard  them- 
selves against  the  known  fickleness  of  the  king,  they  got  him  to  sign  a 
Eaper  authorizing  ard  making  himself  responsible  for  the  assassination  of 
tizzio,  as  being  "an  undertaking  tending  to  the  glory  of  God  and  the  ad- 
vancement of  religion."  The  banished  lords  who  were  ever  hovering  on 
the  borders  in  hope  of  some  event  productive  of  disturbance,  were  invited 
by  the  king  to  return,  and  every  preparation  benig  made,  a  night  was  at 
length  appointed  for  the  murder  of  Rizzio. 

Mary,  now  in  the  sixth  month  of  her  pregnancy,  was  at  supper  in  hei 
private  apartments,  attended  by  Rizzio,  the  countess  of  Argyle,  her  natu- 
ral sister,  and  others  of  her  personal  attendants,  when  the  king  suddenly 
entered  the  room  and  placed  himself  behind  the  queen's  chair.  Immedi- 
ately afterwards  Lord  Ruthven,  cased  in  armour  and  ghastly  from  long 
illness  and  anxiety,  George  Douglas,  and  others,  rushed  in  and  seized 
upon  the  unfortunate  Rizzio  as  he  sprang  up  to  the  queen  and  clung  to 
her  garments,  shrieking  the  while  for  protection.  The  queen,  with  tears, 
entreaties,  and  even  threats,  endeavoured  to  save  her  secretary,  but  the 
rcBolved  conspirators  forced  him  into  the  antechamber,  where  he  died 
beneath  no  fewer  than  fifty-six  wounds ! 

The  condition  of  the  queen  being  considered,  the  presence  of  her  hus- 
band wliile  she  was  thus  horribly  outraged  by  being  made  witness  of  the 
atrocious  murder  of  her  servant,  must  necessarily  have  turned  her  former 
coldness  towards  Darnley  into  actual  loathing.  On  learning  that  Rizzio 
was  indeed  dead,  she  immediately  dried  her  tears  saying  "I  will  weep  no 
more ;  henceforth  1  will  only  think  of  revenge." 

Assuming  Mary  to  be  guilty  of  the  participation  in  the'  murder  of  hot 
husband  with  which  she  was  afterwards  so  disastrously  charged,  though 
fcven  this  outrage  upon  her  both  as  queen  and  woman  would  be  no  excuse 
for  her  misconduct  as  queen,  woman,  and  wife,  yet  it  ought  not  wholly  to 
jje  left  out  of  sight  while  we  judge  of  the  character  of  Mary.  In  a  court 
Buch  aft  the  court  of  Scotland  clearly  was  at  that  time,  nothing  short  of  the 
purity  of  angels  could  have  escaped  the  general  pollution  of  cruelty,  ddceit 
•nd  sensuality. 

All  resentments  felt  by  Mary  were  now,  it  should  seem,  merged  mto 
detestation  of  the  cruelly  and  insolently  savage  conduct  of  her  husband. 
8he  showed  him  overy  mark  of  contempt  in  public,  and  avoided  him  w 
private  as  tiiough  in  iuin(|iod  huie  and  terror.     Al  ]eni{ih,  however,  r,:ic 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD, 


621 


was  confined  at  Edinburgh  castle  of  a  son ;  and  as  Darnley  5iad  apartments 
there,  they  were  at  least  apparently  reconciled  and  living  together. 

A  messenger  was  instantly  sent  to  Elizabeth,  who  received  the  news 
while  at  a  ball  at  Greenwich.  She  was  much  cast  down  at  first,  and  even 
complained  to  some  of  her  attendants  that  she  was  but  a  barren  stock, 
while  Mary  was  the  glad  njother  of  a  fair  boy.  But  she  soon  recovered 
her  wonted  self-possession,  and  on  the  following  day  she  publicly  congrat- 
ulated Melvil,  Mary's  envoy,  and  sent  the  earl  of  Bedford  and  George 
Cary,  son  of  her  kinsman  the  earl  of  Hunsdon,  to  attend  the  christening 
of  the  young  prince,  and  to  carry  some  rich  presents  to  his  mother. 

But  whatever  cordiality  Elizabeth  might  aflFect  upon  this  occasion,  the 
birth  of  a  son  to  the  queen  of  Scots,  as  it  increased  the  zeal  of  her  parti- 
zans  in  England,  so  it  made  even  the  best  friends  of  Elizabeth  desirous 
that  she  should  take  some  effectual  steps  for  the  settlement  of  the  sue 
cession. 

It  was  proposed  by  some  leading  members  of  parliament  that  the  ques- 
tion  of  the  succession  and  that  of  the  supply  should  go  togellier.  Sir 
Ralph  Sadler,  in  order  to  elude  this  bringing  of  the  question  to  a  point,  af- 
firmed that  he  had  heard  the  queen  say  that  for  the  good  of  her  people  shr 
had  come  to  the  resolution  to  marry.  Others  of  the  court  affirmed  the 
same,  and  then  the  house  began  to  consider  about  joining  the  question  of 
the  queen's  marriage  to  that  of  the  settlement  in  general,  when  a  message 
was  brought  from  the  queen  ordering  the  house  to  proceed  no  farther  in 
the  matter.  She  pledged  her  queenly  word  as  to  her  sincere  intention  to 
mary ;  and  she  said  that  to  name  any  successor  previously  would  be  to 
nerease  her  already  great  personal  dangers.  This  message  by  no  means 
satisfied  the  house,  and  Peter  Wentworth,  a  popular  member,  bluntly  said 
that  such  a  prohibition  was  a  breach  of  the  privileges  of  the  house ;  while 
some  of  the  members*  on  the  same  side  added,  that  unless  the  queen  would 
pay  some  regard  to  their  future  security  by  fixing  a  successor,  she  would 
show  herself  rather  as  the  stepmother  than  as  the  natural  parent  of  her 
people.  The  debates  still  continuing  in  this  strain,  the  queen  sent  for  the 
speaker,  and  her  remonstrances  with  him  having  failed  to  produce  the  de- 
sired eflfect  upon  the  house,  she  shortly  afterwards  dissolved  the  pftrliament, 
sharply  reflecting,  at  the  same  time,  upon  the  pertinacity  with  which  they 
had  pressed  her  to  marry  or  fix  the  succession.  • 

A.  D.  15G7.— The  debates  in  parliament  had  more  than  ever  awakened 
the  zeal  of  the  partizans  of  the  queen  of  .Scots.  The  catholics  of  England 
were  to  a  man  ready  to  rise  on  her  behalf,  should  Elizabeth's  death  or 
any  national  calamity  afford  an  inviting  opportunity  ;  and,  moreover,  the 
court  of  Elizabeth  was  itself  full  of  Mary's  partizans.  But  while  Eliza- 
beth  and  her  sagacious  friend  and  councillor  Cecil — to  whom  it  is  not  (oo 
much  to  say  that  Elizabeth  owed  more  than  half  the  glory  she  acquired, 
and  owed  Ktill  more  freedom  from  the  obloquy  her  temper  would  but  for 
him  have  caused  her  to  incur — were  using  every  expedient  to  avoid  the 
necessity  of  declaring  so  dangerous  a  successor  as  the  queen  of  Scots 
that  ill-fated  princess  was  in  the  very  act  of  plunging  herself  into  a  tissue 
of  horrors  and  infamies,  which  were  to  render  her  the  prisoner  and  the 
victim  of  the  princess  whom  she  had  dared  to  rival  and  hoped  to  succeed. 

After  the  death  of  Rizzio,  Mary's  perilous  and  perplexed  situation  had 
made  some  confidant  and  assistant  indispensably  necessary  to  her,  especi- 
ally situated  as  she  was  with  her  frivolous  and  sullen  husband.  The  per- 
son who  at  this  time  stood  highest  in  her  confidence  was  the  earl  of  Both 
well,  a  man  of  debauched  character  and  great  daring,  but  whose  fortune 
was  nuich  involved,  and  who  was  more  noted  for  his  opposition  to  Murray 
and  the  rigid  reformers,  than  for  any  great  evil  or  military  talents.  This 
nobleman,  it  is  belioved,  suggest-id  to  her  the  expedient  of  being  divorced 


sf 


m^ 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


from  Darnley,  but  from  some  difficulties  which  arose  lo  its  execution  thai 
project  was  laid  aside. 

The  intimate  friendship  of  Mary  with  Bothwell,  and  her  aversion  to  her 
husband,  made  observant  persons  much  astonished  when  it  was  annuuiiced 
that  a  sudden  return  of  the  queen's  affection  to  her  husband  had  tiiken  place; 
that  she  had  even  journeyed  to  Glasgow  to  attend  his  sick  bed  ;  thm  she 
tended  him  with  the  utmost  kindness ;  and  that,  as  soon  as  he  could  safely 
travel,  she  had  brought  him  with  her  to  Holyrood-house,  in  Edinburgh. 
Dn  their  arrival  there  it  was  found,  or  pretended,  that  the  low  situation  of 
the  place,  and  the  noise  of  the  persons  continually  going  and  coming,  de- 
nied the  king  the  repose  necessary  to  his  infirm  state.  A  solitary  house, 
called  the  Kirk  o'  Field,  at  some  distance  from  the  palace,  but  nearonoufirh 
to  admit  of  Mary's  frequent  attendance,  was  accordingly  taken,  and  here 
she  continued  her  attentions  to  him,  and  even  slept  for  several  nights  in  a 
room  immediately  below  his.  On  the  ninth  of  February  she  excused  her- 
self to  him  for  not  sleeping  at  the  place,  as  one  of  her  attendants  \v»s 
Cfoiug  to  be  married,  and  she  had  promised  to  grace  the  ceremony  with  her 

ftresence.  About  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  an  awful  explosion  was 
leard,  and  it  was  soon  afterwards  discovered  that  the  Kirk  o'  Field  was 
blown  up,  and  tho  body  of  the  unfortunate  Henry  Darnley  was  found  in  a 
field  at  some  distance,  but  with  nc  marks  of  violence  upon  it. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that,  amidst  all  the  disputation  that  has  taken  place 
as  to  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  Mary  in  this  most  melancholy  affiiir,  no  one 
of  the  disputants  has  noticed  Mary's  selection  of  a  room  immedialehj  helotc 
that  of  the  king  for  several  nights  before  the  murdpr.  Was  the gun-mwder 
deliberately,  in  tmall  quantities  and  at  intervalsy  deposited  and  arranged  in  that 
apartment  f 

That  Darnley  had  been  most  foully  murdered  no  ^ane  man  could  doubt 
and  the  previous  intimacy  of  Mary  and  Bothwell  caused  the  public  suspi- 
cion at  once  to  be  turned  upon  them ;  and  the  conduct  of  Mary  was  ex- 
actly calculated  to  confirm,  instead  of  refuting,  the  horrible  suspicion 
which  attached  to  her.  A  proclamation  was  indeed  made,  offering  a  re. 
ward  for  the  discovery  of  the  king's  murderers ;  but  the  people  observed  (hat 
far  more  hnxiety  was  displayed  to  discover  those  who  attributed  that  ter- 
rible deed  to  Bothwell  and  the  queen.  With  a  perfectly  infatuated  folly, 
the  queen  neglected  even  the  external  decencies  which  would  have  been 
expected  from  her,  even  had  she  been  less  closely  connected  in  ihe  public 
eye  with  the  supposed  murderer,  Bothwell.  For  the  earl  of  Lenox,  father 
of  the  murdered  king,  wrote  a  letter  to  the  (jueen,  in  which,  avoiding  all 
accusation  of  the  queen,  he  implored  her  justice  upon  those  whom  he 
plainly  charged  with  the  murder,  namely,  Bothwell,  Sir  James  Balfour  and 
bis  brother  Gilbert  Balfour,  David  Chalmers,  and  four  other  persons  of 
the  queen's  household;  but  Mary,  though  she  cited  Lenox  to-apnear  at 
court  and  support  his  charge,  and  so  far  seemed  to  entertain  it,  left  the 
important  fortress  of  Edinburgh  in  the  hands  of  Bothwell  as  governor,  and 
of  his  creature  Balfour  as  his  deputy. 

A  day  for  the  trial  of  the  charge  made  by  Lenox  was  appointed ;  and 
that  nobleman,  with  a  very  small  attend&..^e,  had  already  reached  Stirling 
on  his  way  to  Edinburgh,  when  his  information  of  the  extraordinary  coun- 
tenance shown  to  Bothwell,  and  the  vast  power  entrusted  to  him,  inspired 
Lenox  with  fears  as  to  even  his  personal  safety  should  he  appear  in  Md- 
(nburgh ;  he  therefore  sent  Cunningham,  one  or  his  suite,  to  protest  aganist 
60  hurried  an  investigation  of  thix  important  aflfair,  and  to  entreat  Mary, 
for  her  own  sake  as  well  as  for  the  sake  of  justice,  to  take  time,  and  to 
make  arrangements  for  a  full  and  impartial  trial,  which  obviously  could 
not  be  had  while  Bothwell  was  not  only  at  liberty,  but  in  possession  ol 
uxprbitant  and  overwhelming  power.  Not  the  slightest  attention  wan 
uaid  to  this  manifestly  just  demand  of  Letiux;  a  iurv  was  swoni.  anl  a? 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


523 


no  prosecutor  or  witaess  was  present,  thnt  jury  could  only  acijuit  the  ac. 
cused— the  verdict  being  accon>panied  by  a  protest,  in  which  they  staled 
the  sitJiation  in  which  the  very  nature  of  the  proceedings  had  placed  them. 
But  even  had  witnesses  been  present,  their  evidence  could  have  availed 
little  towards  furthering  the  ends  of  justice,  for,  by  a  very  evident  wilful 
ness,  those  who  drew  the  indictment  had  charged  the  crime  as  having  been 
committed  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  month,  while  the  evidence  must  have 
proved  it  to  have  been  the  ninth,  and  tbis  significant  circumstance  increased 
the  odium  of  both  Mary  and  Boihwell.  Two  days  after  this  shameful  trial 
a  parliament  was  held,  and  Boihwell,  whose  acquittal  was  such  as  must 
have  convinced  every  impartial  man  of  his  guiltiness,  was  actually  chosen 
U)  carry  the  royal  sceptre ! 

Such  indecent  but  unequivocal  evidence  of  the  lengths  to  which  Mary 
was  prepared  to  go  in  securing  impunity  to  Boihwell,  awed  even  those 
who  niost  detested  the  proceedings ;  and  a  bond  of  association  was  signed, 
by  which  all  the  subscribers,  consisting  of  all  the  chief  nobility  present  at 
this  parliament,  referred  to  the  acquittal  of  Bothwell  as  a  legal  and  com- 
plete one,  engaged  to  defend  him  against  all  future  imputation  of  the  mur- 
der of  the  late  king,  and  recommended  Mary  to  marry  Boihwell!  De- 
graded,  indeed,  by  long  and  shameless  faction  must  the  nation  have  been, 
when  the  chief  of  its  nobles  could  insult  public  justice  and  public  decency 
by  the  publication  of  such  a  document  as  this ! 

Having  thus  paved  the  way  towards  his  ultimate  designs,  Bothwell  aa- 
sembled  a  troop  of  eight  hundred  cavalry  on  pretence  of  pursuing  some 
armed  robbers  who  infested  the  borders,  and  waylaid  Mary  on  her  return 
from  Stirling,  where  she  had  been  paying  a  visit  to  her  infant  son.  Mary 
was  stized  near  Edinburgh ;  but  Sir  James  Melvil,  her  attached  and  faitli- 
ful  servant  who  was  with  her  at  the  time,  not  only  confessed  that  he  saw 
no  surprise  or  unwillingness  on  her  part,  but  adds,  that  some  of  Bolhwell's 
officers  openly  laughed  at  the  notion  of  seizure  of  Mary's  person,  and 
slated  the  whole  mailer  to  have  been  arranged  between  the  parlies  them- 
selves. Bothwell  carried  his  prisoner  to  Dunbar,  and  there  made  himself 
master  of  her  person,  even  if  he  had  not  been  so  before.  Some  of  the  no- 
bility, either  still  doubtful  of  her  guilty  consent,  or  desirous,  at  the  least, 
of  forcing  her  into  a  more  explicit  declaration  of  it,  now  sent  to  offer  their 
services  to  rescue  her ;  but  she,  with  infinite  coolness,  replied,  that  though 
Bothwell  had  originally  obtained  possession  of  her  person  by  violence, 
he  had  since  treated  her  so  well  that  she  was  now  quite  willing  to  remain 
with  him. 

That  no  circumstance  of  infamy  and  effrontery  might  be  wanting  to 
this  disgusting  business,  Bothwell,  when  he  had  himself  proposed  as  the 
queen's  husband  and  seized  upon  her  person,  was  already  a  married  man! 
But  a  divorce  was  now  sued  for  and  obtained  in  four  days  from  the  com 
meiicement  of  the  suit;  the  queen  was  then  taken  to  Edinburgh,  and  the 
banns  of  marriage  put  up  between  her  and  the  duke  of  Orkney,  which 
title  Bothwell  now  bore. 

In  the  midst  of  the  awful  degradation  exhibited  by  the  Scottish  nation 
alibis  time,  it  is  pleasing  to  notice  that  Craig,  a  clergyman,  being  desired 
to  solemnize  the  marriage  thus  abominably  brought  about,  not  only  refu- 
sed to  perform  the  ceremony,  but  openly  reprobated  it,  with  a  conrage 
which  so  put  the  council  to  shame  that  it  dared  not  punish  him.  The 
bishop  of  Orkney,  a  protestant,  was  more  compliant,  and  was  subsequently 
very  deservedly  deposed  by  his  church.  Unwarned  by  ihe  disgust  of  her 
own  people  and  by  the  remonstrances  of  her  relations,  the  Guises  of 
France,  the  infatuated  Mary  thus  pursued  her  designs,  and  it  became 
known  that  Bothwell,  with  her  consent,  was  taking  measures  to  gel  the 
young  prince  James  into  his  power.  This  at  length  fairly  aroused  public 
iiiuigriation  i  ihe  cliiuf  uobiiiiy,  including  most  uf  those  who  had  signed 


''    I 


M... 


524 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


[ 


}he  ever  infamougbond  in  favour  of  Bothwell,  now  Iprmed  an  association 
for  the  protection  of  the  young  prince  and  for  the  punishment  of  the  mur 
derers  of  tlie  king.  The  army  of  the  associated  lords  and  the  royal 
troops  under  Bothwell  met  at  Carbery-hill ;  but  it  was  so  clear  both  that 
Bothwell  had  no  capacity  equal  to  the  occasion,  and  that  her  own  troops 
looked  upon  their  cause  with  disgust,  that  Mary,  after  making  certain 
stipulations,  put  herself  into  the  hands  of  the  confederates  and  was  taken 
to  Edinburgh,  the  populace  reproaching  her  in  the  coarsest  terms,  and 
holdino-  up  ijanners  representing  the  murder  of  her  husband  and  the  dis- 
tress of  her  infant  son.  Bothwell,  in  the  meantime,  escaped  to  the  Ork- 
neys, and  for  some  time  lived  by  actual  piracy;  he  at  length  went  to  Den 
mark,  wherft  he  was  thrown  into  prison :  maddened  under  the  severity 
of  his  confinement  and  the  horror  of  his  reflections,  he  died  about  ten 
years  afterwards,  so  miserably,  that  even  his  atrocity  cannot  deprive  him 

of  our  pity.  ......  , .  ,    , 

Though  treated  with  scorn  and  humbled  by  the  mdignities  to  which  she 
was  now  daily  exposed,  Mary  was  still  so  infatuated  in  her  affeciion  for 
the  unworthy  Bothwell,  that  she  is  reported  to  have  said  in  a  letter  to 
him,  that  she  would  surrender  her  crown  and  dignity  rather  than  his  affec- 
tions ;  and  as  she  appeared  to  be  thus  determined,  the  confederates,  to 
decrease  the  chance  of  her  once  more  getting  power  into  her  hands,  sent 
her  to  a  sort  of  honourable  imprisonment  in  the  castle  of  Lochlevin  lake. 
The  owner  of  this  place  was  mother  of  the  earl  of  Murray,  and  as  she 
pretended  to  have  been  the  mother  and  not  the  mere  mistress  of  the  late 
king,  she  bore  Mary  a  hatred  which  fully  insured  her  vigilance. 

Elizabeth  was  accurately  informed  of  all  that  had  passed  in  Scotland, 
and  her  eagle  vision  could  not  fail  to  perceive  the  advantages  to  her  own 
security  to  be  obtained  by  her  interference  between  Mary  and  her  enra- 
ged subjects.  She  accordingly,  through  Throckmorton,  sent  a  remon- 
strance to  the  confederated  lords,  and  advice,  mingled  with  some  severity, 
to  Mary,  to  whom  she  offered  assistance,  and  protection  at  the  English 
court  for  her  infant  son,  but  on  condition  that  she  should  lay  aside  all 
thoughts  of  revenge  or  punishment,  except  as  far  as  related  to  the  murder 
of  her  late  husband.  As  both  queen  and  woman,  Elizabeth  acted  well  in 
both  her  remonstrance  to  the  lords  and  her  advice  to  Mary ;  but,  judging 
from  her  whole  course  of  policy  at  other  times,  it  is  no  breach  of  charity 
to  suppose  that  even  her  womanly  pity  for  Mary's  present  distressed  and 
perilous  situation,  did  not  prevent  her  from  determinuig  to  make  it  avail- 
able towards  her  own  security  and  peace  for  the  time  to  come. 

In  the  meantime  the  confederated  lords  proceeded  to  arrange  matters 
with  very  little  deference  to  either  the  rights  of  their  own  queen  or  llie 
remonstrances  of  the  queen  of  England.  After  much  intrigue  and  dis- 
pute, it  was  agreed  that  the  regency  of  the  kingdom  should  be  placed  in 
the  hands  of  Murray,  and  that  Mary  should  resign  the  crown  in  favour  ol 
her  son ;  nay,  so  desperate  were  her  circumstances,  that,  though  "  with 
abundance  of  tears,"  she  actually  signed  the  deeds  that  made  these  ex- 
tensive alterations,  without  making  herself  accurately  mistress  of  then 

contents.  ,  .      ,  ,  •  .  j  „, 

The  prince  James  was  immediately  proclaimed  king  and  crowned  a 
Stirling,  and  in  the  oath  which  the  earl  of  Morton  took  in  his  behalf  al 
that  ceremonv,  an  oath  to  extirpate  heresy  was  included.  Elizabeth  was 
so  much  annoyed  at  the  disregard  with  which  her  remonstrance  had  beer 
treated,  that  she  forbade  Throckmorton  to  attend  the  young  king  s  corn- 

As  soon  as  Murray  had  assumed  the  regency  a  parliament  was  assem. 
bled,  in  which  it  was  solemnly  voted  that  she  was  an  undouuted  accom 
Dlice  in  the  murder  of  her  husband,  but  ought  not  to  be  imprisoned.    Her 

Sn<liCSlIOn  ajlU  Iicr  aus   3  i-m.-v^'^'Jivi!  ----ii-  -.- 


1^ 


lift 


Murray  prov 
pf  the  forltreHS 
compelled  at  1 
enemies  even 
most  enrag[ed 
better  than  op 
plalion  of  her 
earth,  without 
these  persons  ' 
people,  who  pi 
reasoning  inipi 
tempt  upon  he 
bounds  of  poss 
(0  cause  the  p; 

A.  D.  1668,- 
was  ever  to  be 
the  endured  fi 
escape  from  th 
ning  blandishiT 
employ,  she  in 
to  aid  in  her  e^ 
It  length  got  h 
lake  in  a  small 

As  soon  as 
offer  her  their  i 
Among  those  I 
toun,  Cassilis, 
ntimeroua  baro 
standard  surroi 
oflered  to  assis 
arbitration  and 
was  too  late ; 
U  rces  at  Langs 
ferior  in  force, 
who  hastily  flei 
at  Wokingtoti, 
ger  to  crave  ih( 
extent  of  the  g 
oped ;  interest 
ded  generosity, 

Mary  had  e\ 
quciice  to  be  ol 
alely  solicited, 
slower  than  Mi 
an  interview,  a 
queen  could  noi 
ence  a  woman 
under  circumsi 
usually  horribU 
on  such  a  plcf 
much  reckoned 
evidently  phow 
reign  seokir.g  E 
Klizabeth  ccrtild 
determuied  to 
allowing  M.irra 
with  hiivino  hei 
comnmuder  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


525 


Murray  proved  himself  equal  to  his  high  post.  Ho  obta'.ned  possession 
of  the  fortresses  which  held  out  for  Mary  or  Bothwell,  and  everywhere 
compelled  at  least  external  obedience  to  his  authority.  But  he  had  many 
enemies  even  among  his  seeming  friends ;  many  of  those  who  had  been 
most  enraged  against  Mary,  while  sho  had  thus  lived  in  what  was  no 
better  than  open  adultery  with  Bothwell,  were  softened  by  the  contem- 
plation of  her  sorrows  now  that  he  was  a  fugitive  upon  the  face  of  the 
earth,  without  the  pos'ibility  of  ever  regaining  his  guilty  power.  To  all 
these  persons  were  added  the  eminent  catholics  and  the  great  body  of  the 
people,  who  pitied  her  sorrows  now  with  the  merely  instinctive  aiui  un- 
reasoning impulse  with  which  recently  they  had  heaped  the  coarses  on- 
lempt  upon  her  misconduct.  Even  yet,  then,  it  was  quite  with  the 
bounds  of  possibility  that  she  might  recover  her  power,  and  so  exert  it  as 
to  cause  the  past  to  be  forgiven. 

A.  n.  1568. — But  Mary's  own  conduct  even  when  least  blameworthy, 
was  ever  to  be  inimical  to  her.  The  constant  insults  and  vexations  that 
the  endured  from  the  lady  of  Lochlevin  determined  her  to  attempt  her 
escape  from  that  melancholy  confinement ;  and  by  those  artful  and  win- 
ning blandishments  which  no  beautiful  woman  ever  better  knew  how  to 
employ,  she  induced  George  Douglas,  brother  of  the  laird  of  Lochlevin, 
to  aid  in  her  escape.  After  many  vain  endeavours  the  enamoured  youth 
It  length  got  her  from  the  house  in  disguise,  and  rowed  her  across  the 
lake  in  a  small  boat. 

As  soon  as  her  escape  was  known  many  of  the  nobih<y  hastened  to 
offer  her  their  aid,  and  to  sign  a  bond  to  defend  her  against  all  comers. 
Among  those  that  thus  signed  were  the  earls  of  Argyle,  Huntley,  Kglin- 
toun,  Cassilis,  Crauford,  Rothes,  Montrose,  Sunderland,  and  Errol,  besides 
numerous  barons  and  nine  bishops,  and  in  a  very  few  days  she  found  her 
Btandard  surrounded  by  upwards  of  six  thousand  men.  Elizabeth,  too 
offered  to  assist  her,  on  condition  that  she  would  refer  the  quarrel  to  her 
arbitration  and  allow  no  French  troops  to  enter  the  kingdom,  but  the  offer 
was  too  late ;  Murray  hastily  drew  together  an  army,  and  attacked  her 
fi  ices  at  Langside,  near  Glasgow ;  and  though  the  regent  was  somewhat  in- 
ferior in  force,  his  superior  ability  inflicted  a  complete  defeat  upon  Mary, 
who  hastily  fled  to  a  fishing-boat  in  Galloway,  and  landed  the  same  day 
at  Wokinglon,  in  Cumberland,  whence  she  immediately  sent  a  messen- 
ger to  crave  the  protection  and  hospitality  of  Elizabeth.  The  reality  and 
extent  of  the  generous  sympathy  ot  tliHt  princess  were  now  to  be  devel- 
oped ;  interest  was  now  straightly  and  sternly  opposed  to  real  or  preten- 
ded generosity. 

Mary  had  evidently  relied  upon  the  power  of  her  insinuntion  and  elo- 
quence to  be  of  service  to  her  in  a  personal  interview,  which  she  immedi- 
ately solicited.  But  the  able  and  tried  ministers  of  Elizabeth  were  not 
slower  than  Mary  herself  in  pcrceivin(,[^  the  probiible  consequence  of  such 
an  interview,  and  Elizabeth  was  advised  by  them  that  she  as  a  maiden 
queen  could  not,  consisteuily  even  with  mere  decency,  admit  to  her  pres- 
ence a  woman  who  was  charged  with  murder  atjd  adullory,  and  that,  too 
under  circumstances  which  made  even  these  horrible  crimes  more  than 
usuHlly  horrible  The  queen  of  Scots  was  very  indignant  at  being,  an  I 
on  such  a  plea,  deprived  of  the  interview  upon  which  she  had  so  very 
much  reckoned.  Sne  replied  to  the  ministers  with  great  spirit,  and  so 
evidently  showed  her  determination  to  consider  herself  as  a  sister  sove- 
reign 8ccki:.g  Elizabeth's  friendship,  and  not  a»  a  charged  cfuiiinal  whom 
Kliznbeth  cauld  have  any  earthly  right  to  sit  in  judgment  upon,  that  Cecil 
determined  to  force  her,  indirectly  at  least,  upon  an  iiwcstigulion,  by 
ftllowing  M.irray  and  his  party  to  charge  her  before  the  qiieen  in  council 
With  hiivino  heei!  "of  forc-knowiedse^  couiiscK  and  i'evice^  oersuader  and 
commander  o'  the  murder  of  her  husband,  and  had  '  iitended  to  cause  the 


lei 


■■*      li , 


Q26 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


innocent  prince  to  follow  his  father  and  so  transfer  the  crown  from  the 
jpight  line  to  a  bloody  murderer  and  godless  tyrant."  To  this  point  of  this 
intricate  and  most  painful  affair  the  attention  of  general  readers  has  never 
been  sufficiently  directed.  The  usual  narrative  of  historians  leaves  tlic 
careless  or  superficial  reader  to  fancy  that  the  conduct  of  Klizabeth  must 
throughout  have  been  unjustifiable,  as  to  even  the  detention  of  Mary  the 
whole  question  being  Mary's  guilt  and  Elizabeth's  right  to  punish.  We 
Aave  already  sufficiently  shown  that  we  are  not  inclined  to  sacrifice  truth 
to  our  admiration  of  the  many  admirable  qualities  of  Elizabeth.  Vor 
much  of  her  treatment  to  Mary  she  is  deserving  of  the  highest  blame  and 
as  regards  her  execution  every  one  must  feel  the  utmost  indignation  •  but 
the  mere- detention  of  her,  and  inquiry  into  her  guilt  as  to  her  husband 
and  her  intentions  as  to  her  infant  ton,  were  justified  alike  by  the  laws  ol 
nations  and  by  every  feeling  of  humanity  and  of  morality.  That  Mary 
was  "  an  independent  sovereign"  can  only  be  affirmed  by  a  mere  olav 
upon  words.  *^  ' 

Stained  with  the  deep  charges  of  murder  and  adultery,  beaten  on  the 
battle-field,  and  fugitive  from  her  enraged  and  horrified  subjects,  Mary 
was  in  no  condition  to  exercise  her  sovereignty  until  she  should  have  re- 
estabhshed  it  by  arms  or  treaty.  By  arms  she  could  not  procuwl  with- 
out great  peril  to  England,  for  she  must  have  relied  upon  aid  from  FrHuce 
by  treaty  she  could  not  proceed  but  by  the  aid  of  Elizabeth,  whose  terri 
tory  might  be  periled  by  some  clause  of  such  treaty.  Situated  as  Eng- 
land was,  both  as  to  France  and  as  to  Spain,  it  is  quite  clear  to  nil  who 
Eay  due  attention  to  the  whole  of  the  circumstances,  that  in  an  honoura- 
le  detention  of  Mary,  and  a  full,  fair  and  imfxirtial  inquiry  into  her  con- 
duct,  Elizabeth  would  have  been  fully  justified. 

Tho  subsequent  conduct  shown  to  Mary,  her  close  imprisonment  and 
unkind  treatment,  reflect  no  credit  upon  either  Elizabeth  or  her  minis 
ters ;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  Mary,  besides  those  verbal  insultfi 
which  wound  women  more  painfully  than  the  sword  itself,  greatly  pro- 
voked tho  harsh  feeling  of  Elizabeth  by  her  perpetual  readinesa  to  lend 
her  name  and  influence  to  plots  involving  the  life  as  well  the  crown  of 
Elizabeth. 

It  seems  quite  certain  that,  at  the  outset  of  the  business,  the  main  desire 
of  both  Klizabeth  and  her  ministers  was  to  place  Mary  in  such  a  position 
that  she  would  be  unable  practically  to  revoke  hersettltinenl  of  the  crown 
upon  her  infant  son,  whose  regency,  being  |)rote8tant,  would  have  a  vauxi- 
•not)  interest  with  England,  instead  of  a  temptation  to  aid  France  or  Spain 
to  her  annoyance.  One  scheme  for  this  purjiose  was  to  give  her  in  mar- 
riage to  an  English  nobleman,  and  Elizalieih  proposed  the  alliiiniH)  lo  the 
duke  of  Norfolk,  who  bluntly  replied,  "  That  woman,  madam,  •Inll  iiuvcr 
be  my  wife  who  has  been  your  coiiipi'titor,  and  whose  husband  caiiiiol 
sleep  in  security  upon  his  pillow."  Uiif«»rtuiiately  for  the  duke,  his  nrac- 
tii  0  was  by  no  means  governed  by  the  sound  sense  of  his  theory,  and  he 
very  soon  afterwards  consented  toofler  himself  to  .Mary,  in  a  letter,  which 
was  also  signed  by  Arundel,  I»embrok«?,  and  Leicester.  Msry  pleaded 
that  "  woeful  experience  had  taught  her  to  prefer  a  single  lifej"  but  she 
hinted  pretty  plainly  that  Klizabtth's  consent  might  remove  such  rcliio- 
tance  as  she  felt.  Norfolk,  through  the  bishop  of  Homh,  kept  up  the  cor- 
respondence with  Mary.  Elizabeth  was  from  the  very  first  aware  of  it, 
and  she  at  lonjrlli  signficaiitly  quoted  Norfolk's  own  words  to  him,  warn- 
ing him  to  "  bewaro  on  what  pillow  he  should  rext  his  head."  Shurlly 
afterwards  the  duke,  for  continuing  the  correspondence,  was  cotniiiilted 
to  tho  Tower.  I^eicester  was  pardoned  for  the  share  he  had  Imd  in  the 
original  oorre8p<mdpncc »  but  there  seemed  so  much  danger  that  iKi'h  Nor- 
folk  and  tho  queen  of  Scots  would  be  severely  dealt  with,  that  all  liu»  una 
~Ss:ivsr"  iSiniiies  Ol  t.hs  nofth  joiijcil  iii  a  fomiidsbiu  iiMurruciion.    JwarV 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  627 

on  the  breaking  out  of  this  affair,  wns  removed  to  Coventry ;  bur  the  ron. 
teHt  was  sliort ;  the  earl  of  Norihumberland,  who  headed  the  revolt  waa 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner,  and  thrown  into'  Lochlevin  castle  Hia 
countess,  with  the  e*rl  of  Westmoreland  Hnd  some  other  fugitives,  were 
safe  among  he  Scottish  borderers,  wlio  were  able  to  protect  ihem  equally 
against  the  regent  Murray  and  the  emissaries  of  Elizabeth 

Upon  the  Knglish  of  the  northern  counties  who  had  been  beguiled  into 
this  hopeless  revolt,  the  vengeance  of  Elizabeth  was  terrible  and  exten- 

"l^^"  }  K  ^''?'"  '^^N?  *"*"^*.'*  ^"^'^  *°  **'«  "SO""  «<■  "lartial  law,  and  it  is 
affirmed  .hat  from  New.^astle  to  Netherby,  in  a  district  sixty  miles  long 
and  forty  miles  wide,  tlieie  was  not  a  town  or  even  a  village  which  was 
not  the  scene  of  execution  !  The  wealthier  offender*  were  reserved  for 
the  ordinary  course  of  condemnation  by  law,  it  being  anticipated  that  their 
forfeitures  would  reimburse  the  queen  the  large  sums  which  it  had  cost 
her  to  put  down  the  revolt. 

J.  D.1570.-The  vigour  of  the  regent  Murray  had  kept  the  greiter  part 
of  bc.)iland  perfectly  quiet,  even  while  the  north  of  England  was  in  anns 
or  Mary :  and  as  among  the  numerous  projects  suggested  to  Elizabeth 
for  safely  ri.ldmg  l»jrself  of  Mary  was  that  of  delivering  her  up  to  Murray, 
It  18  mcft  probably  that  the  Scottish  queen  would  have  been  restor.-d  to 
her  eounlry  and-yhough  partially  and  under  strong  restrietions~to  her 
authority,  but  fo^  the  death  of  the  regent.  While  amusing  Mary  with  a 
variety  of  proposals  which  came  to  nothing,  varied  by  sudden  objections 
which  had  beeif  contrived  from  the  very  first,  Elizabeth's  ministers  were 
sedulously  strengthening  the  hands  ancf  establishing  the  interests  of  their 
mistress  in  Scotland ;  they,  however,  seem  really  to  hi.ve  intended  the 
evciilua  restoration  of  Mary  under  the  most  favourable  circtimstances  to 
England,  when  the  enmity  and  suspicion  of  the  English  cabinet  against 
Her,  as  a  zealous  papist,  uere  made  stronger  than  ever  by  the  publication 
lli„"  ''^.'^'Ti'  '"r'"'^''  ''^  inanltingly  spoke  of  Elizabeth's  as  a 
merely  "  pretended"  righ  to  the  crown,  and  absolved  all  her  subjects 
from  their  a  logiance.  Of  this  bull,  insolent  in  itself  and  cruel  towards 
Mary,  several  copies  wore  published  both  in  Scotland  and  in  England  • 
ami  a  cutholic  gentleman,  named  Felton,  whose  zeal  bade  defiance  alike 
to  prudence  and  decency,  was  capitally  punished  for  affixing  a  copy  of 
this  document  to  the  gates  of  the  bishop  of  London. 

It  must  be  clear  that  no  sovereign  could  overlook  such  an  invitation  to 
rebellion  and  assassination.  It  would  in  any  state  of  society  be  likely  to 
urge  some  gloomy  and  half  insane  fanatic  to  the  crime  of  murder:  thouffh 
thVLTi  !"^f,"!'"'' «'«^'^''V  «v""  ^^'l"'"  thecathoPcs  were  still  so  numerous, 
he  pan  .1  hu  1  had  now  be.'ome  a  mere  hrutem  fulmen.  Linganl,  even,  the 
ftblwc  catholic  historian,  says,  upon  this  very  transaction,  "If  ti.e  pontiff 
pror,,ged  himself  any  particular  benefit  from  this  measure,  the  result  must 
h»e  disappointed  his  exp.  ctations.  The  time  was  gone  by  when  the 
.miu-lers  or*  the  Vatican  .•ould  shake  the  thrones  of  prmces.  By  o  e  in 
powers  the  bull  was  suffered  to  sleep  in  silence;   among  the'^Ei mli5h 

o  .:"'.L"..'''r?'  '".".y  '"  '"■'""'  .'^""^'"'  dissension;,  and  dfs.ry.    X  y 

0  ilei  ded  that  it  had  been  issued  by  incompetent  autlu.rity  ;  others,  that 

ould  not  bind  tho  natives  until  it  should  be  carried  into  ictual  eiecu 

Stsl^r.?v''r  'T^/'i'':;'''""*'  """^"^"^  *^""'  li«'^l«toihesuspicon 
Of  disloyalty,  and  afforded  their  enemiei  a  pretence  to  brand  then  with 

Micule  the  sentence,  it  proved  a  source  of  considerable  uneasiness  and 

r  Jvl!  !^""'.Tt'Vj  *'  ""''u  »•"'"«''  *"d  Indignant  at  the  bull  of  Piun  V. 
yery  naturally  laid  some  heavy  restriutinnM  ui«jn  ih«  {.-"h/.n^.  .j,k 

ffltnu  to  t»e  ready  at  any  moment  to  risn  in  favour  of  the  queen  of  Scoli 


028 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  for  the  deposition  of  Elizabeth,  should  Philip  of  Spam  or  his  geucrH, 
Alva,  governor  of  the  Netherlands,  land  a  suificienlly  aumennis  army  ol 
foreign  papists  in  England.  And  these  fears  of  the  parliament  and  iho 
minisirv  had  but  too  solid  fo«ndation.  Tiie  duke  of  Norfolk  from  his 
confinement  waa  constantly  intriguing  with  Mary;  and  that  unhappy 
princess,  wearied  and  goaded  to  dt..:.-eration  by  her  conlinued  imprison- 
meflt,  and  the  constant  failure  of  all  attempts  at  gainuig  her  liberty,  even 
when  she  the  most  frankly  and  completely  agreed  to  all  that  was  de- 
manded  of  her,  sent  Rudolphi,  an  Italian,  who  had  her  confidence,  to  solicit 
the  co-operation  of  the  pope,  Philip  of  Spain,  and  Alva.  Some  letters 
from  Norfolk  to  the  latter  personage  were  intercepted  by  the  English 
ministry,  and  Norfolk  was  tried  for  treasonable  leaguing  with  the  queen's 
enemies,  to  the  danger  of  her  crown  and  dignity.  Norfolk  protested  that 
his  aim  was  solely  to  restore  Mary  to  her  own  crown  of  Scotland,  and 
that  detriment  to  the  authority  of  Elizabeth  he  had  never  contemplated  and 
would  never  have  abetted.  -       ,       ,     , 

A  D.  1572.— His  defence  availed  Jiim  nothing  ;  he  was  lound  guilty  by 
his  peers  and  condemned  to  death.  Even  then  the  queen  iiesitated  lo 
carry  the  sentence  into  ,{ffect  against  the  premier  duke  of  England,  who 
was,  also,  her  own  relative.  Twice  she  was  induced  by  the  ministers  to 
sign'  the  warrant,  and  twice  she  revoked  it.  This  state  of  iiesitaiiou 
lasted  for  four  months.  At  the  end  of  that  time  the  parliament  presenteu 
an  address  strongly  calling  upon  her  to  make  an  example  of  tlie  duke,  to 
which  she  at  length  consented,  and  Norfolk  was  belieaded ;  dying  with 
great  courage  and  constancy,  and  still  protesting  that  he  had  no  ill  design 
towards  his  own  queen  in  his  desire  to  aid  the  unhappy  queen  of  Scots 
We  are  inclined  to  believe  that  tlie  duke  was  sincere  on  this  head;  bu' 
certainly  'lis  judgment  did  not  equal  Ws  sincerity  ;  for  how  could  he  ex 
pect  to  overturn  the  vast  power  of  Klizaboth,  so  far  as  to  re-establish  Mar> 
on  tlie  throne,  but  by  such  civil  and  international  fighting  as  must  have 
periled  Elizabeth's  throne,  and,  most  probably,  would  have  led  to  ihp 
sacrifice  of  her  life.  j  .    .,         ,r  - 

Burleigh,  devoted  to  the  glory  of  his  royal  mistress  and  to  the  welfare 
of  her  people,  and  plainly  perceiving  that  tho  catlKilics,  botli  at  home  and 
abroad,  would  either  flntl  or  feign  a  motive  to  mischief  m  tho  detention  o( 
the  queen  of  Scots,  resolutely  advised  that  the  unhappy  queen  should  be 
'  iolently  dealt  with,  as  being  at  the  bottom  of  all  sclieines  and  attempts 
against  the  peace  of  England.  But  Elizabeth  was  not  yet— would  that 
she  had  never  been  !— so  far  irritated  or  alarmed  as  to  consent  to  aught 
more  than  tho  detention  of  Marv  ;  ainl  to  all  the  suggestions  of  Burleigh 
she  coiitonled  herself  with  replying,  with  a  touch  ol  that  poetic  feeling 
which  even  intrigues  of  slate  never  wholly  banished  from  her  mind,  that 
"8h'»  could  not  put  to  death  the  bird  that,  to  escape  tho  lure  of  the  iiawk, 
had  flown  to  her  feet  for  protection."  ..       .      ,  ,  . 

Burleigh  was  aided  in  his  endeavours  against  Mary  by  tho  parliament ; 
■    birt  Klizubeth,  though  both  hor  anxiety  and  her  anger  daily  grew  stronger, 
pf  rsonally  inierforod  to  prevent  a  bill  of  attaindur  against  Mary,  and  even 
another  bill  which  merely  went  to  exclude  her  from  the  succession. 

T(-W(ir<l8  llic  friends  of  Mary,  Elizabeth  was  less  merciful.  Hie  earl 
of  Norlhninberlaiiil  was  delivered  by  Morton— who  had  succeeded  lienoi 
in  the  Scolcb  regency— into  the  hands  of  the  English  ministers;  and  linU 
chivalrous  and  unfortunato  nobleman  was  beheadt  1  at  York. 

The  siaiP  of  Franco  at  thii  time  was  such,  from  the  fierce  enmity  of  ine 
•jalholics  to  the  Hugucno  •  --r  protestants,  as  to  give  serious  uneasiness  lo 
Klizabeih.  Tlie  deep  enmity  of  Charles  IX.  of  France  towards  ihe  liuulert 
')f  his  proteslaiit  subjects  was  disguised,  indeed,  by  tlie  most  artful  caress"! 
boNlowcd  upon  Coligui,  the  king  of  Navarre,  and  »'^'o^^J•'^'['^5lL';8„"„^/.'^^^^ 
but  cirfcuiiisiancwB  occuifwu  to  ahow  ih&i  ins  sing  «»  r  rawce  nOt  c-nv 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD.  639 

tested  those  personages  and  their  French  followers,  but  thiit  he  would 
gladly  finze  any  good  opportunity  to  aid  Philip  of  Spain  in  the  destructiSn 
If  posFible,  of  the  protestant  power  of  England.  »irucuon. 

The  perfidious  Charles,  in  order  to  plunge  the  Huguenots  into  the  more 
profoundly  fatal  security,  offered  to  give  his  sister  Margaret  n  raarrS 
to  the  pnnce  of  Navarre :  and  Colignt,  with  other  leaders%f  the  HuguTno* 
party,  arrived  m  Pans,  to  celebrate  a  marriage  which  promised  so  much 
towards  the  reconciliation  of  the  two  panies?  But  so  f5r  was  peaceTom 
being  the  real  meaning  of  the  court  ol^ France,  that  the  quee„  Sf  Navarr^ 
was  poisoned.  This  ..nspiciously  sudden  death,  however,  of  so  eminem 
a  person  did  not  arouse  the  doomed  Coligni  and  he  other  protestants  o  a 
sense  of  their  real  situation.  The  marriage  was  concludedrand  but  a  few 
days  after,  on  the  eve  of  St.  Bartholomew,  the  designs  of  Charles  IX  .o7 
more  strictly  spejlring,  of  his  execrable  mother,  burst  forth.  The  vtnera 
ble  Col.gm  wfl..  murdered  almost  by  the  king's  side;  men,  womeSand 
children  alike  wre  butchered  by  the'^king's  troops,  so  thauk  Paris  aloSe 
about  five  hundred  persons  of  rank  and  above  ten  thousand  of  the  lower 
Sr  "'•^,''.:''^"  '°  have  perished  in  this  most  sanguinary  and  cowardly 
affair.  Orders  were  at  the  same  time  sent  to  Rouen,  Lyons,  and  other 
^eat  towns  o(  France,  where  the  same  detestable  bu tcheriesNvore  cot 
milted  on  a  proportionably  large  scale. 

The  king  of  Navarre  and  the  prince  of  Cond6  narrowly  escar.ed.    The 
duke  of  Guise  advised  their  destruction,  but  the  kin?  had  contracted  a« 
much  personal  affection  for  them  as  he  could  feel  ^rLy  one  3,  t  the  ^ 
wolf,  his  mother,  and  he  caused  their  lives  to  be  spared  on  condition  of  thei 
Beemmg  conversion  to  popery. 

The  frightful  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  could  not  but  be  greatly 
alarming  as  well  as  disgusting  to  Elizabeth.  She  could  not  but  perceive 
from  alu  chory  so  frighf.ful*and  excessive,  that  there  was  arnong  thj 
•■a  hol-r  prmces  of  the  continent  a  determination  to  exterminate  Stest! 
antism;  nor  could  she  but  foe!  that  she,  as  the  champion  otLrfaith 
Zl  '  it"  hf  ?•'  '""f  ,^«"«P/?o»»ly  than  ever  marked  o^it  for  de  trucS 
could  It  be  accomplished  oither  by  warfare  or  in  the  more  dastardly  way 
of  private  assassmation.  ^'a.uiy  wdj 

Charles  IX.  was  himiulf  conscious  of  the  offence  this  iitrocious  ma». 
«acreof  his  protestant  r.ubjects  must  necessarily  give  to  Elizabeth  and  he 
Bent  a  strong  apology  to  her  through  Fenolon,  hil  ambassSr  To  us  h 
has  ever  appeared  that  this  apology  did,  io  reality,  only  make  the  offence 
ho  blacker;  Charles  now  calu.nn1i.ted  the  unfortunate  persons  whom  he 
had  murdered.     He  pretended  that  !ie  had  discovered,  just  as  it  was  aTom 

■1  ihTr^  """  '^•^^^"t'«»'  ^  "»e^>'«""t  '-onspiracy'to  sme  !.7s  persoS^ 
mi  that  It  was  as  a  necessary  matter  of  self-defence  tljat  his  cadiolic  sol- 

Sil  n::^,n'„f  L-  >^^r  ''"«?'  ^'''  '^"'  "^''"«  f»r  wholoiale  masC"ro  were 
Clod  upon  at  distant  provincna.  cities,  as  woll  as  at  Paris,  would  at  once 
and  for  ev<;r  give  the  lie  to  this  statement.  Even  Charles's  own  amba, 
«ador  confessed  tliat  he  was  ashamed  aiike  of  his  comU?y Tid  of  t^fe' 
«po  ogy  which  he  was.  by  his  office,  compelled  to  make  fo  S^^  outrageo  •« 
»  crime.  His  offlce,  however,  left  him  no  choice,  and  lie  went  to  ?ou  L 
H«ro  he  found  every  one  male  ,.,.,i  fe^„e,  «ttired  ii.  the  dSs    moum- 

2' of  .     i!"*.  '\*^'"""  '^""'"'■"  ^^.  '""'■'*''  «^  P"-"*""""''  gri(/und  alarm. 
No  one  spoke  to  him,  even,  until  he  arrived  at  the  throne   where  the 

dr^°  'yr'f  ^Is  personal  character,  heard  hi   aSg7w  th  all 
hoie    t^'l'  f  =»tfl'«''-"">{'n«t««--  .Kli^abelh  very  plainly,  ifher  rep  y 
•nowe.i  that  she  wholly  disbounvod  Char  es's  calumny  unon  his  nroto.ta.. 
•ubjecls,  but  she  concluded  that  .he  would  defer  makfniTl  "r  Ed  uSn 
tV"'  fr'i."«'.°f  ^^*'"'«"  ""'"  "he  should  see  ho^ho  would  act*^," 

&:;?.il'.?!Jl!!•vr^!'J-^.- "'i"^    '>yhi.  own  ibasri.:;: 

Vou  I — 34 


nil 


,n 


'if 


^wi-^  * 


ti'j 


I  i 


630 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


The  massacres  in  France,  joined  to  the  Spanish  massacres  andpcMe- 
cations  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  the  favour  into  which  Charles  IX.  now 
visibly  took  the  Guises,  made  it  evident  to  Klizabeth  that  nothing  but  op- 

Eortunity  was  wanting  to  induce  the  French  and  Spaniards  to  unite  for 
er  destruction,  and  she  took  all  possible  precautions.  She  fortified 
Portsmouth,  paid  all  requisite  attention  to  her  militia  and  fleet,  and,  while 
she  renewed  ner  open  alliances  with  the  German  princes,  she  lent  all  the 
aid  that  she  secretly  could  to  the  people  of  the  Low  Countries  to  assist 
them  against  their  Spanish  tyrants.  ,   .     , 

A.  D.  1579.— Beyond  what  we  have  just  now  said  of  the  foreign  policy 
o(  Elizabeth  we  need  not  here  say  anything ;  the  events  that  took  place, 
whether  in  Spain,  the  Netherlands,  or  France,  falling  properly  under  those 
heads.  The  attention  of  Elizabeth,  as  to  foreigners,  was  addressed  chiefly 
to  aiding  the  protestants  with  secrecy  and  with  as  rigid  economy  and 
stringent  conditions  as  were  consistent  with  eflfectual  aid ;  and  to  keeping 
up  such  a  constant  demonstration  of  vigour  and  a  prepared  position,  as 
might  intimidate  catholic  princes  from  any  such  direct  hostility  to  her  as 
would  be  likely  to  provoke  her  into  openly  encouraging  and  assisting  their 
malcontent  subjects. 

This  policy  enabled  Elizabeth  to  enjoy  a  profound  peace  durmg  years 
which  saw  nearly  all  the  rest  of  Europe  plunged  in  war  and  misery. 

A.  D»  1580.-  ."he  affairs  of  Scotland  just  at  this  time  gave  Elizabeth 
uome  uneasiness.  During  several  years  the  regent  Morton  had  kept  that 
kingdom  in  the  strictest  amity.  But  the  regent  had  of  late  wholly  lost  the 
favour  of  the  turbulent  nobles,  and  he  found  himself  under  the  necessity 
of  giving  in  his  ret  >  .  ation ;  and  the  government  was  formally  assumed 
by  King  James  himself,  though  he  .vas  i  *w  only  eleven  years  of  age. 
The  count  U'Aubigny,  of  the  house  of  Lenox,  was  employed  by  the  duke 
of  Guise  to  detach  James  from  the  interests  of  Elizabeth,  and  to  cause 
him  to  espouse  those  of  his  mother.  Elizabeth  endeavoured  to  support 
and  reinstate  Morton,  but  D'Aubigny  had  now  obtained  so  much  influ- 
ence  with  the  king,  that  he  was  able  to  have  Morton  imprisoned  and  sub 
sequenily  beheaded,  as  an  accomplice  in  the  murder  of  the  late  king. 

With  Spain,  too,  Elizabeth's  relations  were  at  this  period  uneasy  and 
threatening.    In  revenge  for  the  aid  which  he  knew  Elizabeth  to  have 
given  to  his  revolted  subjects  of  the  Netherlands,  Philip  of  Spain  sent  r 
body  of  troops  to  aid  her  revolted  subjects  of  Ireland ;  and  her  complain 
of  this  interference  were  an.swered  by  a  reference  to  the  piracies  coir 
mitted  by  the  celebrated  Admiral  Drake,  who  was  the  first  Englishma 
who  sailed  round  the  world,  and  who  obtained  enormous  booty  from  tr 

Spaniards  in  the  New  World.  „      r  .u         ,•.,»„. 

A.  n.  1581.— Th«  Jesuits,  and  the  scholars  generally  of  the  contmenu. 
eeminaries  which  the  king  of  Spain  had  established  to  compensate  to  the 
catnolics  for  the  loss  of  the  universities  of  England,  were  so  obviously 
Hnd  so  intrusively  hostile  to  the  queen  and  the  protcstant  faith,  that  some 
ttringent  laws  against  them  and  the  catholics  generally  were  novv  paased. 
And  let  any  who  feel  inclined  to  condemn  the  severity.of  those  laws  flrsi 
reflect  upon  the  continual  alarm  in  which  both  the  queen  and  her  protest- 
ant  subjects  had  been  kept,  bv  the  pernicious  exertions  of  men  who  never 
•eemed  at  a  loss  for  a  subtle  casuistry  to  induce  or  to  justify  a  brutal  cru- 
eltv  or  a  violent  sedition.  ,    r     „» 

Campion,  a  Jesuit  who  had  been  sent  over  to  explain  to  the  catnolics  of 
England  that  they  were  not  bound,  in  obedience  ♦)  the  bull  of  Fius  v.,  lo 
rebel  until  the  pope  should  give  them  a  second  and  explicit  ord'^r  to  that 
effect— t.  e.,  not  until  the  state  of  England  should  by  accidc!4,  n-  by  je- 
•uitical  practices,  be  placed  In  convenient  confusion!— bein?  ;>"'*«*•""; 
treasonable  practices  ^'irectly  opjposed  to  his  professed  em  id,  was  nm 
|mi  io  iba  tho'ti.  aad  ti-or;  ozccuicn. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


B81 


Elizabeth  had  formerly  been  addressed  with  offers  of  marriage  by  Alen- 
gon.now  duke  of  Anjou,  brother  to  the  late  tyrant,  Charles  IX.,  of  France, 
and  he  now  renewed  hi«  addresses  through  his  agent  Simier,  a  man  of 
great  talent  and  most  insinuatmg  manners.  The  agent  so  well  played 
his  part  in  the  negotiation  that  he  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  powerful  and 
unprincipled  Leicester,  who  off"ered  him  every  possible  opposition  and 
insult.  The  queen,  whom  Simier  informed  of  Leicester's  marriage  to  the 
widow  of  the  earl  of  Essex,  formally  took  Simier  under  her  especial  pro 
tection,  and  ordered  Leicester  to  confine  himself  to  Greenwich. 

Simier  so  well  advocated  the  cause  of  Anjou,  that  Elizabeth  went  so  far 
as  to  invite  that  prince  to  England ;  and,  after  making  stipulations  for  the 
aid  of  France,  should  the  interests  of  Anjou  in  the  Netherlands  involvt 
her  in  a  quarrel  with  Philip  of  Spain,  Elizabeth,  in  presence  of  her  whole 
court  and  the  foreign  ambassadors,  placed  a  ring  on  Anjou's  finger,  and 
distinctly  said  that  she  did  so  in  token  of  her  intention  to  become  his 
wife.  As  she  was  now  nine-and-forty  years  of  age,  and  might  be  sup- 
posed to  have  outlived  all  the  youthful  fickleness  imputed  to  her  sex,  and 
as  she  gave  orders  to  the  bishops  to  regulate  the  forms  of  the  marriage, 
every  one  supposed  that  it  was  certain.  Despatches  were  sent  to  notify 
the  approaching  event  abroad,  and  in  many  parts  of  England  it  was  antC 
cipatively  celebrated  by  public  holiday  and  rejoicing. 

But  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth  to  Anjou  was  looked  upon  with  great  dis- 
like by  the  leading  men  of  the  English  court.  The  duke,  as  a  catholic, 
and  a  member  of  a  most  persecuting  family,  could  not  but  be  viewed  with 
fear  and  suspicion  by  sound  statesmen  like  Walsingham  and  Hatton ; 
while  Leicester,  conscious  that  with  the  queen's  marriage  his  own  vast 
power  and  influence  would  end,  heartily  wished  her  not  to  marry  at  all. 
These  courtiers  employed  her  favourite  ladies  to  stimulate  her  pride  by 
hinting  the  probability  of  her  husband,  instead  of  herself,  becoming  the 
(Irst  personage  in  her  dominions ;  and  to  appeal  to  her  fears  by  suggesting 
the  dangers  to  which  she  would  be  exposed  should  she  have  children ;  the 
latter,  surely,  a  danger  not  very  probable  at  her  time  of  life.  However, 
the  courtiers'  artifices  were  fully  successful.  Even  while  the  state  mes 
sengers  were  on  their  way  to  foreign  courts  with  the  news  of  the  queen's 
approaching  marriage,  she  sent  for  Anjou,  and  told  him,  with  tears  and 
protestations  of  regret,  that  her  people  were  so  much  prejudiced  against 
her  union  with  him,  that  though  her  own  happiness  must  needs  be  sacri- 
ficed she  had  resolved  'o  consult  the  happiness  of  her  people,  and,  there- 
fore could  not  marry  nim.  The  duke  on  leaving  her  presence  threw  away 
the  costly  ring  she  had  given  him,  and  declared  that  English  women  were 
»8  capricious  as  the  waves  that  surround  their  island.  He  soon  afier  de- 
parted, and  being  driven  from  Belgium  to  France,  died  there;  deeply  and 
sincerely  regretted  by  Elizabeth. 

A.D.  1684. — Several  attempts  having  been  made  to  raise  new  trouble!  Ir. 
Rngland  in  favour  of  the  queen  of  Scots,  the  ministers  of  Elizabeth  made 
every  exertion  to  detect  the  conspirators.  Henry  Piercy,  earl  Northum- 
berland, brother  to  that  earl  who  was  some  time  before  beheaded  for  hit 
connection  with  Mary's  cause ;  Howard,  earl  of  Arundel,  son  of  the  duke 
of  Norfolk,  that  princess'  late  suitor;  Lord  Paget  and  Charles  Arundel 
•nd  Francis  Throgmorton,  a  private  gentleman,  were  implicated.  Most 
of  them  escaped,  but  Throgmorton  was  executed.  Mendoza,  the  Spanish 
ambassador,  who  had  been  the  prime  mover  of  this  plot,  was  sent  home 
in  (liMgrace,  Some  further  proofs  of  a  widely-spread  and  dangerous  con- 
spiracy having  been  discovered  in  some  papers  seized  upon  Creighton,  a 
Scottish  Jesuit,  the  English  ministers,  who  found  Mary  connected  with  all 
these  attempts,  removed  her  from  the  custody  of  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
who  seemed  not  to  have  been  sufRciently  watchful  of  her  conduct,  and 
c-oinmiited  her  to  tha  o*  Sir  Amias  Paulet  and  8ir  Drue  Drury,  men  of 


m^Aicx. 


-    '"  imt. 


582 


HISTORY   OF  THE  "WORLD. 


character  apd  humanity,  but  too  much  devoted  to  Elizabeth  to  allow  any 
unreasonable  freedom  to  their  prisoner.  .     .  .       „        j 

Further  laws  were  at  the  same  time  passed  agamst  jesuits  and  popish 
priests,  and  a  council  was  named  by  act  of  parhament  with  power  to 
Bovori'  the  kingdom,  settle  the  succession,  and  avenge  the  queen  s  death, 
should  that  occur  by  violence.  A  subsidy  and  two  fifteenths  were  like- 
wise  granted  to  the  queen. 

Durinff  this  session  of  parliament  a  new  conspiracy  was  discovered, 
which  ereatly  increased  ihe  general  animosity  to  the  catholics,  and  pro- 
Dortionably  increased  the  attachment  of  the  parliament  to  the  queen,  and 
.their  anxiety  to  shield  her  from  the  dangers  by  which  she  seemed  to  be 
Deroetually  surrounded.    A  catholic  gentleman  named  Parry,  who  had 
made  himself  so  conspicuous  in  the  house  of  commons  by  his  intemperate 
ODDOsition  to  a  bill  for  restraining  the  seditious  practices  of  Romish  priests 
that  he  was  committed  to  the  custody  of  the  serjeant-at-arms  and  only 
liberated  by  the  clemency  of  the  queen,  was  now,  m  but  little  less  than 
six  weeks,  charged  with  high  treason.    This  man_had  been  employed  as 
a  secret  aeent  by  Lord  Burleigh,  but  not  deeming  himself  sufficientlv  we  I 
treated  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  seems  to  have  deeply  intrigued  with 
both  the  papal  party  at  Rome  and  the  ministers  of  his  own  sovereign  at 
home.    Having  procured  from  the  Romish  authorities  a  warni  sanction 
of  his  professed  design  of  killing  Queen  Elizabeth  with  his  own  hand,  tins 
sanction  he  hastened  to  communicate  to  Elizabeth,  and  being  refused  a 
pension  he  returned  to  his  old  vocation  of  a  spy,  and  was  employed  to 
watch  the  pernicious  Jesuit  Persons,  in  conjunction  with  Nevil.    1  hough 
actually  in  the  service  of  the  government,  both  Neyil  and  Parry  were 
men  of  desperate  fortune,  and  their  discontent  at  length  grew  so  desperate 
that  thev  agreed  to  shoot  the  queen  when  she  should  be  out  riding.     1  he 
earl  of  Westmoreland,  under  sentence  of  exile,  chanced  to  die  just  at  this 
period,  and  Nevil,  who,  though  a  salaried  spy,  was  also  in  exile  in  Nor- 
mandy, thought  it  very  likely  that  he,  as  next  heir  to  the  deceased  earl, 
would  recovir  the  family  estate  and  title  by  revealing  the  plot  to  which 
he  was  a  party.    Nevil's  revealments  to  the  government  were  confirmed 
by  Parry's  own  confession,  and  the  latter,  a  double  traitor-alike  traitoi 
to  his  native  land  and  to  his  spiritual  sovereign— was  very  deservedly 

''TflSt'of  twenty  sail  under  Admiral  Sir  Francis  Drake,  with  a  land 
force  of  two  thousand  three  hundred  volunteers  under  Christopher  tar- 
lisle,  did  the  Spaniards  immense  mischief  this  year,  taking  St.  Jago,  near 
Cap^  Verd,  where  they  got  good  store  of  provision,  but  little  moncv ;  M. 
Domingo,  where  they  made  the  inhabitants  save  their  houses  by  u.e  pay. 
ment  of  ;  large  sum  of  money  ;  and  Carthagena,  which  they  similarly 
hel3  to  ransom.  On  the  coast  of  Florida  they  burned  the  towns  of  bt. 
Anthony  and  St.  Helen's ;  and  thence  they  went  to  the  coast  of  Virgiiu, 
where  tLy  found  the  miserable  remnant  of  the  colony  so  long  be  or 
planed  there  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  The  poor  <=olo"'«t«  ^^f «  „^,',  ^^^^ 
time  reduced  to' utter  misery  and  despair  by  «"«.^""'r'i!i«  on  board 
and  Bladlv  abandoned  their  settlements  and  returned  home  on  boaro 
Drake's  fleet.  The  enormous  wealth  that  was  brought  home  by  that  gal- 
lant commander,  and  the  accounts  given  by  his  men  of  ^olh  the  r « 
and  the  weakness  of  the  Spaniards,  made  the  notion  of  piracy  upon  t lie 
Spanish  main  extrem.^ly  popular,  and  caused  much  «v'»  «"«y?y;;^„7  "'J 
ployed  in  that  direction,  which  would  otherwise  have  been  of  serious  aii 
novance  to  the  government  at  home.  .    »»  n     j  :„  ««m 

Xanwhile  thl  earl  of  Leic.ster,  who  had  been  sent  to  Holland  in  com 
mandof  the  English  auxiliary  forces  to  aid  the  states  ««»  "«»  Spam 
proved  himself  to  be  unfit  for  any  extensivejnilitary  POW«j;;^/''^  "^""'" 

WM  prlaceiy  iu  gpiendour,  and  his  cuUftly  luaTsners  an-  "-n-n 


urnino  BDiri 
■o -r     • 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  533 

caused  him  to  be  named  captAin-general  of  the  United  Provinces,  and  to 
have  (he  guards  and  honours  of  a  sovereign  prince.  But  here  his  achieve- 
ments, which- gave  deep  offence  to  Elizabeth,  begaji  to  din-inish  in  bril- 
hancy.  Though  nobly  aided  by  his  nephew,  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  one  of  the 
most  gallant  and  accomplished  gentlemen  who  have  ever  done  honour  to 
England,  he  was  decidedly  inferior  to  the  task  of  opposing  so  accomplish- 
ed a  general  as  the  prince  of  Parma.  He  succeeded  in  the  fiist  instance 
in  repulsing  the  Spaniards  and  throwing  succours  into  Grave;  but  the 
cowardice  or  treachery  of  Van  Hemert— who  was  afterwards  put  to  death 
pursuant  to  the  sentence  of  a  court  martial— betrayed  the  place  to  the 
Spaniards.  Venlo  was  takeh  by  the  prince  of  Parma,  as  was  Nnys,  and- 
the  prmce  then  sat  down  before  Rhimberg.  To  draw  the  prince  from  be- 
fore this  last  named  place,  which  was  garrisoned  by  twelve  hundred  men 
well  provided  with  stores,  and  upon  which,  consequently,  Leicester  should 
have  allowed  the  prince  to  have  wasted  his  strength  and  <Acn  have  brought 
him  to  action,  Leicester  laid  siege  to  Zutphen.  The  prince  thou<rht  this 
place  far  too  important  to  be  allowed  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  English, 
and  he  hastened  to  its  aid,  sending  an  advanced  guard  under  the  marquis 
of  Cuesto  to  throw  relief  into  the  fortress.  A  body  of  English  cavalry 
fell  111  with  this  advance,  and  a  gallant  action  commenced,  in  which  the 
Spaniards  were  completely  routed,  with  the  loss  of  the  marquis  of  Gonza- 
go,  an  Italian  noble  of  great  military  reputation  and  ability.  In  this  ac- 
tion, however,  the  English  were  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose  the  noble  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  whose  accomplishments,  humanity,  and  love  of  literature 
made  him  the  idol  of  the  great  writers  of  the  age.  The  humanity  which 
had  marked  his  whole  life  was  conspicuous  even  in  the  last  sad  scene  of 
his  death.  Dreadfully  wounded,  and  tortured  with  a  raging  thirst,  he  was 
about  to  have  a  bottle  of  water  applied  to  his  parched  lips,  when  he  caught 
the  eyes  of  a  poor  private  soldier  who  lay  near  him  in  the  like  fevered 
state,  and  was  looking  at  the  bottle  with  the  eager  envy  which  only  the 
wounded  soldier  and  the  desert  wanderer  can  know.  "  Give  him  the  wa- 
ter," said  the  dying  hero,  "  his  necessity  is  still  greater  than  mine." 

While  Leicester  was  barely  keeping  ground  against  Spain  in  the  Neth- 
erlands,  and  Drake  was  astounding  and  ruining  the  Spaniards  in  various 
parts  of  the  New  World,  Elizabeth  was  cautiously  securing  herself  oi'.  tha 
Bide  of  Scotland.  Having  obtained  James's  alliance  bv  a  dexterous  ad 
mixture  of  espionage  and  more  open  conduct,  Elizabeth  felt  that  she  had 
but  little  to  fear  from  foieign  invasions ;  it  being  stipulated  in  their  league 
"that  if  Elizabeth  were  invaded,  James  should  aid  her  with  a  body  of  two 
thousand  horse  and  five  thousand  foot ;  that  Elizabeth,  in  the  like  cnse, 
should  send  to  his  assistance  three  thousand  horse  and  six  thousand  foot; 
that  the  charge  of  these  armies  should  be  defrayed  by  the  prince  who  de- 
manded assistance ;  that  if  the  invasion  should  be  made  upon  England 
within  sixty  miles  of  the  frontiers  of  Scotland,  this  latter  kingdom  should 
march  iis  whole  force  to  the  assistance  of  the  former;  and  that  the  pres- 
ent league  should  supersede  all  former  alliances  of  either  state  with  any 
foreii^n  kingdom  so  far  as  religion  was  concerned." 

And,  in  truth,  it  was  req  lisite  that  Elizabeth  should  be  well  prepared  at 
home,  for  her  enemies  abroad  grew  more  and  more  furious  agninst  her 
»8  every  new  occurrence  more  strongly  displayed  the  sagacity  of  her 
ministers  and  her  own  prudence  and  firmness  in  aupporting  them.  Partly 
on  account  of  the  imprisonment  of  the  queen  of  Scots,  but  chiefly  on  ac- 
count of  those  rigorous  laws  which  their  own  desperate  and  shameful 
eomiuct  daily  made  more  necessary,  the  foreign  papists,  and  still  more 
tne  Lnghsh  seminary  at  Rheims,  had  become  wrought  up  to  so  violent  a 
Jury  tliiit  nothing  short  of  the  assassination  of  Elizabeth  was  now  deemed 
worthy  their  contemplation. 


Lilm  n. 


,11..  .,1 


pricHi  of  the  sejiiiHary  ai  Rheims,  naviiiij  becii  eii^jaged 


H 


634 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


^^^^^^Bi  'ififli 

1 

! 

1 

in  noiicine  and  stirring  up  the  fanatical  zeal  of  the  catholins  of  Enplanti 
and  Scotland,  proposed,  on  his  return  to  Rheims,  the  attempt  to  dethrone 
Elizabeth  and  to  re-establish  papacy  in  England,  an  enterprise  which  he 
pretended  to  think  practicable,  ancf  that,  t<.o,  w.ihrmt  any  extraordinary 
difficultv  At  nearly  tho  same  time  a  desperate  and  gloomy  fanatic,  John 
Savage,  who  had  served  for  severe]  years  under  the  prince  of  Parma  in 
the  Low  Countries,  and  v!  -  -va.  cdcM-.ted  for-a  most  indomitabie  reso- 
lution,  offered  to  as88ssi:>  -^te  M^sbi:iii  with  his  own  hands.  As  that  deed 
would  greatly  facility  .;  Uio  pa.,>o..:l  revolution  in  England,  the  priests  o 
RheimI,  who  had  long  preached  up  the  virtuous  and  lawful  character  ol 
the  assassination  of  heretical  sovereigns,  encouraged  him  in  hi»  des.gn 
which  he  vowed  to  pursue,  and  the  more  fanatical  catholics  of  England 
were  instructed  to  lend  hira  all  possible  aid.  Savage  was  speedily  fol- 
lowed to  England  by  Ballard,  who  took  the  name  of  Captain  Fortescue, 
and  busied  himself  night  and  day  in  preparinjr  rne-r^  to  avail  himself  of 
the  awe  and  confusion  in  which  the  nariM;  couli  no.  iail  to  be  plungedby 
the  success  of  the  attempt  which  he  doubted  not  that  bavage  would 

*^AnthonyBrbington,  a  Derbyshire  gentleman,  had  long  been  known  to 
the  initiated  abroad  as  a  bigoted  catholic  and  as  a  romantic  lover  of  the 
imprisoned  queen  of  Scots     To  this  gentleman,  who  had  the  property 
and  station  requisite  to  render  him  useful  to  the  conspirators,  Ballard  ad- 
dressed  himself.     To  restore  the  catholic  religion  and  phce  Mary  on  the 
throne  of  England,  Babington  considered  an  enterprise  that  fully  warrant- 
ed the  murde^r  of  Elizabeth ;  but  he  objected  to  entrusting  the  executjon 
of  so  important  a  preliminary  to  the  proposed  revolution  to  one  ha„d. 
The  slightest  nervousness  or  error  of  that  one  man,  Babington  tnily    e- 
marked:  would  probably  involve  the  lives  or  fortunes  of  all  the  chief 
Sics  in  England.     He  proposed,  therefore,  that  five  others  should  be 
Sued  fo  Savage  in  the  charge'of  the  assassinat  on.    So  desperate  was 
the  villainy  of  Savage,  and  he  was  so  angry  at  this  proposed  division  of  a 
cruel  and  Jowardly  treason,  that  it  was  only  with  some  difficulty  that  1,. 
Stlv  colleague  induced  him  to  share  what  the  wretch  impiously  termed 
fhT"K"  ofTe  deed,  with  Barnwell,  Charnock,  Tilney,  and  T.chborne ; 
all  of  them  gentlemen  of  station,  character,  and  wealth  :  and  Babnigton, 
a  so  a  man  Sf  wealth,  character,  and  station,  which  he  owed  to  the  forme. 
Service  of  his  father  as  cofferer  to  the  very  queen  whom  it  was  now  pro- 
DOsed  to  slay !     Such  is  that  terrible /on»  cnmtms,  fanaticism  . 

It'was  determined  that  at  the  very  same  hour  at  which  Savage  and  hi 
CO  leagues  shodd  assassinate  Ei.zabeth,  the  queen  of  Scots  should  be  out 
rSg,^when  Babington.  with  Edward,  brother  o   Lord  W rnds^J, "'  J  I'i 
.•ral  other  gentlemen,  at  the  head  of  a  hundred  horse,  should  attack  liei 
guarSsaJlescorThe'r  to  London,  where  she  would  be  Proclaimed  am. 
the  acclamations  of  the  conspirators,  and,  doubtless,  all  catholics  who 

•'ThaVthls  hellish  plot  would  have  succeeded  there  c-  bo  litt^^ doubt 
bat  for  the  watchful  eye  of  Walsingham,  wbich  had  fr.m  the  first  been 
upon  Ballard}  and  wliile  that  person  was  busily  Pl"'""?  a  revolution 
which,  commencing  with  the  assassination  of  J^e  ^  ;;^'^.  ^J"^  ^^'^J 
infallibly  have  ended  with  a  general  massacre  of  the  protestants.  ne  was 
onconsdously  telling  all  his  principal  proceedings  to  Walsingham  t^ia 
able  and  resolute  minister  having  placed  spies  about  h«m  who  reported 
everything  of  importance  to  the  secretary.  G.fford,  another  seminary 
priest,  also  enteredl  the  pay  of  the  minister,  and  enabled  him  to  obta  J 
copied  of  correspondence  between  Babington  and  the  q"««n«f.f  J'^ 
which  he  spoke  of  the  murder  of  Elizabeth  as  a  tragical  ««'^f'«"  jS 
he  would  wUling'y  undertake  for  Mary's  sake  and  '"v.ce.  and  si  e  replied 

UK  wuum  vviiiii  nj ^   ^  ^^^  ...u^^„^\„„   inpliiHinir  the  assassination  01 

inai  sne  nigiuy  ajspruvcu  us  tisc  Trsiut-.  i-.,,,,, b     - 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


ssr 


?he  queen,  a  general  insurrection  aided  by  foreig^n  invasion,  and  Mary's 
awa  deliverance.  Nay,  the  queen  of  Scots  went  still  farther;  she  said 
that  the  gentlemen  engaged  in  this  enterprise  might  expect  all  the  reward 
It  should  ever  be  in  her  power  to  bestow ;  and  reminded  them  that  it 
would  be  but  lost  labour  to  attempt  an  insurrection,  or  even  her  own  re- 
lease from  her  cruel  imprisonment,  until  Elizabeth  were  dead. 

We  have  not  scrupled  to  declare  our  dislike  of  the  original  conduct  of 
Elizabeth,  so  far  as  we  deem  it  criminal  or  mean.     But  we  cannot  there- 
fore  shut  our  eyes  to  the  fact,  that  though  party  writers  have  made  many 
and  zealous  attempts  to  show  that  the  whole  plot  was  of  Walsingham'a 
contrivance,  the  evidence  against  Mary  was  as  complete  and  satisfactory 
as  human  evidence  could  be.     That  Walsingham  employed  spies,  thai 
these  were  chiefly. priests  who  were  false  to  their  own  party,  and  that 
some  of  them  were  men  of  bad  character— what  d.»  these  things  prove? 
Circumstanced  as  Walsingham  was,  knowing  his  queen's  life  to  be  in 
perpetual  danger  from  restless  and  desperate  plotters,  we  really  cannot 
lee  how  he  was  to  avoid  that  resort  to  spies,  which  under  any  other  cir- 
cumstances  we  should  be  among  the  first  to  denounce.    But  with  whom, 
then,  did  these  spies  act  ?    With  catholics  of  station  and  wealth,  whom 
no  spies  could  possibly  have  engaged  in  perilous  and  wicked  proceedings, 
but  for  their  own  fierce  fanaticism.    And  how  and  from  whom  did  these 
spies  procure  Walsingham  the  important  letters  which  divulged  all  the 
particulars  of  the  intended  villainy  t    By  letter  carrying  from  Mary  to  the 
enamoured  Babington,  and  from  Babington  to  Mary.    What  film  bigotry 
may  throw  over  the  eyes  of  fierce  political  partisans  we  know  not,  but 
assuredly  we  can  imagine  nothing  to  be  clearer  than  the  guilt  of  Mary, 
R8  far  as  she  could  be  guilty  of  conspiring  against  the  life  of  Elizabeth— 
who  had  so  long  imbittered  her  life  and  deprived  her  of  all  enjoyment  of 
her  crown  and  kingdom,  who  had  mocked  her  with  repeated  promises 
which  she  never  intended  to  fulfil,  and  who  had  carried  the  arts  of  policy 
«)  far  as  to  outrage  nature  by  making  the  utter  neglect  of  the  imprisoned 
mother  a  tacit  condition,  at  the  least,  of  friendship  and  alliance  with  the 
reigning  son.    The  commissioners  on  their  return  from  Fotheringay  cas- 
tle pronounced  sentence  of  death  upon  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  but  accom- 
panied the  sentence  with  what— considering  that  from  the  moment  of  her 
abdication  in  his  favour,  his  right  to  reign  became  wholly  independent  of 
his  mother—seemed  a  somewhat  unnecessary  clause  of  exception  in  fa. 
vour  of  James ;  which  said  that  •'  the  sentence  did  in  no  wise  derogate 
from  the  title  and  honour  of  James,  king  of  Scotland  ;  but  that  he  was  in 
the  same  place,  degree,  and  right,  as  if  the  sentence  had  never  been  pro- 
nounced." *^ 

It  is  an  extraordinary  fact,  and  one  which  is  unnoticed  not  only  by  the 
partial  writers  who  have  endeavoured  to  throw  the  deserved  degree  of 
t)  ame  upon  Elizabeth,  and  also  to  represent  Mary  as  altogether  free  from 
DIame  even  where  her  criminality  was  the  most  glaringly  evident,  but 
even  by  the  impartial  Hume,  that  when  the  sentence  on  Mary  was  pub- 
lished in  London,  the  people  received  it,  not  with  the  sadness  and  silence 
or  the  fierce  and  fiery  remonstrance  with  which  the  English  are  wont  to 
rebuke  or  restrain  evil  d  ng,  but  by  the  ringing  of  bells,  lighting  of  bon 
ores,  and  all  the  ordinal .  tokens  of  public  rejoicing.  Does  not  this  sin 
gle  fact  go  to  prove  that  it  was  notorious  that  Mary,  during  her  confine- 
ment,  was  perpetually  plotting  against  the  life  of  the  queen,  and  endeav- 
ouring  to  deliver  England  and  Scotland  over  to  the  worst  horrors  that 
toil  d  beiall  them— the  restoration  of  papacy  and  the  arbitrary  rule  of 
» nuip  of  Spam  1  We  repeat,  whatever  the  former  conduct  of  Elizabeth 
nary  of  Scotland  was  now  notoriously  a  public  enemy,  prepared  to  slay 
'hi ^f_l"  *JVl. expose  the  protestants  of  the  nation  to  massacre,  so  that 
Mirgai  Ouiaiti  ncr  own  peraonal  iiberiy ,  and  take  away  the  liberty  of 


'Hj 


'i%i 


I 


63d 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


corwcience  from  the  whole  nation.  That  this  was  the  true  state  oj  the 
case  was  made  evident  not  merely  by  the  rejoicmgs  of  the  muUitiide  out 
of  doors,  but  by  the  solemn  application  of  the  parliament  to  Elizabeth  to 
allow  the  sentence  to  be  executed.  The  king  of  France,  chiefly  by  the 
compulsion  of  the  house  of  Guise  and  the  league,  mterceded  for  Maty; 
and  James  of  Scotland,  who  had  hitherto  been  a  most  cold  and  neglecifu 
Bon.  whatever  might  be  the  errors  of  his  mother,  now  sent  the  master  ol 
Gray  and  Sir  Robert  Melvil  to  try  both  argument  and  menace  upon  Eliz- 

"**Most  historians  seem  to  be  of  opinion  that  the  reluctance  which  Eliza- 
beth for  some  lime  exhibited  to  comply  with  what  was  undoubtedly  the 
wish  of  her  people,  the  execution  of  Mary,  was  wholly  feigned.    We 
weatlv  doubt  it.     That   Elizabeth  both  hated  and   feared   Mary  was 
inevitable ;   Mary's  position,  her   bigotry,  the  personal  ill-feeling  she 
had  often  shown  towards  Elizabeth,  and  her  obvious   willingness  to 
sacrifice  her  life,  were  surely  not  additions  to  the  character  of  a  woman 
who  had  connived  at  her  husband's  death  and  then  married  his  murderer, 
which  could  have  engendered  any  kindly  feelings  on  the  part  of  a  princess 
wharrassed  and  threatened  as  Elizabeth  was  by  the  faction  of  which 
Mary,  in  England  at  least,  was  the  recognised  head.    But  apart  from  all 
womanly  and  humane  relenting,  Elizabeth  could  not  but  be  conscious 
that  the  death  of  Mary  would  rause  a  great  accession  to  the  rage  of  the 
catholic  powers  ;  and  apathetic  as  James  had  shown  himself  hitherto,  it 
was  but  Reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  violent  death  of  his  mother  would 
Touse  him  into  active  enmity  to  England.    However,  the  queen's  hes.ta- 
ion  real  or  assumed,  was  at  length  overcome,  and  she  signed  the  fatal 
iar'rant  wh  ch  DaTison,  her  secretary,  acting  under  the  orders  and  advice 
of  Lord  Burleigh,  Leicester,  and  others  of  the  council,  forthwith  dispatch- 
2d  to  Fotheringay  by  the  earls  of  Shrewsbury  and  Kent,  who  were  charged 

^f  rfslr.-ZSately  on  the  arrival  of  the  two  earls,  they  read  the 
warrant  and  warned  Mary  to  be  prepared  for  execution  at  eight  on  the 
follow"  g  morning.  She  received  the  news  with  apparent  res.pation; 
profered  Sat  shf  could  not  have  believed  that  Elizabeth  would  have  en- 
foJced  such  a  sentence  upon  a  person  not  subject  to  the  laws  and  junsdic 
UoTof  England,  but  added,  "As  such  is  her  will,  death,  which  puts  an 
end  ?o  a  my  miseries,  shall  be  to  me  most  welcome ;  nor  can  1  esteem 
that  soul  worthy  the  felicities  of  heaven  which  cannot  support  the  body 
under  the  horrors  of  the  last  passage  to  those  blissful  mansions. 

She  then  asked  for  the  admission  of  her  own  chaplain,  but  the  earl  o 
Kent  said  that  the  attendance  of  a  papist  priest  was  unnecessary,  as 
SJhe?  dean  of  Peterborough,  a  most  learned  and  pious  divine  wou  d 
afford  her  all  necessary  consolation  and  instruction.  She  refused  to  see 
him  which  so  much  angered  the  earl  of  Kent,  that  he  coarsely,  though 
U^Told  her  that  her  Seath  would  be  the  life  of  the  protestant  religion, 
(18  her  life  would  have  been  the  death  of  it.  . 

Hav  g  akena  sparing  and  early  supper,  tlie  unhappy  Mary  passed  the 
nisht  in  making  a  distribution  of  her  effects  and  in  re  igious  offices,  unU 
hKs  ml  hour  for  retiring.when  she  Tvent  to  bed  and  s  ept  for  some  hou« 
She  rose  very  early,  and  resumed  her  religious  exercises,  using  a  conse 
crated  host  which  had  been  sent  to  her  by  Pope  Pins. 

As  the  fatal  hour  approached  she  dressed  herse  f  m  a  rich  Jabit  of  vel 
vcf  and  silk.  Scarcely  had  she  done  so  when  Andrews  sheriff  of  the 
county,  entered  the  room  and  summoned  her  to  the  last  dread  sceno,  to 
which^^he  was  supported  by  two  of  Sir  AmiasPaulet's  guards  an  infirm 
Uv  in  her  limbs  preventing  her  from  walking  withou  aid.  As  she  entered 
!L  Wl  Llio.ninir  her  room  she  was  met  by  the  earls  of  Shrewsbury  aiid 
keat,  Sir  A-mias  Paulet,  Sir  ilrue  Drury,  and  oilier  geniiomeni  asin  at- 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


537 


Sir  Andrew  Melvil,  her  attached  steward,  threw  himself  upon  his  knees 
before  her,  lamenting  iier  fate  and  wringing  his  hands  in  an  agony  uf  rcHi 
and  deep  grief.  She  comforted  him  by  assurances  of  her  own  perfect  re- 
signation, bade  him  report  in  Scotland  that  she  died  a  true  woman  to  her 
religion,  and  said,  as  she  resumed  her  way  to  the  scaffold,  "  Recommend 
me,  Melvil,  to  my  son,  and  tell  him  that,  notwithstanding  all  my  distresses, 
I  have  done  nothing  prejudicial  to  the  state  and  kingdom  of  Scotland. 
And  now,  my  good  Melvil,  farewell ;  once  again,  farewell,  good  Molvil, 
and  grant  the  assistance  of  thy  prayers  to  thy  queen  and  mistress." 

She  now  turned  to  the  earls,  and  begged  that  her  servants  might  freely 
enjoy  the  presents  she  had  given  them  and  be  sent  safely  to  their  own 
country  ;  all  which  was  readily  promised.  But  the  earls  objected  to  the 
admission  of  her  attendants  to  the  execution,  and  some  difficulty  was 
even  made  about  any  of  them  being  present  in  her  last  moments.  This 
really  harsh  refusal  roused  her  to  a  degree  of  anger  she  had  not  previ- 
ously shown,  and  she  indignantly  said  to  the  earls,  "  I  know  that  your 
mistress,  being  a  maiden  queen,  would  vouchsafi^,  in  regard  of  woman* 
hood,  that  I  should  have  some  of  my  own  people  about  me  at  my  death. 
1  know  that  her  majesty  hath  not  given  you  any  such  strict  command  but 
that  you  might  grant  me  a  request  of  far  greater  courtesy,  even  though  I 
were  a  woman  of  inferior  rank  to  that  which  I  ear.  I  am  cousin  to 
your  queen,  and  descended  from  the  blood  royal  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  a 
married  queen  of  France,  and  an  anointed  queen  of  Scothmd." 

This  remonstrance  had  due  effect,  and  she  was  allowed  to  select  four 
of  her  male  and  two  of  her  female  servants  to  attend  her  to  the  scaffold  ; 
her  steward,  physician,  apothecary,  and  surgeon,  with  her  maids  Curie 
and  Kennedy. 

Thus  attended,  she  was  led  into  an  adjoining  hall,  in  which  was  a 
crowd  of  spectators,  and  the  scaffold,  covered  with  black  cloth.  The 
warrant  having  been  read,  the  dean  of  Peterborough  stepped  forward  and 
addressed  her  in  exhortation  to  repentance  of  her  sins,  acknowledgment 
of  the  justice  of  her  sentence,  and  reliance  for  mercy  and  salvation  only 
upon  the  mediation  and  merits  of  Christ.  During  the  dean's  address 
Mary  several  times  endeavoured  to  interrupt  him,  and  at  the  conclusion 
she  said,  "  Trouble  not  yourself  any  more  about  the  matter,  for  I  was 
born  in  this  religion,  I  have  lived  in  this  religion,  and  I  will  die  in  this 
religion." 

She  now  ascended  the  scaffold,  saying  to  Paulet,  who  lent  her  his  arm, 
"  I  thank  you,  sir ;  it  is  the  last  trouble  I  shall  give  you,  and  the  most 
acceptable  service  ihat  you  have  ever  rendered  me."  The  queen  of  Scots 
now,  in  a  firm  voice,  told  the  persons  assembled  that  "  She  would  have 
them  recollect  that  she  was  a  sovereign  princess,  not  subject  to  the  par- 
liament of  England,  but  brought  there  to  suffer  by  violence  and  injustice. 
She  thanked  God  for  having  given  her  this  opportunity  to  make  public 
profession  of  her  faith,  and  to  declare,  as  she  often  Before  had  declared 
that  she  had  never  imagined,  nor  compassed,  nor  consented  to  the  death 
of  the  English  queen,  nor  even  sought  the  least  harm  to  her  person.  Af- 
ter her  death  many  things,  which  were  thfa  buried  in  darkness,  would 
come  to  light.  But  she  pardoned,  from  her  heart,  all  her  enemies,  nor 
should  her  tongue  utter  that  which  might  chance  to  prejudice  them." 

At  a  sign  from  the  earls  the  weeping  maid  servants  now  advanced 
10  disrobe  their  mistress.  The  executioners,  in  their  sordid  fear  lest  they 
should  thus  lose  their  perquisites,  the  rich  attire  of  the  queen,  hastily  in- 
terfered. Mary  blushed  and  drew  back,  observing  that  she  had  not  been 
accustomed  to  undress  before  such  an  audience,  or  to  be  served  by  such 
valets.  But,  as  no  interference,  was  made  by  the  earls  she  submitted ; 
lier  neck  was  bared;  her  maid,  Kennedy,  pinned  a  handkerchief,  edged 

Urilh  Ddlit    nvttr  linr  nvpa  •   niirl  iin    nVf  Clltinnp-r  takinO'  hold  of  Par^  Of  net 


m.  .u~    .. 


I.i 


'iw 


m 


538 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


arms,  led  her  to  ihe  block,  upon  which  she  la  fi  her  head,  saying  audibly 
and  in  firm  tones,  "  Into  thy  hands,  O  God,  I  <  omniend  my  spirit." 

The  executioner  now  advanced,  but  was  so  completely  unnerved  thai 
bis  first  blow  missed  the  neck,  deeply  wounding  the  skull ;  a  second  was 
likewise  ineffectual ;  at  the  third  the  head  was  aevered  from  the  body. 
The  ynhappy  lady  evidently  died  in  intense  agony,  for  when  he  exhibited 
the  head  to  the  spectators,  the  muscles  of  the  face  were  so  distorted  that 
the  features  could  scarcely  be  recognised. 

When  the  executioner,  on  exhibiting  the  head,  cried  "  God  save  Queeii 
Elizabeth,"  the  dean  of  Peterborough  replied,  "  And  so  perish  all  herene 
mies;"  'o  which  the  earl  of  Kent  added,  "So  perish  all  tho  enemies  of  the 
gospel." 

The  body  was  on  ihe  following  day  embalmed  and  buried  in  Peter- 
borough cathedral,  whence,  in  the  next  reign,  it  was  removed  to  West 
minster  abbey. 


I 


CHAPTER  XLVII. 


THB  RBioN  or  ELIZABETH  {continued.) 

A.D.  1687. — Thb  tragical  scene  we  have  just  described  must  have  coii- 
viiiced  even  the  most  devoted  of  Elizabeth's  subjects  that  their  "  virgin 
queen"  was  not  over-abundantly  blessed  with  the  "  god-like  «}unliiy  ol 
mercy,"  whatever  opinion  they  might  entertain  of  Mary's  participation  in 
the  crime  for  which  she  suffered.  But  there  are  many  circumstancea  con- 
nected with  the  history  of  this  period  which  may  be  pleaded  in  extenua- 
tion of  conduct  that  in  less  critical  times  could  only  be  viewed  wiili  uii- 
dloyed  abhorrence  and  disgust.  The  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomev  was 
still  fresh  in  the  recollection  of  every  one,  and  the  bigoted  zeal  which  Uia 
queen  of  Scots  ever  displayed  in  favour  of  the  catholics,  who.te  ascend- 
ancy  in  Kngland  she  arden'tly  desired,  gave  a  mournful  presage  of  what 
was  to  be  expected  by  tue  protestant  population  should  their  opponents 
succeed  in  their  desperate  machinations.  Neither  must  we  disregard  the 
assertion,  so  often  made  and  never  disproved,  that  when  Elizabeth  signed 
the  warrant  of  execution,  she  no».  only  did  so  with  much  apparent  reluc- 
tance, but  placed  it  in  the  hands  of  Davison,  her  private  secretary,  ex- 
pressly charging  him  not  to  use  it  vithout  farther  orders.  Whatever,  in- 
deed, may  have  been  her  secret  wishes,  or  real  intentions,  her  subsequent 
behaviour  had  the  semblance  of  unfeigned  sorrow.  Could  it  be  proved  to 
have  boen  otherwise,  no  one  would  deny  that  her  conduct  throut{lioiil  was 
characterized  bv  unparalleled  hypocrisy — a  profound  dissimulation  written 
in  characters  of  blood. 

Elizabeth,  in  fact,  did  what  she  could  to  throw  off  the  odium  that  thii 
sanguinary  transacfion  had  cast  upon  her.  She  wrote  to  tlie  king  ot 
Scotland  in  terms  of  the  deepest  regret,  declarimj  thai  tho  warrant  t\i$ 
had  been  induced  to  sign  was  to  have  lain  dormant,  and,  ir  proof  of  hei 
sincerity,  she  imprisoned  Davison,  and  fined  him  in  tho  sum  of  10,000/, 
which  reduced  him  to  a  state  not  far  removed  from  actual  beggary. 

One  of  the  most  memorable  events  in  English  history  was  now  near  at 
hand  j  one  which  called  for  all  the  energy  and  patriotic  devolirii  that  a 
brave  and  independent  people  were  capable  of  making;  and, consoauently 
every  minor  consideration  vanished  at  its  approach.  This  was  the  pro- 
leoled  invasion  of  Kngland  by  Philip  of  Spain.  This  monarch,  disap. 
|X)inted  in  his  hopes  of  marrying  HIiziibeth,  returned  the  qiioen  her  collar 
of  the  garter,  and  from  that  time  tlie  most  irrecopcilablo  jnulousy  appears 
to  have  existed  between  thsm.  In  all  the  ports  throughout  his  extensivs 
doininioriii  the  note  of  prcparsiisn  was  heard,  ana  ihc  iUvzi  pc-'^'rf.-U;  u=r? 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


«8» 


Oiat  had  ever  been  collected  was  now  at  his  disposal.  Aitarmjr  of  50,000 
men  were  also  assembled,  under  experienced  generals,  and  the  commam* 
of  the  whole  was  given  to  the  celebrated  duke  of  Parma.  The  catholicb 
on  the  continent  were  in  an  ecstacy  of  delight ;  the  pope  bestowed  ni» 
benediction  on  an  expedition  that  seeraed  destined  once  more  to  restore 
the  supremacy  o(  the  holy  see,  and  it  was  unanimously  hailed  by  all  who 
wished  it  success  as  the  invincible  armada. 

To  repel  this  mighty  array,  no  means  within  the  reach  of  Elizabeth  and 
her  able  ministers  were  forgotten,  nor  could  anything  exceed  the  enthusi- 
astic determination  of  her  subjects  to  defend  their  altars  and  their  homes. 
Among  the  newly,  raised  levies  the  militia  formed  a  very  important  item  ; 
the  nobility  also  vied  with  each  other  in  their  eflTorts  of  assistance ;  and 
Lord  Huntingdon  alone  raised  40,000  foot  and  10,000  horse.  The  royal 
navy  had,  fortunately,  been  on  the  increase  for  a  long  time  previous,  and 
the  successful  exertions  of  Admiral  Drake  in  the  Indies  had  infused  a  de- 
gree of  confidence  into  our  sailors,  before  unknown  in  the  service. 

The  views  of  the  Spanish  king  having  been  fully  ascertained  by  the 
emissaries  of  Elizabeth,  she  ordered  20,000  troops  to  be  cantoned  along 
the  southern  coast  of  the  kingdom,  in  such  a  manner  that  in  forty-eight 
hours  the  whole  might  be  assembled  at  any  port  where  there  was  a 
probability  of  the  enemy-s  landing.  A  large  and  well-disciplined  corps, 
also,  amounting  to  24,000  men,  was  encamped  at  Tilbury  fort,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames,  under  the  immediate  command  of  the  earl  of  Lei- 
cester, who  was  appointed  generalissimo  of  the  army.  These  troops  the 
queen  reviewed,  and  having  harangued  them,  rode  through  tiie  lines  wiih 
the  general — her  manner  evincing  great  firmness  and  intrepidity,  which 
while  it  gave  eclat  to  the  scene,  filled  every  breast  with  patriotic  ardour 
The  residue  of  her  troops,  amounting  to  34,000  fool  and  2,000  horse,  re- 
mained about  the  queen  s  person ;  and  the  nilitia  were  in  readiness  to 
reinforce  the  regular  troops  wherever  there  might  be  occasion. 

All  the  ports  and  accessible  points  on  the  coast  were  fortified  and  strong- 
ly garrisoned ;  but  though  orders  were  given  to  oppose  the  enemy's  de- 
scent, wherever  it  might  be,  the  respective  commanders  were  directed  not 
to  come  to  a  general  engagement  in  the  event  of  tlieir  landing,  but  to  re- 
lire  and  lay  waste  the  country  before  them,  that  the  Spaniards  might 
meet  with  no  8ubAistcn.-:e,  and  be  perpetually  harassed  in  their  march. 
Nor  was  anything  left  undone  that  miuht  be  likolv  to  contribute  to  the 
defeat  of  the  armada  by  sea.  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham  was  created 
lord  high  admiral,  and  Sir  Francis  Drake  vice-admiral,  who,  together  with 
Hawkins  and  FVobisher,  were  stationed  near  Plymouth,  to  oppose  the 
enemy  as  he  entered  'he  channel ;  wliile  Lord  Henry  Seymour  commanded 
Htiotlier  fleet  upon  li.')  coast  of  Flanders,  to  prevent  the  duke  of  Parma 
from  bringing  over  troops  from  that  quarter. 

A.  D.  1588.— The  armada  sailed  from  Lislwn  on  the  30th  of  May,  but 
being  dispersed  by  a  aiorm,  rendezvoused  at  Corunna  and  did  not  enter 
the  English  channel  until  the  19th  of  July,  when  Effingham  suffered  them 
10  pa^s  him,  but  kept  close  in  their  rear  until  the  3l8t.  The  duke  of  Me- 
dina Sidonia  (the  Spanish  admiral)  expected  to  have  been  here  joined  by 
the  duke  of  Parma  and  the  innd  forces  under  his  command,  but  tae  latter 
had  found  it  impracticable  to  put  to  sea  without  r'ncountoring  the  fleet  ol 
Lord  Seymour,  by  which  he  Justly  feared  that  both  his  ships  and  men 
would  be  put  in  the  utmost  jeopardy. 

For  four  days  a  kind  of  brisk  running  flght  was  kept  up.  in  which  the 
English  had  a  decided  advantage ;  and  the  alaim  having  now  spraad  from 
one  end  of  the  cuttst  to  the  other,  the  nobility  and  gentry  hastened  out 
with  their  ve»Melf<  from  every  harbour,  and  reinforced  the  Knglish  fleet, 
which  soon  umotnited  to  140  sail.     The  earii  of  Oxford.  Nnrlliuiuberlund, 


„i  n, 


.1  /'..,. 11   «, 


M/,.li 


l>ul..]lll> 


If 


MO 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


i 


I 


Sir  Thomas  Vavasor,  Sir  Thomas  Gerrard,  Sir  Charles  Blount,  and  many 
ethers  distinguished  themselves  by  this  generous  and  seasonable  proof  of 
their  loyalty.  On  the  24th  the  lord  admiral  divided  the  fleet  into  four 
squadrons,  the  better  to  pursue  and  annoy  the  enemy;  the  first  squadron 
he  himself  commanded ;  the  second  he  assigned  to  Sir  Francis  Drake ; 
the  third  to  Sir  John  Hawkins ;  and  the  fourth  to  Sir  Martin  Frobisher. 
The  result  of  this  was,  that  in  the  three  succeeding  days  the  armada  had 
become  so  shattered  by  the  repeated  skirmishes  in  which  it  had  been  en- 
gaged, that  it  was  compelled  to  take  shelter  in  the  roads  of  Calais. 

The  English  admiral  having  been  informed  that  10,000  men  belonging 
to  the  duke  of  Parma's  army  had  marched  towards  Dunkirk,  and  appre- 
henditig  serious  consequences  from  the  enemy's  receiving  such  a  rein- 
forcement, determined  to  spend  no  more  time  m  making  desultory  attacks 
on  the  huge  galleons  with  his  comparatively  smad  vessels.  Accordingly, 
in  the  night  of  the  28th  of  July,  he  sent  in  among  them  eight  or  ten  fire- 
ships  ;  and  such  was  the  terror  of  the  Spanish  sailors,  that  they  cut  their 
cables,  hoisted  sail,  and  put  to  sea  with  the  utmost  hurry  and  confusion- 
In  their  anxiety  to  escape,  victory  was  no  longer  thought  of.  The  duke 
of  Medina  Sidonia,  dreading  again  to  encounter  the  Endish  fleet,  attempt- 
ed to  return  home  by  sailiiig  round  the  north  of  Scotland  j  but  the  elements 
were  now  as  fatal  to  the  Spanish  fleet  as  the  skill  and  bravery  of  the 
ISnglish  sailors.  Many  of  the  ships  were  driven  on  the  shores  of  Norway, 
Ireland,  and  the  north  of  Scotland ;  and  out  of  that  vast  armament  which, 
from  its  magnitude  and  apparent  completeness,  had  been  styled  invincible, 
only  a  few  disabled  vessels  returned  to  tell  the  tale  of  its  disastrous  issue 
In  the  several  engagements  with  the  English  fleet  in  the  cliannoi,  in  July 
and  August,  the  Spaniards  lost  fifteen  great  ships  and  4,791  men;  seven- 
teen shins,  and  5,394  men  (killed,  taken,  and  drowned)  upon  the  coast  oi 
Ireland, "in  September;  and  another  large  ship,  with  700  men,  cast  away 
on  the  coast  of  Scotland.  But  this  etmmeration  by  no  means  included 
their  total  loss.  On  the  part  of  the  English  the  loss  was  i*o  trifling  a.<* 
■carcely  to  deserve  mention. 

The  destruction  of  the  Spanish  armada  inspired  the  nation  with  foelingJ 
of  intense  delight;  the  people  were  proud  of  their  country's  u;ival  superi 
ority,  proud  of  their  own  martial  appearance,  and  proud  o(  llioir  queen 
A  medal  was  struck  on  the  occasion  with  this  inscription  "  Venit,  viJU^ 
/u^it"— It  came,  saw,  and  fled  :"  another,  with  fire-ships  aiul  a  fleet  in  con- 
fusion, with  this  motto,  "Dux  famina  factr—'*  A  woman  conducted  the 
enterprise."  But  on  the  fatal  news  being  conveyed  to  Pliilip,  he  ex- 
claimed, in  real  or  affected  resignation,  "  1  sent  my  fleet  to  combat  the 
English,  not  the  elements.     Qod  be  praised,  the  calamity  is  not  greater." 

1?  the  destruction  of  th<(  Spanish  armada  had  saved  England  ftom  the 
domination  of  a  foreign  power,  whoie  resentment  for  past  indji^niiiei,  was 
not  likely  to  be  easily  appeased,  it  was  no  less  a  triumph  for  the  prolentaiit 
cause  througliout  Europe  ;  the  Muguenots  in  France  were  encouraged  by 
it,  and  it  virtually  establish-jd  tlie  inde(>endence  of  the  Dutch;  while  the 
excessive  influence  which  Spain  had  acquired  over  other  nations  was  not 
only  lost  by  this  event,  but  it  paralyzed  the  energies  of  the  Spanish  people 
ana  left  them  in  a  stale  of  utter  liopclessnesfc  as  'o  the  fiuurc.  K  da> 
of  public  tliiinksgiving  having  been  appointed  for  this  great  deliverance, 
the  queen  went  in  state  to  St.  Paul's  in  a  grand  triumphal  car,  decorated 
with  flags  and  other  trophies  taken  from  the  Spaniards. 

The  public  rejoicings  for  the  defeat  of  the  armada  were  acarcely  over 
when  an  event  occurred,  which,  in  v\hatever  light  it  might  be  felt  by  KliM« 
both  herself,  certainly  cast  no  damp  on  the  spirits  of  the  nation  at  large; 
we  mean  the  death  of  Leicester.     The  powerful  faction  of  wliich  the  f«- 

)wledi/ed  a  new  Icadar  in  the  eiirl  of  Kssex, 


vourite  had  been  the  head  acknowledged 
wituiii  bin  aivp-fatucr  iiud  bruughi  forward  ui 


'.^uuri  u!i  u  couiiifi*!*""". 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


641 


the  influence  of  Raleigh,  and  whonc^  stood  srcond  to  none  in  her  majeg- 
•  ty's  good  gracf  s.  But  Essex,  however  gifted  with  noble  and  brilliant 
qualities,  was  confessedly  inferior  to  Leicester  in  several  endowments 
highly  essential  to  the  leader  of  a  court  party.  Though  not  void  of  art, 
he  was  by  no  means  master  of  the  dissimulation,  address,  and  wary  cool 
ness  by  which  his  predecessor  well  knew  how  to  accomplish  his  ends. 
The  character  of  Essex  was  frank  and  impetuous,  and  experience  had  not 
yet  taught  him  to  distrust  either  himself  or  others. 

A.  D.  1589.— After  the  defeat  of  the  armada,  a  thirst  for  military  achiev- 
ments  against  the  Spaniards  pervaded  the  mind  of  the  English  public.  The 
queen  encouraged  this  spirit,  but  declared  her  treasury  was  too  poor  to 
sustain  the  expenses  of  a  war.     An  association  was  soon  formed  by  the 

K!ople,  and  an  army  of  21,000  men,  under  the  command  of  Norris  and 
rake,  sailed  from  Plymouth  to  avenge  the  insult  offered  to  England  by 
Philip  of  Spain.  The  young  earl  of  Essex,  without  consulting  t lie  pleasure 
of  his  sovereign,  made  a  private  journey  to  Plymouth,  and  joined  the  ex- 
pedition. No  sooner  was  the  queen  made  acquainted  with  hia  absence, 
than  she  dispatched  the  lord  Huntingdon  to  bring  the  fugitive  to  her  foot ; 
but  he  had  already  sailed. 

It  was  the  queen's  order  that  the  armament  should  first  proceed  to  Por- 
tugal,  and  endeavour  to  join  the  army  of  Don  Antonio,  who  contendol 
with  Philip  for  the  possession  of  the  throne  of  Portugal ;  but  Drake  i\oiild 
not  be  restrained  by  instructions,  and  he  proceeded  lO  Conmiia,  where  ho 
lost  a  number  of  men,  without  obtaining  the  slightest  advantage.  In  Por- 
tugal they  were  scarcely  more  successful ;  but  at  their  return  their  Iorroh 
were  concealed,  their  advantages  magnified,  and  the  public  were  satisfied 
hat  the  pride  of  Spain  had  been  humbled. 

Elizabeth  might  probably  have  expected  that  the  death  of  the  queen  of 
Scots  would  put  an  end  to  conspiracies  against  her  life  ;  but  plots  were 
still  as  rife  as  ever;  nor  can  we  ffel  surprise  that  it  should  be  so,  consid- 
ering that  Elizabeth,  as  well  as  Philip  of  Spain,  emplo}  ed  a  great  number 
of  spies,  who,  being  men  of  ruined  fortunes  and  bad  principles,  betrayed 
tlie  secrets  of  either  party  as  their  own  interests  led  them  ;  and  sometimes 
were  the  fabricators  of  alarming  reports  to  enhance  the  value  of  their  ser- 
vices. 

England  and  Franco  were  now'in  alliance,  and  the  French  king  called 
for  English  aid  in  an  attack  upon  Spain,  but  the  queen  had  begun  to  re- 
pent of  the  sums  she  had  already  advanced  to  Henry,  and  diMiianded  Ca- 
lais as  a  securiiy  for  her  future  assistance;  for  the  preparations  on  the 
peniuBula  alarmed  her  majesty  lest  Philip  should  make  a  second  attempt 
to  invade  England.  At  length  the  English  coimeil  adopted  a  measure, 
proposed  by  the  lord  admiral,  Howard  of  Efl^ngham,  to  send  out  an  expe- 
dition that  should  anticipate  the  design  of  the  e.iemy,  and  destroy  his  ports 
and  shipping;  Essex  had  the  command  of  the  land  forces,  and  Howard 
that  of  the  navy.  When  the  English  troops  entered  Cadiz,  the  council  of 
war  was  divideil  in  opinion  as  to  the  fitness  of  that  step,  which  ended  in 
the  possession  of  the  city  and  fleet,  from  which  the  troops  returned  with 
glory  for  Iheir  bravery,  and  with  honour  (or  their  humanity,  as  no  blood 
had  Iwen  wantonly  si)"ilt,  nor  any  dishonourahlo  act  conimitted.  Though 
'■■sex  had  been  the  leading  conquerer  at  Cwdiz,  the  victory  was  reported 
M  chiefly  attributable  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  to  hav*  been  in  itself  • 
wieap  and  easy  conquest. 

*.  B.  IflOK— The  maritime  war  with  Ppain,  nofwilhslniwiing  the  csu« 
HouB  temper  of  the  queen,  was  strenuously  waged  at  this  time,  and  pro- 
flucH  some  striking  mdieations  of  the  rising  spiril  of  thr  Enufliwh  navy 
A sqimdrun,  under  Lord  Thomas  Hciward,  which  had  been  >vi;iimg  six 
months  at  the  Azores  to  intercept  the  h«)mewiird4)(»untl  shipn  from  Npatt 
"»ii  America,  was  th«rfl  ■urprlied  by  the  enemy's  fleet,  which  had  heon 


'■ 


'542 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


i 


sent  out  for  their  oonvoy.  The  English  admiral,  who  had  a  much  8ma"(" 
force,  put  to  sea  in  all  haste,  and  got  clear  off,  with  the  exception  of  one 
ship,  the  Revenge,  the  captain  of  which  had  the  temerity  to  confront  the 
whole  Spanish  fleet  of  fifty-six  sail  rather  than  strike  hid  colours.  It  was, 
however,  a  piece  of  bravery  as  needless  as  it  was  desperate ;  for  after  his 
crew  had  displayed  prodigies  of  valour,  and  beaten  off  fifteen  boarding 
parlies,  his  ammunition  being  gone  and  the  whole  of  his  men  killed  or 
disabled,  the  gallant  commander  was  compelled  to  strike  his  flag,  and 
soon  after  died  of  his  wounds  on  board  the  Spanish  admiral's  ship. 

A.  D.  1593.— In  those  days,  when  an  English  sovereign  required  money, 
and  then  only,  the  services  of  a  parliament  wesre  called  for ;  and  Eliza- 
beth was  now  under  the  necessity  of  summoning  one.    But  she  could  ill 
brook  any  opposition  to  her  will ;  and  fearing  that  the  present  state  of 
her  finances  might  embolden  some  of  the  members  to  treat  her  mandates 
with  less  deference  than  formerly,  she  was  induced  to  assume  a  more 
haughty  and  menacing  style  than  was  habitual  to  her.    In  answer  to  the 
three  customary  requests  made  by  the  speaker,  for  liberty  of  speech,  free- 
dom from  arrests,  and  access  to  her  person,  she  replied  by  her  lord  keep- 
er, that  such  liberty  of  speech  as  the  commons  were  justly  called  to— lib- 
erty, namely,  of  aye  and  no,  she  was  willing  to  grant,  but  by  no  means  a 
liberty  for  every  one  to  speak  what  he  listed.     And  if  any  idle  heads 
should  be  found  careless  enough  of  their  own  safety  to  attempt  innova- 
tions in  the  state,  or  reforms  in  the  church,  she  laid  her  injunctions  on  the 
speaker  to  refuse  the  bills  offered  for  such  purposes  till  they  should  have 
been  examined  by  those  who  were  better  qualified  to  judge  of  these  mat 
ters.    But  language,  however  imperious  or  scornful,  was  insufticient  tc 
restrain  some  attempts  on  the  part  of  the  commons  to  exercise  their 
known  rights  and  fulfil  their  duly  to  the  country.     Peter  Wciitworth,  a 
member  whose  courageous  and  independent  spirit  had  already  drawn  upon 
him  repeated  manifesfsMions  of  the  royal  displeasure,  presented  to  the 
lord  keeper  a  p'",ition,  praying  that  the  upper  house  would  join  with  the 
lower  in  a  supplication  to  the  queen  for  fixing  the  succession.    Elizabeth, 
enraged  at  the  bare  mention  of  a  subject  so  offensive  to  her,  instantly 
committed  Wontworth,  Sir  Thomas  Bromley,  who  seconded  him,  and 
two  oilier  members,  to  the  Fleet  prison  ;  and  such  was  the  genrnU  dread 
of  offended  majesty,  that  the  house  was  afraid  to  petition  for  their  release. 
A.  D.  1596.— Kssex,  whose  vanity  was  on  a  par  with  his  impetuosity,  had 
now  attained  the  zenith  of  his  prosperity  ;  but,  confident  in  the  affections 
of  Elizabeth,  he  frequently  suffered  himself  to  forget  that  a  subject's  duii- 
ful  respect  was  due  to  her  as  his  queen.     On  one  memorable  occasion,  it 
is  related,  that  he  treated  her  with  indignity  uncalled  for  ind  wholly  in 
defensible  ;  a  dispute  had  arisen  between  them  in  the  presence  of  the  lord 
high  admiral,  the  secretary,  and  the  clerk  of  the  signet,  respectmg  the 
choice  of  a  commander  for  Ireland,  vvhere  Tyrone  at  that  time  gave  the 
English  much  trouble.     The  queen  had  resolved  to  send  Sir  William 
Knolles,  the  uncle  of  Essex  ;  while  the  earl  with  unbecoming  warmth 
urged  the  propriety  of  aending  Sir  George  Carew,  whose  presence  at 
court,  it  appears,  was  displeasing  to  him,  and,  therefore,  with  courtier-hk* 
sincerity,  ho  thus  sought  to  remove  him  out  of  the  way.     Unable,  either 
by  argument  or  persuasion,  to  prevail  over  the  resolute  will  of  her  ma- 
josly.  the  fnvDiirito   at  last   forgot  himself  so  far  as  to  turn  his  bacli 
upon  her  with  a  laugh  of  contempt ;  an  indignity  which  she  rnveiiged  m 
the  true  "  Elizabethan  atyle,"  by  boxing  his  ears,  and  bidding  him  "«lo  to 
the  devil,"  or  "  Oo  and  be  hanged  !"— for  our  chroniclers  ditfer  m  to  the 
exact  phrase,  though  all  agr^e  that  she  suited  the  word  to  the  »cti«>i» 
This  retoit  so  inflamed  the  blood  of  Essex,  that  ho  instantly  graspwi  m, 
sword,  and  while  the  lord  admiral  interposed  to  provwnl  a  furiher  ebulli- 


U^m    t^tU^m  ivrkiilfl    h#.    hBVt 


•IVM'VI      pM« 


»■•*>#     «/M<    • 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


843 


taken  buch  an  insult,  and,  foaming  with  rage,  he  rushed  out  of  the  palace 
For  a  time  this  affair  furnished  ample  scope  for  idle  gossip  and  conjee- 
tare;  the  friends  of  Essex  urged  him  to  lose  no  time  in  returning  to  his 
attendance  at  court  and  soliciting  her  majesty's  forgiveness.  This  how 
ever,  he  could  not  he  prevailed  on  to  do ;  but,  like  many  other  quarrels 
smong  individuals  of  an  humbler  grade,  it  was  at  length  patched  up.  and 
the  reconcihatior  appeared  to  the  superficial  observer  as  perfect,  as  it  was. 
in  all  probability,  hollow  and  insincere. 

Essex  had  long  thirsted  for  military  distinction,  and  had  often  vehe- 
mently argued  with  Burleigh  on  the  propriety  of  keeping  up  a  nerpetua 
hostility  against  the  power  of  Philip;  but  the  prudent  and  experienced 
minister  contended  that  Spain  was  now  sufficiently  humbled  to  render  an 
accommodation  both  safe  and  honourable  j  and  his  prudential  counsel  was 
adhered  to  by  the  queen.  Economy  in  the  public  expenditure  was,  in  fact, 
necessary ;  and  one  of  the  last  acts  of  Burleigh's  life  was  the  completion 
of  an  arrangement  with  the  states  of  Holland  for  the  repayment  of  the 
sums  which  Elizabeth  had  advanced  to  them,  whereby  the  nation  was 
relieved  of  a  considerable  portion  of  its  former  annual  expense. 

After  exercising  very  considerable  influence  in  the  administration  of 
affairs  m  Eng  and  for  forty  years,  the  faithful  Burleigh,  whose  devotion  to 
the  queen  and  attachment  to  ♦.he  reformed  faith  were  constant  and  sincere 
died  in  the  78th  year  of  his  age;  and  in  about  a  month  after,  his  great  oiv 
poiient,  Philip  1 1.,  also  bowed  to  death's  stern  decree.  Under  his  succes- 
sor the  Spanish  monarchy  declined  with  accelerated  steps ;  all  apprehen- 
•ions  of  an  invasion  ceased,  and  the  queen's  advisers  hnd  an  opportunitv 
of  turning  tlieir  whole  attention  to  the  pacification  of  Ireland. 

A.  D.  1598.— The  Irish  rebel,  Tyrone,  had  successfully  resisted  the  En- 
clish  forces  in  several  encounters ;  and  at  length  the  whole  province  ol 
Munster  declared  for  him.  It  was  evident  that  much  time  had  been  spent 
on  minor  objects,  while  the  great  leader  of  the  rebels  was  in  a  manner  left 
to  overrun  the  island  and  subjugate  it  to  his  will.  This  subject  was  ear- 
nestly canvassed  by  Elizabeth  and  her  council ;  by  the  majority  of  whom 
Lord  Mountjoy  was  considered  as  a  person  fully  equal  to  the  office  oi 
lord-deputy  at  so  critical  a  juncture.  Essex,  however,  oil-red  so  many 
objections  to  his  appointment,  arguing  the  point  with  so  much  warmth 
and  obstinacy,  and  withal  intimating  his  own  superior  fitness  for  the 
office  with  so  much  art  aiivJ  address,  that  the  queen,  notwithstanding  cer- 
tain suspicions  which  had  been  infused  into  her  mind  respecting  the  pro- 
liable  danger  of  committing  to  Essex  the  chief  command  of  an  army,  and 
notwithstanding  her  presumed  unwillingness  to  deprive  herself  of  his  pro- 
lenee,  appears  to  have  adopted  his  suggestion  with  an  unusual  degree  of 
earnest  haste.  The  earl  of  Essex  was  accordingly  made  lord-lieutenant 
of  Irel.nd.  and  with  20.000  choice  troops  he  went  forward  on  his  lona- 
flesired  mission. 

A.  D.  1599.— Having  landed  at  Dublin  in  the  spring,  Essex  immediately 
appointed  Ins  friend,  the  earl  of  Southampton,  to  the  office  of  general  o( 
the  horse:  but  instead  of  opening  the  campaign,  as  was  expected  by  his 
mends  in  England,  with  some  bold  and  decisive  opetahon  against  Ty- 
rone, the  summer  was  spent  in  temporising,  and  before  the  r.\o»e  of  the 
year  a  suspicious  truce  between  the  parties  put  f  n  end  to  all  his  anticipa- 
tions of  HHccpss.  Nfty,  10  unexpected  wnp  the  issue  of  this  expedition, 
that  It  alTonled  the  best  possible  opportunity  '  >  his  enemies  to  shake  the 
queen  8  confidence  even  in  h  r  ^Uy.  An  y  letter  from  her  majesty 
was  th«?  iminfidiate  consi-.;  i'  -  .i  ,  and  Essu  wiihout  waiting  for  the 
foy»l  [MJrmisuKMi,  hurried  «»*'  Ui  England  .n  order  to  throw  himself  al 
ine  feet  of  his  exasnerateo  «i .  .idign.  The  sudden  appearance  of  her  fa- 
vourite, just  after  she  had  risan  from  her  bed,  imploring  her  fonriveiies* 
••II  hii  kiiMg.  disarmed  the 


risan  from  her  bed,  imploring  her  forgiveiies 


U 


mmm  ■ 


544 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


I 


ment,  ho  exclaimed  exultingly,  "  that  though  he  had  encountereu  much 
trouble  and  nsany  storms  abroad,  he  thanked  God  he  found  a  perfect  calm 

%t  home."  .  . ,  :■       . 

The  earl  of  Essex  doubtless  thought  the  troubled  waters  were  at  restj 
his  vanity  favoured  the  notion,  and  self-gratulation  followed  as  a  mattei 
of  course  ;  but  he  soon  found  that  the  tempest  was  only  hushed  for  the 
moment,  for  at  night  he  found  himself  a  prisoner  in  his  own  house  by  the 
peremptory  orders  of  Eliaiabeth.  Heart-sick  and  confounded,  a  severe 
illness  was  the  quick  result  of  this  proceeding;  and  for  a  brief  interval  the 
queen  not  only  showed  some  signs  of  pity,  but  administered  to  his  com- 
fort. A  warrant  was,  however,  soon  afterwards  made  out  for  his  com- 
mittal to  the  Tower,  and  though  it  was  not  carried  into  effect,  yet  his 
jhance  of  liberty  seemed  too  remote  for  prudence  to  calculate  on.  But  the 
flery  temper  of  Essex  had  no  alloy  of  prudence  in  it :  he  gave  way  to  his 
natural  violence,  spoke  of  the  queen  in  peevish  and  disrespectful  terms, 
and,  among  other  things,  said,  "  she  was  grown  an  old  woman,  and  wac 
become  as  crooked  in  her  mind  as  in  her  body." 

A.  D.  1600.— Shortly  after  his  disgrace,  Essex  wrote  to  James  of  Scot- 
land, informing  him  that  the  faction  who  ruled  the  court  were  in  league 
to  deprive  him  of  his  right  to  the  throne  of  England,  in  favour  of  the  infanta 
of  Spain ;  and  he  offered  bis  services  to  extort  from  Elizabeth  an  acknowl- 
Bdgment  of  his  claims.  It  appears,  indeed,  from  concurrent  testimony, 
that  the  conduct  of  Essex  had  now  become  highly  traitorous,  and  that  he 
was  secretly  collecting  together  a  party  to  aid  him  in  some  enterprise  dan. 
gerous  to  the  ruling  power.  But  his  plans  were  frustrated  by  the  activity 
of  ministers,  who  had  received  information  that  the  grand  object  of  the 
sonspirators  was  to  seize  the  queen's  person  and  take  possession  of  tiie 
Tower.  >  council  was  called,  and  Essex  was  commanded  to  attend;  but 
he  refused,  assembled  his  friends,  and  fortified  Essex-house,  in  which  he 
nad  previously  secreted  hired  soldiers.  Four  of  the  privy  council  being 
sent  thither  to  inquire  into  the  reason  of  his  conduct,  lie  imprisoned  t'lem 
and  snllied  out  into  the  city ;  but  he  failed  in  his  attempt  to  excite  the  peo- 
pie  in  his  favour,  and  on  returning  to  his  house,  he  and  his  friend  the  earl 
nf  Southampton  wre  with  some  difficulty  made  prisoners,  and  after  having 
been  first  taken  to  Lambeth  palace,  were  committed  to  the  Tower. 

A.  D  1601.— The  rash  and  aspiring  Essex  now  only  begged  that  he  might 
have  a  fair  trial,  still  calculating  upon  the  influence  of  the  queen  to  protert 
him  in  the  hour  of  his  utmost  need.  Proceedings  were  commenced  against 
him  instantly  ;  his  errors  during  his  administration  in  Ireland  were  repre- 
sented  in  the  most  odious  colours ;  the  undutiful  expressions  he  liad  used 
in  some  of  his  letters  were  greatly  exaggerated ;  and  his  rnccnt  treasonable 
attempt  was  dwelt  on  as  calling  for  the  exercise  of  the  utmost  severity  o! 
tho  law.  His  condemnation  followed  ;  judgment  was  pronounced  against 
him,  and  aaainst  his  friend,  the  carl  of  Southampton.  This  nobleman  waa, 
however,  spiired  ;  but  Essex  was  conducted  to  the  fatal  blotsk,  where  he 
met  his  death  with  great  fortitude,  being  at  the  time  only  in  the  lli:rly 
fourth  year  of  his  age.  Mis  most  active  accomplices  were  Cjff,  iis  sec- 
retary,  Merrick,  his  steward.  Sir  Christopher  Blount,  his  father-in-law,  and 
Sir  ifobert  Davers,  who  were  executed  soma  few  days  after. 

The  pniliamciitary  proceedings  of  this  year  were  more  elaborate  than 
before,  partir-'-arly  as  regarded  tlie  flnancial  state  of  the  country.  It  was 
stated  that  the  wholo  of  the  last  subsidies  amounted  to  no  more  than 
IfiO.OOO/.,  while  the  exi)ense  of  the  Irish  war  alone  was  300,000/.  On  this 
occasion  it  was  observed  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  that  thn  estates  of  tho  no- 
bility and  gentry,  which  were  charged  at  ihirly  or  forty  poiinds  in  the 
awm>  bo.ikis  we-e  not  charged  at  »  hundredth  part  of  their  real  vahie. 
He  also  moved,  thM  ii  •carcely  any  justicei  of  the  peace  were  rated  above 
,.iirl.»  or  t«n  nounda  a  vear.  thev  might  be  »d/»nced  to  twenty  pounds  ui 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


545 


east,  which  M^as  the  qualification  required  by  the  Btatute  for  a  justice  of 
peace ;  but  the  commons  declined  to  alter  the  rate  of  taxation  and  leave 
themselves  liable  to  be  taxed  at  the  rack-rent.  Monopolies  upon  various 
branches  c*"  trade  were  idBt  brought  under  consideration ;  and  as  they 
were  generally  oppressiv^and  unjust  (some  obtained  by  purchase  and 
others  piven  to  favourites),  many  animated  discussions  followed,  which 
ended  in  a  motion  that  the  monopolies  should  be  revoked,  and  the  pa- 
tentees  punished  for  their  extortions.  Of  course  there  were  members 
present  who  were  venal  enough  to  defend  this  iniquitous  mode  of  en- 
riching cqrtain  individuals  at  the  expense  of  the  public.  A  long  list  of  the 
monopolizing  patents  being,  however,  read— among  which  was  one  on 
salt,  an  article  that  had  thus  been  raised  from  fourteen  pence  to  fourteen 
shillings  a  bushel— a  member  indignantly  demanded  whether  there  was 
not  a  patent  also  for  making  bread ;  at  which  question  some  courtiers  ex 
pressing  their  resentment,  he  replied  that  if  bread  were  not  already  among 
the  patented  luxuries,  it  vould  soon  become  one  unless  a  stop  was  put  to 
Huch  enormities.  That  the  arguments  of  the  speakers  were  not  lost  upon 
tne  queen  seems  certain ;  for  although  she  took  no  notice  of  the  debates, 
she  sent  a  message  to  the  house,  acquainting  them  that  several  petitions 
had  been  presented  to  her  against  monopolies,  and  declared  "  she  was  sen- 
sibly touched  with  the  people's  grievances,  expressing  the  utmost  indig- 
nation  against  those  who  had  abused  her  grants,  and  appealed  to  God  how 
careful  shf  had  ever  been  to  defend  them  against  oppression,  and  prom- 
ised they  should  be  revoked."  Secretary  Cecil  added  "her  majesty  was 
not  apprised  of  the  ill  tendency  of  these  grants  when  she  made  them,  and 
hoped  there  would  never  be  any  more;"  to  which  gracious  declaration 
the  majority  of  the  house  responded,  "  Amen." 

In  this,  memorable  session  was  passed  the  celebrated  act,  to  which  al- 
lusion is  so  often  made  in  the  present  day,  for  the  relief  and  employment 
of  the  poor.  Since  the  breaking  up  of  the  religious  establishments,  the 
countrv  had  been  overrun  with  idle  mendicants  and  thieves.  It  was  a 
natural  consequence  that  those  who  sought  in  vain  for  work,  and  as  vainly 
implored  charitable  aid,  should  be  induced  by  the  cravings  of  hun^^er  to  lay 
violent  hands  upon  the  property  of  others.  As  the  distress  of  the  lower 
orders  increased,  so  did  crime ;  till  at  length  the  wide-spreading  evil  forced 
itself  on  the  attention  of  parliament,  and  provision  was  made  for  the  bet- 
tering of  their  condition,  by  levying  a  tax  upcn  the  middle  and  upper  clas- 
ses  for  the  support  of  the  aged  and  infirm  poor,  and  for  affording  tempo- 
rary  relief  to  the  destitute,  according  to  their  several  necessities,  under 
the  direction  of  parochial  officers. 

We  must  now  briefly  revert  to  what  was  going  on  in  Ireland.  Though 
tlifi  power  of  the  Spaniards  was  considered  hs  at  too  low  an  ebb  to  give 
llie  Knglish  government  any  great  uneasiness  for  the  safety  of  its  posses 
Bions,  it  was  tliought  sufficiently  formidable  to  be  tho  meane  of  annoyance 
as  regarded  the  assistance  it  might  afford  Tyrone,  who  was  still  at  th« 
head  of  the  insurgents  in  Ireland.  And  the  occurrence  we  are  about  to 
iienlion  shows  that  a  reasonable  apprehension  on  that  head  might  well 
he  entertained.  On  the  23rd  <;'  September  the  Spaniards  landed  4000  men 
near  Kinsale,  and  having  taken  possession  of  the  town,  were  speedily 
followed  by  2000  more.  They  effected  a  junction  with  Tyrone;  but 
Mountjoy,  who  was  now  lord-deputy,  surprised  their  ariny  in  the  night, 
and  entirely  defeated  them.  This  led  to  the  surrender  of  kinsale  and  ^11 
other  places  in  their  posspssion ;  and  it  was  not  long  before  Tyrone,  as  u 
captive,  graced  the  tnumi  l.al  return  of  Mo'intjoy  to  Dublin. 

A.  D.  1602.— The  n>ost  reji=  -.rkable  among  the  domestic  occurrences  of 

this  year  was  a  violent  quarrel  between  the  Jesuits  and  the  secular  priests 

of  Kngland.     The  latter  accused  the  former,  and  not  without  reason,  oi 

oaving  been  the  occasion,  by  their  assassinations,  piots.  and  conspiraciiM) 

Vol.  1 3.J 


546 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


against  the  queer,  and  government,  of  all  the  severe  enactments  undei 
which  the  English  catholics  had  groaned  since  tl  e  fuiminiition  of  the  papal 
l)ull  against  her  majesty.  In  the  height  of  this  dispute,  intelligence  was 
conveyed  to  the  privy  council  of  somj  fresh  pHs  on  the  part  of  the  Jesuits 
and  their  adherents ;  on  which  a  proclamation  was  immediately  issued, 
banishing  this  order  from  tlie  kingdom  oh  pain  of  death ;  and  the  same 
penalty  was  declared  against  all  secular  priests  who  should  refuse  to  tak 

the  oath  of  allegiance.  .  -.u     ..•  ^  .^ 

That  Queen  Elizabeth  deeply  regretted  the  precipitancy  with  which  she 

signed  the  warrant  for  the  execution  of  her  favourite  Essex  there  is  every 

reason  to  believe.    She  soon  became  a  victim  to  hypochondria,  as  may 

be  seen  from  a  letter  written  by  her  godson,  Sir  John  Harrington ;  and  as 

it  exhibits  a  curious  example  of  her  behaviour,  and  may  be  regfjided  as  a 

specimen  of  the  epistolary  style  of  the  age,  we  are  induced  to  quote  some 

or  the  sentences:    "She  is  much  disfavoured  and  unattired,  and  these 

troubles  waste  her  much.     She  disregardeth  everie  costlie  cover  that 

cometh  to  her  table,  and  taketh  little  but  manchet  and  succory  pottage. 

Every  new  message  from  the  city  doth  disturb  Ijer,  and  she  frowns  on  all 

the  ladies."    Ho  farther  on  remarks,  that  "The  many  evil  plots  and  de- 

signs  hath  overcome  her  highness'  sweet  temper.     She  walks  much  in 

her  privy  chamber,  and  stamps  much  at  ill  news ;  and  thrusts  her  rusty 

Hword,  at  times,  into  the  arras  in  great  rage."    And  in  his  postscript  he 

flavs,  "  So  disordered  is  all  order,  that  her  highness  has  worn  but  one 

change  of  raiment  for  many  dales,  and  swears  much  at  those  who  cause 

her  griefs  in  such  wise,  to  the  no  small  discomfiture  of  those  tliat  are  about 

her-   more  especially  our  sweet  Lady  Arundel."     Her  days  and  niglits 

were  spent  in  tears,  and  she  never  spoke  but  to  mention  some  irritating 

subjects.     Nay,  it  is  recorded,  that  having  experienced  some  hours  oi 

alarn  ing  stupor,  she  persisted,  after  her  recovery  from  it,  to  remain  seated 

on  cushions,  from  which  she  could  not  be  prevailed  upon  to  remove  diir 

ine  te^  days,  but  sat  with  her  finger  generally  on  her  mouth,  and  her  eyes 

open  hnd  fixed  upon  the  ground,  for  she  apprehended  that  if  she  lay  down 

in  bed  she  should  not  rise  from  it  again.     Having  at  length  been  put  into 

bed,  she  lay  on  her  side  motionless,  and  apparently  insensible.     I  he  lords 

of  the  council  being  summoned,  Nottingham  reminded  her  of  a  formei 

speech  respecting  her  successor;  she  answered,  "I  told  you  my  seat  had 

lien  the  seat  of  kings,  and  I  will  have  no  rascal  to  succeed  me.    Who 

should  succeed  me  but  a  king  «"    Cecil,  wishing  a  more  explicit  declara- 

tion,  requesting  her  to  explain  what  she  meant  by  "no  lascal,   she  replied 

that  "  a  Icing  should  succeed,  and  who  could  that  be  but  her  cousin  of  Scot- 

land '"     Early  the  following  morning  the  queen  tranquill'  breathed  liei 

last ;  she  was  in  the  70th  year  of  her  age  and  the  45th  of  lier  reign. 

Elizabeth  was  tall  and  portly,  but  never  handsome,  though  from  the  lul- 
some  compliments  which  she  tolerated  in  those  who  had  access  to  her 
person,  she  appears  to  have  entertained  no  mean  opinion  of  her  beauty. 
Her  extravagant  love  of  finery  was  well  known,  and  the  presents  oi  jew- 
elry &c.,  she  received  from  such  of  her  loving  subjects  is  hoped  to  gain 
the  royal  favour  were  both  numerous  and  costly.  Like  her  father,  she 
was  irritable  and  passionate,  often  venting  her  rage  in  blows  and  oaths 
Her  literary  acquirements  were  very  considerable;  and  in  those  nccom 
nlishments  which  aro  in  our  own  day  termed  •'  fashionable,"  namely,  mu- 
iic.  singing,  and  dancing,  she  also  greatly  excelled.  The  charges  which 
have  been  made  against  the  "virgin  queen"  for  indulging  in  amatofy  >"• 
triffues  are  not  sufficiently  sustained  to  render  it  the  duty  of  an  historian 
to  repeat  them;  and  when  it  is  considered  that  though  she  possessed  a 
host  of  sturdy  friends,  yet  that  she  had  many  bitter  eneniies,  we  ""cdl  »ot 
be  surprised  that  m  the  most  vulnerable  point  her  cha-acter  m  «  tvn.Af 
has  often  been  unjustly  assailed. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


641 


CHAPTER  XLVIII. 

THB     RKION     OF    JAMBS   I. 

ft..  1. 1603. — The  advanced  age  to  which  the  late  queen  lived,  and  the 
( v;nj«ant  attention  which  her  remaining  unmarried  had  caused  men  to  pay 
io  the  subject  of  the  succession,  had  made  the  successici  of  James  be- 
come a  thing  as  fully  settled  in  public  opinion  as  though  it  had  been  set- 
tled by  her  will  or  an  act  of  parliament.  All  the  arguments  for  and  againlst 
liiin  had  been  canvassed  and  dismissed,  and  he  ascended  the  throne  of 
England  with  as  little  opposition  as  though  he  had  been  Elizabeth's  eldest 
son. 

As  the  king  journeyed  from  Edinburgh  to  London  all  ranks  of  men  hail- 
ed him  with  the  thronging  and  applause  which  had  been  wont  to  seem  so 
grateful  to  his  predecessor.  But  if  James  liked  flattery,  he  detested 
iiuise  and  bustle ;  and  a  proclamation  was  issued  forbidding  so  much  con 
gregating  of  the  lieges,  on  the  ground  that  it  tended  to  make  provisions 
scarce  and  exorbitantly  dear.  It  was  only  shyness,  however,  and  not  any 
[nsensibility  to  the  hearty  kindness  of  his  new  subjects,  that  dictated  the 
king's  proclamation.  So  pleased,  indeed,  was  he  with  the  zealous  kind- 
ness shown  to  him  by  the  English,  that  he  had  not  been  two  months  be- 
fore them  when  he  had  honoured  with  the  order  of  knighthood  nearly  two 
hundred  and  forty  persons !  Peerages  were  bestowed  pretty  nearly  m  the 
same  proportion ;  and  a  good  humoured  pasquinade  was  posted  at  St. 
Paul's  promising  to  supply  weak  memories  with  the  now  very  necessary 
art  of  remembering  the  titles  of  the  new  nobility. 

It  was  not  merely  the  king's  facility  in  granting  titles  that  was  blamed, 
though  that  was  in  remarkable,  and,  as  regarded  his  judgment,  at  least,  in 
by  no  means  favourable  contrast  to  the  practice  of  his  predecessor ;  but 
llie  Kiiglish,  already  jealous  of  their  new  fellow-subjects,  the  Scots,  were 
of  Opinion  that  he  was  more  than  fairly  liberal  to  the  latter.  But  if  James 
made  the  duke  of  Lenox,  the  earl  of  Mar,  Lord  Hume,  Lord  Kinross,  Sir 
(jeorge  Hume,  and  Secretary  Elphinsione,  members  of  the  English  privy 
council,  and  gave  titles  and  wealth  to  Sir  George  Hume,  Hay,  and  Ram- 
say, he  at  least  had  the  honour  and  good  sense  to  leave  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  ministerial  honours  and  political  power  in  the  hands  of  the  able  En> 
^\h\\  who  had  so  well  served  his  predecessor.  Secretary  Cecil,  especially, 
who  had  kept  up  a  secret  correspondence  with  James  towards  the  close  of 
tije  late  reign,  had  now  the  chief  power,  and  was  created,  in  succession, 
liord  Kffiingdon,  Viscount  Cranborne,  and  earl  of  Salisbury. 

It  is  not  a  little  surprising  that  while  James  was  so  well  received  by  the 
nation  at  large,  and  had  the  instant  support  of  the  ministers  and  friends  of 
the  late  queen,  he  had  scarcely  finished  renewing  treaties  of  peace  and 
friendship  with  all  the  great  foreign  powers,  when  a  conspiracy  was  dis- 
covered for  placing  his  cousin,  Arabella  Stuart,  upon  the  throne.  Such  a 
conspiracy  was  so  absurd,  and  its  success  so  completely  a  physical  impos- 
sibility, that  it  is  diflicuU  not  to  suspect  that  it  origina(e(i  in  the  king's  own 
excessive  and  unnecessary  jealousy  of  the  title  of  Arabella  Sti  t,  who, 
equally  with  himself,  was  descended  from  Henry  VIII.,  butwi.oin-no 
other  respect  could  have  the  faintest  chance  of  competing  with  him.  But, 
however  it  originated,  such  a  conspiracy  existed ;  and  the  lords  Grey  and 
Cobham,  and  Si.  Walter  Raleigh,  Lord  Cobham's  brother,  Mr.  Broke,  Sir 
tirifflii  Markham,  Sir  Edward  Parham,  and  Mr.  Copley,  together  with  two 
catholic  priests  named  Watson  and  Clarke,  were  apprehended  for  beins 
concerned  m  it.  The  catholic  priests  were  executed,  Cobham,  Grey  and 
Mh,rkham  were  pardoned  while  their  heads  were  upon  the  block,  and 
Haleigh  was  also  reprieved,  but  not  pardoned ;  a  fact  which  was  fatal  to 
liim  many  years  after,  as  will  be  perceived.     Even  at  present  it  was  mi?* 


i-f    ,      ll-'All 


648    ^ 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WOKLD. 


chievou}«  to  him,  for,  though  spared  from  death,  he  was  confined  in  tlie 
Tower,  where  he  wrote  his  noble  work,  the  History  of  the  World. 

A.  D.  1604. — A  conference  was  now  called  at  Hampton  court  to  decide 
upon  certain  differences  between  the  church  and  the  puritans,  and  gen- 
erally to  arrange  that  no  injurious  religious  disputes  might  arise.  As 
James  had  a  great  turn  for  liieological  disputation  he  was  here  quite  in 
his  element ;  but  instead  of  showing  the  puritans  all  the  favour  they  ex- 
pected from  him  in  consequence  of  his  Scottish  education,  that  very  cir- 
cumstance induced  the  king  to  side  against  them,  at  least  us  far  as  he 
prudently  could ;  as  he  had  abundant  proof  of  the  aptness  of  puritanical 
doctrine  to  produce  seditious  politics.  He  was  importuned,  for  instance, 
by  the  puritans  to  repeal  an  act  passed  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  to  sup- 
press societieia  called  prophesyings,  at  which  there  was  usually  more  zeal 
than  sense,  and  more  eloquence  than  religion.  The  reply  of  James  was 
at  once  so  coarsely  practical,  and  so  indicative  of  his  general  way  of 
thinking  upon  such  points,  that  we  transcribe  it  literally.  "  If  what  you 
aim  at  is  Scottish  presbytery,  as  I  think  it  is,  I  tell  you  that  it  agrees  as 
well  with  monarchy  as  the  devil  with  God.  There  Jack,  and  Tom,  and 
Will,  and  Dick,  shall  meet  and  censure  me  and  my  council.  Therefore  1 
reiterate  my  former  speech ;  the  king  s'avisera.  Stay,  I  pray  you,  for 
seven  years  before  you  demand,  and  then,  if  I  be  grown  pursy  and  fat,  I 
may,  perchance,  hearken  to  you,  for  that  sort  of  government  would  keep 
me  in  breath  and  give  me  work  enough  !'* 

Passing  over  the  business  of  parliament  at  the  commencement  of  this 
reign,  as  concerning  matters  of  interest  rather  to  the  statesman  and 
scholar  than  to  the  general  reader,  we  have  now  to  advert  to  one  of  the 
most  striking  and  remarkable  events  in  our  history — the  gunpowaer  plot. 

The  affection  which  the  catholics  had  ever  shown  towards  his  mo- 
ther, and  their  interpretation  of  some  obliging  expressions  that  he  had 
either  artfully  or  in  mere  carelessness  made  use  of,  had  led  them  to  hope 
that  he  would  greatly  relax,  if  not  wholly  repeal  the  severe  laws  passed 
against  them  during  the  reign  of  his  predecessor.  But  James  had  clearly 
and  unequivocally  shown  that  he  had  no  intention  of  doing  aught  that 
could  diminish  the  authority  and  security  of  the  crown;  and  the  more  en- 
thusiastic catholics  were  in  consequence  very  greatly  excited  against 
him. 

Catesby,  a  gentleman  of  good  birth  and  excellent  character,  first  looked 
upon  the  subject  as  one  demanding  the  absolute  punishment  of  the  king, 
and  he  communicated  his  feelings  to  his  friend  Piercy,  a  descendant  of 
the  time-honoured  house  of  Northumberland.  Piercy  proposed  simply  to 
assassinate  the  king,  but  in  the  course  of  their  discussion  of  the  plan 
Catesby  suggested  a  wider  and  more  effectual  plan,  by  which  they  would 
rid  Catholicism  not  n\erely  of  the  king,  but  of  the  whole  protestant  strength 
of  the  kingdom.  He  pointed  out  that  the  mere  deatli  of  the  king,  and 
even  of  his  children,  would  be  of  little  avail  while  the  protestant  noble? 
and  gentry  could  raise  another  king  to  the  throne  who,  in  addition  to  a!) 
the  exi^tmg  causes  of  the  protestant  severity,  would  be  urged  to  new 
rigour  by  the  very  circumstance  to  which  he  would  owe  his  powtr  to  in- 
dulge it.  To  make  the  deed  effectual,  Catesby  continued,  it  would  ho 
necessary  to  take  the  opportunity  of  the  first  day  of  parlimncnl, 
when  king,  lords,  and  commons  would  be  all  assembled,  and,  by  means  o( 
a  mine  below  the  house,  blow  the  whole  of  their  enemies  up  at  once  with 
gunpowder. 

Nothing  but  a  fierce  and  mistaken  fanaticism  could  allow  one  man  to 
suggest  so  dreadful  a  scheme,  or  another  man  to  approve  of  it ;  but  Piercy 
at  once  entered  into  Catesby's  plan,  and  they  took  means  for  preparing 
for  its  execution.  Thomas  Winter  was  sent  over  to  Flanders  in  search 
of  Ouido  Vaux,  an  officer  in  the  Spanish  service,  and  well  knovm  alike  as 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WOULD 


649 


a  bigoted  catholic  and  a  cool  and  daring  soldier.  Catesby  and  Pieroy  in 
the  meantime,  aided  by  Desmond  and  Garnet,  Jesuits,  and  the  latter  the 
superior  of  the  order  in  England,  were  busily  engaged  in  communicating 
their  awful  design  to  other  catholics ;  and  every  ncwly-enksted  confed 
erate  had  the  oath  of  secrecy  and  faithfulness  administered  to  him,  in  con- 
junction with  the  communion,  a  rite  peculiarly  awful  as  understood  by  the 
catholics. 

The  destruction  of  protestants  all  the  confederates  seem  to  have  con- 
sidered to  be  a  quite  unexceptionable  act ;  but  some  of  the  more  thoughtful 
and  humane  among  them  suggested  the  certainty  that,  besides  several  cath- 
olic peers  who  would  attend,  there  might  be  many  other  catholics  present, 
either  as  mere  spectators  or  as  official  attendants.  Kven  this  suggestion, 
wiiich  one  might  suppose  effectual  as  to  forbidding  the  execution  of 
Catesby's  wholesale  scheme,  was  silenced  by  the  truly  Jesuitical  remark 
of  the  two  Jesuits,  that  the  sacrifice  of  a  few  innocent  among  the  guilty 
many,  was  lawful  and  highly  meritorious,  because  it  was  required  by  the 
interests  of  religion!  Alas!  in  abusing  that  sacred  name  how  many 
crimes  have  not  mistaken  men  committed  ! 

A.  D.  1605. — Towards  the  end  of  summer  Piercy  hired  chouse  adjoining 
to  that  in  which  parliament  used  to  assemble  ;  and  liaving  instruments, 
arms,  and  provisions  with  them,  they  laboured  hard  in  it  for  many  hours 
each  day,  and  had  already  mined  three  feet  through  the  solid  wall  when 
they  were  stopped  and  alarmed  by  plainly  hearing  on  the  other  side  a 
noise  for  which  they  could  give  no  account.  On  inquiry  it  seemed  thai 
the  noise  arose  from  the  sale  of  the  stock  of  a  coal  dealer  who  had  oc- 
cupied a  vault,  next  to  their  own,  and  immediately  below  the  house  o( 
lords.  The  opportunity  was  seized  ;  Piercy  hired  the  vault,  and  six-and- 
thirly  barrels  of  gunpowder  were  clandestinely  conveyed  thither  and  con- 
cealed beneath  the  loads  of  wood,  for  the  reception  of  which  alone  Piercy 
pyetened  to  need  the  place. 

Having  thus  surmounted  all  the  great  and  apparent  obstacles  to  the 
success  of  their  design,  the  conspirators  distributed  among  themselves  the 
several  parts  they  were  to  act  on  the  eventful  day.  Guido  Vaux  was  to 
fire  the  fatal  train  ;  Piercy  was  to  seize  or  slay  the  infant,  duke  of  York  ; 
and  the  princess  F]lizabeth,  also  a  mere  infant,  who  would  be  a  powerless 
instrument  in  the  hands  of  the  catholics,  was  to  be  seized  and  proclaimed 
queen  by  Grant,  Rookvvood,  and  Sir  Everard  Digby,  three  of  the  leading 
conspirators,  who  were  to  have  a  large  armed  party  in  readiness  on  pre- 
tence of  a  hunting  match. 

The  dreadful  scheme  had  now  been  on  foot  for  above  a  year  and  a  half, 
and  was  known  to  more  than  twenty  persons,  but  neither  fear  of  punish 
ment,  the  hope  of  reward,  or  any  of  the  motives  which  ordinarily  make 
'onspirators  untrue  to  each  other,  had  caused  any  one  of  the  desperate 
band  to  falter.  A  personal  feeling  of  gratitude  now  did  what  no  other 
feeling,  perhaps,  could  have  done,  and  caused  one  of  the  conspirator! 
to  take  a  step  which  saved  the  nation  from  horrors  of  which  even  at 
this  distance  of  time  one  cannot  contemplate  the  mere  possibility  but 
with  a  shudder. 

Some  one  of  the  conspirators,  lying  under  obligations  to  Lord  Monteagle, 
a  catholic  and  a  son  of  Lord  Morley,  sent  him  the  following  letter, 
which  evidently  was  intended  to  act  upon  his  personal  prudence  and 
secure  his  safety,  without  enabling  him  in  any  wise  to  oppose  the  ruth- 
less butchery  that  was  designed : 
"My  Lord, 

"Out  of  the  love  I  bear  to  some  of  your  friends  I  have  a  care  of 
your  preservation,  therefore  1  would  advise  you  as  you  tender  your 
iifc  to  dcvi^ie  somf.  excuse  to  shift  oti  your  attendance  upon  this  par- 
liament.   Vo'  Ood    nd  man  have  concurred  to  punish  the  wickedness 


■  \d]j 


Ml 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


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2.5 
2.2 

2.0 

1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

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► 

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Sciences 
Coipomtion 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WiBSTIR,N.Y    14S80 

(716)  •73-4303 


o 


660 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Of  the  time.  Think  rot  lightly  of  this  advertisement,  but  retire  your- 
self  into  vour  country,  where  you  may  expect  the  event  ui  safety.  For 
*thouKh  tliere  be  no  appearance  of  any  stir,  yet,  I  say,  they  will  receive 
a  terrible  blow  this  parliament,  and  yet  thoy  shall  not  see  who  hurts  them. 
This  counsel  is  not  to  be  contemned,  because  it  may  do  you  good, 
and  can  do  vou  no  harm,  for  the  danger  is  past  as  soon  as  you  burn 
this  letter.  And  I  hope  God  will  give  you  the  grace  to  make  good 
use  of  it,  unto  whose  holy  protection  I  commit  you. 

Cecil  now  earl  of  Salisbury,  was  the  principal  and  most  active  of  the    . 
kinff's  Ministers,  and  to  that  nobleman  Monteagle  fortunately  determined 
to  carry  the  letter,  though  he  was  himself  strongly  inclined  to  think  it 
nothiiiff  but  some  silly  attempt  to  frighten  him  from  his  attendance  in 
oarliament.    Salisbury  professed  to  have  the  same  opinion  of  the  letter, 
but  laid  it  before  the  king  some  days  before  the  meeting  of  parliament. 
James    who,  amid  many  absurdities,  was  in  the  main  a  shrewd  man, 
saw  the  key  to  the  enigma  in  the  very  style  of  the  letter  itself:  and  Lord 
Suffolk  the  lord  chamberlain,  was  charged  to  examine  the  vaults  beneaih 
the  houses  of  parliament  on  the  day  before  that  appointed  for  opening  the 
session      He  did  so  in  open  day,  and,  as  if  as  a  simple  matter  of  form, 
went  throuffh  the  cellars  and  came  out  without  affecting  to  see  anything 
amisV    But  he  had  been  struck  by  the  singularity  of  Piercy,  a  private 
irentleman  who  lived  but  little  in  town,  having  amassed  such  an  inordinate 
Store  of  fuel ;  and  he  read  the  conspirator  in  the  desperate  countenance 
of  Guido  Vaux,  who  was  lurking  about  the  place  in  the  garb  and  charac 
lerof  a  servant  to  Piercy.    Acting  on  those  suspicious,  the  ministers 
caused  a  second  search  to  be  made  at  midnight  by  a  well-armed  parly 
under  Sir  Thomas  Kiiivet,  a  iustice  of  peace.     At  the  very  door  of  the 
vault  they  seiaed  Vaux,  who  had  made  all  his  preparations  and  even  had 
h?s    nder-box  and  matches  ready  to  fire  the  train ;  the  faggois  of  wood 
were  turned  over,  and  the  powder  found.     Vaux  was  sent  under  an  escor 
•o  the  Tower,  but  was  solar  from  seeming  appalled  by  his  danger,  ha 
he  8nee\?nKly  told  his  captors  that  if  he  had  known  a  little  earlier  thul 
K  inteS  to  pay  him  a  second  visit,  he  would  have  fired  the  tram  and 
swee  "ned  his  own  death  by  killing  them  with  him.     He  behavca  in  the 
wme  daring  style  when  examined  by  the  council  on  the  fol  owing  day, 
buuwo  or  throe  days'  residence  in  the  Tower  an<l  a  threat  of  putting  liiii. 
on  the'ack  subdued  him,  ai.d  he  made  a  full  discovery  of  his  con  federates. 
Oatesbv?  Piercy.  and  their  other  friends  who  were  to  act  in  London,  h(;ard 
lot  only  of  a  letter  being  sent  to  Lord   Monteagle,  but  Also  of  the  first 
seirch  made  in  the  vault;  yet  were  they  so  infatuated  and  so  resolute  to 
TrseveTe  to  he  last,  that  ft  was  only  when  Vaux  was  actna  ly  arrested 
Kth«y  left  Londoi.  and  hurried  down  ^»  Warwickshire,  where  D.gby 
and  Is  friends  were  already  in  arms  to  seize  the  princess  Kliaabeth.    Hut 
The  sherff  raised  the  M>unty  in  lime  to  convey  the  young  princess  to  Co- 
veiitrv     and  the  baffled  conspirators,  never  more  tlian  eighty  m  num her. 
ha    now  only  to  think  of  defending  themselves  until  iliey .  »nld  make  Ihmr 
J,  a  rfrortbe  country.     But  the  activity  of  the  sheriff  and  other  gentry 
Kurnmnded  them  by  such  numbers  that  escape  in  any  way  was  out  of  the 
reii    an    l«aving  confessed  themselves  to  each  other,  they  prepHrcu 
?ode  with  a  desperate  gullHniry  worthy  of  a  nobler  cause,    f hey  fough 
ii  Iste  n  deleriiinatioil  but  scfmc  of  tfieir  powder  to<,k  «'«  ""d  '''jf;'' 
ih«m »  Catesbv  and  Piercy  were  killed  by  a  single  shot ;  Digby,  Rook- 
^IZ  and  Wmte,  with  «arn«l  the  Jesuit,  were  taken  prisoners,  and  soon 
Xr  ne   shed  by  the  hands  of  the  executioner.     It  i«.  »,  "nble  proo  .X 
,1  thi  DOwer  of  superstition  to  close  men's  eyes  to  evil,  that  Ihougli  »"■ 
nst^r^e  wM  o  the  most  ruffianly  description,  though  he  had  ii.ed  In. 
"*'■/."■  ;^_^__.„,«,i...i,.  i...^.mrt.,Jnra»nii  and  tools  when  their  bpllei 
Kuiuw'pronipli"*!  thein  to  shrink  from  such  wholesale  and  uhsparing  stw 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


651 


city,  the  catholics  imagined  miracles  to  be  wrought  with  this  miserable 
miscreant's  blood,  and  in  Spain  he  was  even  treated  as  a  m»irtyr !  Through, 
out  this  whole  affair,  indeed,  the  evil  nature  of  superstition  was  to  blame 
for  all  the  guilt  and  all  the  suffering.  The  conspirators  in  this  case  wore 
not  low  ruffians  of  desperate  fortune;  they  were  for  the  most  part  men  of 
ooth  property  and  character ;  and  Catesby  was  a  man  who  possessed  an 
especially  and  enviably  high  characrer.  Digby  also  was  a  man  of  excel- 
lent  reputation,  so  much  so,  that  his  being  a  known  and  rigid  papist  had 
not  prevented  him  from  being  highly  esteemed  and  honoured  by  Queen 
Elizabeth. 

When  the  punishment  of  the  wretches  who  had  mainly  been  concerned 
In  this  plot  left  the  court  leisure  for  reflection,  some  minor  but  severe  pun- 
ishments were  inflicted  upon  those  who  were  thought  by  connivance  or 
negligence  to  have  been  in  any  degree  aiding  the  chief  oflenders.  Thus 
the  earl  of  Northumberland  was  fined  the  then  enormous  sum  of  thirty 
thousand  pounds,  and  imprisoned  for  seven  years  afterwards,  because  he 
had  not  exacted  the  usual  oaths  from  Piercy  on  admitting  him  to  the  office 
of  gentlemin  pensioner.  The  catholic  lords  Stourton  and  Mordaunt,  loo, 
were  fined,  the  former  four  and  the  latter  ten  thousand  pounds  by  that  ever 
arbitrary  court,  the  star-chamber,  for  no  other  offence  than  their  absence 
from  parliament  on  this  occasion.  This  absence  was  taken  as  a  proof  of 
their  knowledge  of  the  plot,  though  surely,  if  these  two  noblemen  had 
known  of  it,  they  would  have  warned  many  other  catholics ;  while  a  hun- 
dred more  innocent  reasons  might  cause  their  own  abbence. 

Of  the  conduct  of  James,  in  regard  to  the  duty  he  owed  to  justice  in 
punishing  the  guilty,  and  confining  punishment  strictly  to  those  of  whose 
guilt  there  is  the  most  unequivocal  proof,  it  is  not  ea.jy  to  speak  too 
warmly.  The  prejudice  shown  against  catholics  in  the  case  of  the  lords 
Stourton  and  Mordaunt,  and  the  infinite  brutalities  inflicted  upon  the 
wretched  conspirator,  were  the  crimes  of  the  ago;  but  the  severe  and  dig- 
nified attention  to  a  just  and  large  charity  of  judgment  as  a  general  prin- 
ciple, which  is  displayed  in  the  king's  speech  to  this  parliament,  ia  a  merit 
all  his  own. 

He  observed,  says  Hume,  "  that  though  religion  had  engaged  the  con- 
spirators in  so  criminal  an  attempt,  yet  ought  we  not  to  involve  all  the 
Roman  catholics  in  the  same  guilt,  or  suppose  them  equally  disposed  to 
commit  such  enormous  barbarities.  Many  holy  men,  and  our  ancestors 
among  the  rest,  had  been  seduced  to  concur  with  that  church  in  her  scho- 
lastic doctrines,  who  yet  had  never  admitted  her  seditions  principles, con- 
cerning the  pope's  power  of  dethroning  kings  or  sanctifying  assassination. 
The  wrath  of  heaven  is  denounced  agaiiiMt  crimes,  but  nuiocent  error  may 
obtain  its  favour;  and  nothing  can  be  more  hateful  than  the  uncharitable- 
ness  of  the  puritans  who  condemn  alike  to  eternal  torments  even  ilje  most 
inoffensive  partisans  of  popery.  For  his  own  part,  that  conspiracy,  how- 
over  atrocious,  should  never  alter,  in  the  least,  his  plan  of  government; 
while  with  one  hand  he  would  punish  guilt,  with  the  other  he  would  still 
support  and  protect  innocence." 

A.  D.  1606. — The  prntestants,  and  especially  the  puritans,  were  inclined 
to  plunge  to  a  very  great  extent  into  that  injustice  of  which  the  king's 
speech  so  ably  warned  lliem.  But  the  king,  even  at  sonvc  hazard  to  him- 
lelf  and  at  some  actual  loss  of  popularity,  persisted  in  looking  at  meu'it 
•pcnlar  conduct  as  a  thing  quite  apart  from  their  ghostly  opinions.  He 
bestowed  employment  and  favour,  ntlier  things  being  equal,  alike  on 
catholic  and  protestant :  and  the  only  hardship  caused  to  the  great  bodj 
of  the  papists  by  the  horrible  gunpowder  plot  was  the  enactment  of  a  bill 
oliliffing  every  one  without  exception  to  take  oath  of  allegiance.  No  great 
hardshii)  upmi  Hiiy  good  subject  or  honest  and  humane  man.  since  it  on^v 
•i'jured  the  power  of  the  pope  to  dethrone  the  king  ! 


.  M)it§'mi 


562 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Almrtst  as  soon  as  J»mes  arrived  in  England  he  showed  himself  ir 
one  respect,  at  the  least,  very  far  more  advanced  in  true  statesmanship 
than  most  of  his  subjects.  They  for  a  long  time  displayed  a  small  and 
spiteful  jealousy  of  the  Scots;  he,  almost  as  soon  as  he  mounted  the  Kn- 
glish  throne,  endeavoured  to  merge  Kngland  and  Scotland,  two  separate 
nations,  always  sullen  and  sometimes  sanguinary  and  despoiling  enemies, 
into  a  Great  Britain  that  might  indeed  bid  defiance  to  the  world,  and  that 
should  be  united  in  laws  and  liberties,  in  prosperity  and  in  interests,  as  it 
already  was  by  the  hand  of  nature.  There  was  nothing,  however,  in  the 
earlier  part  of  his  reign,  by  which  so  much  heart-burning  was  caused  be- 
tween the  king  and  his  parliament,  as  by  the  wisdom  of  the  former  and 
the  ignorance  and  narrow  prejudice  of  the  latter  on  this  very  point.  All 
the  exercise  of  the  king's  earnestness  and  influence,  aided  by  the  eloquence 
of,  perhaps,  all  things  considered,  the  greatest  man  England  has  ever  had. 
Sir  Francis  Bacon,  tould  not  succeed  over  the  petty  nationalities  of  the 
Scotch  and  English  parliaments  any  farther  for  the  present,  than  to  procure 
an  ungracious  and  reluctant  repeal  of  the  directly  hostile  laws  existing  in 
the  two  kingdoms  respeclively.  Nay,  so  averse,  at  the  onset,  was  the 
English  parliament  to  a  measure,  the  grand  necessity  and  value  of  which 
no  one  could  now  dispute  without  being  suspected  of  the  sheerest  idiocy, 
that  the  bishop  of  Bristol,  for  writing  a  book  in  favour  of  the  measure 
which  lay  ignorance  thus  condemned,  was  so  fiercely  clamoured  against, 
that  he  was  obliged  to  save  himself  from  still  harder  measures  by  making 
an  humble  submission  to  these  ignorant  and  bigoted  legislators. 

A.  D.  1607. — The  practical  tolerance  of  the  king  as  opposed  to  his  arbi- 
trary maxims  of  government,  and  the  parliament's  lust  of  persecution  as 
contrasted  with  its  perpetual  struggles  to  obtain  more  power  and  liberty 
for  itself,  were  strongly  illustrated  this  year.  A  bill  was  originated  in  the 
lower  house  for  a  more  strict  observance  of  the  laws  against  popish  recu- 
sants, and  for  an  abatement  towards  such  protestant  clergymen  as  should 
scruple  at  the  still  existing  church  ceremonials.  This  measure  was  doubly 
distasteful  to  the  king ;  as  a  highly  liberal  protestant  he  disliked  the  at- 
tempt to  recur  to  the  old  severities  against  the  catholics  ;  and  as  a  high 
prerogative  monarch  he  was  still  more  hostile  to  the  insidious  endeavour 
of  the  puritans,  by  weakening  the  church  of  England,  to  acquire  the  power 
to  themselves  of  bearding  and  coercing  the  civil  government. 

In  this  same  year,  however,  the  very  parliament  which,  on  the  r'jmon- 
strance  of  the  king,  obediently  stopped  the  progress  of  that  doubly  dis- 
agreeable  measure,  gave  a  striking  proof  of  its  growing  sense  of  self  im- 
portance by  commencing  a  regular  journal  of  its  proceedings. 

A.  D.  KilO. — James  was  so  careful  to  preserve  peace  abroad  that  much 
of  his  reign  might  be  passed  over  without  remark,  but  for  the  ficqutnt 
bickerings  which  occurred  between  him  and  his  parliament  on  the  subject 
of  money.  Even  in  the  usually  arbitrary  reign  of  Elizabeth  the  parlia- 
ment had  already  le-^rned  the  power  of  the  purse.  The  puritan  party  was 
now  gradually  acquiring  that  at  once  tyrannical  and  republican  feeling 
which  was  to  be  so  fatal  to  the  monarchy  and  so  disgraceful  to  the  nation, 
and  aithou;{h  .Tames  was  allowed  a  theoretical  despotism,  a  mere  tyranny 
of  maxiniH  and  sentences,  some  merely  silly,  and  others— could  he  have 
acted  upon  them— to  the  last  degree  dangerous,  the  true  tyraimy  was  that 
ol  the  parliament  which  exerted  their  power  with  the  merciless  and  lilful 
malignity  of  a  dwarf  which  has  suddenly  become  possessed  of  a  giant's 
strength.  The  earl  of  Salisbury,  who  was  now  treasurer,  laid  before  both 
houses,  this  session,  tho  very  peculiar  siluation  in  which  the  king  was 
placed.  Queen  Elizabeth,  though  she  had  received  large  supplins  during 
the  latter  part  of  her  reign,  had  made  very  considerable  alienations  of  the 
crown  lands;  the  crown  was  now  burdened  with  debt  to  the  amount  ol 
•>QO|wOu  pouiiui,  Miiii  iii0  KUig  Wita  obiigeUi  inviottu  Oi  «  iifigie  couii  S9  in 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD.  653 

tne  late  reign,  to  keep  three  courts,  his  own,  that  of  the  queen,  and  that 
of  the  priuce  of  Wales.  But  though  these  really  strong  and  moot  reason- 
able arguments  were  also  urged  by  the  king  himself  in  his  speech  to  par 
liarnenr,  they  granted  him  only  one  hundred  thousand  pounds— his  debts 
alone  being  thrice  that  sum !  It  cannot,  after  this  statement  of  the  situ- 
ation of  the  king  and  the  temper  in  which  parliament  used  the  power  we 
have  spoken  of,  be  astonishing  that  henceforth  there  was  one  perpetual 
struggle  between  them,  he  striving  for  the  means  of  supporting  the  national 
dignity,  and  indulging  a  generosity  of  temper  which,  imprudent  in  any 
king,  was  doubly  so  in  one  who  had  to  deal  with  so  close-fisted  a  parlia- 
ment; and  they  striving  at  once  to  abridge  the  king's  prerogative,  and  to 
eacape  from  supplying  even  his  most  reasonable  demands. 

An  incident  occurred  this  year  which,  taken  in  contrast  with  the  ex- 
treme horror  of  foreign  disputes  which  James  usually  displayed,  affords 
a  rather  amusing  illustration  of  the  extent  to  whicii  even  so  petty  a  "  ruling 
passion"  as  pedantry  may  domineer  over  all  others. 

Vorstius,  a  divinity  professor  of  a  German  university,  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  a  Dutch  university.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Arminius,  and 
moreover  had  the  presumption  to  be  opposed  in  argument  to  King  James, 
who  did  not  think  it  beneath  his  royal  dignity,  or  too  manifest  and  dan 
gerous  a  departure  from  his  pacific  foreign  policy,  seriously  to  demand 
of  the  states  that  they  should  deprive  and  banish  the  obnoxious  professor. 
The  procedure  was  at  once  so  absurd  and  so  severe,  that  the  Dutch  at 
first  refused  to  remove  Vorstius ;  but  the  kmg  returned  to  the  charge  with 
luch  an  earnest  fierceness,  that  the  states  deemed  it  politic  to  yield,  and 
the  poor  professor,  who  was  luckless  enough  to  differ  from  King  James, 
was  deprived  of  both  his  home  and  employment.  In  the  course  of  *his 
dispute,  Jamen,  who  had  so  creditably  argued  for  charity  in  the  case »  ■  ine 
attempt  of  his  puritans  to  oppress  their  catholic  fellow-subjects,  made  use 
of  this  revolting  observation: — "  He  would  leave  it  to  the  states  themselves 
u  to  the  burning  of  Vor$tuu  for  blasphemies  and  atheism,  but  surely  never 
heretic  better  deserved  the  flames  /" 

Of  James'  conduct  in  and  towards  Ireland  we  ha-e  given  a  full  account, 
which  is  very  creditable  to  him,  under  the  head  of  that  country.  We  now, 
therefore,  pass  forward  to  the  domestic  incidents  of  Kngland,  commencing 
with  the  death  of  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  an  event  which  was  deepl) 
and  with  good  reason  deplored. 

A.  D.  W12.— This  young  prince,  who  was  only  in  his  eighteenth  year, 
was  exceedingly  beloved  by  the  nation,  having  given  every  promise  of  a 
truly  royal  manhood.  Generous,  high-spirited,  brave,  and  anxious  for 
men's  esteem,  perhaps,  in  the  turbulent  days  that  awaittid  England,  even 
his  cliief  fault — a  loo  great  propensity  to  thin^^s  military  would  have 
proved  of  service  to  the  nation,  by  bringing  thi^  dispute  between  the  crown 
and  the  puritans  to  an  issue  before  the  sour  ambition  of  the  latter  could 
have  sufficiently  matured  its  views.  Dignified  and  of  a  high  turn  of  mind, 
1)1"  seems  to  have  hold  the  finessing  and  the  somewhat  vulgar  familiarity 
of  his  father  in  something  too  nearly  approaching  cont(  inpt.  To  Raleigh, 
who  had  so  long  been  kept  a  prisoner,  he  openly  and  enthusiastically 
«vo\ved  his  attachment,  and  was  heard  to  say,  "Sure  no  king  except  my 
father  would  keep  such  a  bird  in  a  cage."  So  sudden  was  the  young 
princ(!'s  death  that  evil  tongues  attributed  it  to  poison,  and  some  even 
hinted  Hint  the  prince's  popularity  and  free  speech  had  become  intolerable 
to  his  father.  But  the  surgical  examination  of  the  body  clearly  proved 
that  there  was  no  poison  m  the  case;  and  moreover,  if  James  failecl  at  all 
in  the  |)arenlal  character,  it  was  by  nn  excessive  and  indiscriminate  fond- 
ne«H  and  indulgence. 

*.  D.  1613.— The  marriage  of  the  princess  Elizabeth  to  Frederio,  the 
eicrior  Dttiatine,  took  place  this  year,  and  the  entertainments  in  honour  nf 


£54 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Iha'  event  sorvod  to  dispel  the  deep  gloom  which  had  been  caused  by  tlit 
death  of  Prince  Heiiry>  But  this  event,  bo  much  rejoiced  at.  was  one  of 
Uie  most  unfortunate  that  occurred  during  the  whole  generally  fi)rtunate 
reign  of  James,  whom  it  plunged  into  expenses  on  account  of  his  son  ii>. 
law  which  nothing  could  have  induced  him  to  incur  for  any  warlike  eivter 
prize  of  his  own. 

But  before  we  speak  of  tho  consequence  of  this  unfortunate  connec 
tion,  we  must,  to  preserve  due  order  of  time,  refer  to  an  event  which  cre- 
ated a  strong  feeling  of  horror  and  disgust  throughout  the  nation— the 
murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  at  the  instance  of  the  earl  and  countess 
of  Somerset. 

Robert  Carre,  a  youth  of  a  respectable  but  not  wealthy  family  in  Scotland, 
arrived  in  London  in  the  year  1609,  bringing  with  him  letters  of  recom- 
mendation to  Lord  Hay.  Carre,  then  quite  a  youth,  was  singularly  hand. 
some  and  possessed  in  perfection  all  the  merely  external  accomplismenis ; 
though  his  education  was  so  imperfect,  that  it  is  stated  that  long  after  his 
introduction  to  the  king's  notice  he  was  so  ignorant  of  even  the  rudiments 
of  the  then  almost  indispensable  Latin,  that  James  was  wont  to  exchange 
the  sceptre  for  the  birch,  and  personally  to  play  the  pedagogue  to  tiie  boy- 
favourite.  Noting  the  comely  aspect  and  graceful  bearing  of  young  Carre, 
Lord  Hay  took  an  opportunity  to  place  him  in  the  king's  sight  at  a  lilting 
match,  and  it  chanced  that  on  that  very  occasion  James'  attention  was 
the  more  strongly  drawn  to  him  by  an  accident  occurring  by  which  young, 
Carre's  leg  was  broken.  The  sight  of  this  so  uffected  the  king,  that  in  the 
course  of  the  day  he  went  to  the  young  patient's  chamber,  consoled  him 
with  many  kind  words,  and  became  so  pleased  with  his  spirit  and  general 
behaviour,  that  he  instantly  adopted  him  as  an  especial  and  favoured  per- 
sonal attendant.  Attentive  to  the  lessons  of  the  kingly  pedagogue,  and 
skilful  in  discovering  and  managing  his  weaknesses,  young  Carre  also 
possessed  the  art  so  many  favourites  have  perished  for  lack  of ;  he  was  a 
courtier  not  only  to  the  king  but  to  all  who  approached  the  king.  By  thus 
prudently  aiding  the  predilection  of  the  king.  Carre  rapidly  rose.  He  was 
knighted,  then  created  earl  of  Rochester  and  K.  G.,  and  introduced  into 
the  privy  council.  Wealth  and  power  accompanied  this  rapid  rise  in  rank, 
and  in  a  short  time  this  new  favourite,  without  any  definite  office  in  the 
ministry,  actually  had  more  real  influence  in  the  management  of  affairs 
than  the  wise  Salisbury  himself. 

Much  of  his  success  Carre  owed  to  the  wise  counsels  of  Sir  Thomas 
Overbury,  whose  friendship  he  claimed,  and  who  became  at  once  his  ad 
viser  and  his  client,  and  counselled  none  the  less  earnestly  and  well  be- 
cause he  felt  that  his  own  chief  hope  of  rising  at  court  rested  upon  the 
success  of  Carre.  Thus  guided,  the  naturally  sagacious  and  flexible 
youth  soon  ripened  into  the  powerful,  admired,  and  singularly  prosperous 
man.  Unfortunately  he  became  passionately  attached  to  the  younjj  coun- 
tess of  Essex,  who  as  unfortunately  returned  his  passion.  This  lady  when 
only  thirteen  years  of  age,  as  Lady  Frances  Howard,  daughter  of  tho  earl 
of  Suffolk,  was,  by  the  king's  reouest,  married  to  the  young  earl  of  Kb- 
sex,  then  only  fourteen.  In  consideration  of  their  extreme  youth  tho  cer- 
emony waH  no  sooner  completed  than  the  youthful  bridegroom  departed 
to  the  continent,  and  did  not  return  from  liis  travels  until  four  years  after 
In  »he  meantime  the  voung  coimtess  of  Essex  and  Viscount  Rochester 
had  met,  loved,  and  smned ;  and  when  the  young  earl,  with  the  .'-ipatient 
ardour  of  eighiean,  flew  to  his  fair  countess,  he  was  thunderstruck  U  be 
ing  received  not  wi;h  mere  coolness,  but  with  something  approaching  tr 
actual  loathing  and  horror.  The  coqnless'  passion  for  and  guilty  connoc 
tion  with  Rocheater  were  not  even  suspectecf,  and  every  imaginal)lf!moanf 
were  resorted  lo  for  the  purpose  of  overcoming  what  was  deemed  to  be  t 
mere  excess  of  maidenly  coyness.    All  lueMiii,  however,  were  niiRc  vain 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


MS 


nothing  could  induce  ber  to  lir*  ir.th  her  husband,  and  she  and  Rf>chestPi 
now  determined  to  vrAkf  way  for  their  marriage  by  a  divorce  of  the  lady 
from  the  earl  of  Esie^. 

Rochester  consulted  &ir  Thomas  Overbury  ;  but  that  prudent  courtier, 
though  he  liad  been  prify  to  and  had  even  encouraged  their  criminal  con- 
nection, was  too  Rmcorcly  anxious  for  the  ciiaracter  and  happiness  of  his 
friend  not  to  diosuade  him  from  the  ignominy  of  procuring  this  divorce, 
and  the  folly  of  committing  his  own  peace  and  honour  to  the  keeping  of  a 
woman  of  whose  harlotry  he  had  personal  knowledge.  Connected  as 
Rochester  and  the  countess  were,  the  latter  was  not  long  ignorant  of  this 
advice  given  by  Overbury,  and  with  the  rage  of  an  insulted  woman  and 
the  artful  bl-indishments  of  a  beauty,  she  easily  persuaded  the  enamoured 
Rochester  that  he,  too,  was  injured  by  that  very  conduct  in  which  Over- 
bury had  undoubtedly  most  proved  the  sincerity  and  the  wisdom  of  hia 
friendship  Having- brought  Rochester  to  this  point,  the  countess  found 
little  difficulty  in  deteriniiiing  him  to  the  ruin  of  that  friend  to  whom  ho 
owed  so  much,  and  by  artfully  getting  Overbury  a  mission  from  the  king 
and  then  privately  counselling  Overbury  to  reject  it,  he  managed  so  t(.  dune 
jnd  eniage  James  that  the  unfortunate  Overbury  was  committed  to  the 
Tower,  wwiere,  however,  it  does  not  appear  that  Jamen  meant  him  long  to 
remain.  But  the  instant  he  entered  there,  Sir  Thomas  was  fully  in  the 
power  of  his  arch  enemies.  The  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  a  mere  crea- 
,  lure  and  dependant  of  Rochester,  confined  Overbury  with  such  strictness, 
'  that  for  six  months  the  unfortunate  man  did  not  see  even  one  of  his  near- 
est relatives. 

Having  got  rid  of  the  grave  and  troublesome  opposition  of  Overbury, 
the  guilty  lovers  now  pushed  forward  matters ;  and  the  earl  of  Essex, 
completely  cured  of  hi^  love  for  the  lady  by  what  appeared  to  him  tho 
unaccountable  capriciousness  of  her  conduct,  very  gladly  consented  to  a 
ridiculously  indecent  plea,  which  induced  the  proper  authorities  to  pro- 
nounce a  divorce  between  the  earl  and  countess  of  Essex.  The  latter 
WHS  immediately  married  to  her  paramour,  Rochester,  upon  whom,  that 
the  lady  might  not  lose  a  step  in  rank  by  her  new  marriage,  the  king 
now  conferred  the  title  of  earl  of  Somerset. 

Though  the  imprisonment  of  Overbury  had  thus  completely  served  her 
purpose  as  to  her  divorce  and  re-marriage,  it  had  by  no  means  satiated 
the  revenge  of  the  countess.  The  forcible  and  bitter  contempt  with 
which  Overbury  had  spoken  of  her  was  still  farther  envenomed  by  hot 
own  consciousness  of  its  justice,  and  she  now  exerted  all  the  power  of  her 
beauty  and  her  blandishments,  until  she  persuaded  the  uxorious  Somerset 
that  their  secret  was  too  much  in  dunger  while  Overbury  still  lived,  and 
that  their  safety  demanded  his  death.  Poison  was  resorted  to ;  both  Som- 
erset and  his  countess'  uncle,  the  earl  of  Northampton,  joining  in  the  cow- 
ardly crime  with  some  accomplices  of  lower  rank.  Slight  doses,  only, 
were  given  to  the  doomed  victim  in  the  first  place,  but  these  failing  of  the 
lesired  effect,  the  base  conspirators  gave  him  a  dose  so  violent  that  he 
died,  and  with  such  evident  marks  of  the  foul  treatment  that  he  had  met 
with,  that  an  instant  discovery  was  only  avoided  by  burying  tho  body  with 
in  indecent  haste. 

Even  in  this  world  of  imperfect  knowledge  and  often  mistaken  judg- 
ment, the  plotting  and  cold-blooded  murderer  never  escapes  punishment. 
The  scaffold  or  the  gallows,  the  galleys  or  the  gaol,  indeed,  he  may, 
though  that  bnt  n^rely  happens,  contrive  to  elude.  But  the  tortures  of  a 
((uilty  conscience,  a  constant  remorse  mingled  with  a  constant  dread,  a 
continued  and  haunting  remombranceof  the  wrong  done  to  the  dead,  and  h 
ooDsiant  horror  of  the  dread  retribn'tion  which  at  any  instant  the  slightest 
v\(i  most  unforeseen  accident  may  bring  upon  his  own  guilty  hmid— 
•hi'ne  pr.iiishnienta  tiie  nftirdurtii'  iievef  did  Biid  nover  can  escanc.     Frum 


mm  1 

^ffl^^^l 

H 

m 

1  tm 

m  t^  ■ 


I 


556 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


the  moment  that  the  unfortunate  Overbury  was  destroyed,  the  whole  feel- 
ing  and  aspect  of  the  once  gay  and  brilliant  Somerset  were  changed.  Hu 
became  sad,  silent,  inattentive  to  the  humours  of  the  king,  indifferent  to 
the  fatal  charms  of  the  countess,  morose  to  all,  sby  of  strangers,  weary 
of  himself,  tie  had  a  doomed  aspect ;  the  wild  eye  and  hasty  yet  uncer- 
tain  gait  of  one  who  sees  himself  surrounded  by  the  avengers  of  blood 
and  is  every  instant  expecting  to  feel  their  grasp. 

As  what  was  at  first  attributed  to  temporary  illness  of  body  or  vexation 
of  mind  became  a  settled  and  seemingly  incurable  habit,  the  king,  almost 
boyish  in  his  love  of  mirth  in  his  hours  of  recreation,  gradually  gr^w 
wearied  of  the  presence  of  his  favourite.  All  the  skill  and  policy  of 
Somerset,  all  the  artful  moderation  with  which  he  had  worn  his  truly  ex- 
traordinary fortunes  had  not  prevented  him  from  making  many  enemies ; 
and  these  no  sooner  perceived,  with  the  quick  eyes  of  courtiers,  that  the 
old  favourite  was  falhng,  than  they  helped  to  precipitate  his  fall  by  the  in- 
troduction of  a  young  and  gay  candidate  for  the  vucant  place  in  the  royal 
favour. 

Just  at  this  critical  moment  in  the  fortunes  of  Somerset,  George  Villiers, 
the  cadet  of  a  good  English  family,  returned  from  his  travels.  He  was 
barely  twenty-one  years  of  age,  handsome,  well  educated,  gay,  possessed 
of  an  audacious  spirit,  and  with  precisely  that  love  and  aptitude  for  per- 
sonal adornment  which  became  his  youth.  This  attractive  person  was 
placed  full  in  the  king's  view  during  the  performance  of  a  comedy.  James, 
as  had  been  anticipated,  no  sooner  saw  him  than  he  became  anxious  for 
his  personal  attendance.  After  some  very  ludicrous  coquetting  between 
his  desire  for  a  new  favourite  and  his  unwillingness  to  cast  off  the  old  one, 
James  had  the  young  man  introduced  at  court,  and  very  soon  appointed 
him  his  cup-bearer.  Though  the  ever-speaking  conscience  of  Somerset 
had  long  made  him  unfit  for  his  former  gaity,  he  was  by  no  means  pre- 
pared to  see  himself  supplanted  in  the  royal  favour ;  but  before  he  could 
make  any  effort  to  ruin  or  otherwise  dispose  of  young  Villiers,  a  discovery 
was  made  which  very  effectually  ruined  himself. 

Among  many  persons  whom  Somerset  and  his  guilty  countess  had 
found  it  necessary  to  employ  in  the  execution  of  their  atrocious  design, 
was  an  apothecary's  apprentice  who  had  been  employed  in  mixing  up  the 
poisons.  This  man,  now  living  at  Flushing,  made  no  scruple  of  openly 
stating  that  Overbury  had  died  of  poison,  and  that  he  had  himself  been 
employed  in  preparing  it.  The  report  reached  the  ears  of  the  English 
envoy  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  was  by  him  transmitted  to  the  secretary 
of  state,  Winwood,  who  at  once  communicated  it  to  the  king.  Howev«)r 
weary  of  his  favourite,  James  was  struck  with  horror  and  surprise  on  re- 
ceivinp,  this  report,  but  with  a  rigid  impartiality  which  does  honour  to  bin 
memory,  he  at  once  sent  for  Sir  Edward  Ooke,  the  chief  justice,  and  com- 
manded him  to  examine  into  the  matter  as  carefully  and  as  unsparingly 
as  if  the  accused  persons  were,  the  lowest  and  the  least  cared  for  in  the 
land.  The  stern  nature  of  Colie  scarcely  needed  this  injunction ;  the  in- 
quiry was  steadily  and  searchingly  carried  on,  and  it  resulted  in  the  com- 
plete proof  of  the  guilt  of  the  earl  and  countess  of  Somerset,  Sir  Jerv's 
Elvin,  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  Franklin,  Weston,  and  Mrs.  Turner.  Ui 
the  temper  of  Coke  this  very  trial  affords  a  remarkable  and  not  very 
creditable  instance.  Addressing  Mrs.  Turner,  he  told  her  that  she  was 
"guilty  of  the  seven  deadly  sins;  being  a  harlot,  a  bawd,  a  sorceress,  a 
witch,  a  papist,  a  felon,  and  a  murderer!" 

The  honourable  impartiality  with  which  the  king  had  ordered  an  inquiry 
into  the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  was  not  equally  observed  after- 
wards.  All  the  accused  were  very  properly  condemned  to  death ;  but  the 
sentonce  was  executed  only  on  the  accomplices ;  by  far  the  worsi  crimi- 
nau.  the  ear  and  counicss  were  pardoned ;    A  tefy  "=— '  ■-^•r:--sn.n«^-^t,. 


iirix:i   jif!{-'i!c-'.-!i 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


667 


and  tho  forfeiture  of  their  estates  were  allowed  to  expiate  their  enormous 
crimes,  and  they  were  then  assigned  a  pension  sufficient  for  their  support, 
and  allowed  to  retire  to  the  country.  But  the  pardon  of  man  could  not 
secure  them  the  peace  of  heart  which  their  crime  had  justly  forfeited. 
They  lived  in  the  same  house,  but  they  lived  only  in  an  alternation  of  suU 
lenness  and  chiJrng,  and  thus  they  dragged  on  many  wjetched  years,  a 
mutual  torment  in  their  old  age  as  they  had  been  a  mutual  snare  in  their 
youth,  until  they  at  length  sank  unregretted  and  uv  honoured  into  the  grave. 

A.  D.  1616.— The  fall  of  Somerset  necessarily  laculitated  and  hastened 
Ihe  rise  of  young  George  Villiers,  who  in  a  wonderfully  short  time  ot>- 
tained  promotions— which,  that  the  regularity  of  narrative  may  be  pre- 
served,  we  insert  here— as  Viscount  Villiers,  earl,  marquis,  and  finally 
diike  of  Buckingham,  knight  of  the  garter,  master  of  the  horse,  chief  jus- 
lice  in  eyre,  warden  of  the  cinque  ports,  master  of  the  king's  bench  office, 
steward  of  Westminister,  constable  of  Windsor,  and  lord  high  admiral  of 
England.  His  mother  was  made  countess  of  Buckingham,  his  brother 
Viscount  Purbeck,  and  a  whole  host  of  his  previously  obscure  and  needy 
favourites  obtained  honours,  places,  patents,  or  wealth. 

The  profusion  of  the  king— to  which  justice  demands  that  we  add  the 
parsimony  of  the  parliament— made  him  throughout  his  whole  reign  an 
embarrassed  man ;  and  he  incurred  great,  though  undeserved  odium  by 
Ihe  course  he  took  to  supply  his  pressing  and  immediate  wants.  When 
Elizabeth  aided  the  infant  states  of  Holland  against  the  gigantic  power  o< 
Spain,  she  had  the  important  towns  of  Flushing,  the  BriUe,  an<ki?amme- 
kins  placed  in  her  hands  as  pledges  for  the  repayment  of  the  money  to 
England.  Various  payments  had  been  made  which  had  reduced  the  debt 
to  <£600.000,  which  sura  the  Dutch  were  under  agreement  to  pay  to  James 
at  the  rate  of  0640,000  per  annum.  This  annual  sum  would  doubtless 
have  been  of  vast  service  to  the  king— but  ^£26,000  per  annum  v;ere  spent 
in  maintaining  his  garrisons  in  the  cautionary  or  mortgaged  towns.  Only 
£14,000  remained  clear  to  England,  and  even  that  would  cease  in  the 
event  of  new  warfare  between  Holland  and  Spain.  Considering  these 
things,  and  being  pressed  on  all  sides  for  money  to  satisfy  just  demands 
and  the  incessant  cravings  of  his  favourite  and  the  court,  the  king  gladly 
agreed  to  surrender  the  cautionary  towns  on  the  instant  payment  by  the 
Dutch  of  06250,000 ;  and,  under  all  the  ciniumstances  of  the  case,  James 
appears  to  have  acted  with  sound  policy  in  making  the  bargain. 

A.  n.  1617.— In  the  course  of  this  year  James  paid  a  visit  to  Scotland 
with  the  view  to  a  favourite  scheme  which  he  had  long  pondered— pro- 
bably even  before  he  ascended  the  English  throne,  and  while  he  still  was 
personally  annoyed  by  the  rude  and  intrusive  presumption  of  the  puritans. 
His  scheme  was  •'  to  enlarge  the  episcopal  authority  ;  to  establish  a  few 
ceremonies  in  publir  worship,  and  to  settle  and  fix  the  superiority  of  the 
civil  to  the  ecclesJRntical  jurisdiction." 

But  though  the  king's  personal  influence  was  now  very  high,  as  well 
from  the  peace  ho  had  preserved  throughout  his  dominions  and  the  pride 
the  Scotch,  themselves  a  pedantic  people,  felt  in  hearing  the  king  whom 
they  had  given  to  England,  cited  as  "  the  British  Solomon,"  as  from  the 
great,  not  to  spy  unjust,  preference  which  the  king  took  every  opnortunitv 
to  show  to  Srottish  suitors  for  promotion,  even  his  influence,  after  much 
opposition  on  the  part  of  the  clerg^y,  could  only  procure  liim  a  sullen 
adoption  of  but  a  small  portion  of  his  plan.  "  Episcopacy"  was  so  much 
the  detestation  of  the  Scotch,  that  it  is  surprising  that  so  shrewd  a  king 
us  James  should  have  made  a  point  of  endeavouring  to  force  it  upon  them 
But,  as  if  he  had  not  done  sufficient  in  the  way  of  iiffronling  the  reiigioui 
prejudices  of  the  Scotch,  James  no  sooner  returned  home  tlian  he  equally 
Rffnmted  those  of  that  large  party  of  his  English  subjects,  the  puritans 
That  dark,  sullen,  joyless,  and  joy-hating  set  of  men  had,  I  y  degreoi 


558 


HISTORY  OP  TUB  WORLD 


brought  the  original  decorous  Sunday  of  England  to  be  a  day  of  the  iudsi 
silent  and  intense  gloom.  Thi«  was  noticed  by  the  king  in  his  return  fr)m 
Scotland,  and  he  immediately  issued  a  proclamation  by  which  all  kinds  oi 
lawful  games  and  exercises  were  allowed  after  divine  service.  However 
imprudent  this  proclamation  on  the  part  of  the  king,  we  are  inclined  to  be- 
lieve that  in  spirit  his  extreme  was  wiser  than  that  of  the  puritans.  But 
whatever  may  be  the  good  or  the  bad  policy  of  the  practice,  it  is  certain 
that  the  kin;  phose  a  wrong  time  for  recommending  it.  Even  his  authority 
was  as  nothing  against  superstitious  fanaticism.  But  while  he  failed  to 
check  or  persuade  the  puritans,  did  he  not  irritate  them  1  Might  not  the 
sharpening  of  many  a  sword  that  was  bared  against  Charles  1.  be  traced 
to  the  vexation  caused  in  puritan  bosoms  by  this  very  proclamation  ol 
his  father  i 


CHAPTER  XLIX. 
THE  REION  OF  JAMBS  I.  {continued). 

».  D.  1618.— Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  the  favourite  of  Elizabeth,  the  opponent 
ind  enemy  of  Essex,  to  whom  he  had  shown  an  implacable  and  savage 
spirit  which  makes  us  doubt  whether  the  world  had  not  been  greatly  mis. 
taken  in  deeming  him  a  good  as  well  as  a  great  man,  had  now  been  for 
thirteen,-years  lingering  in  his  prison.  Though  advanced  in  years  and 
'uined  in  fortune,  even  imprisonment  could  not  break  his  unquestionably 
laring  and  resolved  spirit.  Soldier,  seaman,  courtier,  and  man  of  intrigue 
luring  so  much  of  his  life,  it  was  when,  amid  the  \fi\a  of  the  public  fe- 
•ocity,  which  his  own  cruelty,  however,  had  provoked  and  exemplared, 
le  was  led  to  the  Tower  of  London,  that  he,  instead  of  resigning  hiinseK 
o  despair,  commenced  his  elaborate  and  really  learned  History  of  the 
»Vorld !  Thirteen  years  of  confinement  could  not  quell  that  enduring  and 
laring  spirit ;  and,  as  the  report  of  his  friends  informed  him  that  public 
>pinion  was  very  favourably  and  greatly  changed  on  his  behalf,  he  now 
jegan  to  scheme  for  obtaining  his  enlargement.  He  caused  it  to  be  noised 
jbraid  that,  during  one  of  his  voyages,  he  had  discovered  a  gold  mine  in 
Guiana,  so  rich  that  it  would  afford  enormous  wealth  not  only  to  any 
gallant  adventurers  who,  under  proper  guidance,  should  seek  it,  but  also 
to  the  entire  nation  at  large.  These  reports,  as  Raleigh  from  the  first 
ntended,  reached  the  ears  of  the  king ;  but  James  doubted  the  existence 
of  the  mine,  and  the  more  so  because  it  was  clear  that  a  man  in  the  sad 
situation  of  Raleigh  might  be  expected  to  say  almost  anything  to  obtain 
freedom.  But  the  report  was  so  far  serviceable  to  Raleigh,  that  it  re- 
minded the  king  of  the  long  dreary  years  the  once  gallant  soldier  and  gay 
courtier  of  Elizabeth  had  passed  in  the  gloom  of  a  dungeon,  and  he  liber- 
jted  him  from  the  Tower,  but  refused  to  release  him  from  the  original 
sentence  of  death,  which,  he  said,  he  considered  a  necessary  check  upon 
a  man  of  Raleigh's  character,  which  assuredly  had  more  of  talent  and 
audacity  than  of  either  probity  or  mercy.  .    •        ■ 

Though  James  was  by  no  means  inclined  to  give  credit  to  tlie  insigni- 
ficant tale  of  Raleigh,  he  gave  full  leave  to  all  private  adventurers  who 
might  choose  to  join  him  ;  and  Raleigh's  intrepid  assertions,  backed  by 
his  great  repute  for  both  talent  and  courage,  soon  placed  him  at  the  head 
of  twelve  ships,  well  armed  and  manned,  and  provided  with  everything 
necessary  for  piracy  and  plunder,  but  with  nothing  calculated  for  digging 

the  pretended  treasure.  ,   ,^   ,  ^  -i.     .  »„a 

On  the  river  Oronoko,  in  Guiana,  the  Spaniards  had  built  a  town  called 

St.  Thomas,  which,  at  this  time,  was  exceedingly  wealthy.    Raleigh  hod 

taken  possession  of  the  whole  district  above  twenty  years  before  lu  m 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


66ti 


name  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  but  as  he  had  immediately  le(  the  coast,  his 
claim  o!i  behalf  of  England  was  totally  unknown  to  the  Spaniards.  It 
was  to  this  wealthy  Spanish  settlement  that  Raleiip^h  now  steered,  and  on 
arriving  there  he  stopped  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oronoko  with  five  of  his 
lirgest  ships,  sending  the  remainder  of  the  expedition  up  lo  St.  Thomas' 
antler  the  command  of  his  son  and  his  fellow-adventurer,  Captain  Kemyss. 
The  Spaniards,  seeing  the  English  adventurers  approach  St.  Thomas  in 
juch  hostile  guise,  fired  at  them,  but  were  speedily  repulsed  and  driven 
into  the  town.  As  young  Ralei{;h  headed  his  men  in  the  attack  on  the 
town,  he  exclaimed,  "  This  is  the  true  mine,  and  they  are  but  fools  who  look 
for  any  other  r  He  had  scarcely  spoken  the  words  when  he  received 
a  shot,  and  immediately  fell  dead  ;  Kemyss,  however,  still  continued  the 
attack  and  took  the  town,  which  they  burned  to  ashes  in  their  rage  at 
finding  no  considerable  booty  in  it. 

Raleigh  had  never  averred  that  he  had  himself  ever  seen  the  wonder- 
fully rich  mine  of  which  he  gave  so  glowing  an  account,  but  that  it  had 
been  found  by  Kemyss  on  one  of  their  former  expeditions  together,  and 
ihat  Kemyss  had  brought  him  a  lump  of  ore,  which  proved  the  value  as 
well  as  the  existence  of  it  the  more.  Yet,  now  that  Kemyss,  by  his  own 
account,  was  within  two  hour's  march  of  the  mine,  he  made  the  most  ab- 
surd  excuses  to  his  men  for  leading  them  no  farther,  and  immediatel) 
returned  to  Raleigh,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oronoko,  with  the  melancholy 
news  of  the  death  of  the  younger  Raleigh,  and  the  utter  failure  of  all  theii 
hopes  as  far  as  St.  Thomas  was  concerned.  The  scene  between  Raleigh 
and  Kemyss  was  probably  a  very  violent  one  ;  at  all  events  it  had  such 
anefijct  upon  Kemyss  that  he  immediately  retired  to  his  own  cabin  and 
put  an  end  to  his  existence. 

The  other  adventurers  now  perceived  that  they  had  entered  into  both 
a  dangerous  and  unprofitable  speculation,  and  they  inferred  from  all  that 
had  passed  that  Raleigh  from  the  outset  bad  relied  upon  piracy  and  plun- 
dering; towns — a  kind  of  speculation  for  which  their  ill  i^uccess  at  St. 
Thomas  gave  them  no  inclination,  whatever  their  moral  feelings  upon  the 
subject  might  have  been.  On  a  full  consideration  of  all  the  circumstan- 
ces, the  adventurers  determined  to  return  to  England  and  take  Raleigh 
ffilh  them,  leaving  it  to  him  to  justify  himself  to  the  king  in  the  best  man- 
ler  lie  could.  On  the  passage  he  repeatedly  endeavoured  to  escape,  but 
*ag  brought  safely  lo  England  and  delivered  up  to  the  king.  The  court 
3f  Spain  in  the  meantime  loudly  and  justly  complained  of  the  destruction 
DfSt.  Thomas;  and,  after  a  long  examination  before  the  privy  council, 
Raleigh  was  pronounced  guilty  of  wilful  deceit  as  to  the  mine,  and  of  hav- 
ing from  the  beginning  intended  to  make  booty  by  piracy  and  land-plun- 
der. The  lawyers  held,  however,  as  a  universal  rule,  that  a  man  who 
already  lay  under  attaint  of  treason  could  in  no  form  be  tried  anew  for 
another  crime ;  the  king,  therefore,  signed  a  warrant  for  Raleigh's  execu- 
tion for  that  participation  in  the  setting  up  of  the  lady  Arabella  Stuart,  for 
which  he  had  already  suffered  imprisonment  during  the  dreary  period  of 
thirteen  years!  He  died  with  courage,  with  gayety  almost,  but  without 
bravado  or  indecency.  While  there  was  yet  a  faint  hope  of  his  escape  he 
feigned  a  variety  of  illnesses,  even  including  madness,  to  protract  his 
doom;  but  when  all  hope  was  at  length  at  an  end,  he  threw  off  all  dis- 
guise, and  prepared  to  die  with  that  courage  on  the  scaffold  with  which  he 
had  so  often  dared  death  on  the  field.  Taking  up  the  axe  with  which  he 
was  about  to  be  beheaded,  he  felt  the  edge  of  it,  and  said, "  'Tis  a  sharp,  but 
it  is  also  a  sure  remedy  for  all  ills."  He  then  calmly  laid  his  head  upon 
t\\i  block,  and  was  dead  at  the  first  stroke  of  the  axe.  Few  men  had 
been  more  unpopular  a  few  years  earlier  than  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ;  btit 
the  courage  he  displaye< ,  the  long  imprisonment  he  had  suffered,  and  his 
(ike  :ution  on  a  sentence  pronounced  so  long  before,  merely  to  give  satis- 


660 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WOULD. 


faction  to  Spain,  rendered  this  execution  one  of  the  most  unpopular  acta 
ever  performed  by  the  king. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  we  spoke  of  the  marriage  of  the  princess 
Elizabeth  to  the  elector  palatine  as  an  event  which  in  the  end  proved 
mischievous  both  to  England  and  to  the  king. 

A.  D.  1619.— The  states  of  Bohemia  being  in  arms  to  maintain  their  -e- 
volt  from  the  hated  authority  of  the  catholic  house  of  Austria,  the  mightj 
preparations  made  by  Ferdinand  II.,  and  the  extensive  alliances  he  had 
succeeded  in  forming  to  the  same  end,  made  the  states  very  anxious  to 
obtain  a  counterbalancing  aid  to  their  cause.    Frederick,  elector  palatine, 
being  son-in-law  lo  the  king  of  England  and  nephew  to  the  prince  Mhu 
rice,  who  at  this  time  was  possessed  of  almost  unlimited  power  over  the 
United  Provinces,  the  states  of  Bohemia  considered  that  were  he  elected 
to  their  crown— which  they  deemed  elective— their  safety  would  be  in 
sured  by  his  potent  connections.    They  therefore  offered  to  make  Fred- 
erick their  sovereign ;  and  he,  looking  only  at  the  honour,  accepted  tiie 
offer  without  consulting  either  his  uncle  or  father-in-law, probably  because 
he  well  knew  that  they  would  dissuade  him  from  an  honour  so  costly  and 
onerous  as  this  was  certain  to  prove.     Having  accepted  the  sovereignty 
of  Bohemia,  Frederick  immediately  marched  all  the  troops  he  could  com- 
mand to  the  defence  of  his  new  subjects.    On  the  news  of  this  event  ar- 
riving in  England  the  people  of  all  ranks  were  strongly  excited.    As  we 
have  elsewhere  said,  the  people  of  England  are  extremely  affectionate 
towards  their  sovereigns  ;  and  Frederick,  merely  as  the  son-m-law  of  the 
king,  would  have  had  their  warmest  wishes.     But  they  were  still  further 
interested  on  his  behalf,  because  he  was  a  protestant  prince  opposing  the 
ambition  and  the  persecution  of  the  detested  Spaniard  and  Austrian,  and 
there  was  a  general  cry  for  an  English  army  to  be  sent  forthwith  lo  Bo 
hemia.    Almost  the  only  man  in  the  kingdom  who  was  clear-sighted  and 
unmoved  amid  all  this  passionate  feeling  was  James.    He  was  far  too 
deeply  impressed  with  the  opinion  that  it  was  dangerous  for  a  king  s  pre- 
rogative  and  for  his  subjects'  passive  obedience,  to  look  with  a  favourable 
eye  upon  revolted  states  conferring  a  crown  even  upon  his  own  son-in- 
law.    He  would  not  acknowledge  Frederick  as  king  of  Bohemia,  and 
forbade  his  being  prayed  for  in  the  churches  under  that  title. 

A  D  1620. — However  wise  the  reasonings  of  James,  it  would,  m  the 
end,  have  been  profitable  to  him  to  have  sent  an  English  army,  even  upon 
a  vast  scale,  to  the  assistance  of  Frederick  in  the  first  instance.  Ferdi- 
nand,  with  the  duke  of  Bavaria  and  the  count  of  Bucquoy,  and  Spmola, 
with  thirty  thousand  veteran  troops  from  the  Low  Countries,  not  only 
defeated  Frederick  at  the  great  battle  of  Prague,  and  sent  him  and  his 
family  fugitives  into  Holland,  but  also  took  possession  of  the  palatinate. 
This  latter  disaster  might  surely  have  been  prevented,  had  James  at  the 
very  outset  so  far  departed  from  his  pacific  policy  as  to  send  a  consider- 
able army  to  occupy  the  palatinate,  in  doing  which  he  would  by  no  means 
have  stepped  beyond  the  most  strictly  legal  support  of  the  legitimate  rigW 

of  his  son-in-law.  .,, 

Now  that  Frederick  was  expelled  even  from  his  palatinate,  James  still 
depended  upon  his  tact  in  negotiation  to  spare  him  the  necessity  for  an 
actual  recourse  to  arms ;  but  he  at  the  same  time,  with  the  turn  for  dissim- 
ulation which  was  natural  to  him,  determined  to  use  the  warlike  enthusi- 
asm of  his  subjects  as  a  means  of  obtaining  money,  of  which,  as  usual, 
he  was  painfully  in  want.  Urging  the  necessity  of  instant  recourse  to 
that  fo'cible  interference,  which  in  truth  he  intended  never  to  make,  ne 
tried  to  gain  a  benevolence,  but  even  the  present  concern  for  the  palatine 
would  not  blind  the  people  to  the  arbitrary  nature  of  that  way  of  levying 
heavy  taxes  upon  them,  and  James  was  reluctantly  obliged  to  call  a  par- 
liament. 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


661 


A.  D.  1621. — The  unwise  inclination  of  the  people  to  plunge  into  war 
on  behalf  of  the  palatine  was  so  far  serviceable  to  James,  that  it  caused 
this  parliament  to  meet  him  with  n»ore  than  usually  dutiful  and  libera* 
dispositions.  Some  few  members,  indeed,  were  inclined  to  make  com- 
plamt  and  redress  of  certain  gross  grievances  their  first  subject  of  atten* 
lion.  But  the  general  feelinff  was  against  them,  and  it  was  with  some- 
fiiing  Iilte  acclamation  that  the  parliament  proceeded  at  once  to  vote  the 
kin?  two  subsidies. 

This  done,  they  proceeded  to  inquire  into  some  enormous  abuses 
of  the  essentially  pernicious  practice  of  granting  patent  monopolies  of 
particular  branches  of  trade.  It  was  proved  that  Sir  Giles  Mompesson 
and  Sir  Francis  Michel  had  outrageously  abused  their  patent  for  licensing 
inns  and  ale-houses ;  the  former  was  severely  pdnished,  and  the  latter 
only  escaped  the  same  by  breaking  from  prison  and  going  abroad. 

StUl  more  atrocious  was  the  conduct  of  Sir  Edward  Villiers,  brother  of 
the  lavourite,  Buckingham.  Sir  Edward  had  a  patent,  in  conjunction  with 
Mompesson  and  iMichel  for  the  sole  making  of  gold  and  silver  lace.  This 
patent  had  not  only  been  abused,  to  the  great  oppresssion  of  the  persons 
engaged  m  that,  then,  very  extensive  trade,  but  also  to  the  downright  rob- 
bery of  all  who  used  the  articles,  in  which  the  patentees  sold  a  vast  deal 
more  of  copper  than  of  gold  or  silver.  Villiers,  instead  of  being  dealt  with 
as  severely  as  his  accomplices,  wa«  sent  abroad  on  a  mission,  and  entrust- 
ed with  the  care  of  the  national  interests  and  honour,  as  a  means  of 
»c'«en»"g  him  from  the  punishment  due  to  his  shameless  extortion  and 
wbbery  at  home.  Hume,  somewhat  too  tenderly,  "uggests  that  the  guilt 
of  Villiers  was  less  enormous  or  less  apparent  than  that  of  his  accompli* 
ces.  But  the  true  cause  of  his  impunity  was  the  power  of  his  insolen 
and  upstart  brother. 

The  king  having  expressed  himself  to  be  well  pleased  that  the  parlia- 
ment  had  enabled  him  to  discover  and  punish  this  enormous  system  of 
cruelty  and  fraud,  the  commons  now  ventured  to  carry  their  inquiries 
into  the  practices  of  a  higher  offender.  That  offender,  alas !  for  poor 
human  nature,  was  the  illustrious  Bacon ; 

"  The  wiBdit,  greatest,  meaneat  of  mankind.' 

Kind-hearted,  learned,  wise,  witty,  eloquent,  and  beyond  all  his  contem- 
poraries deep-thoughted  and  sagacious,  the  viscount  St.  Albans,  chancel- 
lor of  I5ngland,  was  greedy  almost  to  insanity ;  greedy  not  with  the  miser's 
wretched  love  of  hoarding,  but  with  the  reckless  desire  of  lavishing.  His 
emoluments  were  vast,  his  honours  and  appointments  many,  and  no  one 
could  be  more  eloquent  in  behalf  of  justice  and  moderation  than  this  great 
man,  who  may  justly  be  styled  the  apostle  of  common-sense  in  reasoning. 
Yet  his  profusion  was  so  vast  and  so  utterly  reckless,  and  his  practice  so 
['"i*  *"  accordance  with  his  preaching,  that  he  took  the  most  enormous 
bnbes  m  his  office  of  judge  in  equity.  Hume  suggests  the  odd  apology 
that  though  he  took  bribes  he  still  did  justice,  and  even  gave  hostile  judg* 
raents  where  he  had  been  paid  for  giving  favourable  ones  !  To  us  it  ap- 
pears that  this,  if  true,  was  merely  adding  the  offence  of  robbing  individ- 
uals to  that  of  abusing  his  office.  He  was  very  justly  sentenced  ^o  im- 
pnsonment  during  the  royal  pleasure,  or  fine  of  ten  thousand  pounds,  and 
incapacity  for  again  holding  any  office.  The  fine  was  remitted,  and  he 
was  soon  released  from  imprisonment  and  allowed  a  pension  for  his  sup- 
port ;  a  lenity  which  we  think  he  was  undeserving  of,  in  precise  propor- 
tion to  the  vastness  of  his  ability,  which  ought  to  have  taught  him  to  keep 
his  conscience  clear. 

Many  disputes  now  occurred  from  time  to  time  between  the  king  and 
°"  pw'wment,  and  at  length  the  king  dissolved  them,  imprisoned  Coke, 
Ihilips,  Scldon.  and  Pym  j  and,  in  his  whimsical  way  of  punishing  refrac 

Vol.  I  -36 


^^My. 


G 


602  HISVORT  OP  THE  WORLD. 

tory  people,  sent  Sir  Dudley  Digges.  Sir  Thomas  Crew  Sir  Nathaniel 
RSk.amlSr  James  Parrot,  on  a  commission  to  Ireland,  a  country  to 
Sh  a  scholar  and  a  fine  gentleman  of  that  time  would  about  as  readilj 
JO  as  a  club-lounger  of  our  day  would  to  Siberia,  or  the  salt  mines  of  Po 

'*  We  do  not  deem  it  nece.  ,ary  to  dweU>t  all  minutely  upon  this  parlia. 
meaiary  opposition  to  the  king,  because  it  is  less  important  m  itself  than 
K  cons^Suences,  which  we  shall  have  to  develope  in  the  succeeding 
n\Bn.     The  seed  of  the  civil  war  wa»  now  being  sowed.    The  commons  were 
"aHy  gaining  power  and  the  consciousness  of  power.but  without  the  large 
and  fffneroul  as  well  as  wise  spirit  which  knows  hov^  to  refortn gradually 
Even  the  king  himself,  with  all  his  high  opinions  of  prerogative  and  hw 
only  too  great  readiness  to  exert  it,  perceived  that  the  day  was  past  fur 
aovernini  with  the  high  hand  alone.    A  curious  instance  of  this  occiirs  t. 
hfs  buying  off  from  the  gathering  opposition  Sir  John  Saville.    WW 
o  hers^iere  sent  to  prison,  or,  which  was  but  1  ttle  betWr,  to  Ireland  bir 
John  wWoHe  opposition  had  been  eager  and  spirited,  made  his  talent  so 
much  reared,  that  the  king  made  him  comptroller  of  the  household,  a  orivy 
Councillor,  and  a  baron.    If  his  successor  could  but  have  been  induced 
frDonder  this  fact,  and  to  take  it  in  conjunction  with  the  nature  of  man- 
End  hoi  maohnJiaery  had  been  spared  to  himself  and  his  people,  and 
how  many  a  name  that  has  come  down  io  us  in  conjunction  wUh  the  moM 
exalted  patriotism,  forsooth!  would  be  forgotten  in  the  lordly  titles  be- 

'To  frSithrv?r\^u"ntn5ames  might  hare  professed  of  going 
to  war  on  bohalfofhis  son-ill-law,  his  real  intention  was  to  secure  the 
Sendsli  of  Spain,  and  thus  secure  the  accomplishment  of  his  own  and 
the^nlioVs  wishes  by  marrying  his  son,  Prince  Charles,  to  the  Spaniard  • 
"iter  Up<m  this  marriage,  besides  his  looking  upon  it  as  a  7«»  «;»  ")Je 
of  ool  cv  he  was  passionately  bent,  as  a  matter  of  personal  feel  ng,  as  h« 
deeWAo  one  below  a  princess  of  Spain  or  France  a  fitting  match  forhii 

"''The  war  between  the  emperor  and  the  palatine  was  still  vigorously 
keot  UP.  the  latter  prince,  in  spite  of  all  his  misfortunes  making  the  mos 
hefoic  exertions.  'The  details  of  this  war  -vill  be  found  -n  their  prope 
Dlaci  Here  it  suffices  to  say.  that  though  James  greatly  aided  his  gallant 
Ein-inJawwih  money,  he  did  him  almost  equal  injury  by  his  negotiations, 
which  every  one  saw  through,  and  of  course  treated  with  disrespect  p^v 
wnicn  cvc  y  «i        ,.j"*  '  .u„.  ,u„„  n,.i„ini»fflfl    n  the  most  intense 


3  negS  oVk  way- 'Indlng "in  =T^g:  was  made  the  subject  ol 
Kh  mefrTment  on  the  Lntinenf.  At  Brussels  a  farce  was  acted  in  Ui 
pniiriin  of  which  a  messenger  was  made  to  announce  the  sad  news  inai 
he^paull' wasTt  lengt'h  on  the  eve  of  .being  wrestea  from  the  hoi.jj 
of  Austria.  Nothing,  the  messenger  said,  ^o^^^yesist  the  aul  wJmi 
Frederick  was  now  about  to  receive;  the  king  of  De''"J"\ ""7"'» 
LreeJ  to  send  him  a  hundred  thousand  pickled  h«"'»»^t>>«  "f.^oij 
Sed  thousand  bulter-boxes,  and  the  king  of  England-a  hundred  thousand 

'^"Ctho'uirh  James  was  in  reality  somewhat  ridiculously  Profuse j  hij 
efforts  to  "Viegotiate"  the  duke  of  Bavaria  into  restoring  he  palatinate,  ho 
reallv  wn«  rnsiing  his  main  hope  upon  the  Spanish  match. 

D  gby.  af  erwa?ds  earl  of  Bristol,  was  sent  to  Madrid  to  endeavour  »o 
hasten  the  negoviation,  which,  with  more  or  less  ea"»"tness.htd  now 
bJen  carried  on  for  five  years.  Tlio  princess  being  a  catholic,  a  dispen 
Sn  from  th"e  pope  w/s  necessary  for  the  marriugc-._a_nd  asjanou.^mo 
UvBB  ol  Doiicy  made  Spain  anxioui  w  avoia  a  luiai  - 


'rtstant  bffi''''        99 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD. 


583 


with  James,  this  circumstance  was  dexterously  turned  to  advantage. 
Spain  undertook  to  procure  the  dispensation,  and  thus  possessed  the  pow- 
er  of  retarding  the  marriage  mdefinitely  or  of  concluding  it  at  any  moment, 
should  circumstances  render  that  course  advisable.  Suspecting  at  least 
a  part  of  the  deception  that  was  practised  upon  him,  James,  while  he  sent 
Digby  publicly  to  Spain,  secretly  sent  Sage  to  Rome  to  watch  and  report 
Ihestateof  affairs  and  feeling  there.  Learning  from  that  agent  that  the 
chief  difficulty,  as  far  as  Rome  was  roncerned,  was  the  difference  of  re- 
ligion, he  immediately  discharged  all  popish  rescusants  who  were  in  cas- 
tody.  By  this  measure  he  hoped  to  propitiate  Rome ;  to  his  own  subjects 
he  stated  his  reason  for  resorting  to  it  to  be— his  desire  to  urge  it  as  an 
srgument  m  support  of  the  application  he  was  continually  making  to  for- 
eign princes  for  a  more  indulgent  treatment  of  their  protestant  subjects. 

Digby,  now  earl  of  Bristol,  was  incessant  in  his  exertions,  and  seems 
to  have  been  minutely  informed  of  the  real  intentions  and  feelings  of 
Spain ;  and  the  result  of  his  anxious  and  well-directed  inquiries  was  his 
informing  James  that  there  was  no  doubt  that  the  princess  would  shortly 
bestow  her  hand  upon  his  son,  and  that  her  portion  would  be  the  then 
enormous  sum  of  eight  hundred  thousand  pounds  sterling.  Pleased  as 
James  was  with  the  news  as  regarded  the  anticipated  marriage,  he  was 
enraptured  when  he  congid^red  it  in  conjunction  with  the  restoration  oi 
the  palatinate,  which  undoubtedly  -.vould  instsntly  follow.  Nothing  now 
remained  but  to  procure  the  dispensation  from  Rome;  and  that,  supposing, 
as  seems  to  have  been  the  case,  that  Spain  was  sincere,  was  not  likely  to 
be  long  delayed  when  earnestly  solicited  by  Spain— when  all  James' 
hopes  were  shipvrecked  and  his  finely-drawn  webs  scattered  to  the  winds 
by  Buckingham."  Did  a  prince  «rer  fail  to  rue  the  folly  of  making  an  up- 
start too  great  for  even  bis  master's  control  1 

A.  D.  1623.— It  would  have  been  comparatively  a  small  mischief  had  the 
king  made  Buckingham  merely  an  opulent  duke,  had  he  not  also  made 
him,  practically,  his  chief  minister.  Accomplished,  showy,  and  plausible, 
he  was,  however,  totally  destitute  of  the  solid  talents  necessary  to  the 
statesman,  and  was  of  so  vindictive  as  well  as  impetuous  a  nature,  that 
he  would  willingly  have  plunged  the  nation  into  the  most  destructive  wai 
for  the  sake  of  avenging  a  personal  injury  or  ruining  a  personal  enemy. 
Importunate  and  tyrannical  even  with  the  king  himself,  he  was  absolute, 
arroMut,  and  insulting  to  all  others ;  anH  he  had  even  iiisultea  the  prince 
of  Wales.  But  as  the  king  grew  old,  and  evidently  was  fast  sinking, 
Buckingham  became  anxious  to  repair  his  past  error,  and  to  connect  him- 
self  in  Buch  wise  with  Charles,  while  still  only  prince  of  Vales,  as  to  con- 
tinue to  be  the  chief  minion  at  court  when  the  prince  should  have  expand- 
ed into  the  king. 

Perceiving  that  the  prince  of  Wales  was  greatly  annoyed  by  the  long 
and  seemingly  interminable  delays  that  had  taken  place  in  bringing  about 
'be  Spanish  match,  Buckingham  resolved  to  make  that  circumstance  swr- 
Wceable  to  his  views.  Accordingly,  though  the  prince  had  recently  shown 
^  deoidqd  coolness  towards  the  overgrown  favourite,  Buckingham  ap- 
iroached  his  royal  highness,  and  in  his  most  insinuating  manner— and 
no  one  could  be  more  insinuating  or  supple  than  Buckingham  when  he 
Had  an  object  in  view — professed  a  great  desire  to  be  serviceable.  Ht 
descanted  long  and  well  upon  the  unhappy  lot  of  princes  in  general  in  the 
important  article  of  marriage,  in  which  both  husband  and  wife  were  usual- 
ly the  victims  of  mere  state  policy,  and  strangers  even  to  each  other's  per- 
K>ti8  until  they  met  at  the  altar.  From  those  undeniable  promises  he 
passed  to  the  conclusion,  so  well  calculated  to  inflame  a  young  and  en. 
Inuiiaslic  man,  t4iat,  for  the  sake  both  of  making  the  acuuaintance  of  hit 
juturn  wife,  and  of  hastening  the  settlement  of  the  affair  by  interesting 
-■!  jeelii.fB  In  behalf  alike  oi  his  galianiry  and  of  nig  pergoruii  aoeoiupiinh 


-%pl*,. 


mm  jrif;  ^ 


ill  It 


ii' 


604 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


menta,  Cnarles  would  act  wisely  by  going  incognito  to  the  Spanish  court. 
A  step  80  unusual  and  so  trusting  could  not  fail  to  flatter  the  Spanish  pride 
of  Philip  and  his  court,  while,  as  seeming  to  proceed  from  his  passion. 


tnantic.  He  fell  at  once  into  Buckingham's  views,  and,  taking  advantage 
of  an  hour  of  unusual  good  humour,  they  so  earnestly  importuned  the 
king  that  he  gave  his  consent  to  the  scheme.  Subsequently  he  changed 
nia  mind ;  cool  reflection  enabled  him  to  see  some  good  reasons  against 
the  proposed  expedition,  and  his  natural  timidity  and  suspicion  no  doubt 
suggested  still  more  than  had  any  such  solid  foundation.  But  he  was 
again  importuned  by  the  prince  with  earnestness,  and  by  the  duke  with 
that  tyrannous  insolence  which  he  well  knew  when  to  use  and  when  to 
abstain  from,  and  again  the  king  consented. 

Endymion  Porter,  gentleman  of  the  prince's  chamber,  and  Sir  Francis 
Cottington  were  to  be  the  only  attendants  of  the  prince  and  duke,  except 
their  mere  grooms  and  valets.  To  Sir  Francis  Cottington  the  king  com- 
municated the  scheme  in  the  duke's  presence,  and  asked  his  opinion  of  it. 
The  scene  that  followed  is  so  graphically  characteristic  of  the  terms  upon 
which  the  duke  lived  with  his  benefactor  and  sovereign,  that  we  transcribe 
3t  in  full  from  the  pages  of  Hume. 

"  James  told  Cottington  that  he  had  always  been  an  honest  man,  and, 
therefore,  he  was  now  about  to  trust  him  with  an  affair  of  the  highest  im- 
portance, which  he  was  not,  upon  his  life,  to  disclose  to  any  man  what- 
ever. '  Cottington,'  added  he,  •  here  is  Baby  Charles,  Do«  Steenie  (these 
ridiculous  appellations  he  usually  gave  to  the  prince  and  Buckingham), 
who  have  a  great  mind  to  go  past  uito  Spain  and  fetch  home  the  infanta. 
They  will  have  but  two  more  in  their  company,  and  they  have  chosen  you 
for  one.  What  think  you  of  the  journey  V  Sir  Francis,  who  was  a  pru- 
dent man,  and  had  resided  some  years  in  Spain  as  the  king's  agent,  was 
struck  with  all  the  obvious  objections  to  such  an  enterprise,  and  scrupled 
not  to  declare  them.  The  king  threw  himself  upon  his  bed  and  cried,  '  I 
told  you  all  this  before,'  and  fell  into  a  new  passion  and  new  lamentations, 
complaining  that  he  was  undone  and  should  lose  Baby  Charles. 

'•The  prince  showed  by  his  countenance  that  he  was  extremely  dis- 
satisfied with  Cottington's  discourse,  but  Buckingham  broke  into  an  open 
passion  against  him.  The  king,  he  told  him,  had  asked  him  only  of  the 
journey,  and  of  the  manner  of  travelling,  particulars  of  which  he  might  bo 
a  competent  judge,  having  gone  the  road  so  often  by  post;  but  that  ho. 
without  being  called  to  it,  had  the  presumption  to  give  his  advice  upon 
matters  of  state  and  against  the  prince,  which  he  should  repent  as  long  as 

he  lived.  ,  ••  . 

"  A  thousand  other  reproaches  he  added  which  put  the  poor  knig  mto  a 
new  agony  on  behalf  of  a  servant  who,  he  foresaw,  would  suffer  for 
answering  him  honestly,  upon  which  he  said,  with  some  emotion,  "  Nay, 
by  God,  Steenie,  you  are  much  to  blame  for  using  him  so.  He  angwend 
me  directly  to  the  question  which  I  asked  him,  and  very  honestly  an  I 
wisely  ;  and  yet  you  know  he  said  no  more  than  I  told  you  before  he  wuh 
calletl  ill.'  Ilowever,  after  all  this  passion  on  both  sides,  James  renownl 
his  consent,  and  proper  directions  were  given  for  the  Journev.  Nor  wa.s 
ho  at  any  loss  to  discover  that  the  wholo  intrigue  was  originally  contrived 
oy  Buckingham,  as  well  m  pursued  violently  by  his  spirit  and  impeluosiiy 

The  prince  and  Buckingham,  with  their  attendants,  passed  through 
France  J  and  so  well  were  they  disguised  that  they  even  ventured  to  look 
in  at  a  court  ball  at  Paris,  where  the  prince  saw  the  princess  Henriotia, 
his  afterwiards  unfortunate  and  heroically  attached  queen.        ^  _  ^ 

m  eleven  days  ihoy  arnved  «•  Madrid,  where  ihey  mrew  on  inoif  ais 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


565 


^•«i3fi8  and  were  received  with  the  utmost  cordiality.  The  highest  honours 
were  paid  to  Charles.  The  king  made  him  a  visit  of  welcome,  cordially 
llianked  him  for  a  step  which,  unusual  as  it  was  among  priacbs,  only  the 
more  forcibly  proved  the  confidence  he  had  in  Spanish  honour — ^gave  him 
a  gold  passport  key  that  he  might  visit  at  all  hours,  and  ordered  the 
council  to  obey  him  even  as  the  king  himself.  An  incident  which  in 
Kngland  would  be  trivial,  but  which  in  Spain,  so  haughty  and  pertinacious 
[){ etiquette,  was  of  the  utmost  importance,  will  at  once  show  the  temper 
in  which  the  Spaniards  responded  to  the  youthful  and  gallant  confidence 
of  Charles.  Olivarez,  a  grandee  of  Spain — a  haughtier  race  far  than  any 
king,  out  of  Spain — though  he  had  the  ripht  to  remain  covered  in  the  pre- 
seiice  of  his  own  sovereign,  invariably  took  ofl  ms  hat  in  presence  of  the 
prince  of  Wales ! 

Thus  far,  in  point  of  fact,  whatever  obvious  objections  there  might  be 
to  Buckingham's  scheme,  it  had  been  really  successful ;  the  pride  and  the 
fine  spirit  of  honour  of  the  Spaniard  had  been  touched  precisely  as  he 
anticipated.  But  if  he  had  done  good  by  accident,  he  was  speedily  to  undo 
it  by  iiis  selfish  wilfulness. 

Instead  of  taking  any  advantage  of  the  generous  confidence  of  the  prince, 
ihe  Spaniards  gave  way  upon  some  points  which  otherwise  they  most  pro- 
bably would  have  insisted  upon.  The  pope,  indeed,  took  some  advantage 
of  the  princt's  position,  by  adding  some  more  stnngent  relig[ious  condi- 
tions to  the  du^icnsation;  but,  on  the  whole,  the  visit  of  the  prince  had 
done  good,  and  the  dispensation  was  actually  granted  and  prepared  for 
delivery  when  Gregory  XV.  died.  Urban  VlTl.,  who  succeeded  hir' 
anxious  once  more  to  see  a  catholic  king  in  England,  and  judging  from 
Charles'  romantic  expedition  that  love  and  impatience  would  probably 
work  his  conversion,  found  some  pretexts  for  delaying  the  delivery  of  the 
iispensation,  and  the  natural  impatience  of  Charles  was  goaded  into 
lownright  anger  by  the  artful  insinuations  of  Buckingham,  who  affected 
0  feel  certain  that  Spain  had  been  insincere  from  the  very  first.  Charles 
it  length  grew  so  dissatisfied  that  he  asked  permission  to  return  home, 
tnd  asked  it  in  such  evident  ill-humour,  that  Philip  at  once  jp^rauted  it 
without  even  the  affectation  of  a  desire  for  any  prolongation  of  the  visit. 
But  the  princes  parted  with  all  external  friendship,  and  Philip  had  a  munu> 
ment  erected  on  the  spot  at  which  they  bade  each  other  adieu. 

That  the  craft  of  Urban  would  speedily  have  given  way  before  the 
united  influences  of  James  and  Philip  there  can  be  no  doubt,  and  as  little 
can  there  be  of  the  loyal  sincerity  of  the  Spaniard.  Why  then  should 
Buckingham,  it  may  ho  asked,  overset  when  so  near  its  completion  the 
project  he  had  so  greatly  exerted  himself  to  advance  1  We  have  seen  that 
nis  object  in  suggesting  the  Journey  to  the  prince  was  one  of  purely  selfish 
policy.  He  then  w:is  selfish  with  respect  to  future  benefit  to  himself.  His 
lowing  discord  between  Charles  and  the  Spaniard  was  equally  a  selfish 
procedure.  His  dissolute  and  airy  manners  disgusted  that  grave  court, 
and  his  propensity  to  debauchery  disgusted  that  sober  people.  He  in- 
sulted the  pride  of  their  proud  nobility  if.  the  person  of  Olivarez,  the  almost 
omnipotent  prime  minister  of  Spain ;  and  when  by  all  these  means  he  had 
worn  out  his  welcome  in  Spain,  and  perceived  that  even  respect  to  th  • 
prince  could  not  induce  the  Spaniards  to  endure  himself,  he  resolved  tn 
tircak  off  the  amity  between  the  prince  and  Phi'ip,  and  succeeded  as  we 
have  seen.  When  Buckingham  was  taking  lea\''^  of  Spain  he  hud  the 
wanton  insolence  to  any  to  the  proud  Olivare;;,  "  With  regard  tn  you,  sir 
in  particular,  you  must  not  consider  me  as  your  friend,  but  must  ever  ex- 
pect from  me  all  possible  enmity  and  opposition."  To  this  insolent 
spepch,  the  grnndeo,  wUh  culm  [greatness,  merely  replied  that  h«  verv 
wilhngly  accepted  tlir.  offer  ol  enmity  so  obligingly  made 

<)n  liieir  reluru  lo  KngiunU  both  Ciiarlcs  and  nuciungham  used  ul!  iheii 


666 


HISTORY  OF   THE  WORLD. 


influence  with  thr  mg  to  get  him  to  break  off  all  further  negotiating  the 
Spanish  match,  Charles  being  actuated  by  a  real  though  erroneous  belief 
of  the  insincerity  of  the  Spaniard,  and  Buckingham,  by  a  consciousness 
that  he  could  expect  nothing  but  ruin  should  the  infanta,  after  being  stnng 
by  80  much  insult  shown  to  herself  and  her  country,  become  queen  of 
England.  In  want  of  money,  and  looking  upon  the  Spanish  match  as  a 
sure  means  by  which  to  get  the  palatinate  restored  without  going  to  war, 
James  was  not  easily  persuaded  to  give  up  all  thought  of  a  match  he  had 
had  so  much  at  heart  and  had  brought  so  near  to  a  conclusion.  But  the 
influence  of  Buckingham  was  omnipotent  in  parliament,  and  his  insolence 
irresistible  by  the  king;  the  Spanish  match  was  dropped,  enmity  to  the 
house  of  Austria  was  henceforth  to  be  the  principle  of  English  polity,  and 
ft  war  was  to  be  resorted  to  for  the  restoration  of  the  palatinate.  It  was 
in  vain  that  the  Spanish  ambassador  endeavoured  to  open  James'  eyes. 
The  deluded  monarch  was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  haughty  duke,  and 
moreover,  from  growing  physical  debility,  was  daily  growing  less  fit  to 
endure  scenes  of  violent  disputation. 

The  earl  of  Bristol,  who  throughout  this  strange  and  protracted  affaii 
had  acted  the  part  of  both  an  honest  and  an  able  minister,  would  most 
probably  have  made  such,  representations  in  parliament  as  would  have 
overcome  even  Buckingham ;  but  he  had  scarcely  landed  in  England,  ere, 
by  the  favourite's  influence,  he  was  arrested  and  carried  to  the  Tower. 
The  king  was  satisfled  in  his  heart  that  the  minister  was  an  honest  and  an 
injured  man  ;  but  though  he  speedily  released  him  from  the  Tower,  Buck- 
ingham only  suffered  him  thus  far  to  undo  his  involuntary  injustice  on 
condition  that  Bristol  should  retire  to  the  country  and  abstain  from  all 
attendance  on  parliament ! 

From  Spain  the  prince  turned  to  France  in  search  of  a  bride.  He  had 
been  much  struck  by  the  loveliness  of  the  princess  Henrietta,  and  he  now 
demanded  her  hand ;  negotiations  were  accordingly  immediately  entered 
into  on  the  same  terms  previoub  ,  granted  to  Spain,  though  the  princesti 
could  bring  no  dowry  like  that  of  the  infanta. 

James,  in  the  meantime,  found  himself,  while  fast  sinking  into  the  grave, 
plunged  into  that  warlike  course  which  during  his  whole  life  he  had  so 
nedulously,  and  at  so  many  sacrifices  of  dignity  and  even  of  pretty  certain 
advantage,  avoided. 

The  palatinate,  lying  in  the  very  midst  of  Germany,  possessed  by  llie 
emperor  and  the  duke  of  Bavaria,  and  only  to  be  approached  by  an  English 
army  through  other  powerful  enemies,  was  obviously  to  be  retaken  by 
force  only  at  great  risks  and  sacrifices.  But  the  counsels  of  Bnckina;ham 
urged  James  onward.  Count  de  Mansfeldt  and  his  army  were  subsidized, 
Hid  an  English  army  of  two  hundred  horse  and  twelve  thousand  fool  was 
raised  by  impressment.  A  free  pa8«at,'e  was  promised  by  France,  but 
when  the  army  arrived  at  Calais  it  was  discovered  that  no  formal  orders 
had  been  received  for  its  admission,  and  after  vainly  wailing  for  such 
orders  milil  they  actually  began  to  want  provisions,  the  commanders  of  ^ 
the  expedition  steered  for  Zealand.  Here,  again,  no  proper  arrangements 
hnd  been  made  for  the  disembarkation  ;  a  sort  of  plague  broke  out  among 
the  men  from  short  allowances  and  long  confinement  in  the  close  vessels, 
nearly  «me  half  of  the  troopo  died,  and  Mansfeldt  very  rightly  deemed  the 
remainder  too  small  a  fon  e  for  so  mighty  an  attempt  as  that  of  the  ro- 
eonquesl  of  the  palatinate. 

4,  D.  1B35.— Long  infirm,  the  king  had  been  so  much  harrassed  of  late 
by  the  mere  necessity  of  looking  war  in  the  face,  ihat  this  awful  loss  of 
life  and  the  ccnnpleto  failure  of  the  hopes  he  had  been  persuaded  lo  rest 
upon  the  expedition,  threw  him  inlo  a  tertian  ague.  From  the  first  aitiuji 
he  felt  that  his  days  wore  numbered}  for  when  told,  in  the  old  EngUsA 
adaire,  ihui 


HISTORY  OP  THE  ^ORLD. 

"  An  agne  in  spring, 
b  health  to  a  king," 


£67 


he  replied,  with  something  of  his  old  quaintness — "  Hoot  mon  \    Ye  forget 
it  means  a  young  king." 

He  was  right.  Every  successive  fit  left  him  still  weaker,  till  he  sank 
into  the  arms  of  death,  on  the  27th  March,  1625,  in  the  fifty-ninth  year  o( 
bis  age,  the  fifty-eighth  of  his  reign  over  Scotland,  and  the  twenty-third  of 
his  reign  over  England. 

Few  kings  have  been  less  personally  dignified,  or  less  personally  or 
royally  vicious  than  James.  As  a  husband,  a  father,  a  friend,  master,  and 
patron,  he  was  unexceptionable  save  upon  the  one  point  of  excessive 
facility  and  good  nature.  As  a  private  man  he  would  have  been  prized 
the  more  on  account  of  this  amiable  though  weak  trait  of  character.  But 
as  a  king  it  weakened  him  both  at  home  and  abroad,  and  would  assuredly 
have  conducted  him  to  the  scaffold,  had  puritans  been  as  far  advanced  in 
their  fanatic  and  mischievous  temper,  and  in  their  political  and  misused 
power,  as  they  were  during  the  reign  of  his  more  admirable  but  less  for 
tunate  son. 


CHAPTER  L. 

THE   REION   or  CHARLES   I. 

A.  D.- 1625. — The  singular  suhmissiveness  with  which  James  had  been 
obeyed,  even  when  his  principles  and  practices  were  the  most  exorbitantly 
arbitrary,  was  well  calculated  to  mislead  his  son  and  successor  Charles!, 
into  a  very  fatal  mistake  as  to  the  real  temper  and  inclination  of  his  people. 
\uthority  had  not  as  yet  ceased  to  be  obeyed,  but  it  had  fur  some  time 
ceased  to  be  respected.  Even  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  a  sturdy 
and  bitter  spirit  of  puritanism  had  began  to  possess  considerable  influence 
both  in  parliament  and  among  the  people  at  large,  and  that  spirit  had 
vastly  increased  during  the  long  reign  of  James  I.,  whose  familiar  man- 
ners and  undignified  character  were  so  ill  calculated  to  support  his  claim 
to  an  almost  eastern  submission  on  the  part  of  subjects  towards  their 
anointed  sovereign. 

But  tho  real  temper  of  the  people  was,  as  it  seems  to  us,  totally  misun- 
derstood both  by  Charles  1.  and  his  councillors.  Charles  had  imbibed 
very  much  of  his  father's  extravagant  notion  of  tho  extent  of  the  royal 
prerogative;  and  while  tho  bitter  puritans  wore  ready  to  carry  out  their 
fanatical  feelings  to  the  extent  of  crushing  alike  the  throne  and  the  church, 
tho  king  commenced  his  reign  by  the  exaction  of  a  benevolence,  an  arbi- 
trary mode  of  raising  money  wnich  had  been  denounced  long  before. 
The  pecuniary  situation  of  tlu;  king  was,  in  fact,  such  as  ought  to  have  ex- 
cited the  sympathy  and  liberality  of  his  subjects,  and  even  the  unconstitu- 
tional and  arbitrary  conduct  of  the  king  in  issuing  privy  seals  for  a  benev- 
olence must  not  blind  us  to  the  came  of  that  conduct.  In  the  reign  of 
James,  as  we  have  seen,  the  cause  of  the  prince  palatine  was  unrensonably 

Eonular,  and  F.ngland  had  entered  into  a  treaty  to  keep  up  the  war  on  be- 
alf  of  that  prince.  Bound  by  that  treaty,  Charles  appealed  to  his  parlia- 
ment, which  gave  him  only  two  subsidies,  though  well  aware  that  sum 
would  be  quite  unequal  to  the  military  demonstrations  which  both  the  cause 
of  his  brother-in-law  and  the  credit  of  the  English  nation  required  at  his 
hands. 

An  inefficient  expedition  to  Cadiz  plainly  showed  that,  even  with  the 
lid  of  the  forced  benevolence,  the  king  was  very  insuflUciently  supplied  with 
BiOiiey,  and  a  iiuw  p&i'iitirucrit  was  iiiiieu.     vVanivd  by  thd  cxpencnce  ns 


m     :.  >   .  ti 


(68 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


now  bad,  the  king  exerted  himself  to  exclude  the  more  obstinate  and  able 
of  the  opposition  members  from  the  new  parliament.  Something  like 
what  in  later  times  has  been  called  the  managanent  of  parliament  had  al> 
ready  been  tried  in  the  reign  of  James.  But  the  chief  step  now  taken  was 
arbitrarily  to  name  the  popular  members  of  the  late  parliament  sheriffs  of 
counties,  by  which  means  they  were  effectually  excluded  from  sitting  in 
the  new  parliament.  But  the  puritanical  spirit  was  too  widely  spread, 
and,  while  the  expedient  of  the  king  aggravated  the  excluded  and  their 
friends,  the  members  who  were  returned  proved  to  be  quite  as  obstinate 
and  unreasonable  as  their  predecessors.  Thi.  king  and  his  friends  and 
advisers  fairly  stated  to  parliament  the  great  ano  urgent  necessity  of  the 
crown ;  but  m  the  face  of  the  fact  that  those  necessities  were  in  a  great 
measure  created  by  the  former  enthusiasm  of  parliament  and  the  people 
in  favour  of  the  palatine,  the  new  parliament  would  only  grant  three  sub- 
sidies, or  something  more  than  a  hundred  thousand  pounds,  a  sum  really 
paltry  as  compared  to  the  kine's  need-  It  cannot  be  too  emphatically  im- 
pressed upon  the  reader,  that  here,  at  the  very  outset  of  the  king's  reign, 
the  foimdation  of  all  its  subsequent  troubles  was  laid.  Measures  over 
which  the  king  had  had  no  control  made  a  vigorous  and  offensive  course 
of  action  imperative  upon  him ;  but  the  parliament,  while  looking  to  him 
\.iT  that  course,  doled  out  (he  sinews  of  war  with  a  paltry  and  inefficient 
spirit,  that  left  the  king  no  choice  save  that  between  disgrace  abroad  or 
arbitrary  conduct  at  home.  Charles,  unfortunately,  looked  rather  at  the 
abstract  nature  and  privileges  of  his  royalty  than  at  the  power  and  fierce- 
ness of  real  popular  feeling  which  he  had  to  combat  or  to  elude.  He 
opnnly  authorized  commissioners  to  sell  to  the  catholics  a  dispensation 
from  all  the  penal  laws  especially  enacted  against  them ;  he  borrowed 
large  sums  of  money  from  the  nobility,  many  of  whom  lent  them  with 
great  reluctance;  and  he  levied  upon  London,  and  upon  other  large  towns, 
considerable  sums,  under  the  name  of  ship-money,  for  the  equipment  and 
support  of  a  fleet.  Wholly  to  justify  this  conduct  of  the  king  is  no  part 
of  our  business  or  desire ;  but  again,  and  emphatically,  we  say,  that  the 
chief  blame  is  due  to  the  niggardly  and  unpatriotic  conduct  of  the  parlia- 
ment ;  an  unjust  extortion  was  the  natural  and  inevitable  result  of  a  nu 
less  unjust  and  unprincipled  parsimony. 

War  being  declared  against  France,  the  haughty  Buckingham,  who  was 
as  high  in  favour  with  the  dignified  and  refined  Charles  as  he  had  been 
with  the  plain  and  coarse  James,  was  intrusted  with  an  expedition  for  the 
relief  of  kochelle,  which  at  that  time  was  garrisoned  by  the  oppressed 
protestants  and  besieged  by  a  formidable  army  of  the  opposite  persuasion. 
Buckingham's  talents  were  by  no  means  equal  to  his  power  and  ambition. 
He  took  not  even  the  simplest  precaution  tor  securing  the  concert  of  the 
garrison  that  he  was  sent  to  relieve,  and  on  his  arrival  before  Rochelle  he 
was  refused  admittance,  the  beseiged  very  naturally  suspecting  the  sin- 
cerity of  a  commander  who  had  sent  no  notice  of  his  intention  to  aid  them. 
This  blunder  was  immrdiatcly  followed  up  bv  another  no  loss  glarinjpi  and 
capital.  Denied  admittance  to  Rocliclle,  he  disregarded  the  island  ofOle- 
ron,  which  was  too  weak  to  have  resisted  him  and  abundantly  wed  pro- 
vided to  have  subsisted  his  force,  and  sailed  for  the  isle  of  Rh6,  which  was 
strongly  fortified  and  held  by  a  powerful  and  well- provisioned  garrison. 
He  sat  down  before  the  castle  of  St.  Martin's  with  the  avowed  intention 
of  starving  the  garrison  into  submission ;  but  abundant  provisions  were 
thrown  into  the  fortress  by  sea,  and  the  French  effected  a  landing  in  a 
distant  part  of  the  island.  All  that  mere  courage  could  do  was  now  done 
by  Buckingham,  who,  however,  lost  nearly  two-thirds  of  his  army,  and 
was  obliged  to  make  a  hurried  retreat  with  the  remainder.  His  friecds, 
quite  truly,  claimed  for  him  the  praise  of  personal  courage,  he  having 
imiu  iu3  vsry  iaak  mau  m  ^~i  on  iiiipouaiu.    liut  issrs  cuuragv  <?  uai  a 


CUAULKS    I.    AND   AllMUH    DuAaKlk 


ii:ll 


amall  part  of  t1 
vate  soldier  in 
mgham  himsel 
would  have  Tai 
oftheexpediti 

The  failure 
tiints  between 
the  dilemma  i 
loudly  exclaim 
they  themselvc 
had  been  levi( 
their  property  i 
called  those  of! 
been  illegally  i 
the  Tower  lor 
circumstances 
grievances,  an< 
portion  of  the 
that  could  not 

A.  0.  1629.- 
members  seen 
lion,  the  king 
the  question  w 
informed  the  h 
This  intelligei 
ihem.  Sir  Jol 
was  in  the  act 
and  thus  comp 
condemned  to 
sons  concerne 
denounced  An 

This  scene  ( 
lowed  by  the  1 
Hayman,  the  1 
of  sedition.  I 
sionate  and  pei 
even  of  a  des 
prison  upon  hi 

Sunishment. 
loUis,  Valenti 
of  the  king's  I 
commons.  T 
the  house  of  ( 
latter  could  nc 
former.  The 
persons  abovi 
condemned  to 
from  five  hunc 
their  future  co 
ill  effect ;  it  e; 
otherwise  hav 
popularity  of 
cordial  and  fr 
been  eflTectuall 
envenomed  p; 
duties  which  ( 
him. 
Go  entirely 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


569 


bfflall  part  of  the  quality  of  a  great  general ;  probably  there  was  not  a  pri- 
\mte  soldier  in  his  whole  force  who  was  not  personally  as  brave  as  Duck- 
tngham  himself — certainly  there  could  have  been  but  few  of  them  who 
would  have  failed  more  disastrously  and  disgracefully  in  the  main  objects 
of  the  expedition. 

The  failure  of  this  expedition  could  not  but  increase  the  mischievons 
hints  between  the  king  and  parliament.  The  latter,  without  considering 
the  dilemma  in  which  their  own  illiberal  conduct  had  placed  the  kine, 
loudly  exclaimed  agamst  those  certainly  very  arbitrary  measures  to  which 
they  themselves  had  compelled  him.  Duties  called  tonnage  and  poundage 
bad  been  levied,  and  for  refusal  to  pay  them  many  merchants  had  had 
their  property  seized  by  the  officers  of  the  customs-  The  parliament  now 
called  those  officers  to  account,  alledging  that  tonnage  and  poundage  had 
been  illegally  demanded,  and  the  sheriff  of  London  was  actually  sent  to 
the  Tower  for  having  officially  supported  the  king's  officers.  To  these 
circumstances  of  ill  feeling  the  more  zealous  puritans  added  religious 
grievances,  and  every  day  produced  some  new  proof  that  a  very  large  pro- 
portion of  the  nation  was  infected  with  a  feeling  of  intolerance  and  bigotry 
that  could  not  but  prove  ruinous  to  both  church  and  state. 

I.  0.  1629. — Alarmed  at  the  zeal  and  obstinacy  with  which  the  popular 
members  seemed  determined  to  prosecute  the  tonnage  and  poundage  ques- 
tion, the  king  determined  at  least  to  postpone  the  discussion ;  and  when 
the  question  was  brought  forward,  Sir  John  Finch,  the  speaker,  rose  and 
informed  the  house  that  the  king  had  given  him  a  command  to  adjourn  it. 
This  intelligence,  instead  of  alarming  the  popular  members,  infuriated 
ihem.  Sir  John  Finch  was  forcibly  held  in  the  speaker's  chair,  which  he 
was  in  the  act  of  vacating,  by  two  members  named  Valentine  and  Hollis, 
And  thus  compelled  to  sanction  by  his  presence  a  short  resolution  which 
condemned  tonnage  and  poundage  as  being  contrary  to  law,  and  all  per- 
sons concerned  in  collecting  those  duties  as  guilty  of  high  crimes,  and 
denounced  Arminians  and  papists  as  capital  enemies  to  the  state. 

This  scene  of  violence  and  passion  on  the  part  of  the  commons  was  fol-i 
lowed  by  the  king's  committal  to  prison  of  Sir  Miles  Hobart,  Sir  Peter 
Hayman,  the  learned  Selden,  with  Coriton,  Strode,  and  Lung,  on  charges 
of  sedition.  At  this  period  Charles  seems  to  have  acted  rather  upon  pas- 
sionate and  perplexed  impulse  than  upon  any  settled  and  defined  principle, 
even  of  a  despotic  character.  He  had  scarcely  sent  these  members  to 
prison  upon  his  own  authority,  when  he  set  them  free  again  without  further 
punishment.  To  other  members  he  was  just  as  inconsistently  severe. 
Hollis,  Valentine,  and  Sir  John  Elliot,  were  summoned  before' the  court 
of  the  king's  bench  to  answer  for  their  violent  conduct  in  the  house  of 
commons.  They  pleaded,  and  it  should  seem  quite  reasonably,  too,  that 
the  house  of  commons  being  a  superior  court  to  the  king's  bench,  the 
latter  could  not  take  cognizance  of  an  alledged  offence  committed  in  the 
former.  The  judges,  however,  treated  this  plea  with  contempt ;  the  three 
persons  above  named  were  found  guilty  in  default  of  appearance  and 
condemned  to  be  imprisoned  during  the  king's  pleasure,  to  pay  fines  oi 
from  five  hundred  to  a  thousand  pounds  each,  and  to  give  security  foi 
their  future  conduct.  The  arbitrary  severity  of  this  sentence  had  a  doubly 
ill  effect ;  it  exalted  in  the  public  mind  men  whose  own  rash  anger  would 
otherwise  have  been  their  most  efficient  opponent,  and  it  added  to  the  un- 
popularity of  the  king  just  at  the  precise  moment  when  nothing  but  a 
cordial  and  friendly  expression  of  public  opinion  was  at  all  likely  to  have 
been  effectually  serviceable  to  him  in  his  contest  with  the  obstinate  and 
envenomed  party — men  who  denied  him  the  means  of  performing  those 
duties  which  the  popular  outcry  had  mainly  contributea  to  impose  upon 
him. 

*30  eniireiy  had  Buckingham  obiained  the  ascendancy  oVei'  iii6  mind  oi 


!*'  u 


,  Bto ..  ■ 


11 


670 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


Cbarles,  mat  the  favourite's  disgraceful  failure  in  the  Rochelle  expeditioit, 
though  it  caused  a  loud  and  general  indignation  in  the  nation,  did  not  seen) 
to  injure  him  with  the  kins.  Another  expedition  for  the  relief  of  Ruchelle 
was  determined  upon^aniFthe  command  was  bestowed  upon  Buckingham. 
His  brother-in-law,  the  earl  of  Denbigh,  had  failed  in  an  attempt  to°raiae 
the  siere.  Buckingham,  naturally  anxious  to  wipe  off  the  disgrace  ot 
two  failures,  exerted  himself  to  the  jitmost  to  make  the  new  expedition 
under  bis  own  command  a  successful  one.  To  this  end  he  went  to  Ports- 
mouth  and  personally  superintended  the  preparations.  He  was  at  this 
moment  decidedly  the  most  unpopular  man  in  the  kingdoms-denounced 
on  all  hands  as  the  betrayer  and  at  the  same  time  the  tyrant  of  both  king 
and  country.  The  libels  and  declamations  which  were  constantly  circu- 
lated found  a  ready  echo  in  the  breast  of  one  Felton,  an  Irish  soldier  ol 
fortune.  By  nature  gloomy,  bigoted,  and  careless  of  his  own  life,  this 
man  had  been  rendered  desperate  by  what  appears  to  have  been  very  un- 

Iust  treatment.  He  had  served  bravely  at  St.  Rh4,  where  his  captain  was 
[illed,  and  Buckingham,  whether  in  caprice  or  mere  indolence,  had  re- 
fused to  give  Lieutenant  Felton  the  vacant  place.  This  personal  injury 
aggravated  his  hatred  to  the  duke  as  a  public  enemy,  ana  he  determined 
to  assassinate  him.  Having  traveled  to  Portsmouth,  this  resolute  and 
violent  man  contrived  to  approach  the  duke  as  he  was  giving  some  orders, 
and  struck  him  with  a  knife  over  the  shoulder  of  one  of  the  surrounding 
officers.  The  duke  had  only  strength  enough  to  say,  "the  villian  has 
killed  me,"  when  he  fell  dead  upon  the  spot.  In  the  confusion  that  en- 
sued the  assassin  might  easily  have  escaped,  for  the  blow  was  so  sudden 
that  no  one  saw  by  whom  it  was  struck.  But  the  assassin's  hat  had  fallen 
among  the  astounded  spectators  and  was  found  to  contain  some  of  the 
strongest  lines  of  a  very  violent  remonstrance  which  the  house  of  com- 
mons had  voted  against  the  duke's  conduct;  and  while  some  persons  were 
remarking  that  no  doubt  the  villain  must  be  near  at  hand,  and  would  be 
recognised  by  the  loss  of  his  hat,  Felton  deliberately  stepped  forward  and 
avowed  his  crime.  When  questioned  he  positively  denied  that  any  one 
had  instigated  him  to  the  murder  of  the  duke.  His  conscience,  he  said, 
was  his  only  adviser,  nor  could  any  man's  advice  cause  him  to  act  against 
bis  conscience ;  he  looked  upon  the  duke  as  a  public  enemy,  and  therefore 
he  had  slain  him.  He  maintained  the  same  constancy  and  self-compla- 
cency to  the  last,  protesting  even  upon  the  scaffold  that  bis  conscience 
acquitted  him  of  all  blame.  A  melancholy  instance  of  the  extent  to  which 
men  can  shut  their  eyes  to  their  own  wickedness  in  their  detestation  o% 
the  real  or  imputed  wickedness  of  others. 

A.  D.  1639.-~-Charle8  received  the  tidings  of  the  assassination  of  his  fa- 
vourite and  minister  with  a  composure  which  led  some  persons  to  imag- 
ine that  the  duke's  death  was  not  wholly  disagreeable  to  the  too  indul- 
gent master  over  whom  he  had  so  long  and  so  unreasonably  exerted  hit 
mfluence.  But  this  opinion  greatly  wronged  Charles ;  he,  as  a  man, 
wanted  not  sonsibility,  but  he  possessed  to  a  remarkable  extent  the  val- 
uable power  of  controlling  and  concealing  his  feelings. 

The  first  consequence  of  the  cessation  of  the  pernicious  counsel  and 
influence  of  Buckingham  was  the  king's  wise  resolution  to  diminish  hii 
need  of  the  aid  of  his  unfriendly  subjects,  by  concluding  peace  with  the 
foreign  foes  against  whom  he  had  warred  under  'so  many  disadvantages 
and  with  so  little  glory^.  Having  thus  freed  himself  from  the  heavy  and 
constant  drain  of  foreign  warfare,  the  king  selected  Sir  Thomas  Went- 
worth,  afterwards  earl  of  Strafford,  and  Laud,  afterwards  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  to  aid  him  in  the  task  of  regulating  the  internal  affairs  of  hia 
kingdom ;  a  task  which  the  king's  own  love  of  prerogative  and  the  ob> 
slinatc  ill-humour  and  disaffection  of  the  leading  puritans  rendered  al< 
raoBi  impracticabio.  x 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


611 


Unfortunately,  Laud,  who  had  great  influence  over  Charles,  wa»  by  no 
oieans  inclined  to  moderate  his  propensity  to  arbitrary  rule.  Ton- 
nage and  poundage  were  still  levied  on  the  king's  sole  authority  ;  papists 
were  still  compounded  with  as  a  regular  means  of  aiding  the  king's  rev- 
enue; and  the  custom-house  officers  were  still  encouraged  and  protected 
n  the  most  arbitrary  measures  for  the  discovery  and  seizure  of  goods  al- 
ledged  to  be  liable  to  charge  with  the  obnoxious  and  illegal  duties.  These 
errors  of  the  king's  government  were  seixed  upon  by  popular  declaimers, 
and  the  violence  of  libellers  provoked  the  king  and  Laud  to  a  most  arbi- 
trary extension  of  the  always  too  extensive  powers  of  the  high  commis- 
sion and  slar-chamber  courts,  the  sentences  of  which  upon  all  who  were 
accused  of  opposing  the  government  were  truly  iniquitous,  and  in  pre* 
cisely  the  same  degree  impolitic.  This  court,  though  really  authorised. 
bfno  law,  inflicted  both  personal  and  pecimiary  severities,  which  to  us 
who  are  accustomed  to  the  regular  and  equitable  administration  of  law 
cannot  but  be  revolting.  For  instance,  a  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  named 
Prynne,  a  man  of  considerable  talent,  though  of  a  factious  and  obstinate 
temper,  was  brought  before  this  arbitrary  court,  charged  witii  having  at- 
tacked and  abused  the  ceremonies  of  the  church  of  England.  Burton,  a 
divine,  and  Bastwick,  a  physician,  were  at  the  same  time  charged  with  a 
similar  oflence ;  and  these  three  gentlemen  of  liberal  professions,  for  libels 
which  now,  if  punished  at  all,  would  surely  not  cost  their  authors  more 
than  two  months'  imprisonment,  were  condemned  to  be  placed  in  the  pil. 
lory,  to  have  their  ears  cut  off*,  and  to  pay  each  a  fine  of  five  thousand 
pounds  to  the  king. 

The  impolicy  of  this  and  similar  severe  sentences  was  the  greater,  be- 
cause there  were  but  too  many  indications  already  of  extensive  and  de- 
termined disaffection  to  the  crown.  Refused  the  really  requisite  pecu- 
niary assistance  by  his  parliament,  the  king  continued  to  levy  ship-monev, 
and  against  this  tax  an  especial  and  determined  opposition  was  raised ; 
though  it  ought  to  be  observed  that  it  had  often  been  levied  in  former 
reigns,  not  because  of  so  reasonable  a  motive  as  the  factious  refusal  of 
parliament  to  provide  for  the  necessities  of  the  state,  but  in  sheer  des- 
potic preference  on  the  part  of  sovereigns  to  act  on  their  own  %vill  rather 
than  on  that  of  parliament.  The  puritans  and  the  popular  leaders  in  gen- 
eral, however,  made  no  allowance  for  the  king's  really  urgent  and  dis' 
tressing  situation. 

Among  the  most  determined  opponents  of  the  ship-money  was  Mr. 
lohn  Hampden,  a  gentleman  of  some  landed  property  in  the  county  of 
Buckingham.  The  moral  character  of  this  gentleman  was,  even  Ijy 
those  whom  his  political  conduct  the  most  offended  or  injured,  admitted 
to  be  excellent ;  but  his  very  excellence  as  a  private  man  served  only  to 
maks  him  the  more  mischievous  as  a  public  leader.  If,  instead  of  lending 
himself  to  the  support  of  that  bitter  and  gloomy  party  whose  piety  not 
seldom  approached  to  an  impious  familiarity,  and  whose  love  of  liberty 
degenerated  into  a  licentiousness  quite  incompatible  with  good  govern- 
ment, John  Hampden  had  thrown  the  weight  of  his  own  high  character 
!nto  the  scale  against  the  insanity  of  genius  as  displayed  by  Vane,  and 
the  insanity  of  hate  to  all  above  them  and  contempt  of  all  below  them 
which  was -manifested  by  nineteen-twentieths  of  the  puritan  or  republican 
srmy,  how  sternly,  how  justly,  and  how  efficiently  might  he  not  have  re- 
buked that  sordid  parliament  which  so  fiercely  and  cspriciously  com- 
plained of  the  king's  extortion,  while  actually  compelling  him  to  it  by  a 
long  and  obstinate  parsimony,  as  injurious  to  the  people  as  it  was  insult- 
ing to  the  sovereign  !  But  he  took  the  opposite  course.  Being  rated  at 
twenty  shillings  for  his  Buckinghamshire  estate,  he  refused  payment,  and 
luused  the  questionbetween  himself  and  the  crown  to  be  earned  into  the 
"iivhequer  court.    For  twelve  days  the  ablest  x&v/yeis  in  £ng;aiid  arguod 


n 


672 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


this  caae  before  the  whole  of  the  Judges,  all  of  whom,  with  the  excep 
tion  of  four,  decided  in  favour  of  the  king's  claim. 

Without  entering  into  the  intricacies  of  legal  argumentation,  we  must 
briefly  remark,  that  all  the  writers  who  have  treated  of  this  celebrated 
ease  appear  to  us  to  have  bestowed  very  undeserved  praise  upon  Hamp* 
den,  and  quite  to  have  misunderstood  or  misrepresented  the  case  as  be* 
tween  the  king  and  the  people  at  large.  Was  it  the  king's  duty  to  sup> 
port  the  peace  of  the  kingdom  and  the  dignity  of  the  crown  1  By  so 
much  as  he  might  have  fallen  short  of  doing  so,  by  so  much  would  he 
have  fallen  short  of  the  fulfilment  of  his  coronation  oath.  But  parlia- 
ment, the  power  of  which  was  comparatively  recent  and  in  itself  to  a 
very  consiaerable  extent  a  usurpation,  denied  him  the  necessary  supplies. 
An  odious  and  insolent  tyranny,  surely,  to  impose  responsibility,  yet  deny 
the  means  of  sustaining  it !  The  king,  then,  was  thus  driven,  insolently 
and  most  tyrannously  driven,  to  the  necessity  of  choosing  between  a 
crime  and  an  irregularity;  between  perjury,  violation  of  his  coronation 
oath,,  and  a  direct  levy  of  that  money  which  he  could  not  obtain  through 
the  indirect  and  constitutional  means  of  parliament. 

It  is  quite  idle  to  dwell  upon  ths  irregularity  of  the  king's  mode  of  levy, 
ing  money  without  charging,  primarily,  that  irregularity  to  the  true  cause, 
the  shameful  niggardliness  of  parliament.  Then  the  question  between 
Charles  and  the  sturdy  patriot,  Hampden,  becomes  narrowed  to  thit 
point — were  the  twenty  shillings  levied  upon  Hampden's  property  an  un- 
reasonable charge  for  the  defence  and  security  of  that  property  t  No 
one,  we  should  imagine,  will  pretend  to  maintain  that,  and  therefore  the 
refusal  of  Hampden  to  pay  the  tax— unaccompanied  as  that  refusal  was 
by  a  protest  against  the  vile  conduct  of  parliament — evidenced  far  more 
of  the  craftiness  and  factious  spirit  of  his  parly  than  of  the  sturdy  and 
single-minded  honesty  which  the  generality  of  writers  so  tenaciously  af- 
fTect  to  attribute  to  the  man. 

We  have  dwelt  the  longer  upon  the  pecuniary  disputes  between  Charles 
and  his  narrow-minded  parliament,  because  the  real  origin  of  all  the  sub- 
sequent disorders  was  the  wanton  refusal  of  the  parliament  to  provide  for 
the  legitimate  expenses  of  the  state.  Later  in  order  of  time  the  dis- 
putes became  coniplicated,  and  in  the  course  of  events  the  parliament  be- 
came better  justified  in  opposition,  and  the  king  both  less  justified  and 
less  moderate ;  but  even  in  looking  at  those  sad  passages  in  English  his- 
tory which  tell  us  of  royal  insincerity,  and  of  Englishmen  leagued  under 
opposing  banners,  and  upon  their  own  soil  spilling  each  other's .  blood, 
niver  let  the  reader  forget  that  the  first  positive  injustice,  the  first  provo- 
cation, the  first  guilt,  belonged  to  parliament,  which  practised  tyranny 
and  injustice  while  exclaiming  aloud  for  liberty. 


CHAPTER  LI. 

THB  RKioN  or  CHARLKS  I.  {cotitinued). 

A.  D.  1640.— Though  there  was  a  most  bitter  spirit  existing  against  the 
church  of  England,  and  the  press  teemed  with  pnrii.iii  libels  as^  vulgar  and 
silly  as  they  were  malicious,  Charles,  a  sincere  friend  to  the  church,  mos' 
unhappily  saw  not  the  storm-cloud  that  hovered  over  him.  Instead  oi 
ronneiitrating  his  energies,  his  friends,  and  his  pecuniary  resources,  to 
elude  or  smite  down  the  gloomy  and  bitter  puritans  of  England,  and  to 
awaken  again  the  cheerful  and  loyal  spirit  ot  his  English  yeomanry,  be 
most  unwisely  determined  to  introduce  cpisconncy  into  Scotland.  Ar 
order  was  given  fos  reading  the  liturgy  in  the  icipal  church  of  Edin- 
bur(r*»  wh'ch  so  provuk^ ;  ;'ae  congregation,  tl.     the  very  women  ioined 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


678 


Id  an  attack  on  the  officiatin{ir  minister,  and  the  place  of  pnblio  worship 
was  profaned  by  furious  and  disgusting  imprecations.  Long  inured  to 
actual  warfare  with  England,  and  always  jealous  of  a  niition  so  much 
wealthier  and  more  powerful  than  themselves,  the  Scorch  gladly  seized 
upon  the  attempt  to  introduce  episcopacy  among  them  as  a  pretext  for 
harinu  recourse  to  arms,  and  the  whole  of  that  disaffected  and  warlike 

Eopulation  was  instantly  in  a  state  of  insurrection.  Even  now,  could  the 
ing  hare  been  induced  to  perceive  the  real  inveteracy  and  determination 
of  the  Scottish  hatred  of  episcopacy,  he  might  have  escaped  from  this 
portion  of  his  embarrassments  with  but  little  worse  evil  than  some  dimi- 
notion  of  his  cherished  notion  of  the  absolute  supremacy  of  anointed  sov- 
ereigns. A  negotiation  was  resorted  to,  and  a  treaty  of  peace  quickly 
succeeded  a  mere  suspension  of  arms,  each  party  agreeing  to  a  disband* 
onment  of  their  forces.  Unhappil}',  neither  party  was  quite  earnest  in 
desiring  peace ;  the  king  could  not  give  up  his  long  cherished  ideas  o( 
their  absolute  monarchy,  and  the  rigid  Scottish  presbyterianS  were  not  a 
Jot  more  incli:  -'.d  to  yieiJ  up  any  portion  of  their  entire  freedom  and 
•elf-governme;u  in  matters  of  religion.  The  negotiations  and  treaties 
were  in  conso^uenct-  marked  by  mutual  insincerity;  mutual  charges  of 
bad  faith  were  made,  and  both  Charles  and  his  Scottish  people  speedily 
resumed  <ih'>ir  hostile  attitude. 

The  Qiopute  in  which  the  king  had  thus  needlessly  and  unwisely  in- 
volved himself  seriously  increased  his  difficulties.  Although  he  still 
continued  to  levy  ship-money  and  other  arbitrary  taxes,  he  was  dread- 
fully distressed  for  money ;  and  the  disaffected  of  England  saw,  with 
scarcely  dissembled  pleasure,  that  their  cause  was  virtually  being  se- 
cured by  the  disaffection  of  Scotland.  It  was  while  the  people  were  in 
this  ominous  temper  that  Charles,  having  exhausted  all  other  means, 
even  to  forced  loans  from  his  nobility,  was  obliged  to  call  a  parliament 
and  make  one  more  appeal  for  pecuniary  aid.  But  this  parliament  was 
even  less  than  the  former  one  inclined  to  aid  the  king.  He  had  been  re- 
fused aid  for  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  kingdom,  and  he  was  still 
less  likely  to  be  fairly  treated  when  he,  in  terms,  demanded  aid  to  quell 
and  chastise  the  Scottish  rebels  whose  principles  were  so  near  akin  to 
those  of  the  English  puritans,  who  now  were  numerically  powerfu? 
enough  to  constitute  themselves  the  national  purse-holders.  Instead  of 
the  aid  he  asked  for,  the  king  received  nothing  but  remonstrance  and  re- 
buke, on  the  score  of  the  means  by  which,  when  formerly  refused  aid  by 
parliament,  he  had  supplied  himself.  Finding  the  parliament  quite  im- 
practicable, the  king  now  dissolved  it.  But  the  mere  dissolution  of  this 
arbitrary  and  unjust  assembly  could  not  diminish  the  king's  necessities, 
and  he  soon  called  another  parliament — that  fatal  one  whose  bitter  and 
organised  malignity  pursued  him  to  his  death.  The  puritan  party  ^as 
preponderant  in  this  parliament,  and  so  systematic  and  serried  were  the 
exertions  of  those  resolute  and  gloomy  men,  that  they  at  once  felt  and 
indicated  their  confidence  of  success  at  the  very  commencement  of  the 
session.  Instead  of  granting  the  supplies  which  the  king  demanded, 
they  passed  at  once  to  the  impeachment  of  the  earl  of  Strafford,  the 
faithfu',  minister  cri  the  personal  friend  of  the  king.  Strafford  at  a  for- 
mer f  •'  'f  I  had  to  a  certain  moderate  extent  acted  with  the  puritans ;  but 
they  resented  his  opposition  to  their  more  insolent  proceedings  so  deeply, 
that  nothing  bu^.  the  unfortunate  nobleman's  blood  could  appease  their 
malignity. 

It  was  well  known  that  Charles  required  no  one  to  urge  him  to  support 
the  prerogative  of  the  crown  to  its  fullest  legal  extent,  at  least ;  and  it  was 
equally  well  known  that  Laud  was  of  a  far  more  arbitrary  turn  than  Straf- 
ford, and  had  fully  as  much  influence  with  the  king.  But  Strafford,  us 
we  have  said,  had  given  deep  offence  to  the  puritans^  and  dee"  atid  deadly 


m- 


III 


Mm 


Uik' 


674 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


was  their  revenge.  He  was  soleiniiiy  impeached  of  high  treason  beiorc 
the  peers.  His  defence  was  a  perfect  model  of  louciiiiig  and  manly  elo- 
quence. With  a  presence  of  mind  not  to  be  surpassed,  he  took  up  acd 
refuted  each  accusation  in  the  exact  order  in  which  it  had  been  made; 
and  he  concluded  by  assuring  the  peers  that  he  would  not  have  troubled' 
them  so  long,  had  he  not  felt  the  defence  of  his  life  to  be  a  sacred  duty 
towards  his  children,  "pledges  of  a  dear  saint  now  in  heaven."  But 
neither  the  cogent  logic  of  his  defence,  nor  the  imimpeached  excellence 
of  his  private  character,  could  avail  augbt  against  the  political  fury  of  the 
time.  He  was  pronounced  guilty  by  both  houses  of  parliament,  and  his 
death  was  clamoured  for  with  an  eagerness  that  reflects  but  little  credit 
upon  the  English  character  at  that  period.  There  was  but  one  thing  that 
could  have  saved  the  earl  of  Strafford,  and  it  is  with  pain  that  we  record 
that  that  one  thing  was  sadly  absent — a  just  firmness  of  character  on  the 
part  of  the  king. 

On  a  fair  and  careful  examination  of  the  proceedings  against  Strafford, 
we  can  only  discover  one  serious  fault  that  was  committed  by  that  minis- 
ter; he  allowed  his  personal  attachment  to  the  king  to  induce  him  to  in- 
cur ministerial  responsibility  for  measures  which,  both  as  minister  and 
private  man,  he  greatly  disapproved  of.  But  this  great  fault  was  one 
bearing  no  proportion  to  the  dread  penalty  of  death ;  moreover,  however 
faulty  Straflbra  on  this  point  was  towards  himself  and  the  nation,  he  had 
committed  no  fault  against  the  king.  Contrariwise,  he  had  given  the  ut- 
most possible  proof  of  personal  and  loyvA  feelings ;  and  Charles,  in  aban- 
doning a  minister  whose  chief  fault  was  that  of  being  too  faithful  to  hts 
sovereign,  acted  a  part  so  unchivalric,  so  totally  unworthy  of  his  general 
charactep,  that  we  scarcely  know  how  to  speak  of  it  in  terms  sufficiently 
severe.  A  truly  futile  apology  has  been  attempted  to  be  made  for  Charles' 
abandonment  of  his  too  devoted  minister.  That  ill-fated  nobleman,  while 
confined  in  the  Tower,  heard  of  the  clamour  that  was  artfully  and  perse- 
veringly  kept  up  by  his  enemies,  and  in  a  moment  of  unwise  exaltation 
he  wrote  to  the  king  and  advised  him  to  comply  with  the  sanguinary  de- 
mand that  was  made.  The  advice  was  unwise,  but,  such  as  it  was,  it 
ought  to  have  hud  the  effect  of  only  increasing  tiie  king's  resolution  to  save 
such  a  man  and  such  a  minister  from  destruction.  But  Charles  took  the 
advice  literally  au  pied  de  la  lettre,  and  signed  the  warrant  for  the  execu- 
tion of,  probably,  after  his  queen,  the  most  sincerely  devoted  friend  that 
he  possessed.  "  Put  not  your  trust  in  princes !"  was  the  agonized  com- 
mentary of  Strafford  upon  this  most  snameful  compliance  of  the  king ; 
and  I'.e  submitted  to  his  undeserved  execution  with  the  grave  and  equable 
dignity  which  had  marked  his  whole  course.  From  this  unjust  murder  o( 
the  king's  friend  and  minister,  the  parliamiMit  passed  to  a  very  righteoub 
and  wise  attack  upon  two  of  the  most  iniquitous  of  the  king's  courts. 
The  high  commission  court,  and  the  court  of  star-chamber  were  'inani. 
mously  abolished  by  act  of  parliament. 

While  the  protestants  of  England  were  divided  into  churchmen  and 
puritans,  and  while  the  latter  were  busily  engoged  in  endeavouring  to 
throw  discredit  upon  the  church,  papacy  saw  in  these  disputes  a  new 
temptation  for  an  attack  upon  protestantism  as  a  whole.  The  king's 
finances  were  well  known  to  be  in  such  a  state  as  must  necessarily  pre- 
vent him  from  anything  like  vigour  in  military  operations ;  and  the  papists 
}f  Ireland,  aided  and  instigated  by  foreign  emissaries,  resolved  upon  a 
general  massacre  of  their  protestant  fellow-subjects,  A  simultaneous  at- 
tack was  made  upoii  these  latter ;  no  distinction  was  made  of  age  or  o( 
sex ;  neighbour  rose  upon  neighbour,  all  old  obligations  of  kindness  were 
forgotten,  all  old  animosities,  how  trifling  soever  their  origin,  were  terri- 
bly romembored,  and  upwards  of  forty  thousand  persons  were  'nhi*' 
nianiy  slaughtered.    The  king  male  every  exertion  to  suppress  and  pu» 


HISTORY   OF   THE  WORLD. 


673 


ish  this  infamous  massacre,  and,  feeling  that  the  chief  obstacle  to  his  sue 
cess  lay  in  his  crippled  finances,  he  once  more  appealed  to  his  English 
parliament  for  a  supply.  But  not  even  the  massacre  of  their  protestant 
fellow-subjects  could  alter  the  factious  temper  of  the  puritans;  they  not 
only  refused  the  aid  he  asked,  upon  the  absurd  plea  that  England  was  itself 
in  too  much  danger  to  spare  any  aid  to  Ireland,  but  even  added  insult  to 
injustice  by  insinuating  that  the  king  had  himself  fomented  the  disturb 
ances  in  Ireland ;  as  though  the  unfortunate  monarch  had  not  already  too 
numerous  claims  on  his  impoverished  finances ! 

A.  D.  1641.— The  attachment  of  the  king  to  the  church  was  well  known, 
and  both  he  and  his  opponents  well  knew  that  on  the  support  and  affection 
of  the  church  rested  the  chief  hope  of  preserving  the  monarchy.  The 
puritan  party,  therefore,  determined  to  attack  the  monarchy  through  the 
church,  and  thirteen  bishops  were  accused  of  high  treason,  in  having 
enacted  canons  for  church  government  without  the  authority  or  consent 
of  the  parliament.  The  opposition,  or,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  "  the 
popular  members,"  at  the  same  time  applied  to  the  peers  to  exclude  the 
prelates  from  speaking  and  voting  in  that  house ;  and  the  bishops,  with 
more  discretion  than  dignity,  deprecated  the  puritan  animosity  by  ceasing 
to  attend  their  duly  in  the  house  if  lords.  The  king  was  thus,  at  the 
very  moment  when  he  most  required  aid  in  parliament,  deprived  of  the 
talents  and  the  votes  of  precisely  those  peers  of  parliament  upon  whose 
assiduity  and  devotion  he  had  the  most  dependance. 

Posthumous  blame  is  both  cheap  and  easy.  The  writer,  sitting  calmly 
m  his  closet,  can  easily  and  safely  point  out  the  errors  of  the  great  mtm 
of  a  bygone  age  ;  it  is  a  nobler  and  more  necessary  task  to  ascertain  and 
hold  up  to  view  the  circumstances  that  rendered  those  errors  excusable, 
at  least,  if  not  actually  inevitable.  Goaded,  insulted,  and  straitened  as 
Charles  was,  he  would  have  possessed  something  more  than  human  firm- 
ness if  he  had  not  at  length  deviated  into  rashness.  His  most  devoted 
friend  slain,  the  prelates  of  his  church  silenced,  and  himself  made  a  mere 
cipher,  except  as  to  the  continuance  of  a  vast  and  fearful  responsibiUty, 
he  resolved  to  try  the  effect  of  severity ;  and  he  gave  orders  to  the  attorney- 
general,  Herbert,  to  accuse  before  the  house  of  peers,  Lord  Kimbolton, 
together  with  the  prominent  commoners,  Hollis,  Hampden,  Pym,  Strode, 
and  Sir  Arthur  Haslerig,  of  hiah  treason  in  having  endeavoured  to  subvert 
the  laws  and  government  of  the  kingdom,  lo  deprive  the  king  of  his  regal 
power,  and  to  substitute  for  it  an  arbitrary  and  tyrannical  authority,  inju- 
rious  to  the  king  and  oppressive  to  his  liege  subjects.  Thus  far  we  are 
by  no  means  unprepared  to  approve  of  the  king's  proceedings,  for  surely 
the  conduct  of  the  accused  persons  had  been  marked  by  all  the  tendency 
attributed  to  it  in  the  terms  of  the  accusation.  But,  unfortunately,  Cha^le^ 
instead  of  allowing  the  proceedings  to  go  forward  with  the  grave  and  de- 
liberate earnestness  of  a  great  judicial  matter,  was  ho  wilful  or  so  ill-ad- 
vised as  to  take  a  personal  step,  which,  had  it  been  ouccessful,  would 
nave  exposed  him  to  the  imputation  of  a  most  unconstitutional  tyranny, 
and  which,  i'l  beiny  unsuccessful,  exposed  him  to  that  ridicule  and  coiV 
tempt  which,  injurious  to  any  man  under  any  circumstances,  could  be 
nothing  less  than  fatal  to  a  king  who  was  in  dispute  with  a  majority  of 
his  people,  and  who  had  already  seen  no  small  portion  of  them  in  actual 
battle  array  against  his  authority. 

On  the  very  day  after  the  attorney-general  had  commenced  justifiable 
proceetllngs  against  thole  factious  leaders,  the  king  entered  the  house  of 
commons,  without  previous  notice  and  without  altendanco.  On  his  maj- 
esty's first  appearance,  the  members  to  a  man  respectfully  stood  up  to  re- 
ceive  him,  and  Lenthal,  the  speaker,  vacated  his  chair.  His  majesty 
•eated  himself,  and,  after  looking  sternly  round  for  lome  moments,  said, 
uiut  understanding  that  the  house  had  refused  or  neglected  to  give  up  five 


! 


H         ^ 


I       .i 


jlI 


676 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


I 


of  its  members  whom  he  had  ordered  to  be  accused  of  high  treason,  ho 
had  personally  come  there  to  seize  them,  a  proceeding  to  which  he  was 
sorry  to  be  compelled.  Perceiving  that  the  accused  were  not  present,  he 
called  upon  the  speaker  to  deliver  them  up;  when  that  officer,  with  great 
presence  of  mind  and  justice,  replied  that  he  was  the  mere  organ  and  ser- 
vant of  that  house,  and  that  he  had  neiiher  eyes  to  see,  nor  ears  to  hear, 
nor  lips  to  utter,  save  what  that  house  commanded.  Finding  that  ho 
could  in  no  other  respect  gain  by  a  procedure  in  which  he  was  so  great  a 
loser  in  dignity,  hi;<  majesty,  after  sitting  silent  for  some  moments  longer, 
departed  from  the  house.  He  now  proceeded  to  the  common  council  of 
the  city,  and  made  his  complaint  of  the  conduct  of  the  house  of  commons. 
On  his  "oad  he  was  saluted  by  cries  of"  privilege,"  not  unmixed  with  still 
more  insulting  cries  from  many  of  the  lower  sort,  and  his  complaint  to  the 
common  council  was  listened  to  in  a  contemptuous  and  ominous  silence. 
Irritated  and  alarmed  at  this  new  proof  f  the  unpopularity  of  his  proceed- 
ings, he.  departed  from  the  court,  and  as  ne  did  so  was  saluted  bv  soitie 
low  puritan  with  the  seditious  watchword  of  the  Jews  of  old—"  To  yooi 
tents,  0  Israel !" 

It  is  utterly  inconceivable  how  a  sovereign  possessed  of  Charles'  good 
sense,  and  aware,  as  from  many  recent  occurrences  he  needs  must  have 
been,  of  the  resolved  and  factious  nature  of  the  men  to  whom  he  was  op* 
posed,  could  have  comjfromised  himself  by  so  rash  and  in  every  way  un- 
advisable  a  proceeding  as  that  which  we  have  described.  In  truth,  he 
had  scarcely  returned  to  the  comparative  solitude  of  Windsor  before  he 
himself  saw  how  prejudicial  this  affair  was  likely  to  be  to  his  interests, 
and  he  hastened  to  address  a  letter  to  pariiament,  in  which  he  said  that 
his  own  life  and  crown  weie  not  more  precious  to  him  than  the  privileges 
of  pariiament.  This  virtual  apology  for  his  direct  and  personal  inter- 
ference with  those  privileges  was  rendered  necessary  by  his  previous  pre- 
cipitancy,  but  this  ill-fated  monarch  now  ran  into  another  extreme.  Hav- 
ing offended  pariiament,  his  apology  to  parliament  was  necessary,  nay, 
tn  the  truest  sense  of  the  word,  it  was  dignified  ;  for  a  persistence  in  error 
ia  but  a  false  dignity,  whether  in  monarch  or  in  private  man.  Uut  here 
his  concession  should  have  stopped.  His  offence  was  one  against  good 
manners,  but  the  offence  with  which  Pym  and  the  members  were  charged 
was  one  of  substance,  not  of  form.  Their  offence  was  not  in  the  slightest 
degree  diminished  or  atoned  for  by  the  king's  folly;  yet,  as  though  there 
had  been  some  close  logical  connection  between  them,  ho  now  informed 
the  house  that  he  should  not  farther  prosecute  his  proceedings  against  its 
accused  members!  Could  inconsequence  or  want  of  dignity  go  farther, 
or  be  more  fatally  shown  1     If,  while  apologizing  to  the  house  for  his  un- 

3uestionable  offence  against  its  privileges,  he  still  had  CHJinly  and  with 
ignity,  but  sternly  untl  inexorably,  carried  on  his  proceedings  against  the 
accused  members,  it  is  quite  within  the  pale  of  probability  that  he  would 
have  saved  himself  from  an  untimely  end,  and  his  country  from  the  stigma 
of  a  most  barbarous  murder.  The  opposite  conduct,  though  in  no  wist 
efficient  in  softening  the  stern  hearis  of  his  enemies,  taught  tliem  the  fa- 
tally important  truth  that  their  king  knew  how  to  yield,  and  that  if  un- 
wisely rash  in  a  moment  of  irritation,  he  could  he  no  less  unwisely  abject 
in  a  tnomeiit  of  calculation  or  timidity.  It  was  a  fatal  lesson  ;  and  from 
this  moment,  in  spite  of  any  seeming  and  temporary  advar.tages,  tharleft 
of  England  was  virtually  a  dethroned  monarch  and  a  doomed  man. 

There  was  a  deep  art,  beyond  what  was  at  first  npparent,  in  the  insolent 
insinuation  of  the  popular  declaimers  that  the  king  had  himself  fomented 
the  recent  horrors  n  Ireland.  The  awful  massacre  among  the  protes- 
tants  of  that  country  had  naturally  raised  a  new  horror  and  dread  of  Dsuaoy 
in  the  minds  of  the  protostants  of  England.     The  artful  popular  leaders 


HISTORY   OP  THE  "WORLD.  677 

prom  se  ocst  to  aid  their  own  aftibitious  and  blood-thirsty  views.    The  w- 
noraiit  and  the  timid  were  taught  to  believe  that  the  massacre  of  the  nrS- 
testants,  though  the  deed  of  bigoted  papists,  was  far  enough  from  beina 
disagreeable  to  the  king  and   his  friends,  who  would   probably  cause 
dimilar  proceedings  in  England  unless  due  power  and  means  of  preven- 
tion were  placed  in  time  in  the  hands  of  parliament,  which  was  constantly 
represented  as  an  integer  that  necessarily  loved  and  watched  over,  instead 
of  what  It  really  was,  an  aggregate  composed  of  various  dispositions  and 
rates  of  talent,  having  but  one  common  bond  of  union,  a  hatred  of  all  au- 
thority save  that  of  the  aggregate  in  question,  and  having  a  deference  for 
no  opinion  save  that  of  each  individual  member  of  that  aggregate.  Treat- 
ed as  Charles  had  been  almost  from  the  first  day  of  his  reign,  it  must  be 
clear  to  the  most  superficial  observer,  that  nothing  but  his  fortresses  and 
his  troops  remained  to  him  of  the  substance  of  monarchy.     The  parlia- 
went  now  determined  to  deprive  him  of  these.    They  had  seen  that  he 
could  yield,  they  calculated  upon  a  passion,  te  resistance  to  their  first  ex- 
orbitancy and  insolence  of  demand  ;  but  they  doubted  not  that  the  vacil- 
ation  of  the  king  s  mind  would  begin  long  ere  the  resolute  obstinacy  of 
theirown  would  terminate.    The  result  but  too  well  proved  the  accuracy 
of   heir   reasoning.      The   people    were   skilfully   worked    up   into   an 
ecstacy  of  horror  of  the  designs  and  power  of  the  papists,  and   thus 
urged  to  petition  that  the  Tower,  the   fortresses  of  Hull   and  Ports- 
mouth, and  the  fleet,  should  be  committed  to  the  hands  of  officers  in 
the  confidence  of  parliament.     Demands  so  indicative  of  suspicion,  so 
insultingly  saying  that  the  king  would  place  such  important  trusts  in 
hands  uiiht  to  use  them,  were,  as  the  opposition  had  anticipated,  warmlv 
resented  at  first,  and  then  unwisely  complied  with. 

Emboldened  by  this  new  concession,  the  popular  party  affected  new 
and  increased  fears  of  the  designs  of  the  Irish  papists,  and  demanded 
that  a  new  miiitia  should  be  raised  and  trained,  the  commanders  as 
well  as  the  merely  subaltern  officers  of  which  should  be  nominated  bv 
parliament.  Charles  now,  when  too  late,  perceived  that  even  to  con- 
cede  safely  requires  judgment ;  and  being  urged  to  give  up  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  for  a  limited  space  of  time,  he  promptly  replied, 
"No!  not  even  for  a  single  hour  !'*  Happy  for  himself  and  his  king, 
dom  had  it  been  if  he  had  earlier  known  how  to  say  "  No,"  and  to  abide 
by  it  not  only  with  firmness  but  also  with  temper. 

A.  D.  1642.— In  making  this  demand  parliament  had  completely  thrown 
off  the  mask;  and  as  the  very  extremity  to  which  tiie  king  was  driven 
supplied  him  in  this  one  case  with  the  firmness  which  in  general  and 
by  his  natural  temper  he  so  sadly  wanted,  it  at  once  berame  evident 
that  the  disputes  between  the  king  and  his  loyal  subjects  on  the  one 
side,  and  the  puritans  and  their  only  too  numerous  and  onthnsiastic 
dupes  on  the  other,  could  only  be  decided  by  the  saddest  of  all  moans,  n 
civil  war.  On  either  side  appeals  to  the  people  were  printed  and  circu- 
lated  m  vast  numbers,  and,  as  usual  in  such  cases,  each  side  exagjrerated 
the  faults  of  the  other,  and  was  profoundly  silent  as  to  its  own  faults. 
Whether  as  to  past  conduct  or  present  views.  The  king's  friends,  being 
or  the  most  part  of  the  more  opulent  ranks,  assumed  the  title  of  the  cava- 
hers,  while  the  puritan,  or  rebel  party,  from  their  affected  habit  of  wear- 
ing their  hair  closely  cut,  wore  called  roundheads,  and  in  a  short  time  the 
majority  of  the  nation  ranked  under  the  one  or  the  other  appellation,  and 
everything  portended  that  the  civil  strife  would  l)e  long,  fierce  and  «aii. 

In  addition  to  the  trainbands  assembled  under  the  command  of  Sir  John 
"m,  the  king  had  barely  three  hundred  infantry  oiid  eight  hundred 
cavalry,  and  he  was  by  no  means  well  orovided  with  nrm«.  fint  in  -nii, 
«r«^i  Uin  exertions  ol  the  puritans,  there  was  stiU  an  ejctensive  foeliiii  "f 


L'». 


k',  ■?..  ■< 


-:»- 


!!'      i 


578 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


loyalty  among  the  higher  and  middle  orders;  and  as  the  king  with  his  In. 
tie  army  marched  slowly  to  Derby  and  thence  to  Shrewsbury,  large  nddi- 
tions  were  made  tp  his  force,  and  some  of  the  more  opulent  loyalists  af- 
forded  him  liberal  and  most  welcome  aid  in  money,  arms,  and  ammunition 
On  the  side  of  the  parliament  similar  preparations  were  made  for  the 
impending  struggle.  When  the  important  fortress  of  Hull  was  surren- 
dered inco  their  hands,  they  made  it  their  depot  for  arms  and  ammunition, 
and  it  was  held  for  them  by  a  governor  of  their  own  appointment,  Sir  John 
Hotham.  On  the  plea  of  defending  England  from  the  alledged  designs 
of  the  Irish  papists,  great  numbers  of  troops  had  been  raised ;  and  these 
were  now  openly  enlisted  and  officered  for  the  parliament,  and  placed 
under  the  command  of  the  earl  of  Essex,  who,  however,  was  supposed  to 
be  anxious  rather  to  abridge  the  power  of  the  existing  monarch  than  act- 
ually to  annihilate  the  monarchy,  which,  doubtless,  had  from  the  very  first 
been  the  design  of  the  leaders  of  the  popular  party.  So  great  was  the  en- 
thusiasm  of  the  roundheads,  that  they  in  one  day  enlisted  above  four  thou 
sand  men  in  London  alone. 

Tired  of  the  occupation  of  watching  each  others  manosuvres,  the  hos- 
tile troops  at  length  met  at  Edge-hill,  on  the  borders  of  the  counties  ol 
Warwick  and  Stafford.  A  furious  engagement  took  place,  which  lasted 
several  hours  ;  upwards  of  five  thousand  men  fell  upon  the  field,  and  the 
contending  armies  separated,  wearied  with  slaying  yet  not  satiated  with 
slaughter,  and  each  claiming  the  victory. 

The  whole  kingdom  was  now  disturbed  by  the  incessant  marching  and 
countermarching  of  the  two  armies.  Neither  of  them  was  disciplined, 
and  the  disorders  caused  by  their  march  were  consequently  great  and 
destructive.  The  queen,  whose  spirit  was  as  high  as  her  affection 
for  her  husband  was  great,  most  opportunely  landed  from  Holland 
with  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition  and  a  considerable  reinforcement  of 
men,  and  she  immediately  left  England  again  to  raise  farther  supplies. 
In  the  inaiiffluvring  and  skirmishes  which  were  constantly  going  on,  the 
king,  from  the  superior  rank  and  spirit  of  his  followers,  had  for  some  time 
a  very  marked  advantage ;  but  the  parliamentarians,  so  far  from  beingdis- 
cournged,  actually  seemed  to  increase  in  their  pretensions  m  proportion 
to  the  loss  and  disgrace  they  experienced  in  the  field.  That  the  kin/r 
was  at  this  time  sincere  in  his  expressed  desire  to  pui  a  stop  to  the  out- 
pouring of  his  subjects'  blood  appears  clear  from  the  fact,  that  on  obtain- 
ing  any  advantage  he  invariably  sent  pacific  proposals  to  the  parliament 
This  was  especially  the  case  when  he  lay  in  all  security  in  the  loyal  city 
of  Oxford,  whence  he  conducted  a  long  negotiation,  in  which  the  iiiso- 
lence  of  the  leaders  of  the  other  party  was  so  great  and  conspicuous,  that 
even  the  most  moderate  writers  liave  blamed  the  king,  as  having  carried 
hi*  desire  for  pacific  measures  to  an  extreme,  injurious  alike  to  his  dig- 
nity  and  to  the  very  cause  he  was  anxious  to  serve. 

But  if  he  bore  somewhat  too  meekly  with  the  insolence  of  his  opponents 
In  the  cabinet,  tlio  king  in  his  first  campaign  of  the  disastrous  civil  war 
was  abundantly  successful  in  the  field,  in  spile  of  the  navap.)  severity  of 
his  opponents,  who  treated  as  traitors  theaovernors  of  those  strong  places 
which  from  time  to  time  were  opened  to  their  sovereign. 

Cornwall  was  thoroughly  subjected  to  the  king ;  at  8lratton-lull,  in 
Devonshire,  a  fine  army  of  the  parliamt'iitariaiis  was  routed ;  and  at 
Roundway-dowii,  near  Devizes,  in  Wiltshire,  another  great  victory  was 
gained  over  them  by  the  royal  troops,  who  wore  again  succestflul  m  uio 
still  more  important  battle  of  Chalgrnve-field,  in  Uuckinpliainshire.  I  no 
important  city  of  Bristol  was  taken  by  the  royalists,  and  Gloucester  was 
closely  invested.  Thus  far  all  looked  in  favour  of  the  royal  cause  during 
Um  first  campaign,  and  at  its  close  great  hopes  of  farther  success  vim. 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


519 


founded  upon  the  fine  army  that  was  raised  for  the  kjig  in  the  north  of 
England  by  the  loyal  and  high-hearted  marquis  of  Newcastle,  Nor  was 
it  the  loss  only  of  battles  and  strong-holds  that  the  parliamentarians  had 
noH'  to  deplore. 

John  Hampden,  who  had  made  so  sturdy,  although,  in  our  opinion,  so 
ilUfoundec  an  opposition  to  the  ship-money,  while  acting  with  the  per 
Terse  men  whose  conduct  made  that  undoubted  extortion  inevitable,  took 
the  field  with  the  parliamentarians  at  the  head  of  a  well-appointed  troop 
which  chiefly  consisted  »)f  his  own  tenants  and  neighbours.  On  several 
occasions  he  displayed  ^reat  courage,  and  it  being  proposed  to  beat  up 
the  quarters  of  the  king's  gallant  relative,  Prince  Rupert,  Hampden  was 
foremost  in  the  attack.  When  the  parliamentary  troops  were  subse- 
quently mustered  Mr.  Hampden  was  missed,  and  it  was  then  remarked 
that  he  had  been  seen,  contrary  to  his  usual  custom,  to  leave  the  field 
before  the  fight  was  ended,  and  it  was  noticed,  too,  that  he  was  leaning 
forward  on  his  saddle-bow  as  if  exhausted  and  in  pain.  The  fears  thus 
excited  were  soon  realized ;  he  had  been  severely  wounded.  The  king 
would  have  sent  his  own  surgeon  to  endeavour  to  save  this  inflexibly 
honest  though  mistaken  foe;  but  the  ill-fated  gentleman  was  injured  be- 
yond human  remedy,  and  died  soon  after  the  action. 

This  loss  on  the  parliamentary  side  was  even  more  than  balanced  by 
the  death  of  the  royalist  officer,  Lucius  Cary,  Lord  Falkland,  one  of  the 
purest  characters  that  grace  our  national  history.  As  a  statesman  he 
had  opposed  the  errors  of  the  king  with  all  the  boldness  and  inflexibility 
of  Hampden,  but  with  a  grace  and  moderation  of  which  Hampden's  stern 
and  severe  nature  was  incapable.  But  though  Lord  Falkland  ardently 
desired  liberty  for  the  subject,  he  was  not  prepared  to  oppress  the  sov- 
ereign; and  the  moment  that  the  evil  designs  of  the  popular  leaders 
were  fully  developed,  the  gallant  and  accomplised  nobleman  took  Ins 
stand  beside  his  royal  master.  Learned,  witty,  elegant,  and  accomplish- 
ed, he  was  indignant  and  disgusted  at  the  evident  desire  of  the  popular 
leaders  to  deluge  their  country  in  blood,  rather  than  stop  short  of  the 
full  accomplishment  of  their  ambitious  and  evil  designs.  From  the  com- 
mencement of  the  civil  war  he  became  possessed  by  a  deep  and  settled 
melancholy,  the  more  remarkable  from  contrast  with  his  natural  vivacity. 
He  neglected  his  person,  his  countenance  becime  anxious  and  haggard, 
and  he  would  remain  in  silent  thought  fur  hours,  and  then  cry,  as  if  un- 
consciously, "  Peace  !  peace !  Let  our  unhappy  country  have  peace  !"  On 
the  morning  of  the  battle  of  Newbury  he  told  his  friends  that  his  soul 
was  weary  of  the  world,  and  that  he  felt  confident  that  ere  nightfall  he 
should  leave  them.  His  sad  prediction  was  accomplished ;  he  was 
mortally  wounded  by  a  musket  ball  in  the  abdomen,  and  it  was  not  until 
the  following  morning  thai  hi<i  mourning  friends  rescued  his  body  from 
amid  the  meaner  slain. 

The  first  campaign  being  '•nded,  the  king  made  vigorous  preparations 
for  a  second.  Aa  it  wac  evident  that  the  very  name  of  a  parliament  had 
»  great  influence  upon  the  minds  of  many,  and  as  all  neg^otiation  with 
the  old  parliament  sitt'n'j  at  Westminister  led  only  to  new  insnli,  the 
king  wisely  determined  to  call  another  parliament  at  Oxford,  where  he 
had  his  quarters.  The  peers  being  far  the  most  part  firmly  loyal,  the 
king's  upper  houpe  was  well  filled,  but  his  lower  house  had  not  more 
thiin  a  hundred  and  forty  members,  being  scarcely  half  the  number  that 
was  mustered  by  tiie  rebellious  house  of  cotmnons.  But  the  king's  mem- 
fters  were  mostly  men  of  wealth  and  influence,  and  thus  they  had  it  in 
Ihfir  power  to  di  the  king  the  chief  service  he  really  required,  that 
of  voting  him  supplies.  Having  done  this  they  were  dismissed  with 
thanks  and  never  ugain  called  together. 

Uui  itny  nuppiies  wiiicii  the  kiiiK  couid  ^irocuro  I'rom  what  may  almost 


tso 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


be  called  individual  loyalty  were  but  small  in  comparison  to  those 
which  the  factious  parliamentarians  could  command  by  the  terror  which 
they  could  strike  into  nearly  every  district  of  the  country.  As  if  to  show 
at  once  their  power  in  this  way,  and  the  extent  to  which  they  were  pre- 
pared to  abuse  it,  they  issued  an  arbitrary  command  that  all  the  inhabit 
tants  of  London  and  the  surrounding  neighbourhood  should  substract  one 
meal  in  every  week  from  their  accustomed  diet,  and  pay  the  full  price  ol 
provision  thus  saved  as  a  contribution  to  the  support  of  what  these  im< 
pudent  and  ambitious  men  affected  to  call  the  public  cause.  The  sedi< 
tious  Scots  at  the  same  time  sent  a  large  supply  of  men  to  the  parlia- 
mentarians, who  also  had  fourteen  thousand  men,  under  the  earl  of  Man- 
chester, ten  thousand  under  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  eight  thousand  and 
upwards  under  Sir  William  Waller.  And  though  this  force  was  numeri- 
cally so  much  superior  to  the  king's,  and,  by  consequence,  so  much  more 
onerous,  the  parliamentary  troops  were,  in  fact,  far  better  supplied 
with  both  provision  and  ammunition  than  the  royalists ;  the  majority  oi 
men  being  so  deluded  or  so  terrified  by  the  parliamentarians  that  an  or- 
dinance of  parliament  was  at  all  times  sutiicient  to  procure  provisions  for 
the  rebel  force,  when  the  king  could  scarcely  get  provisions  for  money 

K.  D.  1644. — Though,  in  the  ordinary  style  used  in  speaking  of  military 
affairs  we  have  been  obliged  to  speak  of  the  termination  of  the  first  cam- 
paign, at  the  period  when  the  contending  parties  went  into  winter  quar- 
ters, hostilities,  in  fact,  never  wholly  ceased  from  the  moment  when  they 
first  commenced.  Even  when  the  great  armies  were  formally  lying  idle 
a  constant  and  most  destructive  partizan  warfare  was  carried  on.  The 
village-green  became  a  battle-field,  the  village-church  a  fort;  now  this, 
now  that  party  plundered  the  peasantry,  who  in  their  hearts  learned  to 
curse  the  fierceness  of  both,  and  pray  that  one  or  the  other  might  be  su 
effectually  beaten  as  to  put  a  stop  at  once  and  forever  to  scenes  which 
had  all  the  ghastly  horrors  of  war  without  any  of  its  glory,  and  all  its 
present  riot  and  spoliation  without  even  the  chance-of  its  subsequent 
gain.  Whether  cavalier  or  roundhead  were  triumphant  the  peaceable  deni- 
zen was  equally  the  sufferer ;  and  when  the  war-cry  and  the  blaspheni> 
rang  through  the  village-street,  and  re-echoed  through  the  trees  that 
waved  above  the  graves  of  the  long  generations  of  the  former  occupants 
of  the  village,  what  mattered  it  whether  cavalier  cheered  or  roundhead 
prostituted  the  words  of  the  book  of  life — were  they  not  English  accents 
that  issued  from  the  passion-curled  lips  of  both  parties  1 

That  the  system  of  terrorism  which  the  parliamentarians  acted  upon 
had  very  much  to  do  with  prolonging  this  unnatural  contest  seems  In- 
disputable. Countiss,  and  lesser  districts,  even,  as  soon  as  they  were 
for  a  brief  time  freed  from  the  presence  of  the  parliamentary  forces,  al- 
most invariably  and  unanimously  declared  for  the  king.  Nay,  in  the  very 
towns  that  were  garrisoned  by  the  parliamentarians,  including  even  their 
strong-hold  and  chief  reliance,  London,  there  was  at  length  a  loud  and 
general  echo  of  the  earnest  cry  of  the  good  Lord  Falkland,  "Peace !  peace! 
Let  our  country  have  peace  !"  From  many  places  the  parliament  received 
f  rmal  petitions  to  this  effect ;  and  in  London,  which  at  the  outset  hud 
been  so  furiously  seditious,  the  very  women  asseiTibled  to  the  number  ol 
upwards  of  four  thousand,  and  surrounded  the  .ouse  of  commons,  exclaim- 
ing, "  Peace !  give  us  peace  !  or  those  trailoi  .  who  deny  us  peace,  that 
we  may  tear  them  to  pieces."  So  furious  were  the  women  on  this  occa- 
sion, that,  in  the  violence  used  by  the  guards,  some  of  these  wives  and 
mothers  who  wished  their  husbands  and  sons  no  longer  to  bo  the  prey  of 
a  handful  of  ambitious  men  were  actually  killed  upon  the  spot ! 

But  they  who  had  so  joyously  aided  in  sowing  the  whirlwind  were  not 
vet  to  cease  to  reap  the  storm.     War,  to  the  complete  destruction  ol 


«„J  tU.   tU. 


UITT  ait  tx  asjt.t  tiiv  tuit-u^i    rrtsn  tii-:  utrmgri 


J...: ^f  iU^  .-If 


ipil 


.i^A 


tiitr  ncii-TTiv.-T— ■ 


ilvpd 


HIST<ORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


681 


cuiers,  and  it  was  in  vain  that  their  lately  enthusiastic  dupes  now  crier] 
aloud  and  in  bittor  misery  for  the  blessings  of  peace. 

Before  we  proceed  to  speak  of  the  second  campaign  of  this  sad  war 
we  must  introduce  to  the  attention  of  the  reader  a  man  who  henceforth 
fixed  the  chief  attention  of  both  parties,  and  whose  character,  even  in  the 
present  day,  is  nearly  as  much  disputed  as  his  singular  energy  and  still 
more  singular  and  rapid  success  were  marvelled  at  in  his  own  time. 

Oliver  Cromwell  was  the  son  of  a  Huntingdonshire  gentleman  who,  as 
1  second  son  of  a  respectable  but  not  wealthy  family,  was  himself  posses- 
sed of  but  a  small  fortune,  which  he  is  said  to  have  improved  by  engag- 
ing in  the  trade  of  a  brewer.  At  college,  and  even  later  in  life,  Oliver 
Cromwell  was  remarkable  rather  for  dissipation  than  for  ability,  and  the 
very  small  resources  that  he  inherited  were  pretty  nearly  exhausted  by 
bis  excesses,  long  before  he  had  any  inclination  or  opportunity  to  take 
part  in  public  affairs.  On  reaching  mature  manhood,  however,  he  sud- 
denly changed  his  course  of  life,  and  affected  the  enthusiastic  speech 
ind  rigid  conduct  of  the  puritans,  whose  daily  increasing  power  and  con 
sequence  his  shrewd  glance  was  not  slow  to  discover. 

Just  as  the  disputes  between  the  king  and  the  popular  party  grew 
warm,  Oliver  Cromwell  represented  in  parliament  his  native  town  of 
Huntingdon,  and  a  sketch  left  of  him  by  a  keen  observer  who  saw  his 
earliest  exertions  in  that  capacity,  represents  a  man  from  whom  we 
should  but  little  expect  the  energy,  talent,  and  success  of  the  future 
"Protector  "  Cromwell.  Homely  in  countenance,  almost  to  actual  ug- 
liness, hesitating  in  speech,  ungainly  in  gesture,  and  ill  clad  in  a  sad 
coloured  suit "  which  looked  as  it  h\d  been  made  by  some  ill  country 
tailor,"  the  future  statesman  and  warrior  addressed  the  house  amid  the 
scarcely  suppressed  whispers  of  both  friends  and  foes,  who  little  dream- 
■'A  that  in  that  uncouth,  ill  nurtured,  and  slovenly-looking  person  they 
nw  the  vast  and  terrible  genius  who  was  to  slay  his  sovereign,  knead 
all  the  fierce  factions  of  Englislimen  iiUo  one  trampled  and  submissive 
mass,  and,  while  wielding  a  most  U8ur[)ed  and  lawless  authority  over  the 
English  nation  at  home,  so  direct  her  energies  abroad  as  to  make  her 
name  stand  fully  as  high  among  the  astounded  and  gazing  nations  as  ever 
it  had  been  carried  or  maintained  by  the  most  fortunate  and  valiant  of 
the  lawful  sovereigns  of  England. 

As  a  mere  senator  Cromwell  would  probably  never  have  succeeded  in 
making  himself  a  great  name;  he  recjuired  to  command  rather  than  tu 
advise,  to  act  rather  than  to  argue.  Gifted  with  an  iron  frame,  the  body 
and  mind,  with  him,  aided  each  other,  and  he  who  stammered  out  con- 
fused no-meanings  to  the  half  wearied  and  half  wondering  senate, 
thought  clearly  and  brightly  as  the  lightning  flash,  and  shouted  his  vig- 
orous conceptions  with  tlie  dread  vehemence  of  thunder,  amid  the  fury 
and  the  clank  of  the  battle,  and  as  he  guided  his  war-steed  through  car- 
nage towards  carnage  more  terrible  still. 

It  is  to  this  day  a  mooted  point  whether  Cromwell  was  wholly  deluded 
or  wholly  a  deluder;  or  whether  he  was  partly  the  one  and  partly  the 
other.  To  us  it  seems  that  there  Was  nothing  natural  in  his  character, 
as  developed  by  history,  save  his  mental  and  bodily  energy,  his  profound 
Mgaeity,  his  decision  and  his  master-passion— ambition.  He  saw,  no 
doubt,  poor  men  become  rich,  and  mean  men  powerful,  as  riches  and 
power  are  estimated  in  the  petty  affairs  of  ob.scure  country  towns,  and 
no  saw  that  they  achieved  their  personal  i;ggrandizem«nt  by  a  supple 
compliance  with  the  cant  and  grimace  of  the  day.  He  had  suffered  both  in 
reputation  and  fortune  by  his  free  if  not  profligate  life,  and  it  is  probable 
that  he  at  the  outset  adopted  the  outward  appearance  of  another  way  of 
thinking  w^ith  no  deeper  or  more  extensive  design  than  that  of  saving  him- 
srif  ir<)iri  the  hieVitduio  ill  Ciiutttfqui;iit:e!t  m  poverty.  Once  arrived  in  par- 
tuineut.  whether  conducted  I'litber  by  mere  liccidcnt  ur  skilful  intriguing. 


/>82 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


a  single  glance  must  have  shown  even  a  far  less  sagacious  person  than 
he  was,  that  the  puritans  would,  sooner  or  later,  be  incomparably  the 
most  powerful  party  in  the  state.  Joining  with  them  from  interest,  aping 
their  manners  from  necessity,  he  would  from  mere  habit  continue  to  ape 
them  long  after  he  could  afford  to  be  more  open  in  his  conduct.  But  the 
frequent  profanity  of  his  remarks,  and  the  occasional  coarseness  and 
jollity  of  his  "  horse-play  "  among  his  soldier-saints,  appear  to  us  to  savour 
very  much  of  unconscious  and  uncontrollable  breakings  forth  of  the  old 
Adam  of  the  natural  man;  fever  fits  of  the  natural  heart  and  temper  that 
were  too  strong  for  the  artificial  training  of  resolved  hypocrisy.  Such 
upon  repeated  and  most  impartial  examination,  appears  to  us  to  have  been 
the  real  character  of  Cromwell. 

Though  forty-four  years  old  before  he  drew  a  sword,  Cromwell  at  the 
very  outset  of  the  rebellion  showed  himself  what  has  been  emphatically 
called  a  born  soldier.  Stalwart  though  clumsy  in  frame,  a  bold  and  a 
good  rider,  and— as  most  men  of  any  respectibility  of  that  time  were— a 
perfect  master  of  the  ponderous  sword  then  in  use,  he  was  the  very  man 
for  a  partizan  captain  of  heavy  cavalry.  His  troops  was  almost  entirely 
composed  of  the  sons  of  respectable  farmers  and  yeomen,  and  as  they 
were  deeply  tinctured  with  the  religious  feeling  of  purilanism,  and  filled 
to  overflowing  with  the  physical  daring  of  well-born  and  well-nurtured 
Englishmen,  his  assumed  sympathy  with  them  in  the  former  respect  and 
his  genuine  equality  or  superiority  in  the  latter,  shortly  gave  him  the 
most  unbounded  power  of  leading  them  into  any  danger  that  human 
beings  could  create,  and  through  or  over  any  obstacles  that  human 
prowess  and  daring  could  surmount. 

Indefatigable,  active,  patient  of  fatigue,  Cromwell  speedily  attracted  the 
notice  of  the  parliamentary  leaders,  who  bestowed  praise  and  distinc- 
tion upon  him  none  the  less  cheerfully  because  as  yet  he  did  not  affect 
to  aim  at  anything  higher  than  the  character  of  a  bold,  stern,  and  active 
partizan  captain,  who  was  ever  ready  with  sword  in  hand  and  foot  in  stir- 
rup when  the  enemy's  night  quarters  were  to  be  beaten  up,  a  convoy  seiz- 
ed, or  any  other  real  though  comparatively  obscure  service  was  to  be  ran- 
dered  to  the  good  cause.  Such  was  the  estimate  Cromwell's  command- 
ers formed  of  him ;  such  the  estimate  he  wished  them  to  form  of  the 
man  who  was  one  day  to  dictate  to  the  proudest  and  to  laugh  to  scorn 
the  wiliest  among  them ! 

The  too  famous  and  disastrous  battle  of  Long  Marston  Moor,  as  it  was 
the  first  great  military  calamity  of  the  king,  so  it  was  the  first  great  oc- 
casion upon  which  Cromwell  had  the  opportunity  (which  he  so  well  knew 
how  to  seize)  of  openly  and  signally  displaying  himself.  A  junction  had 
been  formed  between  the  Scotch  army  and  the  English  parliamentary  for- 
ces, and  this  combined  host  invested  York.  This  city,  both  from  its  own 
wealth  and  from  its  situation  as  the  capital  of  the  northern  counties,  was 
too  important  to  the  royal  cause  to  be  lost  without  a  struggle;  and  Prince 
Rupert  and  the  marquis  of  Newcastle  joined  their  forces  '-  order  to  niise 
the  seige  of  the  ancient  city.  The  opposing  forces,  in  nuin..Er  about  fifty 
thousand,  met  on  Long  Marston  Moor,  and  a  long  and  obstinate  contest 
ensued.  Tiie  right  wing  \)f  the  royalist  troops,  commanded  by  Prince 
Rupert,  was  broken  and  driven  off  the  field  by  the  highly  trained 
cavalry  under  Cromwell,  who,  after  having  dispersed  the  royalists'  right 
wing,  promptly  galloped  back  to  the  field,  and  very  materially  aided  in 
.putting  to  flight  the  main  body  of  the  royalists  under  the  marquis.  The 
result  of  this  hard  day's  fighting  was  the  capture  by  the  parliamentarians 
of  the  whole  of  Rupert's  admirable  train  of^  artillery,  and  a  loss  of  men, 
reputation,  and  self-confidfince,  from  which  it  may  safely  be  averred  that 
the  royalists  never  recovered. 

The  successes  of  the  Darhameularians  made  them  all  (he  hautfhiier  iS 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


583 


their  pretensions  and  all  the  more  unsparing  in  their  reaoives.  Laud, 
arclibishop  of  Cantarbury,  had  for  a  lonj?  lime  been  confined  in  the  Tower 
his  devotion  to  his  master  bein»  the  only  crime  with  which  he  could 
bejustly  charged,  except  the  kindred  crime  of  still  warmer  devotion,  if 
possible,  to  the  rights  and  supremacy  of  the  church  of  England.  This 
eminent  man  was  therefore  brought  to  trial  by  his  bitter  enemies,  the  puri- 
tans, condemned,  and  executed.  As  if  to  set  a  peculiar  and  characteris- 
tically puritanical  mark  upon  this  dastardly  act  of  vulgar  and  ignorant 
vengeance,  the  now  dominant  power  ordered  the  abolition — by  what  they 
called  law— of  the  church  of  England  liturgy  on  the  very  day  of  the  exe- 
cution of  the  learned  and  energetic  prelate  whose  devotion  to  his  duty  was 
indomitable.  By  this  act  of  abolition  the  English  church  was  reduced,  as 
regarded  power  in  the  state,  to  the  same  level  as  the  newest,  meanest,  and 
most  insane'  of  numerous  petty  sects  into  which  conceit,  or  ignorance,  or 
sheer  knavery  had  by  this  time  split  the  puritans ;  and  the  Scottish  rebel 
army  appropriately  enough  joined  the  London  rebel  citizens  in  giving 
public  thanks  for  an  alteration  of  which  not  one  of  them  could  have  pointed 
out  a  substantial  advantage,  while  its  instant  and  perspective  disadvan- 
tage might  have  been  perceived  by  a  tolerably  educated  child.  But  fac- 
tion loves  a  change— even  though  it  certainly  be  not  for  the  better,  and 
probably  may  prove  to  be  for  the  worse  I 

A.  D.  1645. — Though  the  royalists,  as  related  above,  were  seriously  in- 
jured and  depressed  by  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Long  Marston  Moor, 
neither  the  king  nor  his  friends  despaired  of  ultimate  success.  While  the 
parliamentarians  exerted  themselves  to  crush  the  royalists  whenever  the 
next  general  action  should  ensue,  the  kipg  and  his  friends  made  equally 
strenuous  efforts  to  redeem  their  fortune  and  character  on  the  like  con- 
tingency. A  variety  of  counter-marching  and  mere  partizan  skirmishing 
•,nok  place  during  the  earlier  months  of  the  year  1645,  and  at  length,  on 
the  14th  of  June  of  that  year,  the  main  strength  of  the  two  parties  met 
near  Naseby,  a  village  in  Northamptonshire.  The  right  wing  of  the 
royal  army  was  commanded  by  the  gallant  and  impetuous  Rupert,  the 
left  wing  by  Sir  Marmaduke  Langdale,  and  the  main  body  by  the  lord 
Astley,  while  a  choice  force  was  commanded,  as  a  reserve,  by  the  king 
ill  person.  The  left  wing  of  the  parliamentarians  was  commanded  by 
Ireton,  who  had  married  Cromwell's  daughter,  the  right  wing  by  Crom- 
well himself,  whose  gallant  and  skilful  charges  at  Long  Marston  Moor 
were  not  forgotten,  and  the  main  body  by  generals  Fairfax  and  Skippon. 
The  parliamentary  left  wing  was  so  hotly  charged  by  the  impetuous  and 
dashing  Rupert,  that  it  was  fairly  broken  and  driven  through  the  streets 
of  Naseby.  But  this  success  was  rendered  of  comparatively  little  advan- 
tage, for  Rupert  lost  so  much  time  in  attempting  to  seize  Ireton's  artillery 
liiat  Cromwell,  meanwhile,  broke  the  royal  horse  under  Sir  Marma- 
duke Langdale,  beyond  all  the  efforts  of  that  officer  for  its  re-formation. 
While  the  cavalry  on  either  side  was  thus  occupied,  the  infantry  were 
hotly  engaged,  and  so  much  to  the  advantage  of  the  royal  side  that  the  bat- 
tallions  of  the  parliament  were  actually  falling  back  in  disorder.  The 
whole  fate  of  the  day  now  mainly  depended  upon  which  side  should  first 
lee  its  cavalry  return.  If  Rupert,  instead  of  employing  himself  in  seizing 
or  spiking  artillery,  had  at  this  time  returned  and  made  one  of  his  fear- 
fully impetuous  charges  upon  the  flank  of  the  faltering  roundheads,  whom 
lliebest  efforts  of  Fairfax  and  Skippon  could  scarcely  keep  from  falling 
into  a  rout,  the  fortune  of  that  day,  and  most  probably  the  issue  of  the 
whole  struggle,  would  have  been  in  favour  of  the  king.  But  the  mar- 
iTcllous  good  fortune  of  Cromwell  attended  him  ;  he  returned  to  the  field 
*ith  his  iron  troopers  elated  with  their  success  over  Sir  Marmaduke  Lang- 
lale's  division,  and  charged  the  flank  of  the  main  body  of  the  royalists  so 

ieicelv  HH  to  thrnvv  thfjm   into  honele""  »0i^  irrenipHiiihlA  0'^"''>i*inn       Ru. 


f  ■!  '« 


584 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


pert  now  returned  with  his  cavalry  aiul  joined  the  king^o  reserve ,  bul 
the  fate  of  the  day  was  sealed ;  not  even  the  gallantry  of  that  ablb  com- 
mander could  lead  the  reserve  to  the  support  of  the  beaten  and  fugitive 
host  of  the  royalists,  and  the  king  was  obliged  to  fly  from  the  field,  leav- 
ing his  artillery  and  valuable  baggage,  as  well  as  five  tliousand  prisoners, 
in  the  hnnds  of  the  victorious  parliamentarians. 

Nor  did  the  advantages  to  the  victor  end  even  tnere.  The  defeat  of  the 
king  and  the  magnitude  of  the  losses  he  had  sustained  greatly  aided  the 
parliamentarians  in  reducing  the  chief  fortified  places  in  the  kingdom. 
Bristol,  Bridgewater,  Chester,  Sherborne,  and  Bath  fell  into  their  hands ; 
Exeter  was  closely  invested  by  Fairfax,  and  held  out  gallantly,  but  ai 
length  was  obliged  to  surrender  at  discretion,  all  the  western  counties 
being  so  completely  cleared  of  the  king's  troops  that  there-was  not  the 
slightest  chance  of  its  being  relieved.  ' 

In  all  the  aspects  of  his  fortune  Charles  had  found  the  city  of  Oxford 
loyal  and  devoted.  As  well  became  that  city  of  science  and  learning,  it 
had  constantly  shown  itself  "  glad  in  his  prosperity  and  sad  in  his  sor- 
row,"  and  thither  he  retreated  in  his  present  misfortune,  well  knowins,'- 
that  there  he  would  be  loyally  received,  and  hoping  that  even  yet  he  might 
by  negotiation  retrieve  some  of  the  sad  loss  he  had  experienced  in  the 
field.  But  the  unfortunate  king  was  closely  pursued  by  Fairfax,  at  tho 
head  of  a  victorious  army  eager  for  yet  farther  triumph  over  the  defeated 
sovereign;  and  as  the  parliamentarians  loudly  expressed  their  intention 
of  laying  siege  to  Oxford,  and  were  abundantly  supplied  with  everythinij 
requisite  for  that  purpose,  Charles  had  several,  and  very  cogent  reasons 
for  not  abiding  there.  That  the  loyal  inhabitants  of  Oxford  would  defend 
him  to  the  utmost,  Charles  had  no  room  to  doubt ;  but  neither  could  there 
be  any  doubt  that  the  well  known  loyalty  of  the  city  would,  on  that  very 
score,  be  most  signally  punished  by  the  parliamentarians.  Moreover 
Charles  had  a  most  justifiable  and  well-grounded  horror  of  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  English  puritans,  from  whom,  especially  now  that  they  were 
full  and  freshly  flushed  with  victory,  he  might  fear  every  insult,  even  to 
the  extent  of  personal  violence.  Reasoning  thus,  and  believing  that  the 
Scottish  army  was  less  personally  and  inveterately  hostile  to  him,  Charles 
took  what  proved  to  be  the  fatal  resolution,  of  delivering  himself  into  the 
hands  of  the  Scots.  To  their  eternal  disgrace,  they  received  him  as  a 
distressed  king  only  to  treat  him  as  a  malefactor  and  a  prisoner.  They 
worried  and  insulted  him  with  sanctimonious  remonstrances  and  reflec- 
tions, by  every  possible  neglect  of  the  respectful  ceremonials  due  to  a 
sovereign ;  they  reminded  him  of  and  imbittered  his  misfortunes ;  and,  to 
complete  the  infamy  of  their  conduct,  they  added  gross  venality  to  faith- 
lessness and  disloyalty,  and  literally  sola  him  to  the  rebellious  English 
parliament  for  the  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  pounds ! 

With  this  atrocious  act  the  Scots  returned  to  their  country,  iaden 
with  ill-earned  wealth,  but  laden  also  with  the  execration  of  all  good  men, 
and  with  the  contempt  even  of  those  bold  bad  men  to  whom  they  had 
basely  sold  the  unfortunate  prince.  Wholly  and  helplessly  in  the  power 
of  his  foes,  Charles  had  no  course  left  to  so  honourable  a  mind  as  his,  but 
to  absolve  his  still  faithful  followers  and  subjects  from  the  duty  of  farther 
striving  in  his  behalf,  and  to  trust  for  the  safety  of  even  his  life  to  the 
mercy  of  men 

"  Whoio  mercy  was  a  nickname  for  the  rage     ^ 
Of  tamoloBs  tiger*  hungering  for  blood." 

*  But  if  the  rebellious  parliamentarians  were  triumphant  over  their  king 
they  had  yet  to  deal  with  a  more  formidable  enemy.  The  parliament  had 
been  made  unanimous  in  itself  and  with  the  army  by  the  obvious  and 
pressing  necessity  for  mutual  defence,  as  long  as  the  king  was  in  the 
fi(dd  and  at  the  head  of  an  imposing  force.     But  now  that  the  fortune  oi 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


685 


war  and  the  base  venality  of  the  Scotch  had  made  Chailes  a  powerleaa 
and  almost  liopeless  captive,  the  spoilers  began  to  quarrel  about  the  dis- 
position  of  the  spoil ;  and  they  who  had  united  to  revolt  from  their  law- 
ful  monarch  were  ready  with  equal  eagerness  and  animosity  to  cabal 
against  each  other.    There  is  a  sure  retributive  curse  attendant  upon  all 
needless  and  groundless  dissent— its  destitution  of  a  real  and  an  abiding 
bond  of  union.     The  civilians  of  the  parliamentary  party  were,  for  the 
most  part,  presbyterians,  who  were  eager  enough  to  throw  off  all  alleei- 
ance  to  the  king  and  all  submission  and  respect  to  the  church  of  England 
but  who  were  not  the  less  inclined  to  set  up  and  exact  respect,  both  from 
lay  and  clerical  authorities  of  their  own  liking.    The  fanaticism  of  the 
army  took   quite  another  turn;   they  were  mostly  independents,   who 
thought,  with,  Dogberry,  that  "reading  and  writing  come  by  nature,"  and 
were  ready  to  die  upon  the  truth  of  the  most  ignorant  trooper  anions  them 
bf,ing  qualified  to  preach  with  soul-saving  effect  to  hirfequally  ignoraUit  fel- 
low.   The  independents,  armed  and  well  skilled  in  arms,  would  under 
any  conceivable  circumstance  have  been  something  more  tijan  a  match 
for  the  mere  dreamers  and  declaimers  of  parliament ;  but  they  had  a  still 
further  and  decisive  advantage  in  the  active  and  energetic,  though  wily 
and  secret,  prompting  and  direction  of  Cromwell,  who  artfully  professed 
himself  the  most  staunch  independent  of  them  of  all,  and  showed  himself 
as  willing  and  able,  too,  to  lead  them  to  the  charge  and  the  victory  upon 
the  well-fought  field.     He  was,  in  appearance,  indeed,  only  second  in 
command  under  Fairfax,  but,  in  reality,  he  was  supreme  over  his  nominal 
commander,  and  had  the  fate  of  both  king  and  kingdom  completely  in  hia 
own  hands.     He  artfully  and  carefully  fomented  the  jealousy  with  which 
the  military  looked  upon  their  own  comparative  powerlessness  and  ob- 
scurity after  all  the  dangers  and  toils  by  which  they  had,  as  they  affected 
to  believe,  permanently  secured  the  peace  and  comfort  of  the  country. 

Without  appearing  to  make  any  exertion  or  to  use  any  influence,  tlu 
artful  intriguer  urged  the  soldiery  so  far,  that  they  openly  lost  all  conft 
dence  in  the  parliament  for  which  they  had  but  too  well  (ought,  and  set 
about  the  consideration  and  redress  of  their  own  grievances  as  a  separate 
and  ill-used  body  of  the  community.  Still,  at  the  instigation  of  Cromwell, 
a  rude  but  efficient  military  parliament  was  formed,  the  principal  officers 
acting  as  a  house  of  peers,  and  two  men  or  officers  from  each  regiment 
acting  as  a  house  of  commons,  under  the  title  of  the  "  agitators  of  the 
Jrmy."  Of  these  Cromwell  took  care  to  be  one,  and  thus,  while  to  all 
appearance  he  was  only  acting  as  he  was  authorized  and  commanded  by 
his  duty  to  the  whole  army,  he  in  fact  enjoyed  all  the  opportunity  that  he 
required  to  suggest  and  forward  measures  indispensable  to  the  gratifica- 
tion of  his  own  ambition. 

While  Cromwell  was  thus  wickedly  but  ably  scheming,  the  king,  forlorn 
and  seemingly  forgotten,  lay  in  Holmby  castle,  strictly  watched,  though, 
as  yet,  owing  to  the  dissensions  that  existed  between  the  army  and  the 
parhament,  not  subjected  to  any  farther  indignities.  From  this  state  of 
comparative  tranquillity  the  unhappy  Charles  was  aroused  by  a  couj>  de 
mam,  higiily  characteristic  alike  of  the  boldness  and  shrowdne'ss  of  Crom- 
well. He  demonstrated  to  his  confidants  of  the  army  that  the  possession 
of  the  king's  person  must  needs  give  a  vast  preponderance  to  any  of  thu 
existing  parties.  The  royalists,  it  was  obvious,  would  at  the  order  of  the 
king  rally  round  him,  even  in  conjunction  with  the  parliament,  which  by 
forming  such  a  junction  could  at  any  moment  command  the  pardon  of  tho 
King,  when  the  army,  besides  other  difficulties,  would  be  placed  in  the 
flisadvaiitageous  position  of  fighting  against  all  branches  of  the  govern- 
ment, including  even  that  one  to  whose  will  and  authoritjr  it  owed  its  own 
existence.  As  usual,  his  arguments  were  successful,  and  Comet  Joyce, 
«iw  at  the  breaking  out  ol  the  rebellioi  had    een  only  i  tailor,  was  dis' 


^ 


i 


i  { 


Bm 


\/ 


ftSC 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


patched  with  five  hundred  cavalry  to  seize  the  king's  person  at  Holmbj 
castle.  Though  strictly  watched,  the  king  was  but  slenderly  guarded,  for 
the  parliament  had  no  suspicion  of  the  probability  of  any  such  attempt  on 
the  part  of  the  army.  Cornet  Joyce,  therefore,  found  no  difficulty  in  ob- 
taming  acceas  to  the  king,  to  whom  he  made  known  the  purport  of  his 
mission.  Surprised  at  this  sudden  determination  to  remove  him  to  the 
headquarters  of  the  army,  the  king,  with  some  anxiety,  asked  Joyce  to 
produce  his  commission  for  so  extraordinary  a  proceeding,  and  Joyce, 
with  the  pelulence  of  a  man  suddenly  and  unexpectedly  elevated,  pointed 
to  his  troops,  drawn  up  before  the  window.  "  A  goodly  commission,"  re- 
plied Charles,  "and  written  in  fair  characters;"  he  then  accompanied 
Joyce  to  Triplo-heath  near  Cambridge,  the  head-quarters  of  the  army. 
Fairfax  and  other  discerning  and  moderate  men  had  by  this  time  begun  to 
see  the  danger  the  country  was  in  from  the  utter  abasemenf  of  the  kingly 
power,  and  to  wish  ft)r  such  an  accommodation  as  might  secure  the  peo- 
pie  without  destroying  the  king.  But  CromwcU's  bold  seizure  of  his 
majesty  had  enabled  him  to  throw  off  the  mask;  the  violent  and  fanatical 
spirit  of  the  soldiery  was  wholly  subjected  to  him,  and  on  his  arrival  al 
Iriplo-heath,  on  the  day  after  the  king  was -taken  thither  by  Joyce,  Crom- 
well was  by  acclamation  elected  to  the  supreme  command  of  the  army. 

Though,  at  the  outset,  the  parliament  was  wholly  opposed  to  the  exor- 
bitant pretensions  of  the  army,  the  success  of  Cromwell's  machinations 
rendered  that  opposition  less  unanimous  and  compact  every  day,  and  at 
length  there  was  a  considerable  majority  of  parliament,  including  the  two 
speakers,  in  favour  of  the  army.  To  encourage  this  portion  of  the  par- 
liament, the  head-quarters  of  the  army  were  fixed  at  Hounslow-heath ; 
and  as  the  debates  in  the  house  daily  grew  more  violent  and  threatening, 
Bixty-two  members,  with  the  two  speakers,  fled  to  the  camp  at  Hounslow, 
and  formally  threw  themselves,  officially  and  personally,  upon  the  protec- 
tion of  the  army.  This  accession  to  his  moral  force  was  so  welcome  lo 
Cromwell,  that  he  caused  the  members  to  be  received  with  a  perfect  tu- 
mult of  applause ;  and  he  ordered  that  the  troops,  twenty  thousand  in  num- 
ber, should  move  upon  London  to  restore  these  fugitives  to  the  place 
which  they  had  voluntarily  ceded  and  the  duties  they  had  timorously  fled 
from.  ,  , 

While  the  one  portion  of  the  house  had  fled  to  the  protection  of  the 
soldiers,  the  other  portion  had  made  some  demonstrations  of  bringing  the 
struggle  age'nst  the  pretensions  of  the  army  to  anissue  in  the  field.  New 
speakers  were  chosen  in  the  place  of  the  fugitives,  orders  were  given  to 
enlist  new  troops,  and  the  train-bands  were  ordered  to  the  defence  of  the 
lines  that  enclosed  the  city.  But  when  Cromwell  with  twenty  thousand 
trained  and  unsparing  troops  arrived,  the  impossibility  of  any  hastily  or- 
ganized defence  being  available  against  him  became  painfully  evident. 
The  gates  were  thrown  open,  Cromwell  restored  the  speakers  and  the 
members  of  parliament,  several  of  th^  vposite  members  were  arbitrarily 
expelled  the  house,  the  mayor  of  Lonaon,  with  three  aldermen  and  the 
sheriffs,  were  committed  to  the  Tower,  other  prisons  were  crowded  with 
citizens  and  militia  officers,  and  the  city  lines  were  levelled,  the  more 
effectually  to  prevent  any  future  resistance  to  the  sovereign  will  and  pleas- 
ure of  the  army,  or,  rather,  of  its  master-spirit,  Cromwell 


CHAPTER  LII, 

THE    RBION    OP   CHARLES  I.  (cONOLUDBd). 

The  king  on  being  seized  by  the  army  was  sent  as  a  prisoner  to  his 

•  .    »" i M.  »l 4l !u    -1 1 „«»l.«/1    Up  iiroo  allnwpll 

paiacc  aj-  nuinpiui:  i;uiii'i.     mcic,  iiiu^gii  viuaciy  rrattufco,  nc  va 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


687 


the  access  of  his  friends  and  all  facilities  for  negoti»,ing  witli  parliament; 
But,  in  truth,  the  negotiating  parties  had  stood  upon  terms  which  almost 
necessarily  caused  distrust  on  the  one  hand  and  inciiicerity  on  the  other. 
Completely  divested  of  power  as  Charles  now  was,  it  seems  probable 
enough  that  he  would  promise  more  than  he  had  any  intention  of  perform- 
ing, while  the  lea'ling  men  on  the  other  side  could  not  but  feel  that  their 
rery  lives  would  depend  upon  his  sincerity  from  the  instant  that  he  should 
be  restored  to  liberty  and  the  exercise  of  his  authority.  Here  would  have 
been  quite  sufficient  difficulty  in  the  way  of  successful  negotiation ;  but, 
Desides  that,  Cromwell's  plans  were  perpetually  traversing  the  efforts  of 
ihe  king  when  his  majesty  was  sincere,  while  Cromwell's  active  espion- 
age never  allowed  any  flagrant  insincerity  to  escape  detection.  The 
king  at  length  perceived  the  inutility  of  negotiation,  and  made  his  escape 
to  the  Isle  of  Wight.  Here  he  hoped  to  remain  undisturbed  until  he 
could  either  escape  to  the  continent  or  receive  such  succours  thence  as 
might  enable  him,  at  least,  to  negotiate  with  the  parliament  upon  more 
equal  terms,  if  not  actually  to  try  his  fortune  anew  in  the  field.  But 
Colonel  Hammond,  the  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  though  he  in  some 
respects  treated  the  unfortunate  king  with  humanity,  made  him  prisoner, 
and  after  being  for  some  time  confined  jn  Carisbrook  castle,  the  unfortu- 
nate Charles  was  sent  in  custody  to  his  royal  castle  of  Windsor,  where  he 
was  wholly  in  the  power  of  the  army. 

Cromwell  and  those  who  acted  with  him  saw  very  plainly  that  the 
mere  anxiety  of  the  parliament  to  depress  the  praetorian  bands  which 
themselves  had  called  into  evil  and  gigantic  power,  was  very  likely  to 
lead  to  an  accommodation  with  the  king,  whose  own  sense  of  his  immi- 
nent danger  could  not  fail  to  render  him,  also,  anxious  for  an  early  settle- 
ment of  all  disputes.  The  artful  leaders  of  the  army  faction,  tlierefore, 
now  encouraged  their  dupes  and  tools  of  the  lower  sort  to  throw  off  the 
mask ;  and  rabid  yells  fo^r  the  pumshmenl  of  the  king  arose  on  all  sides. 
Peace  and  security  had  hitherto  been  the  cry ;  it  was  now  changed  to  a 
cry  for  vengeance.  From  Windsor  the  unhappy  king  was  conveyed  to 
Hurst-castle,  on  the  coast  of  Hampshire,  and  opposite  to  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
chiefly,  it  should  seem  to  render  communication  between  him  and  the  par- 
liamentary leaders  more  dilatory  and  difficult.  But  the  parlimnent,  grow- 
ing more  and  more  anxious  for  an  accommodation  in  precise  proportion 
as  it  was  rendered  more  and  more  impracticable,  again  opened  a  negotiation 
with  the  ill-treated  monarch,  and  despite  the  clamours  and  threats  of  the 
fanatical  soldiery,  seemed  upon  the  very  point  of  bringing  it  to  a  conclu- 
sion, when  a  new  coup  de  main  on  the  part  of  Cromwell  extinguished  all 
hope  in  the  bosoms  of  the  loyal  and  the  just.  Perceiving  that  the  obsti- 
nacy of  the  parliament  and  the  unhappy  vacillation  of  tlie  king  could  no 
longer  be  relied  upon,  Cromwell  sent  two  regiments  of  his  soldiery,  un- 
der the  command  of  Colonel  Pride,  to  blockade  the  house  of  commons. 
Forty-one  members  who  were  favourable  to  accommodation  were  actually 
imprisoned  in  a  lower  room  of  the  house,  a  hundred  and  sixty  were  inso- 
lently ordered  to  go  to  their  homes  and  attend  to  their  private  aflairs,  and 
only  about  sixty  members  were  allowed  to  enter  the  house,  the  whole  of 
those  being  furious  and  bigoted  independents,  the  pledged  and  deadly  ene- 
mies of  the  king,  and  the  mere  and  servile  tools  of  Cromwell  and  the 
army.  This  parliamentary  clearance  was  facetiously  called  ''Pride's 
purge,"  and  the  members  who  had  the  disgraceful  distinction  of  being 
deemed  fit  for  Cromwell's  dirty  work,  ever  after  passed  under  the  tii^e  of 
"the  rump." 

With  a  really  ludicrous  impudence  this  contemptible  assembly  assumtd 
to  itself  the  whole  power  and  character  of  the  parliament,  voted  that  aU 
that  had  been  done  towards  an  accommodation  with  the  king  was  illegal, 
aud  that  ilia  seizure  and  imprisonment  by  "the  general"— «u  Cromwell 


f  5 


588 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


'vas  nowtenned,  par  exce«cnce— were  just  and  praiseworthy.  All  moder 
ation  was  thrown  to  the  winds,  and  as  the  actual  private  murder  of  tho 
king  was  thought  likely  to  disgust  the  better  men  even  among  the  fanati- 
cal soldiery,  a  committee  of "  the  rump"  parliament  was  formed  to  digem 
a  charge  of  high  treason.  It  would  seem  that  the  subtlest  casuist  would 
be  puzzled  to  make  out  such  a  charge  against  a  king ;  and  especially  m 
an  age  when  monarchy  in  England  was  so  newly  and  so  imperfectly  lim- 
ited.  But  "  the  rump''  was  composed  of  men  who  knew  no  difficulty  of 
the  moral  sort.  The  king,  most  rightfully,  and  supported  by  the  most 
illustrious  of  his  nobles  and  the  wealthiest  and  most  loving  of  his  gentry, 
had  drawn  the  sword  to  reduce  to  order  and  peace  a  rabid  and  greedy 
faction,  which  threatened  his  crown  and  tore  the  vitals  of  his  country. 
And  this  justifiable,  though  sad  and  lamentable  exertion  of  force,  aftei  ail 
milder  means  had  failed,  •'  the  rump"  now  charged  against  the  king  as 
treason ;  a  treason  of  a  kind  never  before  dreamed  ol,  a  levying  war 
against  his  parliament !  Surely,  the  unhappy  Charles  had  now  but  too 
much  reason  to  regret  that  he  had  not  by  a  just  severity  to  Lord  Kimbol- 
ion  and  his  five  co-accused  fire-brands,  crushed  this  venomous  parliament 
while  yet  he  had  the  power  to  do  so !  „  . ,  . 

As  there  was  now  no  longer,  thanks  to  "  Pride's  purge,"  a  chance  of 
further  negotiation,  it  was  determined  that  the  hapless  king  should  be 
brought  from  Hurst-castle  to  Windsor.  Colonel  Harrison,  a  half  insane 
and  wholly  brutal  fanatic,  the  son  of  a  butcher,  was  entrusted  with  this 
commission ;  chiefly,  perhaps,  because  it  was  well  understood  that  he 
would  rather  slay  the  royal  captive  with  his  own  hand  than  allow  him  to 
be  rescued.  After  a  brief  stay  at  Windsor,  the  king  was  once  again  re- 
moved  to  London,  and  his  altered  appearance  was  such  as  would  have 
excited  commisseration  in  the  breasts  of  any  but  the  callous  and  inexor- 
able creatures  in  whose  hands  he  was.  His  features  were  haggard,  his 
beard  long  and  neglected,  his  hair  blanched  to  a  ghastly  whiteness  by  suf- 
ferings  that  seemed  to  have  fully  doubled  his  age ;  and  the  boding  melaii- 
choly  that  had  characterised  his  features,  even  in  his  happier  days,  was 
now  deepened  down  to  ano^partat  yet  reb;gned  sadness  that  was  painful 

to  all  humane  beholders  ,.,,,,       .  ,      ,  . 

Sir  Philip  Warwick  -.n  old  and  broken  man,  but  faithful  and  loyal  to 
the  last,  was  the  king's  chief  attendant ;  and  he  and  the  few  subordinates 
who  were  allowed  to  approach  the  royal  person  were  now  brutal  v  ordered 
to  serve  the  king  without  any  of  the  accustomed  forms ;  and  all  eximal 
symbols  of  state  and  majesty  ware,  at  tho  same  time,  withdrawn  with  a 
petty  yet  malignant  carefulness.  .,     .        .1  .  t.i- 

Even  these  cruelties  and  insults  could  not  convince  the  km^  that  hn 
enemies  would  be  guilty  of  the  enormous  absurdity  of  bringing  then 
sovereign  to  a  formal  trial.  Calm,  just,  and  clear-sighted  himself,  he 
could  not  comprehend  how  even  his  fanatical  and  lM)orish  enpinies  c()Uld, 
in  the  face  of  day.  so  manifestly  bid  defiance  not  only  to  all  hwv  and  all 
precedent,  but  also  to  the  plainest  maxims  of  common  sonso.  Dut  thougn 
almost  to  tho  very  day  of  his  trial  the  king  refused  to  believe  that  his 
enemies  would  dare  to  try  him,  he  did  believe  that  they  intended  to 
assassinate  him,  and  in  every  meal  of  which  he  partook  he  imagined  ihui 
he  saw  the  instrument  of  his  death.  .  ,. 

A.  D.  1648.-In  the  meantime,  the  king's  enemies  were  actively  making 
prenariitioiiB  for  the  most  extraordinary  trial  over  witnessed  in  hnglaiia. 
These  preparations  we-e  so  extensive  that  they  occupied  a  vast  iiumDer  01 
iiersons  from  the  sixth  to  the  twentieth  of  January.  As  if  tlio  more  uiiy 
to  convince  the  King  of  their  earnestness  in  the  matter,  Cromwell  an-Hlie 
nimp,  when  they  had  named  a  high  court  of  justice,  consisting  «)l  a  mm- 

iliti<i   ouu  iniriy-l'«r'~«^  priewu:?,   wrur.v.;:  ■.:iv  unr.r-  -_•;  -  ---  r 

bad  doomed  to  death  for  his  unshakon  loyalty  to  his  sovereign,  tt  De  so 


«  merely  usurped 


\ 


\ 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


689 


imtted  to  take  leave  of  the  king  at  Windsor.  The  interview  was  a  har- 
rowing  one.  The  duke  had  ever  been  ready  to  pour  out  his  blood  like 
water  for  his  sovereign ;  even  now  he  felt  not  for  himself,  but,  moved  to 
tears  by  the  sad  alteration  in  the  person  of  Charles,  threw  himself  at  tlie 
royal  victim's  feet,  exclaiming,  "  My  dear  master !"  •'  Alas  I"  said  the 
weeping  king,  as  he  raised  up  his  faithful  and  devoted  servant,  "  Alas  !  I 
have,  indeed,  been  a  dear  master  to  you !"  Terrible,  at  this  moment,  must 
hav3  been  the  king's  self-reproaches  for  the  opportunities  he  had  neglected 
of  putting  down  the  wretches  who  now  had  his  faithful  servant  and  him- 
self in  their  power ! 

Of  the  persons  named  to  sit  in  tlie  high  court  of  justice,  as  this  shame 
fully  unjust  and  iniquitous  coterie  was  impudently  termed,  only  about 
seventy,  or  scarcely  more  than  one  half,  could  be  got  together  at  any  one 
time  during  the  trial.  Low  citizens,  fanatical  members  of  the  rump,  and 
servile  officers  of  the  army,  composed  the  majority  of  those  who  did  at- 
tend, and  it  was  before  this  wretched  assembly  that  the  legitimate  sov- 
ereign  of  the  land,  now  removed  from  Windsor  to  St.  James,  was  placed 
to  undergo  the  insulting  mockery  of  a  trial. 

The  court,  "the  high  court  of  justice"  thus  oddly  constituted,  met  in 
WVstminster-hall.  The  talents  and  firmness  of  Charles  were  even  now 
too  much  respected  by  Cromwell  and  the  shrewder  members  of  "the 
rump"  to  allow  of  their  opjiosing  this  miserable  cour?  to  him  without  the 
ablest  procurable  aid ;  Bradshaw,  a  lawyer  of  considerable  ability,  was 
therefore  appointed  president,  and  Coke,  solicitor  for  the  people  of  Eng 
(and,  with  Steel,  Aske,  and  Dorislaus  for  his  assistants. 

When  led  by  a  mace-bearer  to  a  seat  within  the  bar,  the  king  seated 
himself  with  his  hat  on,  and  looked  sternly  around  him  at  the  traitors  who 
affected  to  be  his  competent  judges.  Coke  then  read  the  charge  against 
him,  and  the  king's  melancholy  countenance  was  momentarily  lighted  up 
with  a  manlv  and  just  scorn  as  he  heard  himself  gravely  accused  of  hav- 
lug  been  "  the  caUse  of  all  the  bloodshed  which  had  followed  since  the 
sominencement  of  the  war !" 

When  Coke  had  finished  making  his  formal  charge,  the  president.  Brad- 
ihaw,  addressed  the  king,  and  called  upon  him  to  answer  to  the  accusation 
which  he  had  heard  made  against  him. 

Though  the  countenance  of  Charles  fully  expressed  the  natural  and 
lofty  indignation  that  he  felt  at  being  called  upon  to  plead  as  a  mere  felon 
liefore  a  court  composed  not  merely  of  simple  commoners,  but,  to  a  very 
great  extent, of  the  most  ignorant  and  least  honounible  men  in  their  ranks 
ofhfe,  he  admirably  preserved  his  temper,  and  addressed  himself  to  his 
talk  with  earnest  and  grave  argument.  He  said  that,  conscious  as  he  waa 
of  innocence,  he  should  rejoice  at  an  opportunity  of  justifying  his  conduct 
in  every  particular  before  a  competent  tribunal,  but  as  he  was  not  inclined 
to  become  the  betrayer  instead  of  the  defender  of  the  constitution,  he  must 
at  tills,  the  very  first  stage  of  the  proceedings,  wholly  and  positively  re- 
pudiate the  authority  of  the  court  before  which  he  had  been  as  illegally 
brought,  as  the  court  itself  was  illegally  constituted.  Where  was  there 
even  the  shadow  of  the  upper  house  f  Without  it  there  could  be  no  Just 
tribunal,  parliamentary  or  appointed  by  parliament.  He  was  interrupted, 
loo,  for  the  purposes  of  this  illegal  trial  just  as  he  was  on  the  point  of  con- 
cluding a  treaty  with  both  houses  of  parliament,  a  moment  at  which  he 
luruly  had  a  right  to  expect  anything  rather  than  the  violent  and  unjust 
ireatment  that  Tie  had  experienced.  Ho,  it  could  not  be  denied,  was  the 
king  and  fountain  of  law,  and  could  not  bo  tried  by  laws  to  which  ho  had 
not  given  his  authority  ;  and  it  would  ill  become  him,  who  was  entrusted 
with  the  liberties  of  the  people,  to  betray  them  by  even  a  formal  and  tacit 


a  merely  usurped  powei. 


i^-una;  Wiijc::  COUjtj  lioi  j«/33juij  pu33C33  aiij'  w;*icr  tnan 


I.      f> 


590 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


Bradshnw,  the  president,  affected  much  surprise  and  indignation  at  the 
king's  repudiation  of  the  mock  court  of  justice  which,  he  said,  received 
its  power  and  authority  from  the  source  of  all  right,  the  people.  When 
the  king  attempted  to  repeat  his  clear  and  cogent  objection,  Dradshaw 
rudely  interrupted  and  despotically  overruled  him.  But,  if  silenced  by 
clamour,  the  king  was  not  to  be  turned  aside  from  his  course  by  the  mere 
repetition  of  a  bold  fallacy.  Again  and  again  he  was  brought  before  this 
mock  tribunal,  and  again  and  again  he  baffled  all  attempts  at  making  hini, 
by  pleading  to  it,  give  it  some  shadow  of  lawful  authority.  The  conduct 
of  the  rabble  without  was  fully  worthy  of  the  conduct  of  their  self-con- 
stituted governors  within  the  court.  As  the  king  proceeded  to  the  court, 
ho  was  assailed  with  brutal  yells  for  what  the  wicked  or  deluded  men 
called  "justice."  But  neither  the  mob  nor  their  instigators  could  induce 
him  to  plead,  and  the  iniquitous  court  at  length  called  some  compjuisant 
witnesses  to  swear  that  the  king  had  appeared  in  arms  against  forces  com- 
missioned  by  parliament ;  and  upon  this  fallacy  of  evidence,  sentence  ol 
death  was  pronounced  against  him.  We  call  the  evidence  a  mere  fallacy, 
because  it  amounted  to  nothing  unless  backed  by  the  gross  and  monstrous 
assumption  that  the  parliament  could  lawfully  commission  any  forces 
without  the  order  and  permission  of  the  king  himself,  and  the  no  less 
glaring  assumption  that  the  king  could  act  illegally  in  putting  down  rebel- 
lious gatherings  of  born  subjects. 

After  receiving  his  sentence  Charles  was  more  violently  abused  by  the 
rabble  outside  than  he  had  even  formerly  been.  "  Execution"  was  loudly 
deman(h'd,  and  one  filthy  and  unmanly  ruffian  actually  spat  in  his  face, 
a  beastly  indignity  which  the  king  bore  with  a  sedate  and  august  pity, 
merely  ejaculating,  "  Poor  creatures,  they  would  serve  their  generals  in 
the  same  manner  for  a  sixpence  !" 

To  the  honour  of  the  nation  be  it  said,  these  vi.e  insults  of  the  baser 
rabble  were  strongly  contrasted  by  the  respectful  compassion  of  the  better 
informed.  Many  of  them,  including  some  of  the  miitary,  openly  ex, 
pressed  their  regret  for  the  sufferings  of  the  king  and  the:  disgust  at  the 
condui't  of  his  persecutors.  One  soldier  loud.y  p,ayed  a  blessMig  on  tha 
royal  head,  and  the  honest  prayer  being  overhear  i  by  a  fanatical  officer, 
he  struck  the  soldier  to  the  ground.  The  king,  more  irlig-iaiit  at  this 
outrage  on  the  loyal  soldier  than  he  had  b?er.  at  ai.  the  unmanly  insults 
that  Inid  been  heaped  upon  himself,  turned  to  the  officer  and  sharp  y  told 
him  that  the  punisnment  very  much  exceeded  the  offence. 

On  returning  to  Whitehall,  where  he  had  been  lodged  during  the  mock 
trial,  Charles  wrote  to  the  so-called  house  of  commons,  and  rcquesied 
that  he  might  be  allowed  to  see  those  of  his  children  who  were  in  F.ng- 
land,  nnil  to  have  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Juxon,  the  deprived  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, in  preparing  for  the  fatb  which  he  now  clearly  saw  awaited  him. 
Kven  his  fanatical  enemies  dared  not  refuse  these  requests,  but  at  the 
same  time  that  they  were  granted  he  was  informed  that  his  execution 
would  take  place  in  three  days. 

The  queen,  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  the  duke  of  York  wero  happily 
abroad;  hut  the  princess  Elizabeth  and  tlie  duke  of  Gloucester,  a  child 
not  mu<rh  mure  than  three  yearn  old,  were  brought  into  the  presence  of 
their  unhappy  parent.  The  interview  was  most  affecting,  for,  young  as 
the  children  were,  they  but  too  well  comprehended  the  sad  calamity  that 
was  about  to  befal  them.  The  king,  among  the  many  exhortations  which 
lie  endeavoured  to  adapt  to  the  underatandingof  his  infant  son,  said,  "My 
child,  they  will  cut  off  my  head,  and  when  they  have  done  that  they  will 
want  to  make  you"king,  But  now  mark  well  what  I  say,  you  must  nevei 
Ronaent  to  be  king  while  your  brothers  Charles  and  James  are  alive 
They  will  cut  off  their  heads  if  they  can  take  them,  and  they  will  after 
war  la  cut  off  your  head,  and  thcrcforo  1  charge  you  do  not  be  made  3 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


691 


king  by  them."  The  noble  little  fellow,  having  listened  attentively  to  al! 
that  his  father  said  to  him,  burst  into  a  passion  of  tears  and  exclairned, 
"  I  won't  be  a  king ;  I  will  be  torn  in  pieces  first." 

Short  as  the  interval  was  between  the  conclusion  of  the  mock  trial  o( 
the  king  and  his  murder,  great  efforts  were  made  to  save  him,  and  among 
others  was  that  of  the  prince  of  Wales  sending  a  blank  paper,  signed  and 
sealed  by  himself,  accompanied  by  a  letter,  in  which  he  offered  permis- 
sion to  the  parliament  to  insert  whatever  terms  it  pleased  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  his  father's  life.  But  there  was  an  under-current  at  work  of  which 
both  the  king  and  his  attached  friends  were  fatally  ignorant.  The  real 
cause  of  the  murder  of  Charles  I.  was  the  excessiv*;  oersonal  terror  of 
Oliver  Cromwell.  This  we  state  on  an  indisputably  legitimate  deduction 
from  an  anecdote  related  by  Cromwell  himself;  and  the  anecdote  is  so 
curious  and  so  characteristic  of  Cromwell  that  we  subjoin  it.  In  truth,  how 
broad  a  light  does  this  anecdote  throw  on  this  most  shameful  portion 
of  F.iglish  history ! 

While  the  king  was  still  at  Windsor  and  allowed  to  correspond  both 
with  the  parliament  and  his  distant  friends,  it  is  but  too  clear  that  he  al- 
lowed the  vile  character  and  proceedings  of  his  opponent  to  warp  his  nat- 
urally high  character  from  the  direct  and  inflexible  honesty  which  is  pro- 
verbially and  truly  said  to  be  the  best  policy.  Vacillation  and  a  desire  to 
make  use  of  subterfuge  were  apparent  even  in  his  direct  dealings  with 
the  parliament,  and  would  have  tended  to  have  prolonged  the  negotiations 
even  had  the  parliament  been  earnest  in  its  wish  for  an  Accommodation 
at  a  far  earlier  period  than  it  really  was.  But  it  was  in  his  private  cor- 
respondence, especially  with  the  queen,  that  Charles  displayed  the  real  in- 
sincerity of  much  of  his  public  profession.  iSeeing  the  great  power  ol 
Cromwell,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  divining  that  daring  and  subtle 
man's  real  character,  Charles  had  not  only  wisely  but  even  successfully 
endeavoured  to  win  Cromwell  to  his  aid.  There  was,  as  yet,  but  lit- 
tle probability  that  even  if  Charles  himself  were  put  out  of  the  way,  a 
high-hearted  nation  would  set  aside  the  whole  family  of  its  legitimate 
king,  merely  to  give  a  more  than  regal  despotism  into  tho  coarse  hands 
of  the  son  of  a  provincial  brewer !  At  this  period  the  grasping  ambition  ot 
the  future  protector  would,  in  the  absence  of  all  probability  of  illegitimate 
ly  acquired  sovereignty,  have  been  satisfied  with  the  trust,  honours, 
wealth,  and  power  which  the  gratitude  of  his  sovereign  could  have  be- 
stowed on  him.  Cromwell,  consequently,  was  actually  pondering  the 
propriety  of  setting  up  the  king  and  becoming  "  viceroy  over"  him,  when 
tho  startling  truth  was  revealed  to  him,  that  the  king  was  merely  duping 
him,  and  intended  to  sacrifice  him  as  a  traitor  when  he  should  have  done 
with  him  as  a  tool.  ElTectually  served  by  his  spies,  Cromwell,  who  had 
slre-idy  some  grounds  for  suspecting  Charles'  real  designs  towards  him, 
received  information  that  on  a  certain  night  a  man  would  leave  the  Blue 
Hoar  in  Holborn  for  Dover,  on  his  way  to  the  continent,  and  that  in 
the  flap  of  his  saddle  a  most  important  packet  would  be  found,  contain- 
ing a  voluminous  letter  from  the  king  to  tlie  queen.  On  the  night  in 
question,  Cromwell  and  Ireton,  in  tho  disguise  of  troopers,  lounged  iiilo 
llio  Blue  Boar  tup,  and  there  passed  away  the  time  in  drinking  beer 
and  watching  some  citizens  playing  at  shovel-board,  until  they  saw  the 
man  arrive  of  whom  they  had  received  an  exact  description.  V'ollowing 
the  man  into  tho  stable  they  ripped  open  the  saddle  and  found  tho  packet, 
And,  to  his  dismay  and  rage,  Cromwell  read,  in  the  hand  writing  of 
Charles,  the  monarch's  exultation  at  having  tickled  his  vanity,  and  his 
expressed  determination  to  raise  him  for  a  time,  only  to  crush  "him  whrn 
the  opportunity  should  occur.  From  that  moment  terror  made  (Jromwell 
inexorable  ;  ho  saw  no  security  for  his  own  safety  except  in  the  complete 
desiruciion  of  tho  king.    Hence  the  indecent  and  deierrnined  trial  and 


h 


h 


592 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD, 


sentence;  and  hence,  too,  the  absolute  contempt  that  was  shown  for  all 
efforts  at  preventing  the  sentence  from  being  executed. 

Whatever  want  of  resolution  Charles  may  have  shown  in  other  p:i8- 
isages  of  his  life,  the  time  he  was  allowed  to  live  between  sentence  anil 
evecution  exhibited  him  in  the  not  unfrequently  combined  characters  of 
the  christain  and  thoihero.  No  invectives  against  the  iniquity  of  which 
he  was  the  victim  escaped  his  lips,  and  he  slept  the  deep  calm  sleep 
of  innocence,  though  on  each  night  his  enemies,  with  a  refinement  upon 
cruelty  more  worthy  of  fiends  than  of  men,  assailed  his  ears  with  the 
noise  of  men  erecting  the  scaffold  for  his  execution. 

When  the  fatal  morning  at  length  dawned,  the  king  at  an  early  hour 
called  one  of  his  attendants,  whom  he  desired  to  attire  him  with  more 
than  usual  care,  as  he  remarked  that  he  would  fain  appear  with  all  pro- 
per preparation  for  so  great  and  so  joyful  a  solemnity.  The  scaffold  was 
erected  in  front  of  Whitehall,  and  it  was  from  the  central  windows  of  his 
own  most  splendid  banqueting  room  that  the  king  stepped  on  to  the  scaf- 
fold on  which  .he  was  to  be  murdered. 

When  his  majesty  Appeared  he  was  attended  by  the  faithful  and  attach- 
ed Dr.  Juxon,  and  was  received  by  two  masked  executioiters  standing 
beside  the  block  and  the  axe.  The  scaffold,  entirely  covered  with  fine 
black  4;loth,  was  densely  surrounded  by  soldiers  under  the  command  0/ 
Colonel  Tomlinson,  while  in  the  distance  was  a  vast  multitude  of  people. 
The  near  and  violent  death  that  awaited  him  seemed  to  produce  no  effect 
on  the  king's  nerves.  He  gazed  gravely  but  calmly  around  him,  and  said, 
to  all  to  whom  the  concourse  of  military  would  admit  of  his  speaking,  that 
the  late  war  was  ever  deplored  by  him,  and  was  commenced  by  tlie  par- 
liament. He  had  not  taken  up  arms  until  compelled  by  the  warlike  and 
illegal  conduct  of  the  parlian/ent,  and  had  done  so  only  to  defend  his  peo- 
ple from  oppression,  and  to  preserve  intact  the  authority  which  had  been 
transmitted  to  him  by  his  ancestors.  But  though  he  positively  denied  tha; 
there  was  any  legal  authority  in  the  court  by  which  he  had  been  tried,  o) 
any  truth  in  the  charge  upon  which  he  had  been  condemned  and  sentenced 
he  added  that  his  fute  was  a  just  punishment  for  his  weakly  and  criminal 
ly  consenting  to  the  equally  unjust  execution  of  the  earl  of  Strafford. 
He  emphatically  pronounced  his  forgiveness  of  all  his  enemies,  named 
his  son  as  his  successor,  and  expressed  his  hope  that  the  people  woulc! 
now  return  to  their  duty  under  that  nrince ;  and  he  concluded  his  brief 
and  manly  address  by  calling  upon  all  present  to  bear  witness  that  he 
died  a  sincere  protestant  of  the  churcn  of  England. 

No  one  heard  this  address  without  being  deeply  moved  by  it,  and  even 
Colonel  Tomlinson,  who  had  the  unenviable  task  of  superintending  the 
murder  of  his  prince,  confessed  that  that  address  had  made  him  a  convert 
to  the  royal  cause. 

The  royal  martyr  now  began  to  disrobe,  and,  as  he  did  so.  Dr.  Juxon 
said  to  hi'ni,  "  Sire!  there  is  but  one  stage  more,  which,  though  a  turbu- 
lent and  trouDlesome  one,  is  still  but  a  short  one  ;  it  will  soon  carry  vou 
a  great  way  ;  it  will  carry  you  from  earth  to  heaven,  and  there  you  shall 
find,  to  yonr  great  joy,  the  prize  to  which  you  are  hastening,  a  crown 
of  glory." 

"  I  go,"  replied  the  king. "where  no  disturbance  can  take  place,  from  a 
coriuptible  to  an  incorruptible  crown." 

"  Yon  exclinngp,"  rejoined  the  bishop,  "  a  temporal  for  an  eternal 
crown — a  gooJ  exchange." 

Charles,  having  now  completed  his  preparatimis,  delivered  his  decora- 
tions of  St.  George  to  Dr.  Juxon,  and  emphatically  pronounced  the  sin- 
gle word  "Remember!"  He  then  calmly  laid  his  head  upon  the  block, 
and  it  was  sevornd  from  his  body  at  one  blow ;  the  second  executiouei 
liumeaiaieiy  noia  n  up  vj  xnc  nair,  ana  ssia,  "  bchviu  tnc  sic=-^  --  - 
traitor  !'♦ 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD.  593 

executed  but  murdered ;  he  was  Suv^^^^^^  '"'  '■'5"-    "«  ^^s  not 

vacillation  of  judgment  •  his TrLK^  r  ?"  """^  ''"'  weakness  or 
stern  ener^ry  of  aTenrv  VIII  o?.„  rf^'"  ""^  "'^^  *>'«  «"»'"  "f  the 
erted  at  the  beg.W  Jf  h L  VeVLf.K''^'''  '"^? /"  «"«••»>•  ^^ 
tne  traitorous,  and  wo^ulS  have  XampSanH^pLn  ?."•''  '^'II  *°  ^"'"h 
to  increase  and  systematize  the  iZS  <?f  h"  ^"^^.'^"^  ^""  subsequently 
.ubjecting  it  to  th'e  rur'^uVfitS^'f^  cf^lVa';""''^'  without da'l.ger o^ 

iatll^SKsmuUitirU^^^^^^^  ''  flow.'beforethe 

vile  shouts  had  assisted  B.?  rS.  ^''^  violence  which  their  own 
Ihe  power  of  their  murdered  monarKT^''^??.'""  '^^^5  '""'e  than 
With  that  8us^  dirwhich  Ce?  haunts"°th/'"^  ""''•  ''A?X'  ''«"^-- 
and  his  friends  attached  much  mvJterionri™n„,1  ^"'''?'  "?'"'''«  ^'"'""^e" 
so  emphatically  pronounced  bv^ChariP«  r.^A^l^"''''  V^^ "Remembb." 
Juxon,  and  that  iLrne^and  ex^ceUent  ,mn  w.,''''fh""^.*'''  ^^'^^  ^°  ^'•• 
ed  to  give  an  account  of  the  kina',  J^o  •  '  authoritatively  command- 
of  the  word.  Tnhenevnr3hL  '*"'•"/'''•'■  ^'^  °^"  understanding 
the  doctor  informed  them  Sthi^in^'V'^'"''""  °V'^°«''  ^^'^  '"'"d'^ 
mer  and  particular  request  to  dXrM^'T''?u^^  "P°"  ^'"^  «  for- 
and  at  the  same  limXu  ge  the  comm^?d  nTV''  ?«?"»««  «f  Wales, 
murderers  I  ^  command  of  his  father  to  forgive  hii 


CHAPTER  LIII. 

THE  COMMONWEALTH. 

.«^''*Tf^""  "'?'''  ^^''^  ^^^  Cromwell's  orieinal  vinwa  V,?,  ^n-. 
ce  ses,  the  vast  influence  he  had  obtained  over  rP«Tmvl^'''"^. '''''- 
still  more  than  either  of  these  thn  ha.-  o«^  !.^j    .  *"",?'  ^"'''  Perhaps, 
liament  to  truckle  to  his  Stary^J,Ter  and  S.'t  h?"^'"'''  "^'^^  ""' 
ha  f  way  in  his  most  unjust  and  LKaiUwiZf.''"  7^"  '""'"^  •'^«" 
unbounded  and  tempting  for  his  ambit  in  .«  I      »'  "P^"®*^  '^  prospect  to(, 

wthe  circumstanceVof  tie  time    mar^  ♦^"*  P^A'^^'  "»  «'«" 

'he  first  instance,  to  exalt  stK^hTrflL       ?'''""/  "P""  Cromwell,  in 

daring.  Ireland  had  a  .  cip  £ h^st  inTrmi;  ^f'  '" /''""^  "'''"  °"^ 
under  the  duke  of  Ormond.  and  larce  mnlfh„r  r  fl'' /''^  '"''>"''  '^«"'»« 
at  the  same  time  in  open  rrvSit  under  tl«rl'n  "^"'«^tivo  Irish  were 
CromweH  procured  the  commanH  of  ih!  ^  ^'^"'  ".'"^  ^^""g  O'Neal 
both  those  farti*.,.  anrfuSy  s^ceeded  How  i"''^?" 'r'  I"  P»'  ^«^" 
"A7,ro'''*''n^  ••^l"'^^  ".fd/rX  prosper  heTd."'"'^''"'''^^  '^^  "«^^  ^^^ 

m^ntVrSaV?e:.n;id"hirth1  thrnKiS  ^"«'""1.  "'f-P""'''''  P-"- 
odious  cruelty,  he  had  weM  merited  I  ,1 '  "''"'P'  ""'^'^  """f^'''^"  «"d 
moment  presented  itself  fo  the  „Vfftnrltpr."Pr'".^H"'ty  »t  the  same 
nate  adventurer.  We  Scotl  xvhn  hi  f'"'' '^  ""^  '^'''  ^"''^  "n^l  fortu- 
handsof  his  eneme'^w^re  low^nJe^^^^^^^^^^  ?''"■•'*'«»•  '"»«  "'«^ 

loyalty,  as  they  had  formerirmarfe  Irbv  vpnfl   , '""''^  "Tr^  ^^  ^•"'^' 
'■ted  Charles  II.  into  Scotland    whee  tLt  ^1  ''"'""'    T'^^y  »"»'^  i»- 
foniul  that  they  looked  upon  him  7a  hnr  n.      ^^  ^"""if  P""''*'  "P^^^'ly 
ThP|TrossnP3softhriri^nn««       .?.    '  '\  P^'^o^r  than  as  their  kin/. 

difflculty,  for,  youn^  as  Charfes  II  was  M  llT'l  ''1'  '""'""'  "^"'•'' 
Ifroasnoss  and  poverty  than  commm.ir  '  ""!  /*  ''^''''y  "«'*"»  ""o™  "^ 
"••Ifreat.     ButTharL  l/frrrJl'L^Tf^^'^'f''"  }^P  knowledge  of 

"^Vri.^  and  ua,oasonabie-a;aco«;;e;  t;Sc.r^;ri.:Sd  J^ 


n 


^.risfi 


;94 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


him  did  not  annoy  him  more  than  their  evident  determination  to  make 
him  at  the  least  affect  to  agree  with  them.  As,  however,  the  Scots 
were  his  only  present  hope,  Charles  did  his  utmost  to  avoid  quarreling 
with  them ;  and  however  they  might  annoy  him  while  among  them,  what- 
ever might  be  their  ultimate  views  respecting  him,  certain  it  is  that  they 
raised  a  very  considerable  army,  and  snowed  every  determination  to  re- 
instate him  in  his  kingdom. 

Even  merely  as  being  Presbyterians  the  Scotch  were  detested  by  Grom- 
well  and  his  independents ;  but  now  that  they  had  also  embraced  the  cause 
of  "the  man  Charles  Stuart,"  as  these  boorish  English  independents  af- 
fected to  call  their  lawful  spvereign,  it  was  determined  that  a  signal  chas- 
Uaement  should  be  inflicted  upon  them.  The  command  of  an  army  for 
that  purpose  was  offered  to  Fairfax,  but  he  declined  it  on  the  honourable 
ground  that  he  was  unwilling  to  act  against  Presbyterians.  Cromwell 
had  no  such  scruple,  and  he  immediately  set  out  for  Scotland  with  an  army 
of  sixteen  thousand  men,  which  received  accessions  to  its  numbers  in 
every  great  town  through  which  it  marched.  But  notwithstanding  even 
the  military  fame  of  Cromwell,  and  his  too  well  known  cruelty  to  all  who 
dared  to  resist  him  and  were  unfortunate  enough  to  be  vanquished,  the 
Scots  boldly  met  his  invasion.  But  boldness  alone  was  of  little  avail 
against  such  a  leader  as  Cromwell,  backed  by  such  tried  and  enthusiastic 
soldiers  as  his;  the  two  armies  had  scarcely  joined  battle  when  the 
Scots  were  put  to  flight,  their  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners  being 
very  great,  while  the  total  loss  of  Cromwell  did  not  exceed  forty  men. 

As  Cromwell  after  this  battle  pursued  his  course  northward,  with  the 
determination  not  only  to  chastise,  but  completely  and  permanently  to 
subdue  the  Scots,  the  young  king,  as  soon  as  he  could  rally  the  Scottish 
army,  took  a  resolution  which  showed  him  to  have  an  intuitive  knowledge 
of  military  tactics.  Making  a  detour  to  get  completely  clear  of  any  out- 
lying parties  of  Cromwell's  troops,  he  commenced  a  forced  march  into 
England,  the  northern  counties  of  which  lay  completely  open  and  defence- 
less.  The  boldness  of  this  course  alarmed  a  portion  of  the  Scottish  army, 
and  numerous  desertions  took  place  from  the  very  commencement  of  the 
march  southward  ;  but  as  Charles  still  had  a  numerous  and  imposing  force, 
there  was  every  reason  to  believe  that  long  ere  he  should  reach  London 
the  great  object  of  his  expedition,  the  gentry  and  middle  orders  would  flock 
to  him  in  such  numbers  as  would  render  altogether  out  of  the  question  any 
resistance  on  the  part  of  the  parliament,  especially  in  the  absence  of  Crom- 
well and  the  flower  of  the  English  troops.  But  the  bold  manoeuvre  of  the 
young  prince  was  doomed  to  have  none  of  the  success  which  it  so  emi- 
nently deserved.  Before  his  progress  was  suflUcient  to  counterbalance  in 
the  minds  of  his  subjects  the  terror  in  which  they  held  Cromwell,  that 
active  commander  had  received  news  of  the  young  king's  manoBuvre,  and 
had  instantly  retrograded  in  pursuit  of  him,  leaving  Monk,  his  second  in 
command,  to  complete  and  maintain  the  subjection  of  the  Scotch. 

There  has  always  appeared  to  us  to  be  a  striking  resemblance,  whicii 
we  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  noticed  by  any  other  writer,  between 
the  Cromwellian  and  the  Bonfipartean  systems.  To  compare  the  battles 
of  Cromwell  to  the  battles  of  Bonaparte  would  be  literally  to  make  moun- 
tains of  molehills ;  yet  the  principles  of  these  two  commanders  seem  to 
us  to  have  been  the  same,  and  to  be  summed  up  in  two  general  maxims, 
march  rapidly,  and  atlack  in  ma$iei.  The  phrases  are  simple  enough  in 
themselves,  yet  no  one  who  has  studied  a  single  battle-map  with  even  the 
■lightest  assistance  from  mathematical  science,  can  fail  \o  perceive  the 
immense,  we  had  almost  said  the  unbounded,  powers  of  their  application. 
On  the  present  occasion  the  celerity  of  Cromwell  was  the  destruction  o( 
the  young  king's  hopes.     With  an  »rmy  increased  by  tho  terror  of  his 

i  ._  ? ._?!• ...'.1 I n_^.>«..ll  mogffkaH  aniahward  in  rap- 

QOIBC  lo  ncany  suny  uiuusaxru  kxcxsi  -^-s-j-isirrT-!-  :r» 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


895 


idly,  that  he  absolutely  shut  up  the  forces  of  Charles  in  the  city  of  Wor- 
cester  ere  they  had  time  to  break  from  their  quarters  and  form  in  order  of 
hattle  in  aome  more  favourable  situation.     The  irresistible  cavalry  o 
Cromwell  burst  suddenly  and  simultaneously  in  at  every  gate  of  the  tuwn 
every  street,  almost  every  house  became  the  instant  scene  of  carnage ;  the 
Pitchcroft  was  literally  strewed  with  the  dead,  while  the  Severn  was 
linged  with  the  blood  of  the  wounded ;  and  Charles,  after  having  bravely 
fought  as  a  common  soldier,  and  skilfully,  though  unsuccessfully,  exerted 
himself  as  a  commander,  seemed  to  have  no  wish  but  to  throw  himself 
upon  the  swords  of  his  enemies.     It  was  with  difficulty  that  his  friends 
turned  him  from  his  desperate  purpose,  and  even  when  they  had  done  so 
It  appeared  to  be  ai  least  problematical  whether  he  would  be  able  to  escape. 
Accident,  or  the  devotion  of  a  peasant,  caused  a  wain  of  hay  to  be  over- 
turned opposite  to  one  of  the  gates  of  the  city  in  such  wise  that  Crom- 
well s  mounted  troops  could  not  pass,  and,  favoured  by  this  circumstance. 

,?u7t'«aTtTs:'fligl;r^  ''^'  "^" ''''  '""^  '^'"  'y  "^  ^-°'««^  ^"-^•"'S 

The  triumph  of  Cromwell  was  completed  with  this  battle  of  Worcester, 
bu  his  vengeful  desire  was  not  yet  laid  to  rest;  and  under  his  active  and 
untiring  supenntendance  prodigious  exertions  were  made  to  capture  the 
ll^rHL  ^"^'  7  ^''^  difficulties,  in  fact,  only  commenced  as  he  escaped 
from  the  confusion  and  the  carnage  of  Worcester.     Almost  destitute  of 
money  and  resources  of  every  kind,  and  having  reason  to  fear  an  enemy. 
JhVA*!  P""'^'P?«  "^f™"'  '"cre,  in  every  man  whom  he  met,  Charles  was 
obliged  to  trust  for  safety  to  disguise,  which  was  the  more  difficult  on  ac- 
count of  his  remarkable  and  striking  features.    Three  poor  men,  named 
Penderell,  disguised  him  as  a  woodcutter,  fed  him,  concealed  him  by 
?'^.k;  a"<i^«"bsequently  aided  him  to  reach  wealthier  though  not  more 
faithfully  devoted  friends.    While  with  these  poor  men,  Charles  in  the 
day-time  accompanied  them  to  their  place  of  labour  in  Boscobel  wood. 
On  one  occasion,  on  hearing  a  party  of  soldiers  approach,  the  royal  fugitive 
climbed  into  a  large  and  spreading  oak,  where,  sheltered  by  Its  friendly 
foliage,  he  saw  the  solders  pass  and  repass,  and  quite  distinctly  heard 
them  express  their  rude  wishes  to  obtain  the  reward  that  was  offered  for 
his  capture.     Thanks  to  the  incorruptible  fidelity  of  the  Penderells  and 
numerous  other  persons  who  were  necessarily  made  acquainted  with  the 
truth,  Charles,  though  he  endured  great  occasional  hardship  and  priva- 
tion and  was  necessarily  exposed  to  constant  anxiety,  eluded  every 
effort  of  his  almost  innumerable  pursuers,  urged  on  though  they  were  to 
the  utmost  activity  by  the  malignant  liberality  with  which  CroniweU  pro 
mised  to  reward  the  traitor  who  should  arrest  his  fugitive  king.     Under 
different  disguises,  and  protected  by  a  variety  of  persons,  the  young  kinir 
went  fro  a  place  to  place  for  six  weeks,  wanting  only  one  day,  and  his 
adventures  and  hair-breadth  escapes  during  that  time  read  far  more  likp 
romance  than  the  history  of  what  actually  was  endured  and  survived  bv  a 
human  being  persecuted  by  evil  or  misguided  men.     At  the  end  of  this 
time  he  was  fortunate  enough  to  get  on  board  a  vessel  which  landed  him 
iafely  on  the  coast  of  Normandy;  an  issue  to  so  long  and  varied  a  series 
of  adventures  which  is  more  remarkable  when  it  is  considered  that  forty 
men  and  women,  of  various  stations,  circumstances,  and  dispositions,  were 
during  that  terrible  season  of  Lis  flight,  necessarily  made  acquainted  with 
the  secret,  the  betrayal  of  which  would  have  made  any  one  of  them  opulent 
for  life,  and  infamous  forever.  *^ 

Cromwell,  in  the  meantime,  after  having  achieved  what  he  called  the 
crowninff  mercy"  of  the  victory  of  Worcester,  made  a  sort  of  triumphal 
return  to  Ijoiidon,  where  he  was  met  with  the  pomp  due  only  to  a  sove- 
reign, by  the  speaker  and  principal  members  of  the  house  of  commons 


w^\ 


m 


596 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  the  mayor  and  other  magistrates  of  London  in  their  state  habits  and 
paraphernalia. 

General  Monk  had  been  left  in  Scotland  with  a  sufficient  force  to  keep 
that  turbulent  people  in  awe ;  and  both  their  presbyterianism  and  the  im- 
minent peril  in  which  Charles'  bold  march  of  the  Scottish  army  had 
Stlaced  Cromwell  himself  and  that  "commonwealth"  of  which  he  was  now 
iiUv  determined  to  be  the  despot,  had  so  enra^red  Cromwell  against  that 
country,  that  he  seized  upon  his  first  hour  of  leisure  to  complete  its  de- 
gradation,  as  well  as  submission.  His  complaisant  parliament  only  re- 
quired a  hint  from  him  to  pass  an  act  which  might  have  been  fitly  enough 
entitled  "an  act  for  the  better  punishment  and  prevention  of  Scottish  loy- 
alty." By  this  act  royalty  was  declared  to  be  abolished  in  Scotland,  as 
it  had  previously  been  in  England,  and  Scotland  itself  was  declared  to  be 
then  annexed  to  England  as  a  conquest  and  a  province  of  "the  common- 
wealth." Cromwell's  hatred  of  the  Scotch,  however,  proceeded  no  farther 
than  insult ;  fortunately  for  them.  Monk,  who  was  left  as  their  resi- 
dent general  or  military  governor,  was  a  prudent  and  impartial  man,  free 
from  all  the  worst  fanaticism  and  wickedness  of  the  time ;  and  his  rigid 
impartiality  at  once  disposed  the  people  to  peace,  and  intimidated  the 
English  judges  who  were  entrusted  with  the  distribution  of  justice  in  that 
country,  from  being  guilty  of  any  injustice  or  tyranny  to  which  they  might 
otherwise  have  been  inclined.  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland— where 
Ireton  and  Ludlow  had  completed  the  very  little  that  Cromwell  had  left 
undone— were  thus  effectually  subjected  to  a  parliament  of  sixty  men, 
many  of  whom  were  the  weakest,  as  many  more  of  .them  were  the  wick- 
edest, the  most  ignorant,  and  the  most  fanatical  men  that  could  have  been 
found  in  England  even  in  hat  age.  So  says  history,  if  we  look  at  it  with 
a  merely  superficial  glance.  But,  in  truth,  the  hats  which  covered  the 
heads  of  those  sixty  men  had  fully  as  much  concern  as  the  men  themselves 
in  the  wonderfully  rapid  and  complete  subjugation  of  three  countries,  two 
of  which  had  never  been  otherwise  than  turbulent  and  sanguinary,  and 
the  third  of  which  had  just  murdered  its  sovereign  and  driven  his  legal 
successor  into  exile.  No ;  it  was  not  by  the  fools  and  the  fanatics,  care- 
fully weeded  out  of  the  most  foolish  and  fanatical  of  parliaments,  that  all 
this  great  though  evil  work  was  done.  Unseen,  save  by  the  few,  but  felt 
throughout  the  whole  English  domuiion,  Cromwell  dictated  every 
measure  and  inspired  every  speech  of  that  parliament  which  to  the  eyes 
of  the  vulgar  seemed  so  omnipotent.  His  sagacity  and  his  energy  did 
much,  and  his  known  vindictiveness  and  indomitable  firmness  did  the  rest; 
those  who  opposed  failed  before  his  powers,  and  their  failure  intimidated 
others  into  voluntary  submission.  The  channel  islands  and  the  Scottish 
isles  were  easily  subdued  on  account  of  their  proximity ;  the  American 
oolonies,  though  some  of  them  at  the  outset  declared  for  the  royal  cause, 
numbered  so  many  enthusiastic  religious  dissenters  among  their  popula- 
tions, that  they,  too,  speedily  submitted  to  and  followed  the  example  and 
orders  of  the  newly  and  guiltily  founded  "Commonwealth"  of  England. 

While  all  this  was  being  achieved,  the  real  government  of  England  was 
in  the  hands  of  Cromwell,  though,  in  form,  there  was  a  council  of  thirty- 
eight,  to  whom  all  addresses  and  petitions  were  presented,  and  who  had, 
iiominally,  the  managing  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  the  right  and  respoii- 
tsVility  of  making  war  and  peace.  The  real  moving-principle  of  this  po- 
tent council  was  the  mind  of  Cromwell.  And,  while  we  denounce  the 
flagrant  hypocrisy  of  his  pretensions  to  a  superior  sanctity,  and  his  traito- 
rous contempt  of  all  his  duties  as  a  subject,  impartial  truth  demands  thai 
we  admit  that  never  was  ili-obtained  power  better  wielded.  Next  aftei 
the  petty  and  cruei  persecution  of  individuals,  nominally  on  public  grounds 
but  really  in  revenge  of  private  injuries,  a  political  speculator  would  m^ 
fnlliblv  and  verv  naturaHv  nredict  that  a  noor  and,  comparatively  speaking 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


697 


/ow-born  private  man,  like  Cromwell,  being  suddenly  investeil  with  so 
vast  a  power  over  a  great  and  wealthy  nation,  would  make  his  ill-acquired 
authority  an  infamous  and  «  pecial  scourge  in  the  financial  department. 
But,  to  the  honour  of  Cronu  ell  be  it  said,  there  is  no  single  period  in  our 
history  during  which  the  public  finances  have  been  so  well  managed,  and 
administered  with  so  entire  a  freedom  from  greedy  dishonesty  and  waste, 
as  during  this  strange  man's  strange  adramistration.  It  is  quite  true  that 
the  crown  revenues  and  the  lands  of  the  bishops  were  most  violently  and 
shamefully  seized  upon  by  this  government,  but  they  were  not,  as  might 
have  been  anticipated,  squandered  upon  the  gratification  of  private  individ- 
uals. These,  with  a  farther  levy  upon  the  national  resources  that  amounted 
to  only  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  pounds  per  month,  supplied  the 
whole  demands  of  a  government  which  not  only  maintained  peace  in  its 
own  commonwealth  and  dependencies,  but  also  taught  foreigners  that, 
under  whatever  form  of  government,  England  still  knew  how  to  make 
herself  feared,  if  not  respected. 

Holland,  by  its  protection  of  the  royal  party  of  England,  had  given  deep 
offence  to  Cromwell,  who  literally,  "as  the  hart  panteth  for  cool  waters," 
panted  for  the  blood  of  Charles  H.  "  Whom  we  have  injured  we  nevei 
forgive,"  says  a  philosophic  satirist ;  and  Cromwell's  hatred  of  Charles  II. 
was  a  good  exemplification  of  the  sad  truth.  Hating  Holland  for  her  gen- 
erous  shelter  of  the  royalists,  Cromwell  eagerly  seized  upon  two  events, 
which  might  just  as  well  have  happened  in  any  other  country  under  the 
heaven,  as  a  pretext  for  making  war  upon  that  country. 

The  circumstances  to  which  we  allude  were  theso.  At  the  time  of  the 
mock  trial  that  preceded  the  shameful  murder  of  the  late  king.  Doctor  Do 
rislaus,  the  reader  will  remember,  was  one  of  the  "  assistants"  of  Coke 
the  "solicitor  for  the  people  of  England."  Under  the  government  of  the 
"commonwealth"  this  mere  hireling  was  sent  as  its  envoy  to  Holland.  A 
royalist  whose  own  fierce  passions  made  him  forget  that  it  is  written 
"vengeance  is  mine,  1  will  repay,  saith  the  Lord,"  and  who  would  see  no 
difference  between  the  ruffian  who  actually  wields  the  instrument,  and  the 
more  artful  but  no  less  abominable  ruffian  who  instigates  or  hires  the  ac- 
tual assassin,  put  Dorislaus  to  death.  No  sane  man  of  sound  Christian 
principles  can  justify  this  act;  but  how  was  Holland  concerned  in  it  I 
The  same  man  with  the  same  opportunity  would  doubtless  have  commit- 
ted the  same  act  in  the  puritan  state  of  New-England :  and  to  make  a 
whole  nation  answerable  in  their  blood  and  their  treasure  for  the  murder- 
ous act  of  an  individual  who  had  taken  shelter  among  them  was  an  ab- 
surdity  as  well  as  an  atrocity.  The  other  case  which  served  Cromwell 
as  a  pretext  for  declaring  war  against  Holland  was,  that  Mr.  St.  John, 
who  was  subsequently  sent  on  an  embassy  to  Holland,  received  some 
petty  insult  from  the  friends  of  the  prince  of  Orange !  But,  alas !  it  is 
not  alone  usurped  governments  that  furnish  us  with  these  practical  com- 
mentaries on  the  fable  of  the  wolf  and  the  lamb! 

The  great  naval  commander  of  this  time  was  Admiral  Blake.  Though 
he  did  not  enter  the  sea  service  until  very  late  in  life,  he  was  a  perfect 
master  of  naval  tactics,  and  his  daring  and  firmness  of  character  could 
not  be  surpassed.  When  tlie  war  was  declared  against  Holland  he  pro- 
ceeded to  sea  to  oppose  the  power  of  the  Dutch  admiral,  Voa  Tromp. 
The  actions  between  them  were  numerous  and  in  many  cases  tolerably 
equal,  hut  the  general  result  of  the  war  was  so  ruinous  to  the  trading  in- 
terests of  the  Dutch,  that  they  anxiously  desired  the  return  of  peace. 
But  though  it  was  chiefly  the  personal  feeling  and  personal  energy  of 
Cromwell  that  had  commenced  this  war,  his  hitherto  patient  and  obsequi 
ous  tools,  the  pariiament,  now  exerted  themselves  to  prolong  the  war  at 
**^  L°Pi"*  '*•".'  '0  weaken  that  power  of  the  army,  wielded  by  Cromwell 
??:x!e-h  of  laii;  thoy  had  feit  to  a  scarceiy  loierabie  degree. 


"  r\ 


*'!' 


698 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


But  effectual  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  parliament  was  now  wholir 
out  of  the  question ;  they  had  too  well  done  the  work  of  ihe  usurper,  wh'o 
was  probably  not  ill-pleased  that  their  present  petty  and  futile  attempt  at 
opposing  him  gave  him  a  pretext  for  crushing  even  the  last  semblance  of 
their  free  will  out  of  oxistence.  But  though  he  had  fully  determmed  upon 
a  new  and  decisive  mode  of  overruling  them,  Cromwell  initiated  it  with 
his  usual  art  and  tortuous  procedure.  He  well  knew  that  the  commons 
hated  the  army,  would  fain  have  disbanded  it,  if  possible,,  and  would  on 
no  account  do  aught  that  could  increase  eithsr  its  power  or  its  well-being ; 
on  the  other  hand,  he  was  equally  aware  that  the  soldiers  had  many  real 
grievances  to  complain  of,  and  also  entertained  not  a  few  prejudices 
against  the  commons.  To  embroil  them  in  an  open  quarrel,  and  then, 
seemingly  as  the  merely  sympathizing  redresser  of  the  wronged  sol- 
diery, to  use  them  to  crush  the  parliament  was  the  course  he  determined 
upon. 

A.  D.  1653. — Cromwell,  with  that  rugged  but  efficient  eloquence  which 
he  so  well  knew  how  to  use,  urged  the  officers  of  the  army  no  longer  to 
suffer  themselves  and  their  men  to  labour  under  grievances  unredressed 
and  arrears  unpaid,  at  the  mere  will  and  pleasure  of  the  selfish  civilians 
for  whom  they  had  fought  and  conquered,  but  remonstrate  in  terms  which 
those  selfish  persons  could  not  misunderstand,  and  which  would  wring 
justice  from  their  fears.  Few  things  could  have  been  suggested  which 
would  have  been  more  entirely  agreeable  to  the  wishes  of  the  officers. 
They  drew  up  a  petition — if  we  ought  not  rather  to  call  it  a  remonstrance 
—in  which,  after  demanding  redress  of  grievances  and  payment  of  arrears 
they  taunted  the  parliament  with  having  formerly  made  fine  professions 
of  their  determination  so  to  remodel  that  assembly  as  to  extend  and  in- 
sure liberty  to  all  ranks  of  men,  and  with  having  for  years  continued  to 
sit  without  making  a  single  advance  towards  the  performance  of  these  vol- 
untary  pledges.  The  house  acted  on  this  occasion  with  a  spirit  which 
would  have  been  admirable  and  honourable  in  a  genuine  house  of  com- 
■nons,  but  which  savoured  somewhat  of  the  ludicrous  when  shown  by  men 
who,  consciously  and  deliberately,  had,  year  after  year,  been  the  mere  and 
servile  tools  of  Cromwell  and  his  praetorians.  It  was  voted  not  only  that 
this  petition  should  not  be  complied  with,  but  also  that  any  person  who 
should  in  future  present  any  such  petition  should  be  deemed  guilty  of  high 
treason,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  immediately  to  prepare  an  act  in 
conformity  to  this  resolution.  The  officers  presented  a  warm  remon- 
strance upon  this  treatment  of  their  petition  ;  the  house  still  more  warmly 
replied  ;  and  it  was  soon  very  evident  that  both  parties  were  animated  by 
the  utmost  animosity  to  each  other.  Cromwell  now  saw  that  his  hour 
for  action  had  arrived.  He  was  sitting  in  council  with  some  of  his  offi- 
cers when,  doubtless  in  obedience  to  his  own  secret  orders,  intelligence 
was  brought  to  him  of  the  violent  temper  and  designs  of  the  house.  With 
well  acted  astonishment  and  uncontrollable  rage  he  started  from  his  seal, 
and  exclaimed  that  the  misconduct  of  these  men  at  length  compelled  him 
to  do  a  thing  which  made  the  hair  to  stand  on  end  upon  his  head.  Has- 
tily assembling  three  hundred  soldiers  he  immediately  proceeded  to  the 
house  of  commons,  which  he  entered,  covered,  and  followed  by  as  many 
of  the  troops  as  could  enter.  Before  any  remonstrance  could  be  offered, 
Cromwell,  stamping  upon  the  ground,  as  in  an  ecstacy  of  sudden  passion, 
exclaimed,  "  For  shame !  Get  ye  gone  and  give  place  to  honsstor  men ! 
you  are  no  longer  a  parliament,  1  tell  ye  you  are  no  longer  a  parliament." 
Sir  Harry  Vane,  a  bold  and  honest  man,  though  a  half  insane  enthusiast 
now  rose  and  denounced  Cromwell's  conduct  as  indecent  and  tyrannical. 

"Ha!"  exclaimed  Cromwell,  "  Sir  Harry  !  Oh!  Sir  Harry  Vane!  ihe 
Lord  deliver  me  from  Sir  Harry  Vane  !"  Then  turning  first  to  one  prom- 
iiH^ni  member  of  this  lately  servile  uarliameit  uud  then  to  anotlier,  he 


' 


^h  ^  i^j'  ^  I 


1:1! 


dealt  out  in 

whoremonge 

men  by  what 

buffering  nati 

the  doors,  an 

A  servile  ( 

poses  of  des| 

"  the  rump," 

sible,  surpass 

fanaticism. 

words,  and  ii 

tions  of  them 

was  the  leac 

Barebones,  g; 

whole  of  the 

own  house,  tt 

incapacity  to 

periously  inst 

multitude,  th<^ 

ashamed  of  th 

concurrence  c 

hall,  and  wise 

But  many  of 

their  incapaci 

(lot  to  be  hour 

one  of  their  ni 

Zne  way  of  d( 

guards,  under 

(louse.    On  tli 

and  profanity 

tion.     Colone 

:hair,  address 

loing  there. 

"  Seeking  tl 

"  Then,"  re| 

han  the  othei 

certain  knowh 

Having  noi 

tary  to  his  per 

arbitrary  and 

sense  must  hs 

ment,  boldly  | 

establish  a  pu 

at  once  the  he 

was  highly  el 

usual  agents  hi 

of  the  commoi 

standing  as  to 

the  appointme 

.he  formality  a 

The  militan 

mcrb  name,  he 

hin  council  fro 

the  then  very  i 

Now  that  he 

tually,  at  the  h 

army  should  b 

of  the  nennie  i 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD.  609 

dealt  out  ia  succession  the  titles  of  glutton,  drunkard,  adulterer,  and 
whoremonger.  Having  given  this,  probably,  very  just  description  of  the 
men  by  whose  means  he  had  so  long  and  so  tyrannically  governed  the 
Kuffering  nation,  he  literally  turned  "the  rump*^  out  of  the  house,  locked 
the  doors,  and  carried  away  the  key  in  his  pocket. 

A  servile  parliament  being  the  most  convenient  of  tools  for  the  nur- 
poses  of  despotism,  Cromwell,  when  he  had  thus  summarily  (rot  rid  of 
"the  rump,    very  soon  proceeded  to  call  a  new  parliament,  which,  if  pos 
sible,  surpassed  even  that  in  the  qualities  of  brutal  ignorance  and  ferocious 
fanaticism      A  practice  had  now  become  general  of  taking  scriptural 
words,  and  in  many  cases,  whole  scriptural  sentences  or  canting  imita- 
tioiis of  them,  for  Christian  names;  and  a  fanatical  leather-seller.  who 
was  the  leading  man  in  this  fanatical  parliament,  named    Praiae-God 
Barebones,  gave  his  name  to  it.    The  utter  ignorance  displayed  by  the 
whole  of  the  members  of  Barebones' parliament  even  of  the  forms  of  their 
own  house,  the  wretched  drivelling  of  their  speeches,  and  their  obvious 
incapacity  to  understand  the  meaning  of  what  they  were  secretly  and  im- 
periously 'nstructed  to  do,  excited  so  much  ridicule  even  from  the  very 
multitude,  that  the  less  insane  among  the  members  themselves  became 
ashamed  of  their  pitiable  appearance.    A  small  number  of  these,  with  the 
concurrence  of  Rouse,  their  speaker,  waited  upon  Cromwell  at  White- 
hall, and  wisely  tendered  their  resignation,  which  he  willingly  received 
«ut  many  of  this  precious  parliament  were  far  from  bein?  convinced  of 
their  incapacity  or  willing  to  resign  their  authority.    Tiiey  determined 
not  to  be  bound  by  the  decision  of  the  seceders,  and  proceeded  to  elect 
one  of  their  number,  named  Moyer,  as  their  speaker.    Cromwell  had  but 
Cue  way  of  dea  ing  with  this  sort  of  contumacy,  and  he  sent  a  party  of 
guards,  imder  the  command  of  Colonel  White,  to  clear  the  parliament 
tiouse.    On  this  occasion  a  striking  instance  occurred  of  the  minsledcant 
and  profanity  which  then  so  disgustingly  abounded  in  common  conversa- 
lion.     Colonel  White,  on  entering  the  house  and  seeing  Moyer  in  tho 
Jhair,  addressed  him  and  asked  what  he  and  the  other  members  were 
loing  there. 

.'!  ml*''^''J,^  ''^f.  ^°'^"  ™Pl*^<i  Moyer,  in  the  cant  of  his  tribe. 
1  hen,  replied  the  colonel,  with  a  profane  levity  still  more  di^gustinff 
han  the  other's  cant,  "you  had  better  go  seek  him  elsewhere,  for  to  mv 
lertain  knowledge  he  has  not  been  here  these  many  years." 

Having  now  fully  ascertained  the  complete  devotion  of  the  mili- 
tary to  his  person,  and  sufficiently  accustomed  the  people  at  large  to  his 
arbitrary  and  sudden  caprices,  Cromwell,  whose  clear  and  masculine 
sense  must  have  loathed  the  imbecility  and  fanaticism  of  the  late  parlia- 
ment, boldly  proceeded  to  dispense  with  parliaments  altogether,  and  to 
establish  a  pure  and  open  military  government,  of  which  he  was  himself 
at  once  the  head,  heart,  and  hand.  The  formation  of  the  new  government 
was  highly  characteristic  of  Cromwell's  peculiar  policy.  Through  his 
usual  agents  he  induced  the  officers  of  the  army  to  declare  him  protector 
of  the  commonwealth  of  England  ;  and  that  there  might  be  no  misunder- 
standing  as  to  the  substantial  royalty  of  the  office  thus  conferred  on  him 
the  appointment  was  proclaimed  in  London  and  other  chief  towns  with 
.he  formality  and  publicity  usual  on  proclaiming  the  accession  of  a  king 

I  lie  military  officers  having  thus  made  Cromwell  king  in  all  but  the 
more  name,  he  gratefully  proceeded  to  make  them  his  ministers,  choosin" 
lu'j  council  from  among  the  general  officers,  and  allowing  each  councillo^ 
the  then  very  liberal  salary  of  one  thousand  pounds  per  annum. 
..,on  ^  .  .1'  u  ^?'  ostensibly,  as  for  a  long  time  before  he  had  been  vir- 
tually,  at  the  head  of  affairs,  the  policy  of  Cromwell  required  that  the 
army  should  be  well  taken  care  of.     While  there  was  yet  any  possibility 

01  tne  neoDiA  rlamniipinnr  for  a.  n'"\'"'n""i*   — J    -f  -    _-!• -        - 

J- -  -  J . — jj  .us  a.  j!«.itH!!iviit,  aiiu  ui  i.  pariiuraciK  .naKing 


»^  .11 


in{^ 


(         mi 


V    n't 


'^wm 


tfOO 


HISTORY  OF  THE  "WORLD. 


any  uhow  of  resistance  to  his  inordinate  pretensions,  the  discontem  of  tlie 
army  was  a  weapon  of  price  to  him.  Now  the  cuse  was  completely 
altered,  and  instead  of  allowing  the  pay  of  the  army  to  fall  into  arrears, 
he  had  every  officer  and  man  constantly  paid  one  month  in  advance. 
Liberal  in  all  that  related  to  real  public  service,  as  the  providing  of  arnisi 
furnishing  the  magazines,  and  keeping  tlie  fleet  in  serviceable  repair*  be 
yet  was  the  determined  foe  of  all  useless  expense. 

But  though  the  iron  hand  of  Cromwell  kept  the  people  tranquil  at 
tiome,  and  maintained  the  high  character  of  the  nation  abroad,  he  had 
not  long  obtained  the  protectorate  ere  he  began  to  suffer  the  penalty  of 
his  criminal  ambition.  To  the  royalists,  as  the  murderer  of  their  former 
king,  and  as  the  chief  obstacle  to  the  restoration  of  their  present  one,  he 
was  of  course  hateful ;  and  the  sincere  republicans,  including  not  only 
Fairfax  and  many  other  men  of  public  importance  and  character,  but  also 
a  multitude  of  persons  in  all  ranks  of  private  life,  and  some  of  his  own 
nearest  and  dearest  connexions,  saw  in  him  only  a  worse  than  legitimate 
king.  The  consequence  was,  that  tiumerouit  piols,  uf  more  or  less  im 
I>ortance  and  extent,  were  formed  against  him.  But  he  was  himself  ac- 
live,  vigilant,  and  penetrating;  and  as  he  was  profuse  in  his  rewards  to 
those  who  afiforded  him  valuable  information,  no  one  was  ever  more  ex- 
actly served  by  spies.  He  seemed  to  know  men's  very  thoughts,  so 
rapid  and  minute  "vas  the  information  which  he  in  fact  owed  to  this,  in 
his  circumstances,  wise  liberality.  No  sooner  was  a  plot  formed  than  he 
knew  who  were  concerned  in  it;  no  sooner  had  the  conspirators  deter- 
mined to  proceed  to  action  than  they  learned  to  their  cost,  that  their  own 
lives  were  at  the  disposal  of  him  whose  life  they  had  aimed  at. 

With  regard  to  the  war  in  wiiich  the  nation  was  engaged,  it  may  be  re- 
marked, that  all  the  efforts  of  the  Dutch  failed  to  save  them  from  suffer- 
ing severely  under  the  vigorous  and  determined  attacks  of  Blake.  De- 
feated again  and  again,  and  finding  their  trade  paralyzed  in  every  direc- 
tion, they  at  length  became  so  dispirited  that  they  sued  for  peace,  and 
treated  as  a  sovereign  the  man  whom,  hitherto,  they  had  very  justly  treat- 
ed as  a  usurper.  In  order  to  obtain  peace,  they  agreed  to  restore  consid- 
erable territory  which,  during  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  »hey  had  torn  from 
the  East  India  Company,  to  cease  to  advocntc  or  advance  the  cause  of 
the  imfortunate  Charles  II.,  and  to  pay  homage  on  every  sea  to  the  flag 
of  the  commonwealth. 

While  we  give  all  due  credit  to  Cromwell  as  the  ruler  under  whom 
the  Dutch  were  thus  humbled,  and  make  due  allowance  for  the  value  of 
his  prompt  and  liberal  supplies  to  the  admiral  and  fleet,  we  must  nut, 
cither,  omit  to  remember  triat  the  real  humbler  of  the  Dutch  was  the 
gallant  Admiral  Blake.  This  fine  English  seaman  was  avowedly  and 
notoriously  a  republican  in  principle,  and,  b«^ing  so,  he  could  not  but  be 
opposed  to  the  usurpation  by  Cromwell  of  a  more  than  kingly  power. 
But  at  sea,  and  with  an  enemy's  fleet  in  sight,  the  gallant  HIake  remem- 
bered only  his  country,  and  cared  nothing  about  who  ruled  it.  On  such 
occasions  he  would  say  to  his  seamen,  "  No  matter  into  whose  hands  th 
<3vernmnnt  may  fall,  our  duty  is  still  to  fight  for  our  coimtry." 

With  France  in  negotiation,  as  with  Holland  in  open  war,  England  un- 
der Cromwell  was  successful.  The  sagacious  Cardinal  Mazarine,  who 
was  then  in  power  in  France,  dearly  saw  that  the  protector  was  moic 
easily  to  bo  managed  by  flattery  and  deference  than  by  any  attempts  at 
violence,  and  there  were  few  crowned  heads  that  were  treated  by  France, 
under  Mazarine,  with  half  the  respect  which  it  lavished  u|M)n  "  Protector" 
Cromwell  of  Kngland.  This  prudent  conduct  of  the  French  ministei 
probably  saved  much  blood  and  treasure  to  both  nations,  for  although 
Cromwell's  discerning  minu  and  steadfast  temper  wouUl  not  allow  ol 
his  sttuniicuig  any  of  ih«  iubaiuuiitti  ttdvuiiiuKus  of  Eingiartd   to  tnc 


HISTORY   OP  THE   WOilLD. 


601 

Boothings  and  flatteries  of  the  Freach  minis.er,  they,  unquestionahlv 
disposed  hitn  I.O  docility  and  complaisance  upon  many  nrSv  13^ 
tani  points,  upon  which,  had  they  been  at  all  LighUiyVre  sei'  H^e  Sd 
have  resisted  even  to  the  extremity  of  going  to  war  *^  *''"'  "^  """'" 
Spain,  which,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  even  later,  had  been  so 
powcrfu.  as  to  threaten  to  miite  all  Europe  in  submission  had  now  be 
come  considerably  reduced.     But  Cromwell,  wiselv,  as  we  think   still 

A  ,u  ?  .^"''"fs  "••  and  thus  be  injurious  to  the  comrnonwealih 
and  the  protector.     Accordingly,  being  solicited  by  Mazarhie  "o  j^fn    5 

T«  nI.h  P?'"'.^'  '■"."'^''y-  '■"'•'"«h«'l  «ix  thousand^nen  for  the  invasioi" 
1  «L  ^'''''l' M*'  ^"^  ^"'«"**  ^•'''"••y  ^^a«  ^''i'h  "'is  aid  obtained  oier 
the  Spaniards  at  Dunes.  I„  return  for  this  important  service  tie  French 
put  Dunkirk,  lately  taken  from  the  Spaniards,  into  his  hands 

But  the  victory  of  Dunes  was  the  least  of  the  evils  that  the  Spaniards 
experienced  from  the  enmity  of  Cromwell.     Blake,  whose  cSS  in 
the  Dutch  war   hac?  mt  only  ^ndcared  him  to  E-.^lard,  '^•u  had  ^Iso 
spread  his  personal  renown  throughout  the  world,  was  must  iiberallv  and 
ably  supported  by  the  protector.     Having  sailed  up  the  Mediierranea  . 
where  the  English  flag  had  never  floated  above  a  fleet  since  tle"ne  of 
the  crusaders,  he  completely  swept  that  sea  oi  all  that  dared  to  d"sDU?e 
It  with  him,  and  then  proceeded  to  Leghorn,  where  his  merrappeara.ico 
and  reputation  caused  the  duke  of  Tuscany  to  make  repara  ion  for  dS 
injuries  which  Imd  been  inflicted  upon  the  ilnglish  traders  tllele. 
J;,";  1655._  I  he  trading  vessels  of  England,  as,  indeed,  of  all  Euro 
p  an  countries,  had  long  suffered  from  the  Tunisians  and  Algerii.es  a^d 
6  ake  now  procee^led  to  call  those  barbarians  to  account.    The  dey  ol 
Agiers  was  soon  brought  to  reason;  but  the  dey  of  Tunis,  d i recti. ur  the 
atention  of  Blake  to  the  strong  castles  of  Goletta  and   Porto  ffio 
bade  him  look  at  them  and  then  do  his  worst.     The  English  adniiran' 
atanily  took  him  at  his  word,  sailed  into  the  harbour,  bur, led  tl  e  who?e 
f  the  shipping  that  lay  in  It,  and  sailed  triumphantly  away  in  quest  of 
the  Spaniards.     Arrived  at  Cadiz  he  took  two  galleons,  or  treasurt-sh  ds 
of  the  enormous  value  of  two  millions  of  pieces  of  eight,  and  tl  cii  sa  led 
for  the  Canaries,  where  he  burned  and  sunk  an  entire  Spa  ish  flee    of 
sixteen  sail.    A  ter  this  latter  action  he  sailed  for  Eng  and  to    ertt  wl  e?e 
e  Hank  so  rapidly  beneath  an  illness  which  had  long  afflicted  bin    tSat 
he  expired  just  as  he  reached  home.  '  "** 

Wlnlo  Bluke  had  been  thus  gallantly  and  successfully  exerlinff  him. 
^If  in  one  quarter,  another  fleet  under  admirals  Venabl.s  and  p"nn  S. 
■jmg  about  four  thunsand  land  forces,  left  the  British  shores.  Tl.eob^ 
M  of  llMS  expedition  was  to  capture  (he  island  of  Hispaniola,  but  the 
8  i.rds  were  so  well  preparecTand  superior,  ti.at  this  object' enlrelj^ 
Jed,  Resolved  not  to  return  home  without  having  achieved  8<.inellS 
te  admirals  now  directed  their  course  to  Jamaica,  where  they  "o  S 
Dkely  surprised  the  Spaniard,,,  that  that  rich  islai.d  was  ilK.  possei 
810.1  of  by  our  troops  without  the  necessity  of  striking  a  blow.  SoTt- 
Jwas  the  value  of  the  island-froni  which  so  much  weal  h  las  si,  in 
ail"  ^'•''^."-V  '1'^'  ''•"«  "'•<l«r»lood,  that  its  eanturo  was  .       Km 'da 

mu    have  a|)pearod,  had  fro.u  the  inomt'nt  of  hi»  acc(.,.ting  tl, ,  pro^ec 
oral^.,  been  one  long  series  of  secret  and  most  harassi,  g  vtxatior    As 
we  have  already  pointed  out.  both  ^-xtrernes.  the  repSi.licu,"   and  tho 
tt>>«list8,  doloslod  hi.n,  and  were  nerueluallv  nlmtina  i,,„n..;  ,L  ...T.A. 
'^v  dad  uio.    His  own  wife  was  tliought  to  tlelesf  the  guilty  itairto 


602 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


which  Miey  lived ;  ani  it  is  certiiiii  that  both  his  eldest  dauglitfir,  Mrs 
Fleetwood,  and  his  favourite  child,  Mrs.  playpole,  took  every  opportunity 
of  maiiUaiuing  the  respective  principles  of  their  husbands,  even  in  the 

Cresence  of  their  father.  Mrs.  Fleevwood,  indeed,  went  beyond  her  hus- 
and  in  zeal  for  republicanism,  while  Mrs.  Claypole,  whom  the  protector 
loved  with  a  tenderness  little  to  have  been  expected  from  so  stern  a  man, 
was  80  ardent  in  the  cause  of  monarchy,  that  even  on  her  death-bed  she 
upbraided  her  sorrowing  father  with  the  death  of  one  sovereign  and  the 
usurpation  which  kept  his  successor  in  exile  and  misery.  The  soldiery, 
MO,  with  whom  he  liad  so  often  fought,  were  for  the  most  part  sincere, 
however  erring,  in  their  religious  professions,  and  could  not  but  be  deeply 
disgusted  when  they  at  length  perceived  that  his  religious  as  well  as  re- 
publican professions  had  been  mere  baits  to  catch  men's  opinions  and 
support.  He  was  thus  left  almost  without  a  familiar  and  confidential 
friend,  while  ih  the  midst  of  a  people  to  whom  he  had  set  the  fearful  ex- 
ample of  achieving  an  end,  although  at  the  terrible  price  of  shedding  in 
nocent  blood. 

Frequent  conspiracies,  and  his  knowledge  of  the  general  detestation  in 
which  his  conduct  was  held,  at  length  shook  even  his  resolute  mind  and 
iron  frame.  He  became  nervous  and  melancholy ;  in  whichever  direc- 
tion he  turned  his  eyes  he  imagined  he  saw  an  enemy.  Fairfax,  whose 
lady  openly  condemned  the  proceedings  against  the  king  in  Westininste 
Hall  at  the  time  of  the  mock  trial,  had  so  wrought  upon  her  husband, 
that  he  allowed  himself  to  league  with  Sir  William  Waller  and  olliei 
eminent  men  at  the  head  of  the  presbyterian  party  to  destroy  the  pro- 
tector. With  all  parties  in  the  state  thus  furioiis  against  him,  Cromwell 
now,  too,  for  the  first  time,  found  himself  fearfuhy  straightened  for  money. 
His  successes  against  the  Spaniards  had  been  splendid,  indeed,  but  such 
splendours  were  usually  expensive  in  the  end.  With  an  exhausted  treas- 
ury, and  debts  of  no  inconsiderable  amount,  he  began  to  fear  the  conse- 
quence of  what  seemed  inevitable,  his  falling  in  arrears  with  the  soldiery 
to  whom  he  owed  all  his  past  success,  and  upon  whose  good  will  alone 
rested  his  slender  hope  of  future  security.  Just  as  he  was  tortured  vvel. 
nigh  to  insanity  by  these  threatening  circumstances  of  his  situation,  Col- 
onel Titus,  a  zealous  republican,  who  had  bravely,  however  erroneously 
fought  against  the  late  king,  and  who  was  now  thoroughly  disgusted  anc 
indignant  to  see  the  plebeian  king-killer  practising  more  tyranny  than  the 
murdered  monarch  had  ever  been  guilty  of,  sent  forth  his  opinions  in  a 
most  bitterly  eloquent  pamphlet,  bearing  the  ominous  title  of  "  Killino 
NO  Murder."  Setting  out  with  a  brief  reference  to  what  had  been  done 
in  the  case  of  (what  he,  as  a  republican,  called)  kindly  tyranny,  llie  col- 
onel  vehemently  insisted  that  it  was  not  merely  a  right,  but  a  positive 
duty  to  slay  the  plebeian  usurper.  •'  Shall  we,"  said  the  eloquent  de- 
clanner,  '*  shall  wc,  who  struck  down  the  lion,  cower  before  tho  wolf  1" 

Cromwell  read  this  olocjucnt  and  immoral  reasoning— immoral,  we  my 
for  crime  can  never  justify  more  crime — and  never  was  again  seen  to 
uniile.  Tlie  nervousness  of  his  body  and  the  horror  of  his  mind  were 
now  redoubled.  He  doubted  not  that  this  fearless  and  plausible  p;\inphlet 
would  fall  into  tho  hands  of  some  enthusiast  who  would  he  nerved  to 
frenzy  by  it.  Ho  wore  armour  beneath  his  clothes,  and  constnntly  car- 
ried pistols  with  him,  novor  travelled  twice  by  the  same  road,  and  rarely 
slept  more  than  a  uncond  night  in  the  same  chamber.  Thoujfli  ho  wat 
nlwHvs  Htrongly  guarded,  such  was  tho  wrutohudnoss  of  his  lituiitiun  thai 
even  this  did  not  insure  his  safety;  for  where  more  probably  thnn  among 
Iho  fanatical  soldiery  could  nn  assassin  bn  found  1  Alone,  he  fell  into  mel- 
ancholy;  in  company,  he  was  uncheered  ;  and  if  strangers,  of  howevei 
bif(li  character,  approached  8ome^vhal  close  to  his  person,  it  was  ill  a  loiif 


Srsvra  in  the  aiuie 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


603 


I9S«  indicative  ofanger  than  ofactual  and  agonizing  terror  thai  he  bade 
ijiem  stand  on. 

The  strong  constitution  of  Cromwell  at  length  gave  way  beneath  this 
accumulation  of  horrors  He  daily  became  thinner  and  more  feeble,  and 
ere  long  was  seized  with  a  tertian  ague,  which  carried  him  off  in  a  week,  in 
the  ninth  year  of  his  unprincipled  usurpation,  and  in  the  fifty-ninth  of  his 
ige,  on  the  third  of  September,  1659. 

AD.  1659.— Though  Cromwell  was  delirious  from  the  effects  of  hia 
mortal  illness,  he  had  a  sufficiently  lucid  interval  to  allow  if  his  putting  the 
crowninfe  stroiie  to  his  unparalleled  treason.  This  slayer  of  liis  lawful 
sovereign,  this  mere  private  citizen,  who  had  only  made  his  first  sten 
from  extreme  obscurity  under  pretence  of  a  burning  and  inextinguishable 
Hatred  of  monarchy,  now,  when  on  the  very  verge  of  death,  had  the  cool 
audacity  and  impudence  to  name  his  son  Richard  as  his  successor— for- 
sooth l-as  though  his  usurped  power  were  held  by  hereditary  right,  or  as 
though  his  son  and  the  grandson  of  a  small  trader  were  better  qualifir.i 
than  any  other  living  man  for  the  office,  on  the  supposition  of  its  beini? 

?dn7this  *       ^  ^"'"^'^  ^'^  ^^^^'^  °^  "'*  '"^'^n^'^  of  impudence 

But  though  named  by  his  father  to  the  protectorate,  Richard  Cromwell 
had  none  01  his  futher's  energy  and  but  little  of  his  evil  ambition.     Ac- 
customed to  the  stern  rule  and  sagacious  activity  of  the  deceased  usurper, 
the  army  very  speedily  showed  its  unwillingness  to  transfer  its  allegiance 
to  Richard,  and  a  committee  of  the  leading  officers  was  assembled   at 
Fleetwood  8  residence,  and  called,  after  it,  the  cabal  of  Wallingfonl.    The 
first  step  of  tins  association  was  to  present  to  the  young  protector  a  re- 
monstrance  requiring  that  the  command  of  the  army  should  be  intrusted 
to  some  person  who  possessed  the  confidence  of  the  officers.     As  Richard 
wag  thus  plainly  informed  that  he  had  not  that  confidence,  he  had  no 
Dhoice  but  to  defend  his  title  by  force,  or  to  make  a  virtue  of  necessity 
iiid  give  in  his  resignation  of  an  authority  to  the  importance  of  which  he 
was  signally  unequal.     He  chose  tlie  latter  course  ;  and  having  signed  a 
formal  abdication  of  an  office  which  he  ought  never  to  have  filled  he 
lived  for  some  years  in  France  and  subsequently  settled  at  Chesliunt,  in 
Hertfordshire,  where  as  a  private  gentleman  he  lived  to  a  very  advanced 
age,  in  the  enjoyment  of  competence  and  a  degree  of  happiness  which 
was  never  for  an  instant  the  companion  of  his  father's  guilty  greatness. 
The  cabal  of  WuUingford,  having  thus  readily  and  quietly  disposed  of  Pro- 
ector  Richard,  now  saw  (he  necessity  of  establishing  something  like  a 
formal  government;  and  the  rump  parliament,  which  Oliver  Cromwoll 
had  so  uncereinoiiiously  turned  out  of  doors,  was  invited  to  reinsi  ito  it- 
Mir  in  authority.     Hut  unon  these  thoroughly  incapable  men  the  experi- 
ence of  past  days  was  wholly  thrown  away.     Forgetting  that  the  source 
of  their  povver  was  the  brute  force  of  the  army,  their  very  first  measures 
wrre  ainied  at  lessening  the  power  of  the  cabal.     The  latter  body,  per- 
ceiving tiiat  the  parliament  proceeded  from  less  to  greater  proofs  of  ex- 
ireine  hostility,  determined  to  send  it  back  to  the  fitting  obscurity  of  pri- 
vate  life.    Lambert  with  a  large  body  of  troops  accordingly  went  to  West- 
minster.    Having  completely  surrounded  the  parliament  house  with  his 
men,  the  general  patiently  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  speaker,  Lenlhal,  and 
When  that  personugo  made  his  appoanince  the  giMieral  ordered  llio  horses 
Of  the  Hiae  carriage  to  bo  turned  round,  and  Lentlial  was  conducted  home, 
ihe  like  civility  was  extended  to  thn  various  members  as  they  successive- 
ly made  (hoir  appearance,  and  the  army  proceeded  to  keep  a  solemn  fast 
ny  way  of  feU-bratiim  the  annihilation  of  this  disanicefnl  parliament. 

Uul  the  triumph  of  the  army  was  short.  If  Fleetwood,  Lambert,  and 
me  other  leading  officers  Hnticipalod  the  possibilily  of  placing  one  of  thrni- 
»rjvrs  jn  tne  gtute  of  cVii  pio-uiaincncc  occupiud  bv  the  late  proleclof 


604 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


they  had  egregiaiisly  erred  in  overlookiiijr  the  power  and  possible  jncHna- 
tiou  of  General  Monk.  This  able  and  politic  officer,  it  will  be  recollected 
had  been  intrusted  by  Cromwell  with  the  task  of  keeping  Scotland  in 
subservience  to  the  commonwealth  of  England.  He  had  an  army  of  up- 
wards of  eieht  thousand  veteran  troops,  and  the  wisdom  and  moderation 
with  which  he  had  governed  Scotland  gave  him  great  moral  inlluence  and 
a  proportionate  command  of  pecuniary  resources ;  and  when  the  dismissal 
of  the  rump  parliament  by  the  army  threw  the  inhabitants  of  London  into 
alarm  lest  an  absolute  military  tyranny  should  succeed,  the  eyes  of  all 
were  turned  upon  Monk,  and  every  one  was  anxious  to  know  whether  ho 
would  throw  his  vast  power  into  this  or  into  that  scale. 

But  ♦'  honest  George  Monk,"  as  his  soldiers  with  affectionate  familiarity 
were  wont  to  term  him,  was  as  cool  and  silent  as  he  was  dexterous  and 
resolute.  As  soon  as  he  was  made  aware  of  the  proceedings  that  had 
taken  place  in  London  he  put  his  veteran  army  in  motion.  As  he  march- 
ed southward  upon  Lomlon  he  was  met  by  messenger  after  messenger, 
PRch  nartv  bfiinp  anxious  to  ascertain  for  which  he  intended  to  declare ' 
but  he  stnctiy,  and  with  an  admirable  firmness,  replied  to  all,  that  ho  was 
on  his  way  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  affairs  and  aid  in  remedying  what- 
ever  might  be  wrong.  Still  maintaining  this  politic  reserve,  he  reached 
St.  Albans,  and  there  fixed  his  head-quarters. 

The  rump  parliament  in  the  meantime  had  re-assembled  without  oppo- 
sition from  the  VVullingford  cabal,  the  members  of  which  probably  feared 
to  act  while  in  ignorance  of  the  intentions  of  Monk,  who  now  sent  a  formal 
request  to  the  parliament  for  the  instant  removal  to  couniry-quarters  ol 
all  troops  stationed  in  London.  This  done,  the  parliament  dissolved,  aftei 
taking  measures  for  the  immediate  election  of  new  members. 

Sagacious  public  men  now  began  to  judge  that  Monk,  weary  of  the  ex- 
isting state  of  things,  had  resolved  to  restore  the  exiled  king,  but  Monk 
still  preserved  the  most  profound  silence  until  the  assembling  of  a  new 
parliament  should  enable  him  rapidly  and  effectually  to  accomplish  his 
designs. 

The  only  person  who  seems  to  have  been  in  the  confidence  of  this  able 
man  was  a  Devonshire  gentleman  named  Morrice,  who  was  of  as  taciturn 
and  prudent  a  disposition  as  the  general  himself.  All  persons  whosoiigiit 
the  gencrars  confidence  were  referred  to  Morrice,  and  among  the  number 
was  Sir  John  Granville,  who  was  the  servant  and  personal  fritMid  of  the 
exiled  king,  who  now  sent  him  over  to  Kngland  to  endeavour  to  influence 
Monk.  Sir  John  when  referred  to  Morrice  more  than  once  replied  that 
he  held  a  commission  from  the  king,  and  that  he  could  open  his  business 
to  no  one  but  General  Monk  in  person.  This  pertinacity  and  caution  were 
precisely  what  Monk  required;  and  though  even  now  he  would  not  com- 
mit himself  by  any  written  document,  he  personally  gave  Granville  such 
information  as  induced  the  king  to  hasten  from  Breda,  the  governor  ol 
which  would  fain  have  made  him  a  prisoner  under  the  pretence  of  payina 
tiim  honour,  and  settled  himself  in  Holland,  whore  he  anxiously  awHitcd 
further  tidings  from  Monk. 

The  parliament  at  length  assembled,  and  it  became  very  genernlly  un- 
derstood that  the  restoratittn  of  the  monarchy  was  the  real  intention  "1 
Monk  ;  but  so  great  and  obvious  were  the  perils  '»f  the  time,  that  for  a  few 
days  the  parliament  occupied  itself  in  merely  routine  business,  no  one 
daring  to  utter  a  word  upon  that  very  subject  which  every  man  had  the 
most  deeply  at  heart.  Monk  during  all  this  time  had  lost  no  opportunity 
of  observing  the  sentiments  of  the  new  parliament,  and  he  at  last  broke 
through  his  politic  and  well-sustained  reserve,  and  directed  Annci>ley,  the 
president  of  the  council,  to  inform  the  house  that  Sir  John  Granville  was 
iit  its  door  with  a  letter  from  his  majesty.  The  effect  of  thesu  >ew  words 
was  electrical :  the  whole  of  the  nioinbAra  rniie  from  their  scuIh  and  hailed 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


605 


Ihe  newB  with  a  burst  of  enthusiastic  cheering.  Sir  John  Granville  was 
now  called  in,  the  king's  letter  was  read,  and  the  proposals  it  made  for  the 
restoration  of  Charles  were  agreed  to  with  a  new  burst  of  cheering.  The 
gracious  letter,  offering  an  indemnity  far  more  extensive  than  could  have 
been  hoped  for  after  all  the  evil  that  had  been  done,  was  at  once  entered 
on  the  journals,  and  ordered  to  be  published,  that  the  people  at  large  might 
participate  in  the  joy  of  the  house.  Nothing  now  remained  to  obstruct 
the  return  of  Charles,  who,  after  a  short  and  prosperous  passage,  arrived 
in  London  on  the  twenty-ninth  of  May,  being  the  day  on  which  he  com- 
pleted his  thirtieth  year.  Everywhere  he  was  received  with  the  acchma- 
lions  of  assembled  multitudes  ;  and  so  numerous  were  the  congratulatory 
addresses  that  were  presented  to  him,  that  he  pleasantly  remarked,  that 
it  must  surely  have  been  his  own  fault  that  he  had  not  returned  sooner, 
as  it  was  plain  there  was  not  one  of  his  subjects  who  had  not  been  long 
wishing  for  him  !  Alas  !  though  good-humouredly,  these  words  but  too 
truly  paint  the  terribly  and  disgracefully  inconstant  nature  of  the  multi- 
tude, who  are  ever  as  ready  to  praise  and  flatter  without  measure,  as  to 
blame  and  injure  without  just  cause. 


CHAPTER  LIV. 

THE    REION    OF   CHARLES  II. 

A.  D.  1660. — Handsome,  accomplished,  young,  and  of  a  s.ngularly  cheer 
f\iland  affable  temper,  Charles  U.  ascended  his  throne  with  all  the  ap« 
parent  elements  of  a  just  and  universal  popularity,  especially  as  the  ignor- 
ance of  some  and  the  tyranny  of  others  had  by  this  time  taught  the  people 
of  England  to  understand  the  full  vulue  of  a  wise,  regular,  and  just  govern- 
ment. But  Charles  had  some  faults  which  were  none  the  less  mischievous 
because  they  were  the  mere  excesses  of  amiable  qualities.  His  good  na- 
ture was  attended  by  a  levity  and  carelessness  which  caused  him  to  leave 
the  moiit  faithful  services  and  the  most  serious  sacrifices  unrewarded,  and 
his  gayety  degenerated  into  an  indolence  and  self-indulgence  more  fitted 
to  the  effeminate  self-worship  of  a  Sybarite  than  to  the  public  ana  respon- 
sible situation  of  the  king  of  a  free  and  active  people. 

One  of  the  first  cares  of  the  parliament  was  to  pass  an  act  of  indemnity 
for  all  that  had  passed ;  but  a  special  exception  was  made  of  those  who 
had  directly  and  personally  taken  part  in  the  murder  of  the  late  king. 
Three  of  the  most  prominent  of  these,  Cromwell,  Bradshaw,  ntd  Ireton, 
were  dead.  But  as  it  was  thought  that  some  signal  and  public  obloquy 
ou^ht  to  be  thrown  upon  crime  so  enormous  as  theirs,  their  bodies  were 
disinterred,  suspended  from  the  gallows,  and  subsequently  buried  at  its 
foot.  Others  of  the  regicides  were  proceeded  against,  and  more  or  less 
severely  punished ;  but  Charles  showed  no  more  earnestness  in  vengeance 
than  in  gratitude,  and  there  never,  probably,  has  been  so  little  of  punish- 
ment indicted  for  crime  so  extensive  and  so  frightful. 

Charles,  in  fact,  had  but  one  passion,  the  love  of  pleasure;  and  so  long 
Bs  he  could  command  the  means  of  gratifying  that,  he,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  his  reign  especially,  seemed  to  care  but  little  how  his  ministers 
arransed  the  public  affairs.  It  was,  in  some  degree,  happy  for  the  na- 
tion that  Charles  was  thus  careless ;  for  so  excessive  was  the  gladness 
of  the  nation's  loyalty  just  ,  t  this  period,  that  had  Charles  been  of  a 
Bterner  and  more  ambitious  character  he  would  have  had  little  or  no 
(iifflculty  in  rendering  himself  an  absolute  monarch.  No  evident  was  the 
inclination  of  the  commons  to  gro  to  extremes  in  order  to  gratify  tlie  king, 
Ihat  one  of  the  ministers,  Southampton,  seriously  cni\ieinptate(l  requiring 
the  cnoimous  amount  of  two  millions  as  the  king's  annuril  revonun,  ^ 


"ssrc    TTIIIt; 


i!iucpciiuci:i  aiis.c  tr    ts". 


m 


-1 


\iu 


606 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


people  and  the  law.  Fortunately  the  wise  and  virtuous  Lord  Clarendon, 
attached  as  he  was  to  the  royal  master  whose  exile  and  privations  he  had 
faithfully  shared,  opposed  this  outrageous  wish  of  Southampton,  and  the 
revenue  of  the  king  was  fixed  more  moderately,  but  with  a  liberality 
which  rendered  it  impossible  for  him  to  feel  necessity  except  as  the  con- 
sequence of  the  extreme  imprudence  of  profusion. 

But  Charles  was  one  of  those  persons  whom  it  is  almost  impossiblo  to 
preserve  free  from  pecuniary  necessity ;  and  he  soon  became  so  deeply 
involved  in  difficulties,  while  his  love  of  expensive  pleasure  remained 
unabated,  that  he  at  once  turned  his  thoughts  to  marriage  as  a  means  ol 
procuring  pecuniary  aid.  Catherine,  the  infanta  of  Portugal,  was  at  this 
time,  probabiy,  the  homeiiesi  princess  in  Europe.  But  she  was  wealtliy, 
her  portion  amounting  to  three  hundred  thousand  pounds  in  money,  to. 
gether  with  Bombay  in  the  East  Indies,  and  the  fortress  of  Tangier  in 
Africa;  and  such  a  portion  had  too  many  attractions  for  the  needy  and 
pleasure-loving  Charles  to  allow  him  to  lay  much  stress  upon  the  infanta's 
want  of  personal  attractions.  The  dukes  of  Ormond,  Southampton,  and 
the  able  and  clear-headed  Chancellor  Clarendon  endeavoured  to  dissuade 
the  king  from  this  match,  chiefly  on  the  ground  of  the  infanta  being  but 
little  likely  to  have  children ;  but  Charles  was  resolute,  and  the  infanta 
became  queen  of  England,  an  honour  it  is  to  be  feared  that  she  dearly 
purchased,  for  the  numerous  mistresses  of  the  king  were  permitted,  if  not 
actually  encouraged,  to  insult  her  by  their  familiar  presence,  and  vie 
with  her  in  luxury  obtained  at  her  cost. 

As  a  means  of  procuring  large  sums  from  his  parliament,  Charles  de- 
clared war  against  the  Dutch.  The  hostilities  were  very  fiercely  carried 
on  by  both  parties,  but  after  the  sacrifice  of  blood  and  treasure  to  an  im- 
mense amount,  the  Dutch,  by  a  treaty  signed  at  Breda,  procured  peace 
by  ceding  to  England  the  American  colony  of  New- York.  Though  this 
colony  waf>  justly  considered  as  an  important  acquisition,  the  whole  terms 
of  the  peace  were  not  considered  sufficiently  honourable  to  England, 
and  the  public  mind  became  much  exasperated  against  Clarendon,  who 
was  said  to  have  commenced  war  unnecessarily,  and  to  have  concluded 
peace  disgracefully.  Whatever  might  be  the  private  opinion  of  Cliarles, 
who,  probably,  had  far  more  than  Clarendon  to  do  with  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war,  he  showed  no  desire  to  shield  his  minister,  whose  stead- 
fast and  high-principled  character  had  long  been  so  distasteful  at  court 
that  he  had  been  lubjected  to  the  insults  of  the  courtiers  and  the  slights  of 
the  king.  Under  such  circumstances  the  fate  of  Straflford  seemed  by  no 
means  unlikely  to  become  that  of  Clarendon,  Mr.  Seymour  bringing  sev- 
enteen articles  of  impeachment  against  him.  But  Clarendon  perceiving 
the  peril  in  which  he  was  placed,  and  rightly  judging  that  it  was  in  vain  to 
oppose  the  popular  clamour  when  that  was  aided  by  the  ungrateful  cold- 
ness of  the  court  went  into  voluntary  exile  in  France,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature. 

Freed  from  the  presenc  of  Clarendon,  whose  rebuke  he  feared,  and 
whose  virtue  he  aanf'"  out  could  not  imitate,  Charles  now  gave  the 
chief  direction  of  puLiiic  affairs  into  the  hands  of  certain  partakers  of  his 

Pleasures.  Sir  Thomas  Clifford,  Lord  Ashley,  afterwards  earl  of  Shaftes- 
ury,  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  Lord  Arlington,  and  the  duke  of  Lau- 
derdale, were  the  persons  to  whom  Charles  now  intrusted  his  affairs,  and 
from  their  inuials  this  ministry  was  known  by  the  title  of  the  carai.. 

A.  D.  1670.— The  members  of  the  cabal  were  undoubtedly  men  of  ability; 
learning,  wit,  and  accomplishment  being  absolute  requisites  to  the  ob- 
taining of  Charles'  favour.  But  unhappily  that  was  all— theirs'  was  the 
ability  of  courtiers  rather  than  of  ministers;  they  were  better  fitted  to 
season  the  pleasures  of  the  prince,  than  to  provide  for  the  security  of  the 
throne  or  the  welfare  of  the  people.    The  public  discontent  was.  const 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


eo% 


quent/y,  very  great;  it  was  but  too  deeply  and  widely  felt  that  such  a 
ministry  was  little  likely  to  put  an  effectual  check  upon  the  profliffato 
pleasures  wh'ch  made  the  English  court  at  once  the  gayest  and  the  most 
VICIOUS  court  m  all  Europe. 

Nor  was  it  merely  from  the  character  of  Ihe  ministry  and  the  dissina 
ted  course  of  the  king  that  the  people  felt  discontented.  The  duke  of 
York,  the  presumptive  heir  to  the  throne,  though  a  brave  and  a  hieh- 
minded  man,  was  universally  believed  to  be  a  very  bigoted  papist ;  and 
enough  of  the  puritan  spirit  still  remained  to  make  men  dread  the  possible 
accession  of  a  papist  king.  f    =  »iv 

The  alarm  and  uneasiness  that  were  felt  on  this  point  at  length  reached 
to  such  a  height  that,  in  August  of  this  year,  as  the  king  was  walking  in 
St.  James  park,  disporting  himself  with  some  of  the  beautiful  little  dojrs 
of  which  he  was  quite  troublesomely  fond,  a  chemist,  named  Kirbv,  ao- 
proaehed  his  majesty,  and  warned  him  that  a  plot  was  on  foot  against  him 
"Keep,  sire  said  this  person,  "within  your  company;  your  enemies 
design  to  take  your  life,  and  you  may  be  shot  even  in  this  very  walk." 

News  so  startling,  and  at  the  same  time  so  consonant  with  the  vague 
fears  and  vulgar  rumours  of  the  day,  naturally  led  to  farther  inquiries; 
and  Kirby  stated  that  he  had  his  information  from  a  Doctor  Tonge,  a 
clergyman,  who  had  assured  him  that  two  men,  named  Grove  and  Pick- 
ering, were  engaged  to  shoot  the  king,  and  that  the  queen's  physician, 
Sir  George  Wakeling,  had  agreed,  if  they  failed,  to  put  an  end  to  his 
majesty  by  poison.  The  matter  was  now  referred  to  Danby,  the  lord 
treasurer,  who  sent  for  Doctor  Tonge.  That  person  not  only  showed 
all  readiness  to  attend,  but  also  produced  a  bundle  of  papers  relative  to 
the  supposed  plot.  Questioned  as  to  the  manner  in  wh.ch  he  became 
possessed  of  these  papers,  he  at  first  stated  that  they  were  thrust  under 
his  door,  and  subsequently  that  he  knew  the  writer  of  them,  who  re- 
ouired  his  name  to  be  concealed  lest  he  siiould  incur  the  deadly  anger  of 
ihe  Jesuits.  The  reader  will  do  well  to  remark  the  gross  inconsistency 
of  these  two  accounts;  it  is  chiefly  by  the  careful  noting  of  such  incon- 
sistencies  that  the  wise  see  through  the  subtly-woven  falsehoods 
which  are  so  commonly  believed  by  the  credulous  or  the  careless.  Had 
the  papers  really  been  thrust  beneath  the  man's  door,  as  he  at  first  pre- 
tended,  how  should  he  know  the  author  1  If  the  author  was  known  to 
him,  10  what    purpose    the    stealthy  way  of   forwarding  the  papers  i 

Charles  himself  was  far  too  acute  a  reasoner  to  overlook  this  gross  in- 
consistency,  and  he  flatly  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  whole  affair  was 
a  clumsy  fiction.  But  Tonge  was  a  tool  in  the  hands  of  miscreants  who 
would  not  80  readily  be  disconcerted,  and  he  was  now  sent  again  to  the 
lord  treasurer  Danby,  to  inform  him  that  a  packet  of  treasonable  letters 
was  on  Its  way  to  the  Jesuit  Bedingfield,  the  duke  of  York's  confessor. 
7v""?®J^  .  "*^®  '''""^e  gave  this  information  some  hours  after  the  duke 
of  York  had  himself  been  put  in  possession  of  these  letters,  which  he  had 
shown  to  the  king  as  a  vulgar  and  ridiculous  forgery  of  which  ho  could 
not  discover  the  drift. 

Hitherto  all  attempts  at  producing  any  effect  by  means  of  those  alledgrd 
treasonable  designs  had  failed,  and  the  chief  manufacturer  of  them,  Titus 
Oates,  now  came  forward  wiih  a  well-feigned  unwillingness.  This  man 
had  from  his  youtli  upward  been  an  abandoned  character.  He  had  been 
indicted  for  gross  perjury,  and  had  subsequently  been  dismissed  from  the 
chajplnincy  of  a  man-otwar  lor  a  yet  more  disgraceful  crime,  and  he  then 
professed  to  be  a  convert  to  papacy,  and  actually  was  for  some  time  main- 
tained in  the  English  seminary  at  St.  Omer's  Rcdu(;ed  to  actual  desti- 
tution, he  seems  to  have  lastentd  upon  Kirby  and  Tonge,  as  weak  and 
credulous  men,  whose  very  weakness  and  credulity  would  make  them  in- 
ircpid  III  the  assertion  cf  such  faltehoods  as  he  miarht  choose  to  instil 


v'^ 


608 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


into  til eir  mmds  Of  his  own  motives  wo  mav  form  a  slirewd  iruoss  trom 
the  fact  that  he  vias  supported  by  the  actual  charity  of  Kirby,  at  a  mo- 
ment when  he  affected  to  have  the  clue  to  mysteries  closely  touchino'  thtj 
king's  life  and  involving  the  lives  of  numerous  persons  of  consequence 

Though  vulgar,  illiterate,  and  ruffianly,  this  man,  Gates,  was  cunning  and 
darnig.     Finding  that  his  pretended  information  was  of  no  avail  in  pro 
cnring  himself  court  favour,  he  now  resolved  to  see  what  effect  it  would 
have  upon  the  already  alarmed  and  anxious  minds  of  the  people.     He  ac 
cordingly  went  before  Sir  Edmondbury  Godfrey,  a  gentleman  in  great 
cclebrilv  for  his  activity  as  a  magistrate,  and  desired  lo  make  a  deposi 
tion  to  the  effect  that  the  pope,  judging  the  heresy  of  the  king  and  peonlo 
a  sufficient  ground,  had  assumed  the  sovereignty  of  England,  Scotland 
and  Ireland,  and  had  condemned  the  king  as  a  heretic  ;  the  death  to  be 
inflicted  by  Grove  and  Pickering  who  were  to  shoot  him  with  silver  bul. 
lets.    The  Jesuits  and  the  pope  having  thus  disposed  of  the  king,  whom" 
according  to  this  veritable  deposition,  they  styled  the  black  bastard  the 
crown  was  to  be  offered  to  the  duke  of  York  on  the  condition  that  he 
should  wholly  extirpate  the  protestant  religion  ;  but  if  the  duke  refused 
to  comply  with  that  condition,  then  James,  too,  was  to^o  to  pot. 

The  mere  vulgarity  of  this  deposition  might  have  led  the  people  to  im- 
ply its  falsehood;  for  whatever  might  be  the  other  faults  of  the  Jesuits 
they  were  not,  as  educated  men,  at  all  likely  to  use  the  style  of  speech 
which  so  coarse  and  illiterate  a  wretch  as  Gates  attributed  to  them.  But 
popular  terror  not  uncommonly  produces,  temporarily,  at  least,  a  popular 
madness  ;  and  the  at  once  atrocious  and  clumsy  falsehoods  of  this  man, 
whose  very  destitution  was  the  consequence  of  revolting  crimes,  wereac' 
cepted  by  the  people  as  iricfragable  evidence,  and  he  was  himself  hailed 
and  caressed  as  a  friend  and  protector  of  protestantism  and  protestants ! 
Before  the  council  he  repeatedly  and  most  grossly  contradicted  himself^ 
but  the  effect  his  statements  had  upon  the  public  mind  was  such,  that  it 
was  deemed  necessary  to  order  the  apprehension  of  the  principal  persons 
named  as  being  cognizant  of  this  plot,  among  whom  were  several  Jesuits, 
and  Coleman,  secretary  to  the  dnke  of  York. 

A  singular  circumstance  now  occurred,  which  gives  but  too  much  rea- 
son to  fear  that  perjury  was  by  no  means  the  worst  of  the  crimes  to  which 
Gates  resorted  to  procure  the  success  of  his  vile  scheme.  Sir  Rdniond- 
bury  Godfrey,  the  magistrate  who  first  gave  Gates  importance  by  allowing 
him  to  reduce  his  lying  statements  into  a  formal  and  regular  deposition, 
was  suddenly  missed  from  his  house,  and,  after  a  lapse  of  several  days, 
found  barbarously  murdered  in  a  ditch  at  Primrose-hill,  near  London. 
No  sooner  was  this  known  than  the  people  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
Sir  Edmondbury  had  been  murdered  by  the  Jesuits,  in  revenge  for  the 
willingness  he  had  shown  to  receive  the  information  of  Gates.  But,  look- 
ingot  the  desperate  character  of  the  latter,  does  it  not  seem  far  more  proba- 
ble that  he  caused  the  murder  of  the  credulous  magistrate,  trusting 
that  it  would  have  the  very  effect  which  it  did  produce  upon  the  credu- 
lous people!  Bs  that  as  it  may,  the  discovery  of  he  deceased 
gentleman's  body  greatly  increased  the  public  agitation;  the  corpse 
was  carried  in  procession  by  seventy  clergymen,  and  no  one  who  valued 
his  personrtl  safety  ventured  to  hint  that  the  murder  might  probably  not 
have  been  the  work  of  the  detested  Jesuits. 

From  the  mere  vnlgar,  the  alarm  and  agitation  soon  spread  to  the  bet- 
ter-informed classes,  and  at  length  it  was  moved  in  parliament  that  a  sol- 
emn fast  aliould  be  appointed,  that  the  house  shoula  have  all  papers  that 
were  calculated  to  throw  a  light  upon  the  horrid  plot,  that  all  known  pa 
pists  should  be  ordered  to  leave  liOndon,  and  all  unknown  or  suspicious 
persons  forbidden  to  present  themselves  at  court,  and  that  the  train  band? 
of  Londrn  and  Westminster  should  be  kept  in  constant  readiness  for  action 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  60ft 

The  in.-screaat  whose  falsehoods  hed  raised  all  this  alarm  and  atixietv 
was  thanked  u-/  parliament  and  recommended  to  the  favour  of  the  kinn 
who  conrer .ed  ujjon  him  a  pension  of  twelve  hundred  pounds  per  annu  n 
jnd  a  residence  m  Whitehall.  Such  reward  bestowed  upon  sSch  a  cffi 
acter  and  for  such  "public  services"  naturally  produced  S  rival  for  public 
favour,  and  a  fellow  named  William  Bedloe  now  made  his  appearaE  m 
the  character  of  informer.    He  was  of  even  lower  origin  and  more  infa 

Tt  Rris"to  V,^!f?  ^T:  ^TJ"^  ^"^P  repeatedly  convicted  of  ther  Being 
at  Bristol  and  in  a  state  of  destitution,  he  at  his  own  reouest  was  arrPstPH 
and  sent  to  London.  When  examined  before  thrcoSh^sKSa^ 
he  had  seen  the  body  of  the  murdered  Sir  Edmondbury  Godfrey  at  the 

hen  resiclence  of  the  queen,  Somerset-house,  and  thnt  a  servant  of  tho 
Lord  Bel  asis  had  offered  him  four  thousand  pounds  to  carrir  it  off  and 
conceal  it !  Improbable  as  the  tale  was  it  was  greedily  recei?ed  and  ?h2 
ruffians  Gates  and  Bedloe,  finding  that  credit  wf s  gi-vS.  to  Tatever  the^^ 
chose  to  assert,  now  ventured  a  step  farther,  and  accused  the  queen  o, 

eing  an  accomplice  in  all  the  evil  doings  and  designs  of  the  jesuiu.  The 
house  of  commons,  to  its  great  disgrace,  addressed  the  king  in  support  of 

Sf  ^-.If t  M  ^  ^^'^  "P«"  ^^'  ^''^^^y  but  too  unhappy  queen  ;bu°  the 
ords,  with  better  judgment  and  more  manly  feeling,  rejected  the  accusa- 
tion with  the  contempt  which  it  merited.  accusa- 
The  conjunction  of  two  such  intrepid  perjurers  as  Gates  and  Bedloe 
Tr.Z'?T  !"'^.r'^  *^*^"  unfortunate  persons  whom  they  accused  t  and 
It  s  but  little  to  the  credit  of  the  public  men  of  that  day  that  they  did  not 
iSf  n!  l^  ^'Tu  *ny  P^soner  Wing  tried  upon  thei?evidence  m  toJhe 
Sl^  L'"l!\''  '^^  P"*"V"  '"''^'^  ^^"""^^  ^^'^^^  been  allowed  a  reasonable 
time  in  which  to  recover  from  its  heat  and  exacerbation.    No  such  delay 

ni  "''*"  P^'i"'''^'^"?  *bile  cunning  was  still  triumphant  and  creduSJ 

trilf  P'W.  "'^  ?r''"''"u'  '^"^  '^"'^^  «f  ^'"'^'^  "^^etary.  was  put  upon 
his  trial.  Here  as  before  the  council,  Gates  and  Bedloe,  th..u<rh  neon" 
SIS  tent  with  each  other,  and  each  with  himself,  yet  agreed  in  their  mafn 

iTAAt':^^'"'^  ^'^  "''  rr'y  '^^^^^^  ^^^  theLsass"  at'on  oJthS 

king,  but  had  even,  as  his  reward  for  so  doinir.  received  a  rnmmis«inn 

".ffned  by  the  superior  of  the  Jesuits,  appointi,,;  E  papa^  se^reTrv  «r 

state  of  these  kingdoms.    Coleman    who  be  ave7wfth'^equa;Tnodesty 

and  firmness,  denied  all  the  guilt  that  was  laid  to  lis  ch  a  me     But  he 

could  not  prove  a  negative  and  his  mere  denial  availed  nothing  against 

he  positive  swearing  of  the  informers.     He  was  condemned  to  dS 

nd  then  several  members  of  both  houses  of  parliament  offered  to  inter- 

poe  to  procure  him  the  king's  pardon  on  contfition  that  he  would  make 

,r  ti  h  Ih''"*";  ,y  '^^  l!"'^?.'-t»"ate  gentleman  was  innocent,  and  wS 

H  stm  Irmir?.''- "/l-"  ^'"■l'^''  ^y.  ^"^'"^^y  "«''"«'"&  himself  and  others! 

"aseLutedf  &U'lt,  and,  to  the  eternal  disgrace  of  Charles, 

PiS!fri''„'rnr'*n„^'''^?i"  f^-i'**'"^  "^"''^•"  »be  informers  nor  the  public, 
a  1  exSed  Th^nV'^.i'.'''"^  ""'?■'  ""'^^  P"*  "Pu°"  '^eir  trial,  condemned, 
JlLfoT  7.J"/''^y  "'^'■^  innocent  we  have  no  doubt;  but  thev 

were  esuils,  and  that  was  sufficient  to  blunt  all  sympathy  with  their  "to 
Hill,  Oreen,  and  Berry  were  now  charged  with  being  the  actual  mnri 
.  erers  of  Sir  Emondbury  Godfrey.  In  tfiis  case  the  information  wS 
'vas  laid  by  Bedloe,  was  wholly  irreconcilable  with  the  evklence  which 
^as  given  by  a  fellow  named  Kance,  and  there  was  goorSnce  tiS 
mat  variance  with  them  both.  But  the  prisoners  were  found  guilty 
.!!"?"«'  *"  •*'™*  '"  ^^'''"  ^y'"'f^  "'0'"«"t8  professing  their  m»^ 
Z^'.  /'  ^^v^y  '''*''  *  P'-«'«»tant.  this  made  some  impression  upon 
t'tSe'^dislTeT""""^'''^''"'  '''  P"^"«  wasnot^venyetp^r." 

"^Vol'k^T'""'"*'   *^  '^^  ^®""*'''  ■"''  *'''^*"'  Fenwick.  Tumor 


810  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

,  ,,  .   u    .k,»n  r»f  th«  same  order,  were  next  tried.    Bes.des 

and  Harcourt,  brethren  "^  Vh^^med  Dusdair  appeared  against  these 
Gates   ^^dBedloe   a  wretch  ja^^^^^^^^^  tSS^incredible  and  mon- 

pnsoners,  and  m  a«ailion  to  anu  in  ^  H^  ,.j^  ^  j  ^^q^q  that  there  were 
strous  assertions  of  Gates  and  E.dloe,  be  aeiiueray 

Td  vefth^'aSSedleL^'^^^l^^^^  JnstigS  o?This  huge  Lmy  of  armed 
And  ye|>"«^^"3°j8  ,v„e  daily  bemg  brought  to  trial,  condemned,  and 
and  malignant  P-^PJ^'^ '^^f  °f  "%core  or  two  of  constables  !  But  rca- 
butchered.  under  the  ji  ard  of  a  s^^'^Jfj^that  veritable  reign  of  terror, 

soning  could  "9*  P^'^'J'y  ^^jence^n  favoSr  of  the  accused  persons  was 
for  even  direct  and  "^orn  evidence  m  la    u  ^.^^ k^  ^.^^^^^^^ 

proved  that  they  «"«.  y*';' ^n'*  testimony  had  stated  him  to  have  been  m 

^«ir;htest  attentim    and  the  unfortunate  prisoners  were  condemned 

'and  exSutek  protSg  in  their  last  moments  their  entire  innocence  o. 

the  crimes  laid  to  their  charge  .     i^i^n  was  now  brought  to  trial. 

Sir  George  Wakeman,  the  queen  spnyBiua,^^         accused     The  vile 

but  was  "^9[«/-i""f,«,  f  ^iS^^th'eir  a  cu's[omed"  aL  dauntless  fluency ; 
informers,  it  is  K"®,  swore  wunui  ^^^  circumstances  of 

but  to  have  convicted  Sr  George,  wouiQ.u^^^^  ^^^^ 

the  case,  have  inferred  the  guilt  of  the  q>e-^^  -  J  ^^^^i  i„,Unce  of 
&'ht'elVoSrnrXv:'tt  ^J^A  to  proceed  to  that  extent, 
and  Sir  feo'-ge  was  honou^^^^^^  ^^^,^,^  falsehoods  of  Gales 

A.  D.  1672.--l<orupwara8  oi  ivvu  j  the  blood  of  the  innocent, 

had  deluded  the  mmd  "f  ^^^^^P"^^'^;  ^vere  n^^^^^  evil  doing. 

But  he  and  his  abominable  associate  ™  "^;|  g^^olars,  to  whose  title 
Hitherto  the  victims  had  been  chiefly  pre^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^ 

of  Jesuits    the  vulgar  a""b"'jf 'L  Xt  S  ^'"'"^"'  ""'^  *^* 

and  terrible.  But  as  if  ^o/h^r.-lJ^J  [J  their  eyes  as  the  piety  and 
the  most  reverend  ^'^--^  J^^Y^/^l^^^^  the  informing  mis- 

learning  of  ai«'cere,  however  erroneous  reli?mn      ,  ^^^^%^,^^i 

^^^^;•^""?heTe?  esfS  bL's"\rn™fie"rcer  o'r  more  unreasoning 
Stafford.  The  hercesi  wuu  "^"  .  ,  ^u  ^^y  aga  nst  the  venera- 
than  a  deluded  and  enraged  ^j'^^^;' J,„  it  had  beL  Igainst  the  former 
ble  earl  of  Stafford  was  «Yf"  1°";!^;!';?^"  saw  one  of  the  Jesuits  who 
prisoners.  Gales  POsUively  ^^"'■^  j^^'deliver  to  the  earl  of  Stafford  a 
liad  late  y  been  conden^ned,  Fe^^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^      ^  p,j,. 

commission  signed  by   »«  ff  "f/J' °'i  army.    It  was  in  vain  that  the  ven 

the  earl  suffered  ««c«r,4i"gly  "P0»  '  'wer-h^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^.^^^.^^^^ 

The  parliament,  which  ^jj  "ow  jat  sevem  ^  J^^^^j'^  ^,^  ^^^^„„t  ,f 
but  a  new  one  was  called,  which  win  ever  j^  ^^j^^,  ^^U 

one  law  which  .it  passed ;  we  aUude  to  the  m  ^^  ^^^^  ^|j^  ^^^^ 

By  this  act  the  jailor  ^h^'s  summoned  mus  ^^^J^.^^^  ^-^^^^  ^^^,,, 
of  a  prisoner  m  court  and  "^J'jy  "'^JJ"'„J  g„  on  for  greater  distances; 
days  if  within  twenty  miles  of  ^^e  ]"dge.  aj^f^."'' '  ««  ^^  to  be  in- 
no  prisoner  to  be  sent  to  prison  bey°f  l^e  «e*j^  j^J^e  next  term,  and  no 

dieted  the  first  ^"'^.^f'^^reTime  offence  ^ft^^^ 

man  to  be  recommitted  for  the  same  onenceaucb         b         ^^^^^^ 

hiavy  penaltie.  upon  »"y  J^fcrjIWevK  S  S  safeguard 

c-;!--    .»1»ir'iI!„^7.^r.;r''orrotfe7han3.Tt  can  never  be,  perilous 
'I  Z  Sne/'^ca^se  "in  "times  of  sedition  or  violence  oarhaiac,  .a., 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


611 


suspend  the  execution  of  this  act  for  a  short  and  definite  time,  at  the  end 
of  which  time  this  great  safeguard  of  our.liherties  returns  to  its  full  force 
The  criminal  and  disgraceful  complaisance  with  which  the  government 
had  allowed  the  perjured  informers  to  flourish  unchecked,  caused  a  new 
plot-discoverer  to  present  himself  in  the  person  of  a  worthy,  named  Dan 
gerfield,  whose  previous  life  had  been  diversified  by  experience  of  the 
pillory,  the  scourge,  the  branding-iron,  and  a  residence,  as  a  convict,  in 
the  plantations.     This  fellow,  in  conjunction  with  a  midwife  of  bad  char- 
acter,  named  Collier,  came  forward  to  denounce  a  plot,  of  which  he  al- 
ledged  the  existence,  for  removing  the  king  and.royal  family  and  settine 
up  a  ne^v  form  of  government.     This  fellow  took  his  information  direct 
to  the  king  and  the  duke  of  York,  who  weakly,  if  we  must  not  rather  say 
wickedly,  supplied  hiin  with  money,  and  thus  patronized  and  encouraged 
him  in  his  course.     Determined  to  make  the  most  of  his  fortune,  Danler 
field  deposited  some  writings  of  a  most  seditious  character  in  the  house 
01  a  military  officer  named  Mansel.    Having  so  placed  the  papers  that  thev 
were  certain  to  be  discovered  by  any  one  searching  the  apartments,  Dan- 
gerfield,  without  saying  a  word  about  the  papers,  went  to  the  custom-housf 
and  sent  officers  to  Mansel's  to  search  for  smuggled  ^oods.     There  were 
no  such  goods  there,  as  Dangerfield  well  knew,  but,  exactly  as  he  had  an- 
ticipated, the  officers  found  the  concealed  papers,  examined  them,  and  felt 
It  to  be  their  duty  to  lay  them  before  the  council.     Either  Dangerfield  was 
already  suspected,  or  something  in  the  papers  themselves  indicated  for- 
gery ;  for  the  council  were  so  convinced  that  the  documents  were  Dan- 
gerfield's  own  production,  that  they  issued  an  order  that  a  strict  search 
should  immediately  be  made  in  all  places  which  he  had  been  known  to 
frequent.    In  the  course  of  the  search  the  house  of  the  midwife  Collier 
was  visited,  and  there,  concealed  in  a  meal-tub,  the  officers  found  a  paper 
which  contained  the  whole  scheme  of  the  conspiracy  to  the  most  minute 
particulars.     Upon  this  discovery  the  wretch,  Dangerfield,  was  sent  to 
Newgate,  where  he  made  a  "confession,"  which  probably  was  as  false 
as  the  former  statement  that  he  had  made,  for  he  now  represented  that  to 
the  lying  tale  he  had  formerly  told  he  had  been  instigated  by  the  countess 
o(  Powis,  the  earl  of  Castleniain,  and  others.     And  though  it  was  so  much 
more  probable  that  the  miscreant  had  all  along  lied  from  his  own  inven- 
tion and  in  his  own  greediness  of  gain,  the  earl  and  countess  were  actually 
•lent  to  the  Tower.  ' 

What  has  always  made  vs  attach  deep  blame  and  disgrace  to  Charles' 
conduct  in  allowing  so  many  innocent  lives  to  be  sacrificed  to  the  venal 
cruelty  of  informers,  is  the  fact,  that  while  the  informers  attributed  plots 
to  the  Jesuits,  and  stated  the  objects  of  those  plots  to  be  the  seltinff 
up  of  the  papist  duke  of  York  in  the  place  of  the  king,  Charles  must 
necessarily  have  known  that  the  Jesuits  were  a  mere  handful,  as  com- 
pared  to  the  protestants,  and  that  the  very  last  man  whom  either  pro- 
testant  or  papist  throughout  England  would  have  substituted  for  the  easy 
though  profligate  Charles,  was  James,  duke  of  York.  In  Scotland  James 
had  made  himself  perfectly  hated,  and  both  the  English  parliament  and 
the  hnghsh  people  every  year  gave  new  and  stronger  proof  of  the  dread 
with  which  they  contemplated  even  the  possibility  of  the  succession  of 
^^^V  J"  '^®  "'*'"  ^'^^^  '^®  ^"•'=**  ^^  ^^^  "'^own  himself  a  brave  and 
skilful  officer,  but  his  gloomy  temper,  his  stern,  unsparing  disposition,  and 
the  bigotry  which  he  was  universally  known  to  possess,  made  courajre 
and  military  conduct,  however  admirable  in  other  men,  in  him  only  two 
terrors  the  more.  Charles  well  knew  this ;  so  well,  that  when  James  one 
lay  warned  him  against  exposing  himself  too  much  while  so  many  plots 
snd  rumours  of  plots  disturbed  the  general  mind,  Charles,  as  gayly  as 
truly  replied,  "  Tilly  vally.  James !  There  be  nonn  «n  «.iiv  »«  Tn  «h„„i 
cue  111  order  to  make  you  "king '."    This  unpopularity  orJame's  .'ed  to  mor^ 


I  i; 


61i 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


than  one  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  house  of  commons  to  procure  the  ex 
elusion  of  him  from  the  throne  on  the  ground  of  his  being  a  papist.  The 
new  parliament  had  scarcely  sat  a  week  ere  it  renewed  a  bill,  termed  the 
exclusion  bill,  which  the  former  house  had  voted,  but  which  had  not 
passed  the  upper  house  at  the  time  of  the  dissolution  of  parliament.  The 
party  of  the  duke,  though  influential,  was  numerically  weak  out  of  doors ; 
for  besides  those  who  hated  him  as  a  papist,  and  dreaded  him  ao  a  stem 
disciplinarian,  there  were  great  numbers  who  hoped  that  the  exclusion  of 
the  duke  would  procure  the  throne  for  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  the  hand- 
some  and  highly  popular  son  of  the  king  by  one  of  his  numerous  mis- 
tresses, named  Lucy  Waters.  But  the  influence  of  the  king  was  powerful 
in  the  house,  and  after  A  long  debate,  not  too  temperately  conducted  upon 
either  side,  the  exclusion  bill  was  thrown  out  by  a  rather  considerable 

majority.  , ,      .    , 

With  informers  and  "  plots,"  libellous  pamphlets  had  nicreased  m  num 
her  to  an  extent  that  could  scarcely  be  credited.  Each  party  seemed  to 
think  that  the  hardest  words  and  the  most  severe  imputations  were  only 
too  mild  for  its  opponents,  and  the  hired  libeller  now  vied  in  industry  and 
importance  with  the  venal  and  perjured  informer. 

An  idle  and  profligate  fellow,  a  sort  of  led  captain  in  the  pay  of  the 
king's  profligate  mistress,  the  duchess  of  Portsmouth,  was  employed  to 

Erocure  her  the  piquant  libels  which  were  occasionally  published  upon  the 
ing  and  the  duke  of  York.    This  man  not  finding  the  existent  libels  suf. 
ficiently  abusive,  determined  to  surpass  them,  and  he  called  to  his  aid  a 
Scotchman  named  Everard.     Between  them  they  composed  a  most  ran 
corous  and  scurrilous  libel,  which  Fitzharris  hastened  to  get  printed.    But 
the  Scotchman,  Everard,  imagined  that  his  Irish  fellow.libeller,as  a  hanger- 
on  of  the  king's  mistress,  could  have  had  no  possible  motive  for  employ- 
ing him  but  the  wish  to  betray  him.     Indignant  at  the  supposed  design, 
Everard  went  and  laid  information  before  Sir  William  Waller,  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  and  Fitzharris  was  apprehended  with  a  copy  of  the  Ubel 
actually  in  his  possession.     Finding  himself  placed  in  considerable  peril 
of  the  pillory,  Fitzharris,  who,  be  it  observed,  was  an  Irish  papist,  turned 
round  upon  the  court,  and  stated,  not  without  some  appearance  of  truth, 
that  he  had  been  employed  by  the  court  to  write  a  libel  so  foul  and  vio- 
lent,  that  the  exclusion  party,  to  whom  it  would  be  attributed,  would  be 
injured  in  the  estimation  of  all  people  of  sober  judgment.    In  order  to 
render  this  tale  still  more  palatable  to  the  exclusionists,  Fitzharris  added 
to  it  that  a  new  popish  plot,  more  terrible  than  any  former  one,  was  in 
agitation  under  the  auspices  of  the  duke  of  York,  whom  he  also  accused 
of  being  one  of  the  contrivers  of  the  mnrder  of  Sir  Kdmondbury  Godfrey. 
The  king  sent  Fitzharris  to  prison ;  the  commons,  instead  of  looking  with 
contempt  upon  the  whole  affair,  voted  that  this  hired  libeller  and  led  cap- 
tain  of  a  court  harlot  should  be  impeached!    It  was  so  obvious  that  the 
real  intention  of  the  commons  was  to  screen  Fitzharris  from  punishment 
altogether,  that  the  lords  very  properly  rejected  the  impeachment.    An 
angry  feeling  sprung  up  between  the  two  houses ;  and  the  king,  to  prevent 
the  dispute  from  proceeding  to  any  dangerous  length,  went  down  and  dis- 
solved parliament,  with  the  fixed  determination  of  never  calling  anoUier. 
Charles  now,  in  fact,  ruled  with  all  the  power  and  with  not  a  little  ol 
the  tyranny  of  an  absolute  monarch.    He  encouraged  spies  and  inloriners, 
and  imprisoned  those  who  ventured  to  complain  of  his  measures  m  a 
manner  not  only  contrary  to  his  former  temper,  but  almost  indicative,  as 
was  well  remarked  at  the  time,  of  reconciling  the  people  to  t»ie  prosper 
of  his  brother's  accession  by  making  his  own  rule  too  grievous  to  be  en- 
diired.    To  those  who  held  high-church  principles,  and  professed  his  doc- 
trine of  passive  obedience  and  non-resistance,  all  the  ""PVal  ,'?^o"J".  J]^^° 
■hown ;  "while  the  presbyterians  and  oilier  sturdy  opporcfs  oi  ais  art^itrarv 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


618 


measures  were  in  numerous  cases  deprived  of  their  places  and  employ 
merits,  and  in  some  cases  imprisoned  in  the  bargain.  The  city  of  Loii- 
lion,  so  powerful  and  so  factious  during  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  now 
made  to  feel  the  king's  resentment,  being,  for  its  leadership  of  the  populai 
party,  deprived  of  its  charter,  which  was  not  restored  until  an  abject  sub- 
mission had  been  made,  and  a  most  vexatious  right  conceded  to  the  crown 
of  interfering  in  the  election  of  the  city  magistrates.  Fitzharris,  who  liad 
been  so  warmly  sided  with  by  the  exclusionists,  and  who  had  been  the 
chief  cause  of  Charles'  angry  and  final  dissolution  of  parliament,  was 
now  by  the  king's  order  brought  to  trial  before  a  jury,  and,  being  pro- 
nounced guilty,  executed  I  An  abominable  stretch  of  power ;  for  however 
wortiiless  and  debauched  a  fellow  he  might  be,  his  crime,  venal  as  it  was, 
imounted  to  but  libellous  writing,  for  even  the  publication  was  scarcely 
so  much  his  own  act  as  it  was  the  act  of  the  officers  who  arrested  him. 

The  popular  party  now  found  the  poisoned  chalice  commended  to  their 
own  lips.  Hitherto,  while  it  seemed  not  improbable  that  the  parliament 
and  the  "  patriots"  would  obtain  power  over  the  king,  the  great  and  de- 
graded host  oi  spies  and  informers  had  amied  at  the  rum  of  '•  papisis"  and 
"Jesuits."  But  now  that  the  king  had  as  boldly  as  arbitrarily  dispensed 
with  even  the  shadow  of  parliamentary  aid,  and  ruled  as  independently 
and  almost  as  arbitrarily  as  an  eastern  prince,  the  spies  and  informers 
turned  upon  those  who  had  formerly  encouraged  if  not  actually  employed 
them,  and  "  presbyterian"  was  now  pretty  nearly  as  dangerous  a  title  as 
"papist"  had  been;  "protestant  pwacher"  scarcely  more  safe  than 
"Jesuit"  had  been  heretofore.  Charles  and  his  ministry  encouraged  the 
informers,  and  the  system  of  perjury  lost  none  of  its  infamy  and  vileness 
it  merely  aimed  at  a  different  class  of  victims. 

A  joiner  of  London,  by  name  Stephen  College,  had  made  himself  espe 
cially  conspicuous  during  the  heats  and  alarms  of  the  anti-popery  cries 
Loud  of  tongue,  and  somewhat  weak  of  brain,  this  man,  with  more  zeal 
than  knowledge,  had  taken  upon  himself  to  advocate  protestantism,  which 
needed  none  of  his  aid,  and  to  oppose  popery,  which  such  opposition  as 
his  could  not  possibly  aflfect.  He  had  attended  the  city  members  to  Ox- 
ford armed  with  pistols  and  sword,  had  been  in  the  habit  of  railing  against 
the  king,  the  duke  of  York  and  papacy,  and,  rather  in  derision  than  in  dis- 
tinction, had  acquired  the  title  of  the  protestant  joiner.  This  weak  man, 
whose  flights  were  fitting  matter  for  the  ministering  of  the  physician, 
ratlier  than  for  the  interference  of  the  law,  was  selected  by  the  ministry 
as  a  fit  subject  of  whom  to  make  an  example.  He  was  indicted  and 
found  guilty  of  sedition,  and,  to  the  disgrace  of  both  king  and  ministers, 
executed. 

A.  D.  1683. — The  increasing  power  and  severity  of  Charles  and  his  min- 
istry struck  a  panic  throughout  the  nation.  The  manner  in  which  the 
city  of  London  had  been  deprived  of  its  charter,  and  the  humiliating  terms 
upon  which  that  once  powerful  corporation  had  got  its  charter  restored, 
soon  caused  the  other  corporations  to  surrender  their  charters  voluntarily ; 
and  not  on./  were  considerable  sums  extorted  for  their  restoration,  but 
the  king  took  care  to  reserve  in  his  own  hands  the  power  of  appointing  to 
all  offices  of  trust  and  profit.  The  patronage  which  was  thus  discredit- 
ably obtained  was  so  enormous,  that  the  power  of  the  crown  became 
overwhelmingly  vast,  and,  with  but  a  few  exceptions,  men  agreed  that 
resistance,  even  if  justifiable,  would  now  be  useless  and  hopeless. 

But  there  was  a  party  of  malcontents,  weak  as  to  number,  but  vigorous, 
influential,  and  bold;  and  absolute  as  Charles  was,  and  unassailable  as  to 
most  people  his  power  must  have  seemed,  \m  life,  even,  was,  at  this  time, 
in  a  most  imminent  peril. 

The  soul  of  the  malcontents  was  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury.  That  highly- 
lifted  but  turbulent  and  plot-loving  person  had  MWdifed  with  the  duke  of 


V 


614 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


Monmouth,  the  earl  or  Macclesfield,  Lord  William  Russell,  and  severu) 
other  noblemen,  ta  raise  nominally  in  favour  of  freedom,  but  really  to  de- 
throne Charles ;  exclude,  if  not  slay  James ;  and  place  the  crown  upon 
the  head  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  the  king's  natural  son.  The  earl  ol 
Macclesfield,  Lord  Brandon  and  others,  were  to  effect  a  rising  in  Cheshire 
and  LancashirL ;  Sir  Francis  Drake,  Sir  Francis  Rowles,  and  Sir  William 
Courtney  were  induced  by  Lord  William  Russell  to  head  the  insurrection 
in  Devon,  and  generally  in  the  west ;  and  Shaftesbury,  aided  by  Ferguson, 
a  preacher  of  the  independents,  undertook  to  effect  a  general  rising  in  the 
city  of  London,  where  the  discontent  and  disloyalty,  owing  to  the  affair 
of  the  charter,  were  at  the  greatest  height.  Shaftesbury  urged  on  the  plot 
with  all  his  energy,  and  it  is  most  probable  that  the  kingdom  would  have 
been  plunged  into  all  the  confusion  and  horror  of  a  civ-',  war  if  the  ex- 
treme eagerness  of  Shaftesbury  had  not  been  counteracted  by  the  extreme 
caution  of  Lord  William  Russell,  who,  when  everything  was  nearly  ready 
for  an  outbreak,  urged  the  duke  of  Monmouth  to  postpone  the  enterprise 
until  a  more  favourable  opportunity.  The  usually  enterprising  and  tur- 
bulent Shaftesbury  now  became  so  prostrated  by  a  sense  of  the  danger  in 
which  he  was  placed  by  this  postponement,  that  he  abandoned  his  house 
and  endeavoured  to  induce  the  Londoners  to  rise  without  waiting  for  llie 
tardy  co-operation  of  the  provinces  ;  but  all  his  endeavours  were  unavail 
ing,  and  in  despair  he  fled  to  Holland,  where  he  soon  afterwp-ds  died 
broken-hearted  and  in  poverty. 

The  conspirators,  being  thus  freed  from  the  turbulent  Shnftesbnry, 
formed  a  committee  of  six ;  Hampden,  grandson  to  the  Hampden  who 
-nade  so  much  opposition  to  the  ship  money,  Algernon  Sidney,  Howard, 
Essex,  and  Lord  WiHiam  Russel;  MoMmoulh  being  their  grand  leader  anj 
centre  of  correspondence,  his  chief  adviser,  however,  being  the  dukt  ol 
Argyle.  There  were  numerous  subordinates  in  this  conspiracy;  and  it  is 
aflinned,  by  the  friends  of  the  memory  of  Lord  William  Russell,  that  he 
and  the  leaders  did  not  encourage  and  were  not  even  perfectly  cognizant 
of  the  more  atrocious  part  of  the  plan  of  those  conspirators  who  had  agreed 
to  assassinate  the  king  on  his  way  to  Newmarket.  We  confess  that  it 
appears  to  us  to  be  making  a  large  demand  indeed  upon  our  credulity  to 
suppose  anything  of  the  kind,  but  we  have  not  space  to  go  into  the  argu- 
ments which  might  be  adduced  in  favour  of  the  supposition  that,  however 
willing  the  chief  conspirators  miglit  be  to  leave  the  horrible  crime  of 
'issassniation  to  subordinates,  they  were  at  least  quiic  v.D'ing  that  such 
crime  should  be  perpetrted  to  the  profit  of  their  main  design. 

The  plan  of  the  conspirators  against  the  life  of  the  king  was  to  secrete 
themselves  on  a  farm  belonging  to  one  of  tliem,  the  Rye-house,  situated 
on  the  road  to  Newmarket,  overturn  a  cart  there  to  obstruct  the  royal 
carriage,  and  then  deliberately  fire  upon  the  king.  After  much  coiisiiltH- 
tion  it  was  determined  to  carry  this  dastardly  plot  into  execution  on  the 
king's  return  to  Newmarket.  About  a  week  before  the  time  at  which  \m 
majesty  was  to  do  so,  the  liouse  in  which  he  residpd  at  Newmarket  look 
.Ire,  and  he  was  obliged  to  remove  to  London.  Phis  circumstance  would 
nereiy  have  postponed  the  "  fate"  of  his  majesty.  I. lit  in  the  course  of  the 
time  tiiat  was  thus  lost  to  the  conspirators^  one  of  their  nimiber,  named 
Keiling,  found  himself  ut  danger  of  prosecution  for  having  arrested  the 
lord-mayor  of  London,  and  to  save  himself  from  the  consequences  ho 
waited  upon  the  king's  ministers  and  revealed  all  that  he  knew  of  the  plot 
against  the  king,  and  Colonel  Ruinsey  and  a  lawyer  named  West  joined 
him  in  becoming  king's  evidence.  Monmouth  and  (irey  esc»|)rd,  Lord 
William  RuHtiell  was  apprehended  and  sent  lo  the  Tower,  lu  shorliv  after- 
wards were  Essex,  Sidney,  and  Hampden,  together  with  Lord  Howard, 
>vho  was  found  in  a  chimney.  That  ignoble  nobleman,  though  fiillv  us 
Builtv  as  the  rest,  immediately  iiirreed  to  save  his  own  recreant  life  by  hi' 


HISTORY   OF   THE  WORLD. 


CI  5 


coming  evidence  against  his  former  associates,  who  seemed  more  indig- 
uaiit  and  disgusted  at  that  treachery  than  affected  by  the  peril  in  which  if 
l<laced  them. 

Colonel  Walcot,  an  old  republican  officer,  together  wjth  Stone  and 
Rouse,  were  first  put  upon  trial,  and  condemned  upon  the  evidence  of  their 
former  associates,  Colonel  Rumsey,  and  the  lawyer,  West. 

Lord  William  Russell  and  Algernon  Sidney  were  condemned  ch:';fly  on 
the  evidence  of  Lord  Howard.  In  the  case  of  Sidney,  however,  the  evi- 
dence of  Howard  was  most  unconstitutionally  eked  out  by  construing  as 
treasonable  certain  writings,  merely  speculative,  though  of  republican 
tendency,  which  were  seized  at  his  house.  Both  Russell  and  Sidney 
were  condemned  and  executed.  Hampden  was  more  fortunate,  and  es- 
caped with  a  fine  of  forty  thousand  pounds.  HoUoway,  a  merchant  of 
Bristol,  who  had  been  engaged  in  this  dastardly  conspiracy,  escaped  t'^ 
the  West  Indies  ;  and  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong,  who  was  similarly  situated, 
escaped  to  Holland.  But  so  eagerly  vindictive  had  Charles  and  his  min- 
istry by  this  time  been  rendered  by  the  numerous  plots,  real  and  pretended, 
that  both  of  those  persons  were  brought  over  to  England  and  executed. 
Lord  Essex  would  also  probably  have  been  executed,  but,  being  impris- 
oned in  the  Tower,  he  there  committed  suicide  by  cutting  his  throat. 

Judging  from  the  severity  with  which  Charles  proceeded  on  this  occa- 
sion, it  is  but  reasonable  to  presume  he  would  either  have  carried  his  des- 
potism to  a  frightful  pitch,  or  have  fallen  a  victim  to  the  equally  unjustifia- 
ble violence  of  some  malcontent.  But  his  naturally  fine  constitution  was 
now  completely  broken  up  by  his  long  and  furious  course  of  dissipnt'on, 
and  a  fit  of  apoplexy  seized  him,  from  which  he  was  but  partially  re.  jv- 
ered  by  bleeding;  he  expired  in  the  fifty-fifth  year  of  his  age  and  the 
twenty-fifth  of  his  reign. 

Much  might  be  said  in  dispraise  of  Charles,  both  as  man  and  monarch  ; 
but  impartial  justice  demands  that  we  should  make  a  great  allowance  for 
the  unfavourable  circumstances  under  which  the  best  years  of  his  youth 
,ind  manhood  were  spent.  Poverty  for  months,  so  extreme  that  he  and 
his  followri"*!  were  at  times  without  a  single  coin,  and  owed  their  very 
food  to  iho  kindness  of  their  hosts,  was  occasionally  followed  by  a 
temporary  j)leiity ;  and  his  companions  were,  for  the  most  part,  precisely 
the  persons  to  encourage  him  in  every  extravagance  to  which  so  wretch- 
edly precarious  a  life  was  calculated  to  imliico  him.  Even  the  cruelly 
and  despotism  of  his  latter  years  visibly  had  their  chief  cause  in  the  politi- 
cal villainy  and  violence  of  considerable  bodies  of  his  people.  No  such 
excuse  can  be  made  for  his  extravagant  liberality  to  his  numerous  mis- 
tresses ;  and  for  the  wholly  cruel  and  mean  treatment  he  bestowed  upon 
his  wife  we  know  of  no  decorous  epithet  that  is  sufficiently  severe. 

That  Charles  was  not  naturally  of  a  cruel,  or  even  of  a  suflficiently  se- 
vere turn,  a  remarkable  proof  is  afforded  by  the  story  of  a  ruffian  named 
Blood;  a  slcfry  so  singular,  that  we  think  it  necessary  to  give  it  by  way 
of  appendix  to  this  reign.  Blood,  wlio  had  served  in  Ireland,  hud,  or  fan- 
cied that  he  had,  considcrahio  claims  upon  the  government,  and  being  it- 
fused  satisfaction  by  the  duke  of  Oru:oiuK  he  actually  waylaid  and  seized 
that  nobleman  on  his  return  from  an  evening  party  in  London,  and  would 
have  hanged  him  but  for  the  occurrence  of  a  mere  accident  which  enabled 
the  duke  to  escape.  A  dcsperaiio  of  liiis  sort  could  not  fail  to  be  in  fre- 
quent troiiltle  and  distress;  and  lio  at  length  was  reduced  tosuchextrom«< 
itraits,  that  with  some  of  his  ussociutes  lie  formed  a  plan  for  purloi:iing 
till'  rogHli.i  from  the  jewel-hoiise  in  tlui  Towur.  He  contrived  to  ingra* 
liate  himself  with  the  old  couple  who  had  chartfe  of  the  valuable  Jewels, 
iii'j  took  an  opportunity  to  bind  both  the  mmi  siiiti  woman  and  niak-)  o(I 
'vith  all  llirt  most  valuable  artioles.  Tiiough  liii'il  ut  by  the  sentry  he  go 
c!6£f  Hs  fur  u*  '!  uwor-hilL  where  \\f.  was  anpr<')!<'ndcd  ufto!    &  (leaperat 


V 


/ 


C16 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


struggle.  So  enormous  an  outrage,  it  might  have  been  anticipafea,  wotUd 
be  expiated  only  by  the  severest  punishment ;  but  the  king  not  only  for. 
gave  Blood,  but  even  gave  him  a  considerable  annual  pension  to  enable 
him  to  live  without  farther  criminality.  A  rare  proof  of  the  native  easi- 
ness of  the  king's  temper !  Though  it  must  be  added  that  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  who  detested  Ormond,  was  on  that  account  supposed  to 
have  used  his  vast  influence  in  favour  of  Blood 


CHAPTER  LV. 

THE    RKION    or  JAKIE8  II. 

A.  D.  1685. — The  somewhat  ostentatious  manner  in  which  the  duke  of 
York  had  been  accustomed  to  go  to  mass,  during  the  life  of  his  brother 
had  been  one  great  cause  of  the  general  dislike  in  which  he  was  held." 
Even  Charles,  giddy  and  careless  as  h-  in  general  was,  saw  the  impru- 
dence of  James'  conduct,  and  significantly  told  him  on  one  occasion  that 
he  had  no  desire  to  go  upon  his  travels  again,  whatever  James  might  wish. 
On  ascending  the  throne,  the  very  first  act  of  James  was  one  of  an  hon- 
est but  most  imprudent  bigotry.  Incapable  of  reading  the  signs  of  the 
times,  or  fully  prepared  to  dare  the  worst  that  those  signs  could  portend 
James  immediately  sent  his  agent,  Caryl,  to  Rome,  to  apologize  to  the 
pope  for  the  long  and  flagrant  heresy  of  Kngland,  and  to  endeavor  to  pro- 
cure  the  rc-adniission  of  the  English  people  into  the  communion  of  the 
catholic  church.  The  pope  was  either  less  blind  or  more  politic  than 
James,  and  returned  him  a  very  cool  answer,  implying  that  before  he 
ventured  upon  so  arduous  an  enterprise  as  that  of  changnig  the  professed 
faith  of  nearly  his  entire  people,  he  would  do  well  to  sit  down  and  calcu- 
late the  cost.  Even  this  grave  and  sensible  rebuke  did  not  deter  James 
from  exerting  himself  both  by  fear  and  favour  to  make  proselytes  of  his 
subjects.  Hated  as  he  already  was,  such  conduct  could  not  fail  to  en- 
courage conspirucii'S  against  him,  and,  accordingly,  he  had  not  been  long 
seated  upon  the  throne,  when  he  found  a  dangerous  rival  in  the  duke  of 
Monmouth.  This  illegitimate  8(m  of  Charles  II.  had  obtained,  from  the 
easy  nature  of  his  father,  a  pardon  for  his  share  in  the  Hye-house  plot, 
which  was  fatal  to  so  many  better  men ;  but  had  received  iiis  pardon  only 
on  condition  of  perpetual  residence  abroad.  He  remained  in  Holland  du- 
ring the  whole  remainder  of  his  father's  reign,  but  on  the  accession  of 
James  was  dismissed  by  the  prince  of  Orange.  This  dismissal  was  said 
to  be  ut  the  direct  solicitation  of  James,  who  bore  a  great  hatred  to  Mon- 
mouth ;  if  so,  the  act  was  as  impolitic  as  it  was  mean.  The  duke  now 
found  refuge  for  a  short  time  at  Brussels,  but  here  again  the  influence  of 
James  was  brought  to  boar  upon  him ;  and  Monmouth  now,  thoroughly 
exasperated,  and  relying  upon  the  detestation  in  which  James  was  held, 
resolved  to  make  an  attempt  to  oust  him  from  the  English  throne.  At 
this  distance  of  time  such  a  project  on  the  part  of  Momnouth  seems  per- 
fectly insane;  but  it  will  seem  far  less  so  if  wo  make  due  allowance  for 
tl»e  widely  spread  and  intense  hatred  which  the  people  bore  to  James,  and 
for  the  great  popularity  of  Monmouth,  whom  many  people  believed  to  be 
thelcgitinv.it0  8onofCliarlfis.it  being  commonly  aflHrmed  that  Charleg 
had  privately  married  l.ucy  Waters,  the  duke's  mother. 

The  duke  of  Argyle,  who,  as  well  as  Monmouth,  had  escaped  the  con- 
soquenr-cs  of  the  RvB-hdUsio  plot,  now  ngr«'«>d  to  aid  him;  it  was  intended 
that  Argyle  should  raise  Scotland,  while  Monmouth  was  to  take  the  lead 
111  tho  west  of  England,  where  ho  was  peculiarly  po|)iitnr. 

Argylu  prcmplly  commenced  his  part  of  the  affair  by  landing  in  Scot- 
land, where  ho  soon  found  himself  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  two  thou 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


017 


sand  five  hundred  men.  He  issued  manifestos  containing  the  usual  mix- 
ture of  truth  and  falsehood,  but  before  his  eloquence  could  procure  him 
any  considerable  accession  of  force  he  was  attacked  by  a  powerful  body 
of  tlie  king's  troops.  Argyle  himself  fought  gallantly,  and  was  severely 
wounded  ;  but  his  troops  soon  gave  way  in  every  direction,  and  the  duke 
*as  shortly  afterwards  seized,  while  standing  up  to  his  neok  in  a  pool  ot 
water,  and  carried  to  Edinburgh.  Here  the  authorities  and  poimlace,  with 
thfi  small  spite  of  mean  spirits,  avenged  themselves,  by  the  infliction  of 
every  description  of  indignity,  for  the  fright  their  brave  though  turbulent 
and  laprudent  prisoner  had  caused  them.  On  his  way  to  the  place  of  ex- 
ecutioii  he  was  jeered  and  insulted  by  the  rabble;  and  the  magistrates 
suspended  to  his  neck  a  book  containing  an  account  of  his  former  exploits 
These  insults,  however,  nothing  affected  the  high  spirit  of  Argyle,  who 
contented  himself  with  sarcastically  telling  his  persecutors  that  In;  deemed 
it  well  that  they  had  nothing  worse  to  alledge  against  his  character.  He 
suffered  with  the  same  composure. 

Monmouth,  in  the  meant>me,  with  scarcely  more  than  a  hundred  fol- 
lowers, landed  on  the  coast  of  Dorsetshire ;  and  we  may  judge  of  the  crreat- 
ness  of  his  popularity  from  the  fact,  that  though  he  landed  with  so  slender 
a  retinue,  he  assembled  upwards  of  two  thousand  men  in  four  days  As 
he  proceeaed  to  Taunton  he  increased  his  force  to  six  thousand,  and  could 
nave  had  double  that  number,  only  that  he  was  obliged  after  the  first  few 
days  to  refuse  all  but  such  as  could  bring  their  own  arms  with  them. 

At  Bridgewatcr,  Wells,  and  Frome  he  was  joined  by  great  numbers  of 
young  men,  the  sons,  chiefly,  of  the  better  sort  of  farmers ;  and  such  was 
the  enthusiasm  that  was  now  excited  on  his  behalf,  that  James  begun,  and 
with  good  reason,  to  tremble  for  his  throne.  But  Monmouth  was  essen- 
tially unequal  to  the  vast  enterprise  (hat  he  had  undertaken.  Though  U^ 
had  much  of  his  father's  personal  courage,  he  had  still  more  of  his  father's 
levity  and  love  of  show  and  go'ety.  At  every  town  in  which  he  arrived 
he  spent  precious  time  in  the  i  le  ceremony  of  being  proclaimed  king,  and 
thus  frittered  away  the  enthusi  sm  and  hopes  of  his  own  followers,  while 
iriviiigtime  to  James  to  concentrate  force  enough  to  crush  him  at  a  blow 
Nor  did  the  error  of  Monmouth  end  here.  Lord  Gray  was  the  especial 
favourite  of  the  duke,  and  was  therefore  deemed  the  fittest  man  to  be  en- 
trusted with  the  command  of  the  insurgent  cavalry;  though  it  was  well 
known  that  he  was  deficient  in  judgment,  and  strongly  suspected  that  he 
was  not  overburdened  with  either  courage  or  zeal.  Fletcher  of  Saltoun, 
a  brave  and  direct,  though  passionate  and  free-spoken  man,  strongly  re- 
monstrated with  the  duke  upon  this  glaringly  impolitic  appointment,  and 
finding  his  remonstrances  productive  of  no  effect,  retired  from  the  expudi 
tion  III  disgust.  Even  the  loss  of  this  zealous  though  stern  friend  did  not 
move  the  duke,  who  continued  h!.,  confidence  to  Gray— to  repent  when 
repfiiitancB  could  '.e  of  no  avail. 

While  Monnviuth  had  boon  wasting  very  precious  time  in  those  idle 
mockeries  of  r<  yal  pomp,  Jamos  and  his  friends  had  boon  far  otherwise 
and  more  usefully  employed,  S'x  British  regiments  were  rooalied  from 
Holland,  apj  three  thnusand  regulars  with  a  vast  number  of  militia  wore 
sent,  undff  hovorshain  and  Churchill,  to  attack  the  rebels.  The  royal 
force  to'k  up  its  position  at  Sedgomoor,  near  Bridgewator.  Tlioy  wore 
orsne- .od  to  be,  so  carelessly  posted,  that  Monmouth  determined  to  give 
their  the  attack.  The  first  onset  of  the  rebels  was  so  enthusiastic  that 
thr  royal  infantry  gave  way.  Monmouth  was  rather  strong  in  cavalry, 
'(Id  a  Hinijle  Koi.d  charge  of  that  force  wouM  now  have  decided  the  day  in 
his  favour.  But  Gray  fully  confirmed  all  the  suspicions  of  his  cowardice 
ind,  while  all  were  loudly  calling  up'>n  him  to  charge,  he  aotiially  luriiod 
nis  horse's  head  and  flod  from  the  floi.l,  followed  by  tliegreator  number  of 
I'm  men.     Whatever  wore  th«  previous  er-ors  of  tha  roval  camsj'iinds's 


111' 

3!  Mj  ■ 


618 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


they  now  amply  atoned  for  ihein  by  the  prompt  and  able  manner  m  which 
they  availed  themselves  of  Monmoutli's  want  of  generalship  and  Gray's 
want  of  manhood.  The  rebels  were  charged  in  flank  again  and  again,  and 
being  utterly  unaided  by  their  cavalry,  were  thrown  into  complete  and 
irretrievable  disorder,  after  a  desperate  fight  of  above  three  hours.  It  u 
due  to  the  rebel  troops  to  add,  that  the  courage  which  they  displayed  was 
worthy  of  a  better  cause  and  better  leaders.  Rank  after  rank  fell  and 
died  on  the  very  spot  ou  which  they  hadfough*  •  but,  commanded  asihey 
were,  valour  was  thrown  away  and  devotion  merely  another  term  for  de- 
struction 

But  the  real  horrors  of  this  insurrection  only  began  when  the  battle  was 
ended.  Hundreds  were  slain  in  the  pursuit ;  quarter,  by  the  stern  ordei 
of  James,  being  invariably  refused.  A  special  commission  was  also  issued 
for  the  trial  of  all  who  were  taken  prisoners,  and  Judge  Jeffreys  and  Colo 
nel  Kirk,  the  latter  a  soldier  of  fortune  who  had  served  much  among  the 
Moors  and  become  thoroughly  brutalised,  carried  that  commission  into 
effect  in  a  manner  which  has  rendered  their  names  eternally  detestable. 

The  terror  which  these  brutally  severe  men  inspired  so  quickened  the 
zeal  of  the  authorities,  and  afforded  so  much  encouragement  to  informers, 
whether  actuated  by  hate  or  hire,  that  the  prisons  all  over  England,  but 
especially  in  the  western  counties,  were  speedily  filled  with  unfortunate 
people  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  ages.  In  some  towns  the  prisoners  were 
so  numerous,  that  even  the  ferocity  of  Jeffreys  was  wearied  of  try- 
ing  in  detail.  Intimation  was  therefore  given  to  great  numbers  of  prison- 
ers, that  their  only  chance  of  mercy  rested  upon  their  pleadine:  i^iiilty; 
but  all  the  unfortunate  wretches  who  were  thus' beguiled  into  ih;it  plea 
were  instantly  and  en  masse  sentenced  to  death  by  Jeffreys,  who  took  care, 
too,  that  the  sentence  should  speedily  be  executed. 

The  fate  of  one  venerable  lady  excited  great  remark  and  commisera- 
tion even  in  that  terrible  time  of  general  dismay  and  widely-spread  suf- 
fering.  The  lady  ni  question,  Mrs.  Gaunt,  a  person  of  some  fortune, 
known  loyalty,  and  excellent  character,  was  induced  by  sheer  hmnanily 
to  give  shelter  to  one  of  the  fugitives  from  Sedgenjoor.  It  being  under- 
stood that  the  sheltered  would  be  pardoned  on  condition  of  giving  eviiience 
against  those  who  had  dared  to  shelter  them,  this  base  and  ungralefiil  man 
informed  against  his  benefactress,  who  was  inhumanly  sentenced  to  death 
by  Jeffreys,  and  actually  executed.  Kirk,  too,  was  guilty  of  the  most 
enormous  and  filthy  cruellies,  and  it  seemed  doubtful  whether  Jeffreys 
and  his  8t(  n  master  intended  only  to  intimidate  the  people  of  Fnyland 
»nto  submis.ion,  or  actually  and  fully  to  exterminate  them. 

Monmouth,  whose  rash  enterprise  and  unjustified  ambition  had  caused 
80  much  confusion  and  bloodshed,  rode  from  the  fatal  field  of  Scdgenioor 
at  so  rapid  a  pace,  that  at  about  twenty  miles  distance  his  horse  fell  dead 
beneath  him.  The  dukti  had  lunv  of  all  his  numerous  followers  hut  one 
left  with  him,  a  German  nobleman.  Monmouth  being  in  a  desoliite  part 
of  the  country,  and  at  so  considerable  a  distance  from  the  s(;cne  of  Imllle 
and  bloodshed,  entertained  some  hape  that  he  might  escape  by  means  of 
disguise,  and  meeting  with  a  poor  shepherd,  he  gave  the  man  some  gold 
to  exchange  clothes  with  him.  He  and  his  German  friend  now  tilled  their 
pockets  with  field  pons,  and,  provided  only  with  this  wretched  food,  pro- 
ceeded, towards  nifrhlfall,  to  conceal  themselves  among  the  tall  fernuliich 
prew  rankly  and  abundantly  on  the  surrounding  moors.  Hut  the  pursueia 
and  avengers  of  blood  were  not  so  fur  distant  as  the  misgniiled  duke  sup- 
posed. A  parly  ol  horse,  having  Adlowed  closely  in  Ins  tra('i<,  cHinf  up 
with  the  peasant  with  whom  he  had  ex"hanged  clothes,  and  from  tins 
man's  information  the  duke  was  ■pee.'ily  discovered  and  dragijed  from  his 
hidiug-l)luce.  His  misorable  plight  ana  Jie  horrors  of  th(!  falo  that  he  but 
toi2  coTtrr.f.ily  aHwcjpaica,  nua  now  ru  conipiciciy  umiianiicu  jum,  -i^'  ^— 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


619 


burst  into  an  agony  of  tears,  and  in  the  most  humble  manner  implored  his 
captors  to  allow  him  to  escape.  But  the  reward  offered  lor  his  apprelien- 
sioa  was  too  tempting,  and  the  dread  of  the  king's  anger  too  great,  to  be 
overcome  by  the  unhappy  captive's  solicitations,  and  he  was  hurried  to 
orison.  Even  now  his  clinging  to  life  prevailed  over  the  manifest  dictates 
of  common  sense,  and  from  his  prison  ne  sent  letfer  after  letter  to  the 
king,  filled  with  the  most  abject  entreaties  to  be  allowed  to  live.  The 
natural  character  of  James  and  the  stern  severity  with  which  be  had  pun- 
ished the  rebellion  of  the  meaner  offenders,  might  have  warned  •  onnionlh 
that  the.se  degrading  submissions  would  avail  him  nothing.  But,  .u  fact, 
his  own  absurdly  offensive  manner  durinu;  his  brief  period  of  anticipative 
triumph  would  have  steeled  the  heart  of  a  far  more  placable  sovereign 
than  James.  Monmouth's  proclamations  had  not  stopped  at  calling  upon 
the  people  of  England  to  rebel  against  their  undoubtedly  rightful  sovereign ; 
they  had  in  a  manner,  which  would  have  been  revolting  if  the  very  excess 
of  its  virulence  had  not  rendered  it  absurd,  vilified  the  personal  eharactter 
of  James  ;  and  while  thus  offending  him  as  a  man,  had  at  the  same  time 
offered  him  the  still  more  unpardonable  offence  of  attacking  his  religion. 
Jaines  had  none  of  the  magnanimity  which  in  these  circumstances  of  per- 
sonal affront  would  have  found  an  argument  for  pardoning  the  treason,  in 
order  to  avoid  even  the  appearance  of  punishing  the  personality;  and 
from  the  moment  that  Monmouth  was  captured,  his  fate  was  irrevocably 

sealed. 

Bad  as  Monmouth's  conduct  had  been,  it  is  not  without  contempt  that 
we  read  that  James,  though  determined  not  to  spare  him,  allowed  him  to 
hope  for  mercy,  and  even  granted  him  an  interview.  Admitted  to  the 
presence  of  the  king,  Monmouth  was  weak  enough  to  renew  in  person  the 
abject  submissions  and  solicitations  by  which  he  had  already  degraded 
himself  in  writing.  As  he  knelt  and  implored  his  life,  James  sternly 
handed  him  a  paper.  It  contained  an  admission  of  his  illegitimacy,  and 
of  the  utter  falsehood  of  the  report  that  Lucy  Waters  had  ever  been  mar- 
ried to  Charles  II.  Monmouth  signed  the  paper,  and  James  then  coldly 
told  him  that  his  repeated  treasons  rendered  pardon  altogether  out  of  the 
question.  The  duke  now  at  length  perceived  that  hope  was  at  an  end, 
rose  from  his  suppliant  posture,  and  left  the  apartment  with  an  assumed 
firmness  in  liis  step  and  scorn  in  his  countenance. 

When  led  to  the  scaffold  .Monmouth  behaved  with  a  degree  of  fortitude 
that  could  scarcely  have  been  anticipated  from  his  previous  ahjcctness. 
Having  learned  that  the  executioner  was  the  same  who  had  beheaded 
Lord  William  Russell,  and  who  had  put  that  noblnman  to  nim-h  agony,  the 
duke  gave  the  man  some  money,  and  good-hnmouredly  warned  hiin  to  be 
more  expert  in  his  business  on  the  present  occasion.  The  warnnig  had 
an  effect  exactly  opiwsite  to  what  Monmouth  intended.  The  man  was 
RO  confused,  that  at  the  first  blow  he  only  wounded  that  sufferer's  neck; 
and  Monmouth,  bleeding  and  ghastly  with  pain  and  terror,  raised  his  head 
from  the  block.  His  look  of  agony  still  farther  ntmerved  the  man,  who 
made  two  more  ineffuctual  strokes,  then  threw  down  the  axe  m  despair 
and  disgust.  The  reproaches  and  threats  of  the  sheriff,  however,  caused 
him  to  re.Hume  his  revolting  task,  which  at  two  strokes  more  he  completed, 
and  James,  duke  of  Monmouth,  was  a  lifeless  corpse.  Monmouih  was 
popular,  and  therefore  his  fate  was  deemed  hard.  But  his  treason  war. 
wholly  unjustifiable,  his  pretended  claim  to  the  crown  as  absurdly  ground- 
less  HS  the  claim  of  the  son  of  a  known  harlot  could  Le ;  and  pity  is  fai 
less  due  to  his  memory  than  to  tliat  of  the  unfortunate  people  whom  he 
deluded  into  treason  by  his  rashness,  and  delivered  to  the  gallows  by  his 
incapacity  and  obstinacy.  Saying  nothing  of  the  vast  numbers  who  fell 
ui  actual  fight  or  in  the  subsequent  pursuit,  for  their  fate  was  at  the  Iciisi 
couipafativeiy  enviable,  upwards  of  twenty  were  hanged  by  the  inilitufy 


II 


iff 


f!' 


|! 


'I 

u  -  •i 

,  Fa    ^,    - 
\f 

I   11 


620 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


and  Jeffreys  hanged  eighty  at  Dorchester,  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  ut 
Taunton,  Wells,  and  Exeter.  At  other  places  still  farther  victims  were 
made ;  and  whipping,  imprisonment,  or  ruinous  fines  were  inflicted  upon 
hundreds  in  every  part  of  the  kingdom.  And  all  this  misery,  let  us  not 
forget,  arose  9ut  of  ihe  rebellion,  and  the  fraudulent  as  well  as  absurd  pre- 
tensions of  the  duke  of  Monmouth. 

As  though  the  civil  dissensions  of  the  kingdom  had  not  been  suffieientlj 
injurious,  the  most  furious  animosities  existed  on  the  score  of  religion. 
The  more  James  displayed  his  bigotry  and  his  zeal  for  the  re-establishment 
or,  at  the  least,  the  great  encouragement  and  preference  of  popery,  the 
more  zealously  was  he  opposed  by  the  popular  preachers,  who  lost  no  op 
portunity  of  impressing  upon  the  people  a  deep  sense  of  the  evils  which 
they  might  anticipate  from  <t  return  to  the  papal  system.  The  terrors  and 
the  blandishments  which  the  king  by  turns  employed  caused  many  per- 
sons of  lax  conscience  to  affect  to  be  converted  to  papacy.  Dr.  Sharpe, 
a  protestant  clergyman  of  London,  distinguished  himself  by  the  just  sever- 
ity with  which  he  denounced  these  time-servers.  His  majesty  was  so 
much  annoyed  and  enraged  ai  the  doctor's  sermons  that  tie  issued  an  order 
to  the  bishop  of  London  to  suspend  Sharpe  from  his  clerical  functions 
until  further  notice.  The  bishop  very  properly  refused  to  comply  with 
this  arbitrary  and  unconstitutional  order-  The  king  then  determined  to 
include  the  bishop  in  his  punishment,  and  issued  an  ecclesiastical  commis- 
sion, t^iving  to  the  seven  persons  to  whom  it  was  directed  an  unlimited 
power"  in  matters  clerical.  Before  the  commissioners  thus  authorised, 
both  the  bishop  and  Dr.  Uharpe  were  summoned,  and  sentenced  to  be  sus- 
pended during  the  king's  pleasure. 

Thougli  a  bigot,  James  was  undoubtedly  a  sincere  one.  He  readily  be- 
lieved tiiat  all  argument  woi;ld  end  in  favour  of  popery,  and  that  all  sin- 
cere and  teachable  spirits  w.jtl..  become  papist  if  full  latitude  were  given 

to  teaching.  ,  .    ,  ,  , 

In  this  belief  he  now  determined  on  a  universal  indulgence  of  con- 
science, and  a  formal  declaration  informed  the  people  that  all  sectarirs 
should  have  full  indulgence,  and^  that  nonconformity  waft  no  longer  a 
crime.  He  again,  too,  sent  a  message  to  Rome  offering  to  reconcile  his 
people  to  the  papal  power.  But  the  earl  of  Castlemain,  who  was  now 
employed,  met  with  no  more  success  than  Caryll  had  met  with  at  nn  ear- 
lier  period  of  the  king's  reign.  The  pope  understood  governing  better 
than  James,  and  better  understood  the  actual  temper  of  the  English  peo 
pie.  He  ^uiew  that  much  might,  with  the  aid  of  time,  be  done  in  the  way 
of  undenuiiiing  the  supports  of  the  protestant  church  ;  while  tiie  rash  and 
arbitrary  measures  of  James  were  calculated  only  to  awaken  the  people  to 
watchfiiliioss  and  inspire  them  with  a  spirit  of  resistance. 

Not  even  Rome  could  discourage  James  from  prosecuting  his  rash 
measures.  He  encouraged  the  Jesuits  to  erect  colleges  in  various  parts 
of  the  country  ;  the  catholic  worship  was  celebrated  not  only  openly  but 
osteutalioiisly ;  and  four  catholic  bishops,  after  having  publicly  been  con- 
secrated in  the  king's  chapel,  were  sent  to  e.\ercise  their  functions  ol 
vicars  apostolical  throughout  the  kingdom.  .  _,    ,      r. 

But  tlic  king  was  not  unopposed.  He  recommended  Father  I*  rancis.  a 
Benedictine  monk,  to  the  university' of  Cambridge,  for  the  degree  of  mas 
terofarts.  The  university  replied  by  a  petition,  in  which  they  prayed 
the  king  to  excuse  them  upon  the  ground  of  the  father's  religion.  An 
endeavour  was  then  made  to  terrify  the  university  by  sununoinng  the 
vice-chancellor  before  the  high  commission  court ;  but  both  that  fimc- 
tionary  and  his  university  were  firm,  and  Father  Francis  was  refused  hiH 
degrees.  ,  , 

The  sister  univer.'«ity  of  Oxford  displayed  the  like  conscientious  and  cie- 
crminod  spirit     Tlio  presidency  of  Magdalen  college  becoming  vect^ut 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


621 


the  king  recommended  for  that  lucrative  and  honourable  situation  a  Dr. 
Farmer,  who  was  a  new  and  merely  time-serving  convert  to  pai)acy,  and 
who,  in  other  respects,  was  by  no  means  the  sort  of  character  who  would 
do  honour  to  so  hiafh  a  preferment.  The  fellows  respectfully  but  firmly 
refused  to  obey  the  king's  mandate  for  the  election  of  this  man,  and  James 
ihowed  his  sense  of  the  refusal  by  ejecting  all  but  two  of  them  from  then 
fellowships. 

A.  D.  1688.— An  increasing  disaffection  to  the  king  was  the  inevitable 
consecjuence  of  his  perseverance  in  this  arbitrary  course,  many  instances 
of  which  we  might  cite.  But  heedless  alike  of  the  murmurs  ol  his  own 
subjects  and  of  the  probable  effect  of  those  murmurs  upon  the  minds  o! 
foreign  princes,  James  issued  a  second  declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience. 
As  if  to  add  insult  to  this  evident  blow  at  the  established  church,  James 
ordered  that  this  second  declaration  should  be  read  by  all  clergymen  at 
the  conclusion  of  divine  service.  The  dignitaries  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land now  considered  that  farther  endurance  would  argue  rather  luke- 
warmness  for  the  church  or  gross  personal  timidity,  than  mere  and  due 
respect  to  the  sovereign,  and  they  determined  firmly,  though  temperately 
tu  resist  at  this  point. 

Accordingly,  Sancroft,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Lloyd,  bishop  of  Sf. 
Asaph,  Kenn,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  Turner,  bishop  of  K!y,  Lake, 
bishop  of  Chichester,  White,  bishop  of  Peterborough,  and  Trelawney, 
bishop  of  Bristol,  drew  up  a  respectful  memorial  to  the  king,  in  which 
they  stated  that  their  conscientious  respect  to  the  protestant  religion  as 
by  law  established  would  not  allow  them  and  their  clergy  to  yield  obedi- 
ence to  his  mandate.  The  king  treated  this  petition  as  something  ap- 
proaching to  a  treasonable  denial  of  his  rights.  The  archbishops  and 
bishops  were  summoned  before  him  at  the  council,  and  he  sternly  asked 
them  if  they  ventured  to  avow  their  petition.  The  question  remained  foi 
some  time  unanswered  ;  but  at  length  the  prelates  replied  in  the  afRrma- 
live,  and  were  immediately,  on  their  declining  to  give  bail,  committed  to 
the  Tower  on  the  charge  of  having  uttered  a  seditious  libel. 

On  the  twenty-ninth  of  June  in  this  year  the  trial  of  the  bishops  took 
place ;  and  as  it  was  evident  that  in  defending  the  church  the  prelates 
were  also,  and  at  a  most  important  crisis,  boldly  standing  forward  as  the 
champions  of  the  whole  nation,  the  proceedings  were  watched  with  a 
most  intense  interest  by  men  of  every  rank,  and,  save  a  few  bigoted  or 
interested  papists,  by  men  of  every  shade  of  religious  opinion.  The  law- 
yers on  either  side  exerted  themselves  greatly  and  ably ;  and  two  of  the 
fudges,  Powel  and  Holloway,  plainly  declared  their  opinion  to  be  in  favour 
of  the  bishops.  The  jury,  however,  even  now  had  grave  doubts,  and  re 
mained  in  deliberation  during  the  entire  night.  On  the  following  morning 
Westminster-hall  was  literally  crowded  with  spectators  anxious  to  know 
the  result,  and  when  the  jury  appeared  and  returned  a  verdict  of  "  Not 
guilty,"  a  tnighty  cheer  arose  within  the  hall,  was  taken  up  by  the  crowds 
outside,  and  passed  from  street  to  street,  from  town  to  country,  and  from 
village  to  village.  James  was  at  the  time  dining  with  Loid  Favershnm 
in  the  camp  at  Hounslow,  ten  miles  from  London.  The  cheers  of  the 
people  reached  even  to  this  distance,  and  were  re-echoed  hj  the  soldiers 
with  a  huartiness  and  loudness  that  actually  alarmed  Jamcsj  who  eagerly 
inquired  what  that  noise  could  mean. 

"  It  is  nothing,  sire,"  replied  one  of  the  attendants,  "  but  the  soldiers 
nhoutinif  at  the  acauittal  or  the  bishops." 

"And  do  you  call  that  nothing!"  replied  James :  "  but  it  shall  be  ail  the 
worse  for  them  all." 

The  shouts  of  the  soldiers  at  the  failure  of  JameV  arbitrary  attempt 
apinst  the  bishops  was,  indeed,  an  ominous  sign  of  the  ti?nes.  His 
— ...„  .,,,  iivijir  iiau  iTjcu  tc^-uusaicu  ai!u  tjiscouragcu  ay  Homo  \  ana  now 


fsfl 


622 


UISTOIiY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


oven  his  very  soldiery,  upon  wtioin  alone  he  could  rely  for  slrenTth.  tes- 
tified  '"leir  sympathy  with  the  popular  cause.  But  the  infatuated  monarch 
did  not  even  yet  know  the  full  extent  of  his  peril.  Many  of  the  leading 
men  of  the  kingdom  were  in  close  though  cautious  correspondence  with  a 
foreign  potentate,  and  the  most  extensive  and  formidable  preparations 
were  being  made  to  hurl  James  from  a  throne  which  he  had  so  signally 
proved  himself  unworthy  to  fill. 

Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  James,  was  married  to  William,  prince  of  Oi. 
ange,  who  was  at  once  the  subtle  and  profound  politician  and  the  accom 
plished  and  tried  soldier.  To  this  able  and  protestant  prince  the  malcon- 
tents of  England,  who  now  through  James' incurable  infatuation  included 
all  that  was  best  and  most  honourable  as  well  as  most  influeiitial  of  the 
nation,  turned  their  eyes  for  deliverance.  He  had  long  been  aware  of  the 
discontents  that  existed  in  England,  but  kept  up  an  appearance  of  perfect 
amity  with  the  king,  and  even  in  his  correspondence  with  the  leading  men 
of  the  opposition  warily  avoided  committing  himself  too  far,  and  affected 
to  dissuade  them  from  proceeding  to  extremities  against  their  sovereign. 
But  the  ferment  occasioned  by  the  affair  of  the  bishops  encouraged  him 
to  throw  off  the  mask  ;  he  had  long  been  making  preparations  for%uch  a 
crisis,  and  he  now  resolved  to  act.  He  had  his  preparations  so  complete, 
indeed,  that  in  a  short  time  after  the  acquittal  of  the  bishops,  he  dropped 
down  the  canals  and  rivers  from  Nimeugen  with  a  well  stored  fleet  o| 
five  hundred  vessels  and  an  army  of  upwards  of  fourteen  thousand  men. 
As  all  William's  preparations  had  been  made  on  pretext  of  an  intended 
invasion  of  France,  he  actually  landed  in  England,  at  Torbay,  without  hav- 
injj'  excited  the  slightest  alarm  in  the  mind  of  James. 

William  now  marched  his  army  to  Exeter  and  issued  proclamations,  in 
which  he  invited  the  people  to  aid  him  in  delivering  them  from  the  ty- 
ranny under  which  they  groaned ;  but  such  a  deep  and  general  terror  had 
been  struck  into  that  neighbourhood  by  the  awful  scenes  that  had  followed 
the  affair  of  Monmouth,  that  even  the  numerous  and  well-appointed  force 
of  William  encouraged  but  few  volunteers  to  join  him.  Ten  days  elupsed, 
and  William,  contrasting  the  apathy  of  the  people  with  the  ehthusiastio 
invitations  he  had  received  from  many  of  the  leading  men  of  the  country, 
began  to  despair,  and  even  to  consult  with  his  odicers  on  the  propriety  of 
re-embarking,  and  leaving  so  faithless  a  gentry  and  so  apathetic  a  populace 
to  endure  the  miseries  which  they  dared  not  rise  against.  But  at  this 
critical  moment  he  was  joined  by  some  men  of  great  influence  and  note; 
his  arrival  and  his  force  became  generally  known,  and  multitudes  of  all 
ranks  now  declared  in  his  favour. 

The  movement  once  commenced,  the  revolution  was  virtually  accom- 
plished.  Even  the  most  favoured  and  confidential  servants  of  James  now 
abandoned  him ;  and  whatever  might  have  been  the  faults  of  the  unfortu- 
nate king,  it  is  impossible  not  to  feel  deep  disgust  at  the  unnatural  and 
ungrateful  conduct  of  some  of  those  who  now  coldly  abandoned  him  in 
the  moment  of  his  deepest  perplexity  and  need.  Lord  Churchill,  for  in- 
stance, afterwards  duke  of  Marlborough,  and  undoubtedly  one  of  the  great- 
est  generals  England  has  ever  possessed,  acted  upon  this  occasion  with 
a  most  scandalous  ingratitude.  OriginHlly  only  a  page  in  the  royal  house- 
hold, he  had  by  the  king's  favour  been  raised  to  high  command  and  lucra- 
live  honours.  But  now  when  his  talents  and  his  sword  were  most  needed 
by  the  king,  he  not  only  deserted  him,  but  also  influenced  several  other 
leading  characters  to  desert  with  him,  including  the  duke  of  Grafton,  an 
illegitimate  son  of  Charles  II. 

But  the  most  shameful  desertion,  and  that  which  the  most  deeply  pained 
and  disgusted  the  unfortunate  king,  was  that  of  the  princess  Anne,  who 
had  ever  been  his  most  favoured  and,  seemingly,  his  most  attached 
daughter     But  this  iiiustrious  lady,  and  her  husband,  the  prince  of  lictt- 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


628 


mark,  now  joined  the  rest  in  desertinsr  the  king,  who  .n  his  too  tardy 
bcnse  of  his  helpless  situation  pas.sioii'ately  exclaimed,  "  God  help  me ! 
Even  my  own  children  desert  me  now." 

Unible  to  rely  upon  his  troops,  seeing  only  enraged  enemies  among  all 
ranks  of  his  subjects,  and  so  deserted  by  his  court  that  he  had  scarcely 
the  necessary  personal  attendance,  he  sent  the  queen,  who  had  recently 
been  confined  of  a  son,  over  to  Calais ;  and  then,  with  only  one  attendant 
Sir  Edward  Hales,  a  new  convert  to  popery,  whose  fidelity  to  his  unhappj 
master  cannot  be  too  highly  applauded,  he  secref^"  left  London,  intending 
to  follow  the  queen  to  France.  He  was  recogn.sed  and  stopped  by  the 
mob,  but  being  confined  at  Rochester,  he  was  so  carelessly  guarded,  that 
he  was  able — probably  from  secret  orders  given  by  William,  whom  his 
detention  would  have  embarrassed — to  escape  with  his  natural  son,  the 
Juke  of  Berwick,  and  they  arrived  safely  in  France.  He  was  well  re- 
ceived by  the  F'rench  court,  and  encouraged  to  persevere  in  the  intention 
he  possessed,  of  at  least  making  an  endeavour  to  reconquer  his  kingdom. 

But  that  kingdom  had  finally  rejected  him,  and  was  even  at  that  moment 
engaged  in  discussing  the  means  of  erecting  a  secure  and  free  govern- 
ment upon  the  ruins  of  his  most  unwise,  gratuitous,  and  absurd  despotism. 


CHAPTER  LVL 

THE    RGION    OF   WILLIAM    III. 

A.  D.  1689. — Th£  most  influential  members  of  both  houses  of  parliament, 
the  privy  council,  with  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  the  lord  mayor  and 
other  leading  men,  now  debuted  upon  the  course  that  ought  to  be  taken. 
King  James  was  alive ;  he  had  not  formally  resigned  his  throne  ;  no  actual 
hosiilitles  had  taken  place  between  him  and  his  people,  nor  had  he  by 
arms  or  by  law  been  formally  deposed.  But  he  had  fled  from  the  king- 
dom at  the  mere  appearance  of  an  invader,  and  on  the  bare,  however  well- 
founded,  assumption  of  the  hostility  of  his  people  and  their  concert  with 
the  invading  power.  A  clearer  case  of  constructive  abdication  it  would 
not  he  easy  to  conceive,  and  both  houses  of  parliament  at  once  proceeded 
to  vote  that  the  king  had  abdicated. 

But  mother  and  more  dilfieult  point  now  remained  for  consideration. 
Taking  the  king's  abdication  to  be  undisputed — who  was  to  succeed  him  I 
Could  he,  because  weary  of  the  throne  or  unable  to  maintain  himself  upon 
it,  cut  off  the  entail  of  the  throne?  His  queen  was  re(;ently  delivered  of  a 
Bon ;  that  son,  by  tlie  well  known  English  law  of  succession,  had  right  of 
inheritance  prior  to  the  princesses;  ought  he  not,  then,  to  be  made  king, 
and  a  regency  appointed  ?  But,  if  so,  would  not  liie  paternity  of  James 
enable  him  to  continue  his  despotism  through  his  son  when  the  latter 
should  attain  his  majority  T  The  point  was  a  most  important  one,  and  as 
difficult  of  solution  as  it  was  important;  but  we  have  ever  been  of  opinion 
that  the  leading  statesmen  of  that  day  decided  upon  it  very  much  in  the 
spirit  of  the  son  of  Philip,  who  cut  the  Gordlan  knot  which  he  found  him- 
self unable  to  untie.  The  revolution  was,  undoubtedly,  a  necessary  one, 
for  James'  tyranny  was  great  and  Insensate;  and  it  was  a  glorious  one, 
inasmuch  as  it  was  accomplished  without  bloodalied.  But  these  consider- 
ations, important  as  they  are,  must  not  prevent  us  from  denouncing  the 
injustice  with  which  the  leading  men  of  England,  finding  themst'lves  in 
great  and  grievous  difiiculty  how  to  reconcile  their  own  liberties  and  the 
rights  of  the  infant  son  of  the  abdicated  king,  pronounced  that  son  suppo. 
tititious :  The  most  ridiculous  tales  were  told  and  credited  ;  it  was  even 
averred  that  the  queen  had  never  been  pregnant  at  all,  but  that  the  child 
who  was  now  pronounced  supposititious  had  been  conveyed  to  the  a^arl- 


624 


HISTORY   OF  THE   "WORLD. 


ments  of  the  queen  from  those  of  i(s  real  mother  in  a  warming  pan '  iw 
n.rn"  ™rll  ^"""^  determined  upon  injustice  any  pretext  willserve  the, 
turn,      rhe  young  pnnce.  then,  was  pronounced  illegitimate,/and  thi 

r«'[^f .  t',"^/^""^"!^ "  '^^^  t!'^"  P^^P^^^^  t«  raise  the  princess  of  Qranle 
Tames'  eldest  daughter,  to  the  throne  as  her  hereditary  right.     But  to  hf« 
course  there  was  an  insuperable  and  unexpected  obstacle     The  hieh  ^n,i 
stern  ambition  of  the  prince  of  Orange  forbade  him,  in  his  own  coarse  but 
expressive  phrase  "  to  accept  of  a  kingdom  which  he  was  to  hofd  only  by 
his  wife's  apron  strings."    He  v-otda  cUmv  have  the  crown  conferred 
upon  himself,  or  he  would  return  to  his  o'-vu  country  and  leave  thlp„ 
glish  to  settle  their  own  diffi..::,;..  ........  oest  mi^ht;  and  accord  ,mv 

he  crown  was  settled  upon  William  and  Mary  and  trieir'heirs,  the  afin- 
istration  ol  affairs  being  vested  in  William  alone. 

Though  the  declaration  of  toleration  issued  by  James  had  given  such 
deep  and  general  offence,  it  had  done  so  only  as  it  indicated  tlfe  desire  of 
James  to  deprive  both  the  church  of  England  and  the  dissenters  of  security 
from  the  inroads  of  papacy.  Presuming  from  this  fnct  tv.t,  toIeS 
would  not  in  itself  be  disagreeable  to  the  nation,  ^y^ii^rx,  commencS  hi" 
reign  by  an  attempt  to  repeal  the  laws  that  commanded  uniformity  oi 
worship.  But  the  English,  as  has  well  been  remarked,  were  "  more  eadl 
to  examine  the  commands  of  their  superiors  than  to  obey  them  •"  aS 
William,  although  looked  upon  as  the  deliverer  of  the  nation,  c^dd  onlv 
so  far  succeed  in  this  design, as  to  procure  toleration  for  such  dissent"? 
as^should  hold  no  private  conventicles  and  should  take  the  oaths  of  alkg" 

The  attention  of  William,  however,  was  very  speedily  called  from  the 
regulation  of  his  new  kingdom  to  the  measures  necessary  for  its  preserva 
tion.  jKmes,  as  we  hav^  said,  was  received  in  France  with  great  friend 
ship;  anc  Ireland,  mainly  catholic,  still  remained  true  to  him.  Havins 
assembled  all  the  force  he  could,  therefore,  James  determined  to  maicf 
Ireland  his  pot^l  dappui,  and,  embarking  at  Brest,  he  landed  at  the  port  of 
Kinsale  on  the  22d  of  May,  1689.  Here  everything  tended  to  flatter  his 
hopes.  His  progress  to  Dublin  was  a  sort  of  triumph.  Tyrconnel,  the 
lord  lieutenant,  received  him  with  loyal  warmth  and  respect ;  the  old  army 
was  not  merely  faithful  but  zealous,  and  was  very  easily  increased  by  new 
levies  to  the  imposing  force  of  for^v  thousand  men. 

Some  few  towns  in  Ireland,  being  chiefly  inhabited  by  protestants,  had 
declared  for  King  William,  and  among  these  was  Derrv,  or  Londonderry, 
and  to  this  town  James  at  once  proceeded  to  lay  siege.  The  military 
authorities  would  probably  have  been  glad  to  have  delivered  the  place  up 
to  their  awfnl  sovereign  ;  but  a  clergyman,  Mr.  George  Walker,  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  protestant  inhabitants  of  the  town,  and  worked 
up  their  minds  to  such  a  pitch  of  enthusiasm  that  they  resolved  to  hold 
out  the  place,  until  it  should  .|»  relieved  by  William,  or  perish  in  the  at- 
tempt. The  enthusiasm  spread  to  the  very  lowest  and  weakest  of  the 
population;  and  though  famine  and  fever  made  fearful  ravages,  and  such 
loathsome  objects  as  cats  and  rats  became  coveted  for  food,  the  besieged 
Btill  held  out.  1  his  devotion  was  at  length  rewarded.  A  store-ship, 
heavily  laden  with  provision,  broke  the  boom  which  had  been  laid  across 
the  river,  and  the  famished  inhabitants  of  Derry  received  at  once  an  ahun- 
uant  supply  of  provisions  and  a  most  welcome  addition  to  their  p  .rrison 
ot  hale  and  fresh  men.  James,  durUig  this  obstinate  siege,  had  lost  nine 
thousand  of  his  troops,  and  as  the  aid  now  thrown  into  the  town  rendered 
his  success  more  unlikely  than  ever,  he  withdrew  his  army  in  the  night, 
and  prepared  to  meet  William,  who  in  person  was  about  to  attack  him. 

A.  p  1690.—  The  hostile  armies  came  in  sight  of  each  other  upon  the 
opposite  sides  of  the  river  Boyne,  which  might  easily  have  been  forded 
but  for  ditcities  and  old  houses  which  rendered  the  banks  dfifansible.    Tc 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  ^25 

this  facility  of  ambush,  in  fact,  the  life  of  William  very  nearlv  bpoam.,  « 
•acnfice.  As  he  rode  out  along  his  lines  to  reconnoiire is  oZnenL  a„3 
determine  upon  h.s  plan  of  battle,  a  cannon  was  secretrpo^E?ed  at  W m 

ad^^;j:pEK3ri;sj:=SrKS^ 

and  then  he  led  over  his  army  in  three  divisions.  TheyTrossed  ?he  r^,p; 
«r,thout  any  considerable  loss,  formed  in  good  order  Jtheonoosite  side 
and  an  obstinate  batt  e  ensued.  The  Irilh  aq  wpII  at  iilr'^&  u  ^ 
Swiss  allies,  fought  well  and  zealously,  bTt  the;  we  e  infeno  inTvalJv"'^ 
and  the  furious  charges  of  William's  cavalryVK  by  himself  at  S?,i^ 
caused  the  Irish  to  retreat,  and  the  mere  mercenary  SwUrandFrpn^Ph 

repulsing  the  ternb  e  cavalry  charges  of  William.  The  defeat  S  the  ri«h 
army  was  as  complete  as  might  have  been  anticipated  from  thh  vervnrJ 
posite  conduct  of  the  opDosine  leaders     Of  rL^liT  > ,  ^"'",^^1?  "P" 

undred  were  killed  anffSdet'wWle  Wm  a"'m^o^7rrer^^^^^^ 
tliat  number     But  he  sustained  a  heavy  loss  indeed  in  the  death  of  ihi 
Sii^ofiLrer^  '''''"''-''  who^as'shofafCctsaVivt! 

It  did^riCKTstr^yts^p^c:^  ^-rj 

"^rTnJXlTrfst''  r"^"^"'^'  "^^''^^  noTcommitted  TotTe 
leaaerstiip  ol  General  St.  Rutn,  a  man  of  known  eallantrv  and  rnnduPt 

This  army  was  met  by  that  of  the  English  at  Augirim  •  and  the  bn^^t. 
nature  of  :he  ground  in  which  St.  Ruth  had  taken  uJanadibleposS 
E    tJn^"r  'M-T'"!,'"'  English  with  great  loss    n  sS  cCes 

fears,  -^  ^^Lj^^s^i  -„i  -ir?Lli 

fivJ  ruS^o^?[hernrbr ^  '°  ''-^'^^  -^''  theTs^-ofl^pw^LT^o'i 
William  now  proceeded  to  besiege  Limerick,  the  garrison  of  which  citv 
aided  by  the  troops  who  had  escaped  from  Aighrim  mad"  a  S  mt  S 
obstinate  defence  5  but  the  English'gained  ground  oVaptdlythlfo  avod 
the  horrors  which  must  have  resulted  from  the  place  beii  a  taken  ht  « 
sault,  the  Irish  leaders  demanded  a  parley.  WiU  am  was  neither  bi^^tert 
nor  cruel  and  he  offered  no  objection  to  the  termn^^iThich  he  Ac" 
proposed  to  surrender.    These  terms  were,  that  the   Ttholics  ofTelaSS 

I  i^  M?t'^1f  '■'\^°'"  "^  ••«"^'«"  ^^"^''»  »'>«y  had  enjoyed  mde  Charles 

I,  and  fhat  all  Irish  persons  should  be  at  liberty  to  remove  with  thel? 

Jm.es  and  property  to  any  part  of   he  world,  excepti.r  England  and 

Scotland.      Above  fourteen  thousani  availed    hemseCs  ()f  E  In.!, 

Se";;S/"'  "^"  ''""''y''  '-  ^'--  at  the  eTe-e^f'the'EngS 

4.  D.  1692.-  William  aspired  to  the  distinction  of  beinc  head  of  the  nm 

estan,  uiterests  in  Europe:  hence  the  country  wa^Lost  norpetuK 

tLfrt''ir."4L-»^»L-,"  V^"'  V  ""«  ""'  absoluS^'neSr";"^ 
Vnt    l.'Zl'if      ''"'  """  """^  ''"  "*^'**"  """  "'"  ^''»^«'  "  «""ed  the  king's 


It 


,1 


fc26 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


warlike  disposition ;  for  though  he  was  by  no  means  uniformly  successlul 
at  the  head  of  his  troops,  he  possessed  the  necessary  courage  and  forti 
tude,  and  was,  oeyond  ail  doubt,  a  superior  military  commander.  Wp 
shall  not,  however,  enter  the  arena  of  his  warlike  achievements,  as  gen- 
eral of  the  allied  armies,  in  the  long  and  arduous  struggle  against  the 
power  and  restless  ambition  of  Louis  XIV.,  but  keep  our  attention  fixed 
on  those  matters  which  more  exclusively  refer  to  England.  Among  these 
was  the  celebrated  victory  off  La  Hogue  gained  by  the  English  and  Dutch 
fleets,  over  the  French.  The  latter  consisted  of  sixty-three  ships,  and  the 
confederate  fleet  of  ninety-nine;  but  scarce  one  half  could  come  to  an 
engagement.  The  French  fleet  was  entirely  defeated,  and  driven  to  their 
own  coast ;  and  at  La  Hogue  and  other  places,  no  less  than  twenty-one 
of  their  largest  men-of-war  were  destroyed,  within  two  or  three  days  aftei 
the  battle.  Among  the  rest,  the  French  admiral's  ship,  the  Rising  Sun, 
was  set  on  fire,  within  sight  of  the  army  that  was  to  have  made  a  descent 
upon  England.  Not  a  single  ship  was  lost  on  the  part  of  the  English. 
At  this  time  William  was  in  Holland ;  but  as  soon  as  the  fleet  arrived  at 
Spithead,  the  queen  sent  j£?30,000  to  be  distributed  among  the  sailors,  and 
gold  medals  for  the  officers,  in  acknowledgment  for  this  splendid  and 
timely  victory. 

Wi'th  the  celebrated  treaty  of  Limerick  perished  the  last  hope  of  James 
to  regain  his  English  dominion  by  the  aid  of  Ireland.  The  king  of  France 
allowed  him  a  considerable  pension,  and  his  daughter  and  English  friends 
occasionally  aided  him  to  a  considerable  amount.  He  passed  his  time 
in  study,  in  charity,  and  in  religious  duties ;  and  even  the  poor  monks  of 
La  Trappe,  to  whom  he  paid  frequent  visits,  confessed  themselves  edified 
oy  the  mildness  of  his  manners  and  the  humility  of  his  sentiments.  We 
especially  dwell  upon  this  behaviour  of  James,  not  only  because  it  shows 
in  a  strong  point  of  view  how  bad  a  king  a  good  man  may  be;  in  othe? 
words,  how  much  of  a  peculiar  ability  must  be  added  to  the  greatest  and 
best  virtues  of  a  private  man  to  prevent  a  king  from  failing,  to  his  own 
and  his  people's  vast  injury,  in  the  fulfilment  of  the  tremendous  duties  of 
the  throne,  but  also  because  it  goes  to  refute  a  cruel  calumny  which  but 
too  many  historians  have  joined  in  perpetuating  upon  the  memory  o( 
James. 

Excited  as  men's  minds  were  by  the  revolution,  what  could  be  more 
probable  than  that  bigoted  and  ignorant  admirers  of  the  expelled  James 
should  resort  to  any  means,  however  wicked,  to  assail  William  upon  what 
they,  as  being  still  loyal  to  the  absent  king,  must  have  viewed  as  a  guilt- 
ily usurped  throne.  The  dastardly  crime  of  assassination  was  resorted 
to  against  William  ;  and  the  vile  crime  of  the  foiled  assassins,  has,  with- 
out  the  shadow  of  a  proof,  been  attributed  to  the  suggestion  of  James 
But,  whether  as  man  or  monarch,  every  action  of  his  life  is  opposed  to 
the  probability  of  this  vile  imputation.  Tyrannous,  arbitrary,  and  bigoted 
he  was ;  but  he  was  stern,  direct,  and  sturdy.  Even  in  his  earlier  days 
he  would  have  resorted  to  open  force,  not  to  dastardly  treachery ;  and 
after  the  treaty  of  Limerick  had  deprived  him  of  all  reasonable  hope  of 
recovering  his  kingdom,  his  mind  evidently  became  impressed  with  u 
deep  sense  of  the  worthlessness  of  worldly  prosperity  and  greatness. 
He  became  more  a  monk  in  spirit  than  many  were  who  wore  the  monk- 
ish cowl;  and  so  far,  we  think,  was  he  from  being  willing  to  remove  his 
successful  rival  by  the  hand  of  the  assassin,  that  it  may  be  doubted 
whether  he  did  not  deem  the  usurped  greatness  of  that  rival  far  more  in 
the  light  of  a  curse  than  of  a  blessing. 

James  survived  the  extinction  of  his  kingly  hopes  rather  more  than 
seven  years.  Kis  ascetic  way  of  life,  acting  upon  a  frame  much  en- 
feebled by  previous  struggles  and  chagrins,  threw  him  into  a  painful  and 
'ediousdifeasei  and  he  died  on  the  sixteenth  of  September,  1700 — his  last 


HISTORY   OF   THE    WORLD. 


027 


moments  being  spent  in  enjoining  his  son  to  prefer  religion  to  all  worldly 
advantages,  however  alluring.  At  his  own  especial  request,  made  just 
before  his  death,  James  was  interred,  without  any  attempt  at  funeral 
pomp,  in  the  church  of  the  English  Benedictines  at  Paris. 

A.  D.  1697.— In  our  desire  to  trace  the  royal  exile,  James,  to  the  very 
close  of  his  eventful  and  unfortunate  career,  we  have  somewhat  out- 
stepped the  chronological  march  of  our  history. 

Tliough  an  able  politician,  and  though,  at  the  commencement  of  his 
reign,  sufficiently  well  inclined  to  use  and  preserve  so  much  prerogative 
as  could  belong  to  the  elected  monarch  of  a  people  who  had  recenllj 
beheaded  one  sovereign  and  driven  another  into  exile,  William  very  soon 
grew  weary  of  disputing  with  his  cabinet.  In  truth,  merely  domestic 
pontics  were  not  William's  forte.  He  had  the  mind  and  the  expansive 
gaze  of  an  emperor  rather  than  the  minute  views  of  a  king,  and  was  cal- 
culated rather  to  rule  nations  than  to  watch  over  the  comparatively  small 
affairs  of  a  single  state.  He  saw  how  much  the  vast  power  of  France 
required,  for  the  welfare  of  Europe,  to  be  kept  in  check;  and  he  gladly, 
therefore,  allowed  his  ministers  to  infringe  upon  his  prerogative  as  to 
England,  on  condition  of  their  affording  him  the  means  of  regulating  the 
disturbed  balance  of  power  in  Europe.  The  history  of  his  reign  may  be 
summed  up  in  two  words— war  and  funding.  Aided  by  the  real  and  orig- 
inal  genius  of  Burnett,  bishop  of  Sarum,  William  contrived  that  means  of 
anticipating  the  taxes,  of  mortgaging  the  resources  of  the  natii  ii,  which 
in  creating  tiie  national  debt  has  doubtless  led  to  much  evil,  but  which 
has  also  been  the  means  of  carrying  England  triumphantly  through  strug- 
gles  under  which  it  otherwise  must  have  sunk,  and  to  a  pitch  of  wealth 
and  greatness  to  which  it  could  never  have  aspired,  even  in  wish.  The 
treaty  of  Ryswick  at  length  put  an  end  to  the  sanguinary  and  expensive 
war  with  France.  It  has  been  observed  that  the  only  benefit  secured  to 
England  by  that  treaty  was  the  formal  recognition  of  William's  sov- 
ereignty by  the  French  king.  But  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  Eng- 
land, in  common  with  all  the  rest  of  Europe,  was  served  and  saved  by 
the  check  given  to  the  gigantic  power  and  the  overweening  ambition  of 
France. 

With  war  the  king's  life  may  almost  be  said  to  have  terminated.  From 
boyhood  he  had  been  of  a  feeble  constitution,  and  long  inquietude  of 
mind  and  exposure  of  body  had  now  completely  exhausted  him.  Being 
ihrown  from  his  horse  he  fractured  his  collar-bone.  It  was  set,  but  he  in- 
listed  upon  being  carried  to  his  favourite  residence,  Kensington  palace. 
The  motion  of  the  carriage  disunited  the  fractured  bone,  and  the  pain 
jnd  irritation  caused  fever  and  diarrhoea,  which,  in  spite  of  all  that  Bidloe 
md  other  skilful  surgeons  could  devise,  terminated  the  king's  life,  in  the 
thirteenth  year  of  his  reign  and  the  fifty-second  of  his  age.  Even  in  his 
last  moments  the  "ruling  passion"  was  strong  within  him,  and  only  two 
days  before  his  death  he  held  a  long  and  anxious  conference  on  the 
state  of  Europe  with  the  earl  of  Albemarle,  who  had  brought  some  im- 
portant intelligence  from  Holland. 

Cold  and  reserved  in  his  manners,  William  was  far  from  being  an 
amiable  man.  But  he  was  moderate  in  his  private  expenses,  and  so  de- 
voted to  war  and  statesmanship  that  he  had  neither  time  nor  inclination 
for  private  vices.  As  a  sovereign  he  obtained  his  power  by  an  entire  dis- 
regard to  the  feeKngs  and  interests  of  his  father-in-law,  such  as  we  can- 
not easily  refrain  from  taking  to  be  the  evidence  of  a  bad  heart.  But  he 
used  his  power  well,  defending  the  honour  and  the  interests  of  his  sub- 
It'cts  abroad,  and  toing  as  much  for  toleration  and  liberty  at  home  as 
they  deserved— fo.  he  did  all  that  their  own  prejudices  and  jealousies 
would  allow  him. 


628 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


CHAPTER  LVII. 

TUK   REION   or    ANNE. 

A.  D  1702.— William  III.  havine  survived  his  wife,  by  whom  he  left  no 
issue,  Anne,  second  daughter  of  James  II.,  married  to  Prince  George  o» 
Denmark,  ascended  the  throne  amid  a  general  satisfaction,  which  one 
might  reasonably  have  expected  to  be  greatly  checked  by  the  remem- 
brance of  her  extraordinary  and  unnatural  treatment  of  her  father  in  tht 
darkest  hour  of  his  distress. 

Anne,  at  the  time  of  her  accession,  was  in  the  thirty-eighth  year  of  her 
age,  pleasing  in  h  ^r  person  and  manner,  domestic  in  her  habits,  and,  with 
the  dark  exception  to  which  we  have  alluded,  of  amiable  and  excellent 
character. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  queen  was  to  send  a  message  to  the  house 
of  commons  announcing  her  intention  of  declaring  war  against  France; 
and  this  intention  was  warmly  applauded  by  the  house !  Yet  the  reign 
of  this  queen  has  been  very  truly  called  the  Augustan  period  of  literature ; 
so  true  it  is  that  the  ferocious  instincts  of  mankind  resist  even  the  soft- 
ening influence  of  letters.  For  war  at  that  period  England  hqd  none  of 
that  real  necessity,  that  impulse  of  self-preservation  as  to  either  the  pres- 
ent or  the  future,  without  which  war  is  little,  if  at  all,  better  than  whole- 
sale  and  legitimatized  murder;  but  haired  of  the  French  natfon  contin- 
ued in  full  force,  although  the  power  of  the  French  to  be  mischievous 
was  already  very  greatly  curtailed  ;  and  the  Dutch  and  Germans  not  only 
joined  England,  but  actually  declared  war  against  France  on  the  very 
same  uay.  Though  such  a  combination  of  powers  was  strong  enough  to 
portend  danger  even  to  the  wealthy  and  warlike  France,  the  French  king 
received  the  news  without  any  apparent  feeling,  except  that  of  mortifi- 
cation that  the  Dutch  should  venture  to  be  hostile  to  him  ;  and  this  feel- 
ing he  expressed  by  saying,  that,  "  as  for  those  pedlars,  the  Dutch,  they 
should  be  dearly  taught  to  repent  their  impertinent  presumption  in  de 
daring  war  against  a  king  whose  power  they  had  "formerly  feit  as  well  as 
dreaded." 

Of  the  campaigns  that  followed  this  declaration  of  war  we  shall  not 
even  attempt  to  give  the  details.  Even  where  the  historian's  pages  have 
no  limit  but  his  own  will,  there  is,  probabiy,  no  portion  of  his  Inbour  less 
usel  j1  to  his  readers  than  his  minute  account  of  battles,  sieges,  niiirchcs, 
and  countermarches,  which  must  ho  nninte'ligible  to  all  except  military 
leaders,  without  the  aid  of  maps  so  expensive  that  few  readers  can  com- 
mand them.  But  in  the  present  cose  such  details,  besides  being  bcyoiiJ 
the  limits  of  our  pages,  are  really  unnecessary.  Blenheim,  Hamiliies, 
Oudenard,  and  Molplaqnet,  were  victories  as  useless  as  they  were  costly 
and  decisive;  they  gratified  the  splendid  ambition  and  the  sordid  avarice 
of  Marlborough,  but  to  England  they  were  entirely  unproduc'.ive  of  solid 
benefit. 

It  is  a  singular  fact,  and  one  not  very  creditable  to  the  notion,  ttint  whilt 
enormous  treasure  was  wasted  in  sanguinary  and  useless  victories,  and 
the  most  unbounded  applause  was  bestowed  upon  the  victors,  one  of  the 
most  important  and  splendid  conquests  ever 'made  for  England,  was  re- 
warded not  merely  by  neglect,  but  by  absolute  ami  cruel  insult.  We  a'- 
iude  to  the  capture  of  Gibraltar  by  Sir  (Jeorge  Ilooke.  Sir  (^loudesley 
Shovel  and  Sir  George  Rooko  had  been  sent  out  to  walcli  a  fleet  which 
the  French  were  known  lo  be  equipping  at  Brest,  and  Sir  George  was 
further  ordered  to  convoy  some  Iransport-ships  to  Biircelona,  where  the 
prince  of  Hesse  made  an  unsuccessful  attack.  The  troons  having  failed 
un  this  point  were  re-crabarked,  and  the  iiiiijilih  eommar.acrs,  anXiOiis  'o 


kM 


tutn  the  expedit 
raltar,  then  in  t 
nable  by  its  owt 

In  truth,  the 
Spaniards  into  a 
ing  upon  a  tongi 
est  to  the  Spaai 
prince  of  Hesse 
the  garrison.  1 
the  following  d 
the  defenders  of 
tains  Hicks  and 
the  fortifications 
H  mine,  by  wliic 
wounded.  Tht 
above,  maintaint 
80  fearfully  thii 
now  landed  by  i 
storm.  When  i 
portance  to  Eiij 
trade  and  seivin 
tined  to  annoy  ai 
loo  true,  that  pai 
lo  the  costly  a 
George  Rooke  e 
shortly  afterwari 

Philip  IV.,  gra 
king  of  Spain  bj 
and,  as  he  was  a 
besides,  was  su| 
would  to  ordinar 
the  emperor  of  < 
succession,  and 
Cliarlee,  therefor 
inhabitants  of  th 
In  this  determine 
supplied  him  wi 
force  of  nearly  t 
was  small  when 
de  facto;  but  in  ( 
opinion,  the  cor 
pensated  by  the 
the  earl  of  Petei 
aa  well  as  his  pei 
The  e!»rl  of  I' 
that  age.  Tliou| 
itary  exercises. 
In  Africa,  and  in 
Hurl,  'I'he  threat 
character  upmi  t 
Hie  cause  of  Clia 
took  llio  strong  c 
IhoiiHiind  men.  ! 
iiigs  of  his  own 
doiil'  that  he  w 
Kome  petty  iutrig 
very  weakly  alio' 
*j«-»c  comtnatui 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


639 


Uitn  Ihe  expeditioa  to  some  advantage,  determined  upon  attacking  Gi»j- 
rnltar,  then  in  tlie  possession  of  the  Spaniards,  who,  deeming  it  inipreg- 
nable  by  its  own  strength,  kept  it  but  inconsiderably  garrisoned. 

In  truth,  the  situation  of  Gibraltar  is  such  that  it  might  well  lead  the 
Spaniards  into  an  overweening  opinion  of  its  strength,  the  town  stand- 
iiig  upon  a  tongue  of  land  which  is  defended  on  every  side  but  that  near 
est  to  the  Spanish  territory  by  an  inaccessible  rock.  Upon  that  side  th 
prince  of  Hesse  landed  eighteen  hundred  men,  and  proceeded  to  summon 
the  garrison.  The  governor  paid  no  attention  to  this  summons,  and  ^n 
the  followmg  day  the  fleet  commenced  a  warm  cannonading,  by  wh.ca 
the  defenders  of  the  south  mole  head  were  driven  from  their  post.  Cap 
tains  Hicks  and  Jumper  now  led  a  numerous  party,  sword  in  liand,  int«> 
the  fortifications,  but  they  had  scarcely  entered  when  the  Spaniards  sprunc 
a  mine,  by  which  two  lieutenants  and  a  hundred  men  were  killed  and 
wounded.  The  remainder,  gallantly  headed  by  the  captains  named 
above,  maintained  their  post  in  spite  of  the  horrible  explosion  which  had 
80  fearfully  thinned  their  numbers,  and  the  rest  of  the  seamen  beins 
now  landed  by  Captain  Whiiaker,  the  mole  and  ihe  town  were  taken  by 
storm.  W\um  it  is  considered  that  Gibraltar  has  been  of  immense  im- 
portance to  England  ever  since,  both  in  protecting  our  Mediterranean 
trade  and  seiving  as  an  outfitting  and  sheltering  pori  for  our  navies  des- 
tined to  annoy  an  enemy,  it  seems  incredible,  but  is,  unfortunately,  only 
too  true,  that  parliament  and  the  ministry,  so  lavish  of  rewards  and  praise 
to  the  costly  and  useless  services  performed  elsewhere,  refuspd  Sir 
George  Rooke  even  the  formal  honour  of  a  vote  of  thanks,  and  he  was 
shortly  afterwards  displaced  from  his  command. 

Pliilip  IV.,  grandson  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  having  been  nominal' 
king  of  Spain  by  the  will  of  the  late  king,  was  placed  upon  the  thione, 
and,  as  he  was  apparently  agreeable  to  the  mHJority  of  his  subjecis.  anJ, 
besides,  was  supported  by  the  power  of  France,  all  c  position  to  rim 
vvould  to  ordinary  minds  have  appeared  hopeless.  But  Charles,  son  of 
the  emperor  of  Germany,  had  formerly  been  nominated  to  the  Spanish 
succession,  and  France  herself  had  been  a  party  to  that  nomination, 
tliarles,  therefore,  encouraged  by  the  promised  support  of  the  warlike 
inhabitants  of  the  province  of  Catalonia,  determined  to  asseri  his  right. 
In  this  determination  he  was  strenglheiied  by  England  and  Portugal,  wIip 
jupplied  him  with  two  hundred  transports,  thirty  ships  of  war,  and  a 
force  of  nearly  ten  thousand  n-.en.  Considerable  a*  tliio  force  was,  it  yet 
was  small  when  compared  to  the  mighty  resources  of  the  Spanish  king 
de  facto;  but  in  the  judgment  of  military  men,  as  well  as  in  the  popular 
opinion,  the  comr-arativo  smailiiess  of  CI  orles'  force  was  amply  com- 
peiisatod  by  the  genius  and  romantic  bravery  of  the  commander  of  it, 
the  earl  of  Peterborough,  who  jave  Charles  the  aid  of  his  vast  fortune 
M  well  as  his  personal  cxortions. 

The  earl  of  Peterbonuigh  was  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  men  of 
tnat  age.  Thoiigh  very  much  deformed  in  person,  he  excelled  iii  all  mil 
itary  exercises.  At  fifteen  he  fought  as  a  volunteer  against  the  Moor« 
m  Afnca,  and  in  every  action  ho  was  disliiigulshed  for  daring  and  con- 
fl'ict.  I  he  «Trea«  «xp<'neii.'«  he  had  ncqiMred.  iiid  »ho  influeiu-e  of  hin 
ciiaracter  upon  the  soldiery,  were  nuich  and  justly  relied  on  to  forward 
ttie  cause  of  Charles.  His  very  first  artioii  JuMified  that  rrlii-nce,  as  he 
look  tlio  strong  city  of  Barcelona  with  its  well  provided  oarrison  of  five 
housiind  men.  Had  the  earl  of  ''ctcrborough  now  been  left  to  the  pr.inipt- 
ingsorhis  own  high  and  chivalrous  spirit,  there  is  but  little  room  to 
ooul'  that  he  would  have  achieved  sitll  more  brilliant  siitresses.  But 
•ome  petty  lutrigucB,  by  which  both  Charles  and  the  Hnglish  government 
very  weakly  allowed  themselves  to  be  duned.  Ii-d  ti.  ih..  r..Paii  or  ti...  ,>nri 
*iM'»e  conimaad  was  iranslerrod  to  Lord  Oalway.    That  iioblenmn  uoou 


^ 


HI 


'■  ( 


630 


HI&TORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


after  came  to  a  general  action  with  the  Spanish  troops,  comniando'l  by 
the  Duke  of  Berwick,  who  had  taken  up  a  position  on  the  plains  near  the 
town  of  Almanza.  For  a  time  Charles'  troops,  consisting  chiefly  of 
Dutch  and  English  infantry,  seemed  greatly  to  have  the  advantage.  But 
in  the  very  heat  and  crisis  of  the  action,  the  Portuguese  horse,  which 
protected  eitrer  flank  ot  Cha.les'  Mne,  were  seized  with  a  sudden  and  dis- 
graceful  panic,  and  fled  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  that  were  made  to  rally 
them.  The  di  ke  of  Berwijk  immediately  closed  in  upon  the  exposed 
flanks,  and  Galway,  losing  men  at  every  step,  had  barely  time  to  throw 
his  army  into  a  square  and  retire  to  a  neighbouring  eminence.  Here  they 
were  comparatively  free  from  tic  attacks  of  the  enemy,  but  they  were 
destitute  of  provisioas  and  igncrant  of  the  country;  and  as  it  was  evi- 
dentl\  the  design  aj  it  was  in  the  power  of  the  enemy  to  starve  them 
into  submission,  the  officers  reluctantly  agreed  to  capitulate.  A  fine  army 
of  ton  thousand  men  thus  became  prisoners  of  war ;  and  Philip  was  more 
firmly  tl,j.r  ever  seated  upon  his  throne,  not  a  voice  now  being  raised 
against  him  except  in  the  still  malcontent  province  of  Catalonia. 

We  will  no\  turn  to  the  more  important  domestic  events  of  this  reign. 
Though  the  aocesbion  of  James  I.  to  the  English  throne  had  to  a  certain 
extent  united  England  and  Scotland,  there  was  siill  an  independent  Scot- 
tish parliament.  In  practice  this  was  often  inconvenient  and  always 
dangerous ;  the  votes  of  the  Scottish  parliament  often  ran  counter  to 
those  of  the  English  parliament,  and  it  required  no  remarkable  amoinit  oi 
political  wisdom  to  foresee,  that,  under  certain  circumstances,  duch,  for 
instance,  as  actually  occurred  in  the  reigns  of  George  I.  and  Georije  II., 
this  diff'erence  might  be  fatal  by  strengthening  the  hands  of  a  pretender 
ind  plunging  the  country  into  a  civil  war.  Theoretically,  the  sepanite 
nh.!iameiit  of  Scotland  was  ridiculously  indefensible.  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land  being  already  united  under  one  crown,  how  absurd  it  was  that  the 
parliament  at  Westminster,  held  perfectly  competent  to  enact  laws  for 
Cumberland  and  Northumberland,  became  legislatorially  incapable  a  few 
feet  over  the  border!  But  so  much  more  powerful  are  custom  and  preju- 
dice than  reason,  that  the  first  proposal  to  do  away  with  this  at  once  ab- 
surd and  dangerous  distinction  was  rec^eived  as  though  it  had  been  a  pro- 
posal to  abridge  some  dear  and  indefcRSible  liberty  of  the  Scottish  people. 
For  onco  reason  prevailed  over  idle  or  interested  clamour,  and  both  par- 
liaments simultaneoualv  passed  an  act  appointing  and  authorizing  com- 
missioners, named  by  the  queen,  to  draw  up  articles  for  the  parlianu'iitary 
union  of  the  two  kingdoms— that  term  being  in  itself  an  absurdity  from 
the  very  day  of  the  death  (»f  Queen  F.lizabeth. 

The  commissionerH,  quickened  in  tluMr  proceedings  by  the  queen's  do 
■ire  for  dispatch,  speedily  pre8enl<'<l  for  the  consideration  of  the  two  pMr 
liaments  a  series  of  articles,  by  which  full  provision  was  made  for  retain- 
ing in  force  all  the  existing  laws  of  Scotland,  except  where  alteration 
woiilil  manifestly  benrftl  that  country;  the  courts  of  session  and  other 
courts  of  Scottish  judicature  were  also  preserved,  and,  in  fact,  the  main 
alteration  was  the  abolition  of  the  anomalous  separate  parlinrn.'iit  of 
S'-.otland,  and  giving  that  country  a  n>preseiitation  in  the  parliament  of 
Great  Britain  of  nixleen  peers  and  forty-five  comiuoners.  There  was, 
both  in  Scotland  and  on  the  part  of  the  tories  in  England,  eonsideralilu 
opposition  made  to  these  really  wise  and  necessary  articles,  but  common 
sense  and  the  inffuonce  of  the  crown  nt  length  prevaiicil,  and  the  arlieles 
were  passed  into  law  by  a  great  mMJority  i"  both  parliaments. 

Hitherto  the  whig  mmistry,  supported  l)y  the  powerful  influence  of  the 
oiichess  of  Marlborough,  had  triumjibed  over  all  the  efforts  of  the  lories; 
but  the  duchesi  nnd  been  guilty  of  two  capital  mistakiis,  by  which  jihtf 
now  found  her  influence  very  greatly  diminished.  In  the  first  place,  fo^ 
geiliUg  liittl  bhti  owed  her  vast  uiilHeiirc  over  iho  queen  faf  rsiufc-  «u  t'-'t 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


631 


personal  complaisance  and  agreeableness  than  to  her  really  considerable 
political  talents,  she  became  so  proud  of  her  power,  that  slie  relaxed  in 
those  personal  attentions  by  which  she  had  obtained  it,  and  disgusted  the 
queen  by  an  offensive  and  dictatorial  tone.  VVIiile  she  thus  periled  her 
influence,  she  at  the  same  time  unwittingly  raised  up  a  rival  to  herself  in 
the  person  of  a  Mrs.  Masham,  a  poor  relation  of  her  own,  whom  she 

E laced  in  a  confidential  situation  about  the  queen's  person,  relying  upon 
er  gratitude,  and  expecting  to  find  her  not  a  dangerous  rival,  but  a  pliant 
and  zealous  tool.  But  Mrs.  Masham  speedily  perceived  that  the  queeu 
was  not  only  personally  disgusted  by  the  hauteur  of  the  duchess,  but  also 
much  inclined  to  the  tory  opinions ;  she  consequently  took  up  the  party 
of  Mr.  Harley,  afterwards  Lord  Oxford,  who  was  personally  in  the  queen's 
favour,  and  who  was  extensively  and  constantly  intriguing  for  the  ruin 
of  the  whigs.  In  conjunction  with  Mr.  St.  John,  afterwards  Lord  Boling- 
broke,  and  Sir  Simon  ^^arcourt,  a  lawyer  of  great  abilities,  ;uid  aided  by 
the  personal  influence  of  Mrs.  Masham,  Harley  doubted  not  tfiat  lie  should 
triumph  over  (he  whigs ;  and  an  event,  trifling  enough  in  itself,  soon  oc- 
curred to  developc  the  queen's  leaning  towards  tiie  tories,  and  to  encour- 
age  it  by  showing  how  extensively  that  party  existed  among  the  people. 

A  clergyman  named  Sacheverel  had  much  distinguished  himself  by  his 
sermons  in  favour  of  high- church  principles  and  in  condemniuion  of  dis- 
sent and  dissenters.  Imaginative,  impassioned,  and  possesscnl  of  that 
fluency  which  even  men  of  good  judgment  so  often  mistake  for  eloquence, 
he  soon  became  an  oracle  and  a  favourite  witli  a  very  large  party.  Being 
appointed  to  preach  on  the  fifth  of  November,  at  St.  Paul's,  he  made  use 
of  the  "gunpowder  plot"  as  an  argument  from  which  to  infer  that  any 
departure  from  the  doctrine  of  non-iesialance  might  lead  to  the  most  hei- 
nous and  destructive  wickedness,  and  that  the  existing  toleration  of  dis 
senters  was  very  likely  to  be  ruinous  to  the  church  of  England,  which  he 
declared  to  be  as  ill  defended  by  its  pretended  (fiends,  as  it  was  fiercely 
attacked  by  its  determined  enemies.  The  lord  mayor  of  that  year,  Sir 
Samuel  Gerrard,  no  very  accurate  judge,  it  may  be  presumed,  of  either 
theological  correctness  or  literary  elegance,  allowed  the  printed  edition 
of  this  sermon  to  be  dedicated  to  him.  And  here,  probably,  the  whole 
BlTair  would  have  ended  and  been  forgotten,  but  for  the  injudicious  med- 
dling of  the  archbishop  Dolben's  son,  who  in  his  place  in  parliament  made 
complaint  of  the  sermon  and  read  all  the  most  violent  paragraphs  of  it ; 
a  manifestly  unfair  proceeding,  inasmuch  as  the  same  passui^cs  might 
have  a  different  eflfect  when  read  with  or  without  liieir  context.  Instead 
of  checking  Mr.  Dolben's  ofllciousness  by  voting  the  matter  unfit  for 
their  consideration,  the  civnimittee  voted  th  ;  passages  road  to  be  seditious 
and  scandalous  libels ;  H<id  Sacheverel  was  ordered  to  attend  at  the  bar 
of  the  house,  where  he  ivowed  the  alledged  libels,  and  plainly  said  that 
he  gloried  in  having  published  them.  Even  this  vain  ami  silly  exultation 
of  a  weak  man,  whom  an  almost  equally  weak  oftponent  had  thus  sud- 
denly dragged  into  the  notoriety  he  coveted  and  would  probably  never 
have  otherwise  obtained,  did  not  instruct  the  house  that  contempt  and  ob- 
scurity were  the  severest  pains  and  penalties  that  could  be  inflirled  upon 
Bucii  a  man  as  Sacheverel ;  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  draw  up 
articles  of  imncachment  against  him,  and  Mr.  Dolben  was  named  man- 
ager on  behalr  of  the  coininoiiB  of  England. 

The  hnrmless  declamation  of  a  vain  man  was  thus  raised  into  a  degree 
of  fletitious  importance  which  was  really  disgraceful  W>  the  people,  and 
for  three  wenks  all  the  public  business  of  both  houses  of  parliament  was 
set  aside  on  account  of  a  trial  which  ou^ht  never  to  have  coinmoucod. 
The  Lords  sat  in  Westminster  Hall,  which  was  daily  besK^ged  by  the 
prnicipai  rank,  fashion,  and  beauty  of  the  capital,  the  queen  herself  sc  t 
illig  the  c&,imps£  bj  iiUeridiiig  3S  a,  private  atiuitaf  of  the  pfucccdiiigs 


082 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Mr.  iJolben,  wlioao  iiijuilicioiib  meddling  liad  occasioned  this  mock* 
Ueroic  farce,  was  assisted  in  liis  absurd  prosecution  by  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll, 
Solicitor-general  Eyre,  the  recorder,  Sir  Peter  Kingi^  General  Stanhope| 
Sir  Thomas  Parker,  and  Mr.  Walpole;  all  gentlemen  whose  talents  were 
degraded  by  so  silly  a  business. 

Dr.  Sacheverel  was  defended  by  Sir  Simon  Harcourt,  Mr.  Phipps,  and 
Drs.  Friend,  Smallridge,  and  Atterbury ;  and  the  trial,  absurd  as  its  origin 
was,  produced  a  display  of  great  talent  and  eloquence.  Unfortunately 
the  silly  passion  shown  by  the  house  of  commons  communicated  itself 
to  the  people  out  of  doors.  Most  serious  riots  took  place,  in  which  the 
rabble  in  their  zeal  for  Dr.  Sacheverel  not  only  destroyed  several  dissent- 
.ng  meeting-houses,  but  also  plundered  the  houses  of  several  leading  dis- 
senters,  and  the  disturbances  at  length  grew  so  alarming  that  the  queen 
published  a  proclamation  against  them.  The  magistrates  now  exerted 
themselves  with  some  vigour;  several  ruffians  were  apprehended,  and 
two  convicted  of  high  treason  and  sentenced  to  death,  wiiich  sentence, 
however,  was  commuted. 

While  the  populace  was  rioting  without,  the  lords  were  trying  Sach 
everel.  He  was  very  ably  defended,  and  he  personally  delivered  an  ad- 
dress, of  which  the  composition  was  so  immeasurably  superior  to  that 
of  his  sermons,  that  it  was  generally  supposed  to  have  been  written  for 
him  by  Dr.  Atterbury,  afterwards  bishop  of  Rochester;  a  man  of  great 
genius,  but  of  a  turn  of  mind  which  fitted  him  rather  for  the  wrangling 
of  the  bar,  than  for  the  mild  teaching  and  other  important  duties  of  the 
Christian  ministry.  A  majority  of  seventeen  votes  condemned  Sach- 
everel,  but  a  protest  was  signed  by  thirty-four  peers.  Partly  in  defer- 
ence to  this  protest  and  partly  from  fear  that  severity  would  cause  dan- 
gerous renewals  of  the  riotous  conduct  of  Sacheverel's  rabble  friemis,  the 
sentence  was  extremely  light,  merely  prohibiting  the  doctor  from  preach- 
ing for  three  years,  and  ordering  his  alledged  libels  to  be  burned  by  the 
common  hangman,  in  presence  of  the  lord  mayor  and  the  two  sheriffs. 

The  warmth  which  the  people  in  general  had  shown  on  behalf  of  the 
doctor  showed  so  extensive  a  prevalence  of  lory  principles,  that  the 
queen's  secret  advisers  of  that  party  thought  that  they  might  now  safely 
recommend  a  dissolution  of  parliament.  The  queen  complied,  and  u 
vast  majority  of  tones  was  returned  to  the  new  parliament.  Thus  con- 
vmced  of  the  correctness  with  which  Harley  had  long  assured  licr,  that 
she  might  safely  indulge  her  inclination  to  degrade  the  whig  party,  the 
queen  proceeded  accordingly.  She  began  by  making  the  duke  of 
Shrewsbury  lord  chamberlain,  instead  of  the  duko  of  Ivciit.  Soon  after- 
wards the  earl  of  Sunderland,  son-in-law  to  the  duke  of  Marlborough, 
was  dbprived  of  hia  olflce  of  secretary  of  state,  which  was  conferred 
upon  the  earl  of  Dartmouth ;  the  lord  slnwardsliip  was  taken  from  the 
duke  of^  Devonshire  and  given  to  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  and  Mr. 
Henry  St.  John  was  made  secretary  in  lieu  of  Mr.  Doyle.  Still  more 
iweeping  alterations  followed,  until  at  last  no  state  ofdcc  was  fiilcd  by  o 
whig,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  duke  of  Marlborough. 

Tlie  parlnwneiil  soon  after  passed  a  resolution  warmly  aonroviiig  the 
course  pursued  by  the  queen,  unij  exhortiiiK  ner  lo  dmcoimicnaiice  and 
restpt  all  such  measures  ai  tliose  by  which  nor  royal  crown  and  dignity 
had    recently    been  threatened.      From  all   this  it  was  cl-^ar  that  the 

[)ower  of  Marlborough,  so  long  supported  by  the  court  intrigues  of 
lis  duchess,  was  now  compleluly  destroyed  by  her  imprudent  hauteur. 
His  avaricn  was  well  known,  und  it  vvus  very  extensively  Uiiwod  that 
the  war  with  Franco  would  long  since  have  been  brought  to  a  conclusion 
if  the  pacific  inclinations  of  the  French  king  had  not  been  constantly  and 
systemaliciilly  thwarted  by  the  duke  for  tlie  furtherance  of  his  ^wn  nni« 
liitioup  schemes.    And  though  the  tory  ministrv  continued  the  war,  and 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WOULD.  0^3 

tlie  almost  entirely  tory  parlinmeiit  recommended  that  it  should  be  nro 
secuted  wuh  all  possible  vigour,  the  niortificatioa  and  degradation  of  Te 
a.elv  Idolized  duke  -vere  aimed  at  by  every  possible  mfans.  T  ,us  c 
thanks  of  the  houseof  eommons  ;vere  refused  to  him  for  his  se  vices  n 
Flanders,  while  they  were  warmly  given  for  those  of  the  earl  of  Peter 
borough  in  Spam,  and  the  lord  keeper  in  delivering  them  took  occasioi 
tSe'duke!  ^'"'™"'  "''"''  "'■  '^^  '^'^  ^''^  "'^  «'«^d  and  avarice  of 

As  the  expenses  of  the  w>.r  increased,  so  the  people  grew  more  and 
more  weary  of  their  war  ma.-ia.  The  ministry  consequently  now  deter- 
nuned  to  take  resolute  steps  for  putting  an  end  to  it;  and  as  it  wTis obv  - 
ous  that  the  duke  would  use  all  the  influence  of  his  command  to  (averse 
heir  peaceable  policy  they  came  to  the  resolution  of  proeeedin..  S'ls^ 
hnn  in  some  one  of  the  many  cases  in  which  he  was  'knovvn  o^have  re 
ceived  bribes.  Clear  evidence  was  brought  forward  of  his  hav  ng  received 
SIX  housand  pounds  per  annum  irom  a  Jew  for  seen"  ig  hi  ^iL  ion- 
tract  to  supply  the  army  with  bread ;  and  upwi  this  char|e  the  duke  was 
dismissed  irom  all  public  emplo-ments. 

The  poet  Prior  was  now  sent 'on  an  embassy  to  France,  and  he  soon 
returned  with  Menager,  a  French  statesman,  invested  with  fidi  powers ^S 
arrange  the  preliminaries  of  peace;  the  earl  of  Strafford  was  E  back 
to  Holland,  whence  he  had  only  lately  been  recalled,  to  communicate  to  the 
Dutch  the  preliminaries  and  the  queenV  approval  of  then,  and  to  endea- 
vour to  induce  the  Dutch,  also,  to  approve  tfiem.     Holland  a   first  obS 
ed  to   the  inspection  of  the  preliminaries,  but  after  much  exSio^^  a 
parties  were  induced  to  consent  to  a  conference   at  Utrecht     It  was 
«oon,  iiowever,  perceived  that  all  the  deputies,  save  those  o(  England  and 
France,  were  averse  to  peace,  and  it  was  then  determined  by  the  qL.'fc 
h'aiepSe  treaty""  ^""'  "  ^"'"'^  negotiation  with  France^vlthl  v!o« 
A.  D.  1712.— Early  in  August.  1712,  Viscount  Bolingbroke,  formerly  Mr. 
St.  John,  was  sent  to  Versailles,  accompanied   by  Prior  and  the  aE 
Gaultier  to  make  arrangements  for  the  separate  treaty.     He  was  well 
received  by  the  French  court,  and  very  soon  adjusted  the  terms  of  the 
treaty     The  interests  of  all  the  powers  of  Europe  were  wJl    a„d  i  ,^ 
partmUy   cared  for;  but  the  noblest  article  of  the  treaty  was  th.u  by 
which  England  insisted  upon    the  liberation  of  the   numerous  French 
Protestants  who  were  confined  in  prisons  and  galleys  for  tlieir  religious 

A.  D.  1713 -But  while  tlie  ministry  was  thus  ably  and  triumphantly 
conducting  the  foreign  sffairs  of  the  nation,  serious  dissensions  werJ 
growing  up  between  Harley  and  Bolingbroke.  These  able  statesmen 
:^i,Z'  '^  '«"»  ^""«  l'^.^"  '"»«.l  «="fJial  «'»  their  agreement  on  all  jioinis  oi 
po  icy.  But  the  daily  increasing  illness  of  the  queen,  and  the  probability, 
not  to  say  certainty,  that  she  would  not  long  survive,  brought  forward 
a  question  upon  which  they  widely  di.Tered.  Bolingbroke.  who  had  been 
inspected  of  being  h  •.Iroi.g  jacobitc,  was  for  bringing  in  the  pretender  aa 
Jioquueiv  8  successor;  while  Harley,  now  Lord  Oxford,  was  as  stronalv 
fdec^cd  t.^  the  .lanc.«ric..  8u.,^e8B:.,n.  ^  ' 

The  Whigs  watched  with  delight  and  exultation  the  g.owth  of  the  ill- 
disguMcd  enmity  between  these  two  groat  supports  of  the  lory  party 
Iho  queen  in  yam  endeavoured  to  compose  their  differences,  an(l  it  is  to 
be  feared  that  the  sufferings  of  ihu  last  months  of  her  life  was  mur,  ,„ 
creaied  by  her  anxieties  on  ihis  account.  She  daily  gn  weaker  anu 
was  lu.  only  despaired  of  by  her  phj.i.^u.  but  JJu  IcTZcm^ 
ttiHi  iier  illness  would  havp  a  fatal  Jeruuii&tion. 

ji.  D.  17l4.-Th«  (^ueen  st  length  siM.k  :  >!,>  a  state  of  extreme  lethargy, 
.—  jj  !:-iw«r!ai  msuii:::rr5  Was  iu  iui  ;crv>vt3red  that  *hv  was  auie  lo  waii 


ill 


l| 


634 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


about  her  diaiiiber.  On  the  thirtieth  of  July  she  rose  as  early  as  eighl 
o'clock.  For  some  time  she  walked  about,  leaning  upon  (he  arm  of  one 
of  her  ladies,  when  she  was  seized  with  a  fit  of  apoplexy,  from  which  nc 
medicines  could  relieve  her,  and  she  expired  on  the  following  morning,  in 
the  forty-ninth  year  of  her  age  and  the  thirteenth  of  her  reign. 

Though  Anne  possessed  no  very  brilliant  talents,  her  reign  was  in  the 
main  prosperous  and  wise,  and  was  wholly  free  from  all  approach  to 
tyranny  or  cruelty.  Literature  and  tlie  arts  flourished  exceedingly  unde; 
her;  Pope,  Swift,  Addison,  Bolingbroke,  and  a  perfect  galaxy  of  lessci 
stars,  very  justly  obtain  for  this  reign  the  proud  title  of  the  Augustan  ag<- 
of  England. 


CHAPTER  LVIII. 

THE    REION    or    OEOROE    I. 

A.  D.  1714. — Anne  having  left  no  issue,  by  the  act  of  succession  ihe  En- 
glish crown  devolved  upon  George,  son  of  the  first  elector  of  Brunswick 
and  the  princess  Sophia,  grand-daughter  of  James  I. 

The  new  king  was  now  in  his  fifty-fourth  year,  and  he  bore  the  charactei 
of  being  a  man  of  solid  ability,  though  entirely  destitute  of  all  shining 
talents,  and  of  even  the  appearance  of  any  attachment  to  literature  or  the 
arts.  Direct,  tenacious  of  his  purpose,  and  accustomed  all  his  life  to  np- 
plication  to  business,  great  hopes  were  entertained  that  his  accession 
would,  at  the  least,  secure  order  and  regularity  in  the  conduct  of  public 
affairs.  His  own  declaration  was,  "  My  maxim  is  to  do  justice,  to  fear  ac 
man,  and  never  to  abandon  my  friends." 

As  it  was  feared  that  the  intriguing  genius  of  Bolingbroke  might  liave 
made  some  arrangements  for  an  attempt  ^ii  the  throne  on  the  part  of  the 
pretender,  the  friends  of  tuiorge  I.  had  procured  from  him,  as  scon  as  it 
was  tolerably  certain  that  Anne  could  not  survive,  an  instrument  by 
which  the  most  zealous  and  influential  friends  to  his  succession  were 
aduad  lo  certain  great  officers,  as  lords  justices,  or  a  commission  of 
regency  to  govern  the  kingdom  until  the  king  should  arrive. 

As  soon  as  the  queen  expired,  the  regency  caused  George  I.  to  be  pro- 
claimed  in  *11  the  usual  places,  the  important  garrison  of  Portsmouth 
was  reinfoi  ,ed,  and  measures  were  taken  at  all  the  other  ports  and  garri- 
sons to  deftiat  any  attempts  at  invasion.  The  vigour  and  vigilnnce  thus 
displayed  prevented  any  outbreak  or  disturbance,  if  any  sue  h  had  ever 
been  actually  contemplated ;  and  tht  regency  felt  confident  enough  to 
deprive  Bolingbroke  of  his  office  of  secretary  of  state,  with  every  cir- 
cumstance of  insult.  His  office  was  given  to  the  celebrated  poet  and 
essayist  Addison,  of  whom  a  curious  anecdote  is  related,  very  chiiracter- 
istic  of  the  immense  difference  between  the  qualities  of  a  scholar  and 
those  of  a  man  of  business.  Mr.  Secretary  Addison,  renowned  as  a 
classical  and  facile  writer,  was  very  naturally  called  upon  to  write  t!ie 
dispatch  to  announce  the  death  of  Queen  Anne  to  her  successor ;  and  so 
much  was  he  embarrassed  by  his  anxiety  to  find  fitting  terms,  llial  his 
fellow-coimcillors  grew  impatient,  and  called  upon  the  clerk  to  draw  out 
the  dispatch,  which  he  did  in  a  few  dry  business-like  lines,  and  ever  after 
boaated  himself  a  readier  writer  than  the  facile  and  elegant  writer  of  the 
delightful  papers  in  the  -^Kectator . 

On  landing  at  Greenwich,  George  I.  wus  received  by  the  nssemhled 
members  of  the  regency,  attended  by  the  life  guards  under  the  duke  o( 
Northumberland  He  immediately  retired  lo  his  chamber,  where  he  gav<) 
ttudienne  to  those  who  had  been  zealous  for  his  succession.  From  this 
mom-^nt  the  kinir  showed  a  determined  oartiality  to  the  whiga,  wlacl 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD 


635 


gave  great  and  general  disgust ;  a  feeling  that  was  still  farther  increased 
by  the  headlong  haste  with  which  the  whig  ministers  ind  favourites 
conferred  ail  offices  of  trust  and  emolument  upon  their  own  partizans,  in 
utter  contempt  of  the  merits  and  claims  of  those  whom  tliey  ousted. 

The  greediness  of  the  whigs,  and  the  pertinacious  partiality  shown  to 
that  party  by  the  king,  threw  a  great  part  of  the  nation  into  a  dangerous 
state  of  discontent,  and  there  arose  a  general  cry,  accompanied  by  much 
tendency  to  actual  rioting,  of  "  Sacheverel  for  ever,  and  down  with  the 
.vhigs !" 

Undeterred  by  the  increasing  number  and  loudness  of  the  malcontents, 
the  whig  party,  confident  in  their  parliamentary  strength  and  in  the  par- 
tiality of  the  king,  commenced  the  business  of  the  session  by  giving  indi- 
cations of  their  intention  to  proceed  to  the  utmost  extremes  against  the 
late  ministers.  In  the  house  of  lords  they  affected  to  believe  that  the  rejK 
utation  of  England  was  much  lowered  on  the  continent  by  the  con 
duct  of  the  late  ministers,  and  professed  hopes  that  the  wisdom  of  the 
king  would  repair  that  evil;  and  in  tht  lower  house  they  stated  their  de- 
termination to  punish  the  alledged  abettors  of  the  pretender;  a  sure  way 
of  pleasing  the  king,  and  an  artful  mode  of  confounding  together  the  sup- 

Eorters  of  the  pretender,  with  loyal  subjects  of  George  I.  who  yet  were 
onest  enough  to  oppose  so  much  of  his  system  of  goveroinetit  as  ap- 
peared to  be  injurious  or  dangerous  to  the  country  and  to  himself. 

Following  up  the  course  thus  indicated,  the  ministers  appointed  a  par 
liamentary  committee  of  twenty  persons,  to  examine  papers  and  find 
charges  against  the  late  ministry ;  and  shortly  afterwards  Mr.  Walpole 
as  chairman  of  this  committee,  stated  that  a  report  was  ready  for  the 
house,  and  moved  for  the  committal  of  Mr.  Mattiiew  Prior  and  Mr.  Thomas 
Harley  ;  and  those  members,  being  present  in  theit  places,  were  imme- 
diately taken  into  custody  by  the  sergeant  at  arms.  Mr.  Walpole  then 
again  rose  to  impeach  Lord  Bolingbroke  of  hij;h  treason.  Btfore  the 
house  could  recover  from  its  astonishment,  Lord  Coningsby  rose  and  said, 

"  The  worthy  chairman  of  the  committee  has  impeached  the  hand,  I 
now  impeach  the  head ;  he  has  impeached  the  scholar,  1  impeach  the 
master ;  I  impeach  Robert,  earl  of  Oxford  and  Mortimer,  of  high  treason 
und  otiier  crimes  and  misdemeanors." 

Lord  Oxford  was  now  completely  abandoned  by  nearly  ail  those  who 
had  seemed  to  be  so  much  attached  to  him ;  a  too  common  fate  of  fallen 
greatness. 

Even  among  the  whigs,  however,  there  were  some  who  disapproved  of 
the  extreme  violence  of  the  present  proceedings.  Sir  Jo.seph  JekyI,  for 
instance,  pointing  out  an  overstrained  article  that  was  charged  against 
Oxford,  handsomely  said  that  it  was  his  way  to  mete  out  equal  justice  to 
all  men,  and  that  as  a  lawyer  he  felt  bound  to  say  that  the  article  in 
question  i!id  not  amount  to  treason.  But  the  heads  of  the  faction  would 
not  i>atiently  listen  to  such  moderate  and  honourable  language ,  and  Mr. 
Walpole,  in  a  tone  and  with  n  manner  very  improper  to  be  used  by  one 
gentijBman  towards  another,  replied,  that  many  members  quite  as  lioneet 
as  Sir  Joseph,  and  biUtor  lawyers  than  he,  were  perfectly  satisfied  that 
the  charge  did  amount  to  treason. 

The  humane  and  honest  opposition  of  Sir  Joseph  Jekyl  being  thus 
sneered  down,  Lord  Coningsby  and  the  other  managing  whigs  proceeded 
to  impeacli  Lord  Oxford  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  lords,  and  to  demand 
that  he  should  inin)ediately  hi  committed  to  custody.  Upon  this  latter 
point  II  debate  arose  in  the  house  of  lords,  which  was  terminated  by  the 
ear!  himself,  who  said  that  he  had  all  along  acted  iip.)n  the  immediata 
orders  of  tlic  late  queen,  and  that,  having  never  offended  against  any 
fiiiown  '.aw,  ho  was  wholly  unconcerned  about  the  life  of  an  ir.s'girflcnnt 
lijaii:      tic   vfaa   CUr:3cQuC-niiy  COiiiusiiic-l  iO   the   TovVCr    tho'lgh  iho 


r  ■' 


>i.i 


636 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


celebrated  Dr.  Mead  positively  certified  that  his  committal  would  endan 
ger  his  life.  The  duke  of  Ormond  and  Lord  Bolingbroke,  against  whorr 
the  proceedings  were  no  less  vindictively  carried  on,  fled  to  the  continent, 
upon  which  the  earl  marshal  of  England  was  ordered  to  erase  their  names 
and  arms  from  the  peerage  list,  and  all  their  possessions  in  England  were 
declared  forfeit  to  the  crown. 

A.  D.  1715.— The  pretender,  who  had  numerous  friends  in  England  and 
Scotland,  looked  with  great  complacency  upon  th-jse  violent  proceedings, 
judging  that  the  discontent  they  caused  could  not  fail  to  forward  his 
designs  upon  the  crown ;  and  while  the  king  was  mtent  upon  alienating 
the  affections  of  a  large  portion  of  his  people  in  order  to  support  a  greedy 
faction,  an  actual  rebellion  broke  out.  Two  vessels,  with  arms,  ammu- 
nition, and  officers,  were  sent  from  France  to  the  coast  of  Scotland,  and 
the  pretender  promised  that  he  would  speedily  follow  with  a  greater  force. 
The  earl  of  Mar  was  consequently  induced  to  assemble  his  friends  and 
vassals  to  the  number  of  three  hundred,  and  to  proclaim  the  prelenjer- 
As  the  fause  was  popular,  and  no  opportunity  was  lost  of  magnifying 
the  lorce  with  which  that  prince  was  to  arrive  in  Scotland,  Mar  soon 
found  himself  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men.  But  while 
he  was  completing  his  preparations  to  march  southward,  the  duke  of 
Argyle  at  the  head  of  only  about  six  thousand  men  attacked  him  near 
Dumblain,  and  though  at  the  close  of  the  engagement  both  parties  left  the 
field,  yet  the  loss  inflicted  upon  Mar  was  so  great  as  virtually  to  amount 
to  defeat,  and  the  injury  thus  done  to  the  cause  of  the  pretender  was  in- 
creased by  the  conduct  of  Simon,  Lord  Lovat.  That  restless  and 
thoroughly  unprincipled  man  held  the  castle  of  Inverness  for  the  preten- 
der, to  whose  forces  it  would  at  all  times  have  served  as  a  most  impor- 
tant point  d'appui;  but  Lord  Lovat,  changing  with  the  changed  fortune  of 
his  party,  now  basely  surrendered  the  castle  to  the  king. 

The  English  ambassador  in  France,  the  accomplished  and  energetic 
Lord  Stair,  hao  so  well  performed  his  duty  to  the  king,  that  he  was  able 
to  send  home  tiie  most  timely  and  exact  information  of  the  designs  0/ 
the  pretender;  and  just  as  the  rebellion  was  about  to  break  out  in  Eng- 
land, several  of  the  leading  malcontents  were  seized  by  the  ministry  and 
committed  to  close  custody.  For  one  of  these,  Sir  William  Wyndham 
his  father-in-law,  the  duke  of  Somerset,  offered  to  become  security ;  but 
even  that  wealthy  and  powerful  nobleman  was  refused.  The  rebellion 
was  thus  confiiie(l,  in  the  west  of  England,  to  a  few  feeble  and  unconnec- 
ted ou'breaks ;  and  at  Oxford,  where  it  was  known  that  many  young  men 
of  fam  ly  were  among  the  malcontents,  all  attempt  was  prevented  by  the 
spirited  conduct  of  Major-general  Pepper,  who  occupied  the  city  with  his 
troops,  and  positively  promised  to  put  to  death  any  student,  no  matter 
what  (lis  rank  or  connections,  who  should  dare  to  appear  beyond  the 
limits  of  his  own  college. 

In  the  north  of  England  the  spirits  of  the  malcontents  were  kept  up,  w 
spite  of  all  the  ill  success  that  had  hitherto  attended  their  cause,  by  their 
reliance  unon  aid  from  the  pretender  in  person.  The  earl  of  Derwent- 
water  and  Mr.  Foster  raised  a  considerable  force,  and  being  joined  by 
8or..rf  vclv.ate..8  fr:.n  th.  Scrt.ish  ':jrdp:,  msii  an  ittc^iitto  :.eiz''  New 
castle,  but  the  gates  were  shut  against  them,  and,  having  no  battering 
train,  they  retired  to  Hexham,  whence,  by  way  of  Kendal  and  Lan- 
caster, they  proceeded  to  Preston.  Here  they  were  surrounded  by  nearly 
eight  thousand  men,  under  generals  Carpenter  and  Wills.  Some  fighl.np 
ensued,  but  the  causa  of  the  rebels  was  now  so  evidently  hopeless,  Iha 
Mr.  Foster  sent  Colonel  Oxburgh,  of  the  royal  army,  who  had  been  taken 
prisoner,  with  proposals  for  a  capitulation.  General  Wills,  however,  de- 
clined to  hear  of  them,  except  as  armed  rebels,  to  whom  he  coi'ld  show 
no  other  favour  than  to  leave  them  to  tho  disposal  of  gc  vernment,  Listead 


HISTORY  OF   THE   WORLD. 


63r 


of  giving  them  over  to  instant  slaughter  by  his  troops.    Tho  unhannv 
men  were  consequently  obliged  to  surrender  at  discretion  ;  some  of  their 
officers  who  had  deserted  from  the  royal  army  were  immediately  shot 
the  oiher  officers  and  gentlemen  were  sent  to  London,  and  the  common 
men  thrown  into  the  various  prisons  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire.    ' 

Had  tlie  pretender  promptly  joined  the  earl  of  Mar,  and,  joined  by  him. 
rnarched  to  effer-X  a  junction  with  the  earl  of  Derwentwater,  the  event 
would  probably  have  been  very  different;  but  having  delayed  his  appear- 
ance m  Scotland  until  his  friends  were  thus  overpowered  in  detail,  com- 
mon-sense should  have  dictated  to  him  the  folly  of  his  carrying  his 
attempt  any  farther  for  the  present.  But,  alas  !  common-sense  was  pre- 
cisely  that  quality  which  the  Stuarts  were  least  gifted  with !  At  the  very 
moment  when  the  prisons  of  England  were  filled  with  his  ill-fated  and 
sacrificed  adherents,  he  hurried  through  France  in  disguise,  embarked  at 
Dunkirk,  and  landed  in  Scotland  with  a  train  of  six  gentlemen !  With 
this  adequate  force  for  the  conquest  of  a  great  and  powerful  kingdom  he 
proceeded  through  Aberdeen  to  Feteresso,  where  he  was  joined  by  the 
earl  of  Mar  and  somewhat  less  than  two-score  other  nobles  and  gentry 
He  now  proceeded  to  Dundee,  caused  a  frothy  and  useless  declaration  of 
his  rights  and  intentions  to  be  circulated,  and  then  went  to  Scone  with  the 
intention  of  adding  the  folly  of  being  crowned  there  to  the  folly  of  beino 
proclaimed  in  all  other  places  of  note  through  which  he  had  passed! 
Lven  the  vulgar  and  the  ignorant  were  by  this  time  convinced  of  the  utter 
hopelessness  of  his  cause  ;  and  as  he  found  that  "  few  cried  God  bless 
him,"  and  still  fewer  joined  his  standard,  he  quite  coolly  told  his  friends— 
who  had  sacrificed  everything  for  him— that  he  had  not  the  necessary 
means  for  a  campaign,  and  then  embarked,  with  his  personal  attendants, 
at  Montrose-lcaving  his  dupes  to  their  fate.  Such  baseness,  such  boyish 
levity,  joined  to  such  cold  selfishness,  ought  to  have  made  even  those  who 
most  firmly  believed  in  the  abstract  rights  of  the  pretender,  rejoice  that 
he  was  unable  to  obtain  power  in  England ;  since  so  heartless  a  man  must 
needs  have  made  a  cruel  monarch. 

The  government  had  acted  with  vigour  and  ability  in  suppressing  the 
rebellion;  it  now  acted  with  stern  unsparing  severity  in  punushinrr  those 
who  had  been  concerned  in  it.  The  mere  herd  of  rebels,  to  the  number 
of  more  than  a  thousand,  were  transported  to  the  colonies.  Two-and- 
tweiity  officers  were  executed  at  Preston,  and  five  at  Tyburn,  with  all  the 
disgusting  accompaniments  of  drawing  and  quartering.  The  earls  of 
Derwentwater,  Nithisdale,  and  Carnwarth,  and  the  lords  Kenmuir,  Nairne, 
and  Widdrington  were  sentenced  to  death,  as  were  Mr.  Foster,  Mr. 
Mackintosh,  and  about  twenty  other  leading  men. 

Nithisdale,  Foster,  and  Mackintosh  were  fortunate  enough  to  escape 
from  prison  and  reach  the  continent ;  Derwentwater  and  Kenmuir  were 
executed  upon  Tower-hill,  and  met  their  fate  with  a  decent  intrepidity, 
which  made  the  spectators  forget  their  crime. 

During  all  this  time  tho  earl  of  Oxford  had  remained  in  the  Towei, 
unnoticed  and  almost  forgotten.  When  the  numerous  executions  had 
literally  disgusted  men  with  the  sad  spectacle  of  bloodshed  he  petitioned 
to  be  allowed  to  take  his  trial ;  rightly  judging  that,  as  compared  to  actual 
rebellion,  the  worst  that  was  charged  against  him  would  seem  compara- 
tively  venial,  even  to  his  enemies.  He  was  accordingly  arraigned  before 
the  peers  in  Westminster-hall,  and  some  technical  dispute  arising  between 
the  lords  and  commons,  the  k  .ds  voted  that  ho  should  be  set  at  liberty 

A.  D.  1721.— Passing  over,  as  of  no  importance,  the  sailing  from  Spain 
Of  a  fleet  under  the  duke  of  Ormond,  for  the  purpose  of  makioT  a  ntnv 
attempt  on  England ;  the  pretender's  hopes  from  tliut  expedition  being 
lisappointed  by  a  storm  which  entirely  disabled  the  fleet  off  Cape  Fini  ■ 


(,  '<! 


638 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


lerre ;  we  come  to  a  domestic  event  which  originated  in  this  year  and 
reduced  thousands  of  people  from  affluence  to  beggary. 

The  South  Sea  company,  to  which  government  was  greatly  indebtcfj, 
was  in  the  habit  of  contenting  itself  with  five  per  cent,  interest,  on  ac 
count  of  the  largeness  of  its  claim,  instead  of  six  per  cent.,  which  tlic 
government  paid  to  all  the  other  public  companies  to  which  it  was  <n 
debted.  A  scrivener,  named  Blount,  o.f  more  ability  than  principle,  avaiiec 
himself  of  this  state  of  things  to  commence  a  deep  and  destructive  part  o( 
the  scheme.  It  was  quite  obviously  to  the  advantage  of  the  nation  to  pay 
five  rather  than  sij:  per  cent,  upon  all  its  debts,  as  well  as  upon  the  one 
considerable  debt  that  was  due  to  the  South  Sea  company ;  and,  on  thi 
other  hand,  it  was  well  worth  the  while  of  that  wealthy  company  to  add 
as  much  as  possible  to  the  already  large  amount  upon  which  five  percent 
interest  was  punctually  paid  by  the  government.  Blount  put  the  case  so 
plausibly  on  the  part  of  the  compary,  and  bo  skilfully  threw  in  the  addi- 
tional inducement  to  the  goveriunent  of  a  reduction  of  the  interest  from 
five  to  four  per  cent,  at  the  end  of  six  years,  that  the  scheme  seemed  tc 
be  an  actual  reduction  of  one-sixth  of  the  whole  national  burden  immedi- 
ately, and  a  reduction  of  a  third  at  the  end  of  six  years.  Every  encour- 
agement and  sanction  were  consequently  given  to  the  plan  by  which  the 
South  Sea  company  was  to  buy  up  the  claims  of  all  other  creditors  of  the 
government.  Hitherto  only  the  fair  side  of  the  scheme  had  been  display- 
ed ;  now  came  the  important  question,  where  was  the  South  Sea  com- 
pany,  wealthy  as  it  might  be,  to  find  the  vast  sum  of  money  necessary  foi 
rendering  it  the  sole  government  creditor  1  Blount  was  ready  with  his 
reply.  By  a  second  part  of  his  scheme  he  proposed  to  enrich  the  nation 
enormously  by  opening  up  anew,  vast,  and  safe  trade  to  the  South  Seas; 
and  flaming  prospectuses  invited  the  public  to  exchange  government  stock 
for  equal  nominal  amounts  in  the  South  Sea  stocks — said  to  be  vastly 
more  valuable.  The  cunning  of  Blount  and  his  fellow-directors  was  so 
well  aided  by  the  cupidity  of  the  public,  that  when  the  books  were  opened 
for  this  notable  transfer  there  was  a  positive  struggle  for  the  precedence 
a  consequent  run  took  place  for  South  Sea  shares,  which  in  a  few  days 
were  sold  at  more  than  double  their  original  value,  and  ere  the  end  of  the 
delusion,  which  was  kept  up  for  several  months,  the  shares  met  with  a 
ready  sale  at  ten  times  their  original  cost!  When  we  reflect  that  a  thou- 
sand pounds  thus  produced  ten  thousand  to  the  speculator,  and  a  hundred 
thousand  a  million,  we  may  judge  how  much  excitement  and  eagerness 
prevailed.  Enormous  fortunes,  of  course,  were  made  in  the  transfer  and 
re-transfer  of  shares,  and  to  those  who  sold  out  while  the  delusion  was 
still  at  its  height  the  scheme  was  a  very  El  Dorado.  But  the  great  ma- 
jority of  the  supposed  fortunate  possessors  of  South  Sea  stock  were  far 
loo  well  pleased  with  their  prospects  to  part  with  them,  as  they  imagined 
it  diflicnlt  to  put  a  sufllicient  value  upon  their  probabilities  of  vast  and  ever- 
increasing  interest !  Among  this  number  was  the  poet  Gay,  who,  though 
a  scholar  and  a  wit,  was,  nevertheless,  in  the  actual  business  of  life,  as 
simple  as  a  child.  Ho  was  strongly  advised  by  his  friends  to  sell  some 
stock  which  had  been  presented  to  him,  and  thus,  while  the  stock  was  at 
its  highest  value,  secure  himself  a  competence  for  life.  But  no!  like  thou- 
sands more,  he  persisted  in  holding  this  precious  stock;  and  all  who  did 
so  found  their  scrip  mere  waste  paper  when  the  company  was  called  upon 
to  pay  the  very  first  vast  and  very  genuine  demand  out  of  profits  which 
were  represented  as  being  equally  vast,  but  which  had  the  slight  defect  ol 
being  wholly  imaginary.  Thousands  upon  thousands  of  families  were 
by  this  artful  and  most  vile  scheme  reduced  to  complete  ruin,  and  nothing 
that  has  occtirred  in  our  own  time — replete  as  it  is  with  bubbles  and 
swindling  directors — is  calculated  to  give  us  any  adequate  idea  of  the 
suffering,  the  rage,  and  the  dismay  that  were  felt  in  all  part   of  the  knig 


HISTORY   OF   THE  WORLD. 


639 


dom.  The  government  did  all  that  it  consistently  could  to  reme.Jy  ihe 
disastrous  effects  produced  by  individual  knavery  acting  upon  general 
cupidity  and  credulity.  The  chiel  managers  of  the  scheme  "vere  deprived 
of  the  immense  property  they  had  unfairly  acquired  by  it,  and  redresses 
as  far  as  possible  afforded  to  the  sufferers;  but  in  the  almost  infinite 
variety  of  transfers  which  had  taken  place,  it  inevitably  followed  that  mil- 
lions  of  property  passed  from  the  hands  of  those  who  speculated  foolishly 
into  the  hands  of  those  who  were  more  sagacious  and  more  wary,  though 
not  positively  involved  in  the  guilt  of  the  deception ;  and  for  many  years 
thousands  had  to  toil  for  bread  who  but  for  this  scheme  would  have  been 
affluent,  while  thousands  more  enjoyed  wealth  not  a  jot  more  honestlv  or 
usefully  eirned  than  the  gains  of  the  veriest  gambler. 

So  extensive  were  the  sufferings  and  confusion  created  by  this  event, 
that  the  friends  of  the  pretender  deemed  the  crisis  a  fit  one  at  which  to 
bring  forward  his  pretensions  again.  But,  as  was  usual  with  that  party, 
there  was  so  much  dissension  among  the  leading  malcontents,  and  their 
affairs  were  so  clumsily  conducted  on  the  part  of  some  of  them,  that  the 
ministry  got  intelligence  of  the  designs  which  were  on  foot,  and  suddenly 
ordered  the  apprehension  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  the  earl  of  Orrery,  the 
lords  North  and  Grey,  Atterbury,  bishoji  of  Rochester,  Mr.  Layer,  and 
several  other  persons  of  less  note.  In  the  investigation  that  followed 
sufficient  legal  evidence  could  be  found  only  against  the  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester and  Mr.  Layer,  though  there  could  be  no  moral  doubt  of  the  guilt 
of  the  others.  All,  therefore,  were  discharged  out  of  custody  except  the 
bishop,  who  was  banished  the  kingdom,  and  Mr.  Layer,  who  was  hanged 
it  Tyburn. 

Scarcely  less  sensation  was  caused  by  an  accusation  which  was  brought 
against  the  earl  of  Macclesfield,  of  having  sold  certain  places  in  chancery 
The  house  of  commons  impeached  him  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  lords, 
and  a  most  interesting  and  well  contested  trial  ensued,  which  lasted  for 
twenty  days.  The  earl  was  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  be  imprisoned 
until  he  should  pay  a  fine  of  thirty  thousand  pounds.  He  paid  the  money 
in  less  than  two  months ;  and  his  friends  deemed  him  very  hardly  done 
by,  inasmuch  as  it  was  proved  on  Ihe  trial  that  he  had  only  sold  such 
places  as  had  been  sold  by  former  chancellors.  To  us,  however,  this 
seems  but  a  very  slender  excuse  for  the  offence;  as  a  judge  in  equity  he 
ought  to  have  put  a  stop  to  so  dangerous  a  practice  and  no't  have  profited 
by  It,  especially  as  the  honourable  precedent  of  Chancellor  Bacon  was  in 
existence  to  remind  him  that  in  chancery  as  elsewhere,  "  two  blacks  do 
not  make  a  white."  As  to  the  fine,  large  as  the  sura  seems,  it  was  not  at 
all  too  heavy;  no  small  portion  of  it  having  been  the  produce  of  the  offence 
for  which  it  was  imposed. 

A.  D.  1727.— From  the  very  commencement  of  his  reign  George  I.  had 
shown  at  least  as  much  anxiety  for  Hanover  as  for  England,  and  having 
now  been  above  two  years  prevented  by  various  causes  from  visiting  the 
electorate,  he  appointed  a  regency  and  set  out  for  Hanover  in  a  state  of 
health  that  gave  no  reason  to  fear  any  ill  result.  The  voyage  to  Holland 
and  the  subsequent  journey  to  within  a  few  leagues  of  Osnaburg,  were 
performed  by  the  king  in  his  usual  health  and  spirits,  but  as  he  approached 
Osnaburg  he  suddenly  called  for  the  postillion  to  stoft.  It  was  found  that 
one  of  his  hands  was  paralysed,  his  tongue  began  to  swell,  aid  no  efforts 
of  the  surgeon  who  traveled  with  him  could  afford  him  any  relief;  and 
on  the  following  morning  he  expired,  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  his  reign  and 
i»  the  sixtv-eighth  of  his  ape, 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


CHAPTER  LIX. 

THE    REIOir   or  OEOROK 

A.  D.  1727.— Georjre  the  Second,  like  his  deceased  father,  was  a  Germcn 
by  birth,  language,  and  sentiments.  In  their  personal  qualities,  also,  they 
bore  a  striking  resemblance :  both  were  honest,  jiist,  plain-dealing  men  • 
both  were  alike  parsimonious  and  obstinate ;  and  as  both  were  beset  by 
political  factions  whose  rancour  knew  no  bounds,  so  each  of  those  mon- 
archs  had  to  contend  with  the  caprice  or  venality  of  rival  statesmen,  as 
by  turns  they  directed  the  councils  of  the  nation. 

The  king  was  in  the  forty-fourth  year  of  his  age  on  coming  to  the 
throne ;  and  he  took  the  first  opportunity  of  declaring  to  his  parliament 
that  he  was  determined  to  adhere  to  the  policy  of  his  predecessor.  Owing 
to  the  previous  continental  wars  in  which  England  had  taken  a  part,  the 
kingdom  was  involved  in  a  labyrinth  of  treaties  and  conventions.  Much 
discontent  was  also  felt  and  expressed  on  many  points  ol  domestic  policy. 
Dangerous  encroachments  had  been  made  in  the  constitution  by  the  repeal 
of  the  triennial  act;  by  frequent  suspensions  of  the  habeas  corpus  act ;  by 
keeping  up  a  standing  army ;  and  by  the  notorious  venal  practices  em- 
ployed in  establishing  a  system  of  parliamentary  corruption.  At  first 
some  change  in  the  ministry  appeared  in  contemplation ;  but  after  a  little 
time  it  was  settled  ihat  Sir  Robert  Walpole  should  continue  at  the  head 
of  the  administration  ;  with  Lord  Townshend  as  director  of  the  foreign 
affairs  and  Mr.  Pelham,  brother  to  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  as  secretary- 
at-war.  There  was,  however,  a  great  and  concentrated  mass  of  opposi 
tion  gradually  forming  agaiust  Walpole,  which  required  all  his  vigilance 
and  anility  to  overcome. 

Peace  was  established  at  home  and  abroad ;  and  the  new  parliament, 
which  assembled  in  January,  1728,  afforded  no  topic  of  interest ;  but  in 
the  succeeding  year  the  commons  complained  of  the  occasional  publica- 
tion of  their  proceedings,  and  it  was  unanimously  resolved,  "That  it  is 
an  indignity  to,  and  a  breach  of  the  privilege  of  the  house,  for  any  person 
to  presume  to  give,  in  written  or  printed  newspapers,  any  account  or 
minutes  of  the  debates  or  other  proceedings  of  the  house  or  of  any  com- 
mittee thereof;  and  that,  upon  the  discovery  of  the  author.  See,  this  house 
will  proceed  against  the  offenders  with  the  utmost  severity,"  An  address 
to  his  majesty  was  also  presented  by  the  commons,  complaining  of  serious 
depredations  having  been  committed  by  the  Spaninrds  on  British  ships 
m  manifest  violation  of  the  treaties  subsisting  between  the  two  crowns; 
and  requesting  that  active  measures  might  be  taken  to  procure  reasonable 
Batisfaclion  for  the  losses  sustained,  and  secure  his  majesty's  subjects  the 
free  exercise  of  commerce  and  navigation  to  and  from  the  British  planta- 
tions  in  America.  This  was  followed  by  a  defensive  treaty  between 
Great  Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  Holland  •  the  question  between  England 
and  Spain  as  to  naval  captures  being  left  to  future  adjudication  by  com- 
missioners. 

A.  n.  1730. — Some  changes  now  took  place  in  the  ministry.  Lord  Hai 
ington  was  made  secretary  of  state,  in  the  room  of  Lord  Townshend,  who 
appears  to  have  interfered  more  with  the  affairs  of  the  nation  than  was 
agreeable  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  to  whom  ho  was  related  by  marrisge. 
The  ialter,  it  is  said,  upon  being  asked  the  causb  ot  his  difference  with  hi. 
brother-in-law,  drily  replied,  "As  long  as  the  firm  of  the  house  was 
Townshend  and  Walpole,  all  did  very  well  {  but  when  it  became  Walpole 
and  Townshend,  things  went  wrong  and  a  separation  ensued."  About  the 
»amo  time  the  duke  of  Dorset  was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in 


HISTORY  OP  TriE  WORLD.  541 

¥rorp^'StS?rhroLS         ^^^-^^-^ire.  pnvy  seal,  and  uonl 

of7~!pLnVt£f;ad°/£?trfoSrn^^  ""'^  ^"j*»y'"«f  «  '>'^h  «^«»-e 
an(f  from  her  American ToloniP??h."**'°"!l**;  constantly  increasing; 
most  abundant  ThTwhalirhervairi!^^^^^  °^  «"gar,  rum,  Ac,  we« 
New-York,  6cc.,  ^vaa  highly  prSctive  The  m*oT/«  ^'"^■^"^••"'d. 
were  received  from  our  trans-Ktfc  frtn^.  ^  .u  "'i^^""?  accounts 
from  our  shores,  but  more  SmUcJKv  fin™  i'  T'^i*'*  '"^^^^  emigration 
that  direction.  Particularly  from  Ireland,  was  fast  flowing  in 

K,;;  whlj  i'Tn'^a^SS^^^^^^  ^  the  king  in  per- 

cal  aspect,  and  dwelt  with  evM*^^    '^.'  r  "'?**  ^^^  country  on  its  politi- 
alliances  he  had  emered^nfo     Thii  "«""'^»«"on  <>"  the  late  continental 

latory  addressed  froShhouseIindth«mS"^  '^""r*'*^  17  «»"^«t"- 
by  a  phalanx  of  supporter  tonurm-wS^^'^'^'^^'.'"'^''^"'^^^ 
equanimity.  BuramW  the  «?pS  T  '^"^'''e  opposition  to  disturb  his 
deJinquen/ies  which  sJemin  #?,/•'  prosperity  there  were  some  public 
and  punish  tKosi  Sarin/o?  th?  '^^  '"'^^  "■"  "'"  J"''''^^  '«  ""'»»•> 
committed  by  certaTn  pa&ihi  1-/?^  P*'"^*P'''  ^"  *"  enormous  fraud 
longing  to  the  "charuSe  on.^ro^^'^  he  management  of  the  funds  be- 
un«fer  the  plausible  pretext  ofT^nH S^""  ^'"'.  ^""'^*y  '"^'^  t'**"  farmed 
and  to  others,  upon  WurUv  of  ?no5*  ^""7  "  '^«*'  '"t«™"' »»  the  poor 
rapacity  of  pawKokeT  Vh  ?  l"^'^''^'^*°.  "  t**"™  '"••«'"<*« 

buibyienseG  from  th"' c  J^n  ihf S'**' '^*'' **  '^"^  "'""«'^  *«  30,000/.. 
Robinson,  M.P.  for  MariowThe  P««h1^  increase.  ,t  to  600,000/.  George 
keeper,  had  sudde ninsa^peared  and  ItHf'^I^T'"'''' »he «rarehoule 
capital  of  500,000/.  effects  to  th«nm,^r  .  7^^  ^^^  discovered  that  for  a 
the  remainder  havngff„emb„TH"*i''^  V^°^'  «»'y  could  be  found, 
mons  havinjr  been  referrtS  f?"?"*'"^*.  /  Pet't'O"  to  the  house  of  com- 

iniquitous  s^cheme  of  faJd  had  hTn'"""'.''  "^''''^l  "PP''"^^  "'"^ « '"o-* 

casliier  and  warehouse  mali;^o;:;rtCh'"s"om^^^^^  °"  ^^  ""^ 

embezzlinif  the  caoital  nnH\Ih»..-      .u      "  ^""®  ^^  'be  directors,  for 

resolved.  tLt  Sir  Robert  sln^''??  '^^  P^Prietors ;  on  which  it  was 
guilty  of  IV  fraudSntS^^^^  "'^"''  ^''^  ''"'^  l^'n  P^^e" 

eorp6ration,  sLuld  make  ES.    f'M"«»«Kement  of  the  charitable 

"Sf!rr1>^p"^'^^^^^^^^  -»  «^  their 

.rc"o:„':o;  rand^Kii^sri^^^^^^^^  • 

on  wine  aiid  tobacco  wh?ohh»Hh  """E-^u*  P'*"!  ^°^  ''onverting  the  duties 
ties  of  excise,  the  fenSnfw&fif"  *"'herto  duties  of  customs,  into  du' 

precedontir*  The  .hS  SlLh^' T''"'"'""  "'l^.!'"^  ^»«  »""««'  »"- 
eminent  merchants  in  two  ^i^^'  »'^''«"'Panied  by  many  of  the  most 

present  t^ei   petil  on  aSnat  the  5^m'"^^^^^^^^^^  ''°''"  '"  '^'  ^''""'»'' 

and  the  minister  findinlXv  K^  «'her  petitions  were  also  presented: 

riotous  reioicinirs  fol  mvprl.  an^  if        **  °"  withdrawing  it.     The  most 

from  out  Ja  rappea  a"  c"  ""'^^^  ^'  ^°""«*' 

must  have  thougCrthey  ^ad  obtainlH  1  T  f  "^  ^'°"'*,<'"  »"^  Westminster 
pending  danger.       ^        "''""'"*  *  deliverance  from  some  great  im- 

prilcSs' nJyTr."?^^^^^^^^^  ?.«"  *°'thy  of  remark.    The 

!.aturalizatir„  on  is  roy^rhS^^^^^^^^  a  bill  passed  for  the 

for  Rotterdam  on  thi  S Tipr  l'  Pa  nam?„?S?'  P"'--" ^-j^  S«-.  Ja-^e-' 
proclamation  Th«  irm„  i,„  P  •  T^"'^""^"' was  now  disso  ved  bv 
membere  or  ,he  mani  s'iJial  LnTIS' ^  prorogued  It.  after  thanking  thJ 
of  their  duty  and -Tt.cCr.iA""''  ^^"^  '"^  «'"«"  ^im  for  seven  Jears 
Vou  K!  ■"•chment  to  his  person  and  government  j  and  concluded 


I 


642 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


with  a  prayer  that  providenoa  would  direct  iiia  people  in  the  choice  of  their 
representatives. 

4.  D.  1736.— When  the  new  parliament  met  in  January  it  was  seen  that 
the  elections  had  made  no  perceptible  change  in  the  composition  of  the 
house ;  the  leaders  of  parties  were  the  same ;  and  nearly  the  same  motions, 
amendments,  debates,  and  ar^ments  were  reproduced.  Indeed,  if  we 
except  Bome  angry  disputes  which  occurred  between  the  ministers  and  the 

[trince  of  Wales,  relative  to  the  income  allowed  out  of  the  civil  list  to  the 
atter,  scarcely  any  event  worthy  of  remark  took  place  for  a  long  time. 
The  affair  to  which  we  allude  thus  originated.  Motions  having  been  made 
in  each  house  of  parliament  to  address  his  majesty  to  settle  100,000:.  per 
annum  on  the  prince,  it  was  opposed  by  the  ministers  as  an  encroachment 
on  the  prerogative,  an  officious  intermeddling  with  the  king's  family  affairs, 
and  as  an  effort  to  set  his  majesty  and  the  prince  at  variance.  But  the 
truth  was,  there  had  long  been  a  serious  misunderstanding  between  these 
royal  personages,  arising  chiefly  from  the  prince  being  at  the  head  of  the 
opposition  parly;  and  now  that  there  seemed  no  chance  of  his  obtaining 
the  income  he  required,  it  was  highly  resented  by  him,  and  caused  an  en- 
tire alienation  between  the  two  courts  of  St.  James's  and  Leicester-house. 
Nor  can  it  be  wondered  at  that  the  prince  should  feel  himself  grossly 
•lighted,  when  out  of  a  civil  list  of  800,000i.  a  revenue  of  60,000i.  per  an- 
num only  was  allowed  him ;  although  his  father  when  prince  had  lOO.OOOi., 
out  of  a  civil  list  of  700,000/.  The  breach  grew  wider  every  day ;  and  at 
length  so  ranr  .rous  had  these  family  squabbles  become,  that  in  the  last 
illness  of  th',  queen,  who  expired  in  November,  1737,  the  prince  was  not 
even  permitted  to  see  her. 

The  growing  prosperity  of  England  during  a  long  peace  was  duly  ap 
preciated  by  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  he  neglected  nothing  that  seemed 
likely  to  insure  its  continuance ;  but  the  arbitrary  conduct  pursued  by  the 
Spaniards  on  the  American  coasts,  and  the  interested  clamours  of  some 
English  merchants  engaged  in  a  contraband  trade  with  the  Spanish  colo 
nies,  led  to  a  war  between  the  two  countries,  which  lasted  from  the  yeai 
1739  to  1748.  ,  ^.        .  ^   ^ 

In  order  to  prevent  the  ships  of  any  other  nation  from  trading  wiih  the 
American  co'.onies,  the  Spaniards  employed  vessels  called  guarda-costas 
to  watch  and  intercept  them ;  but  instead  of  confining  themrelves  to  this 
their  legitimate  object,  the  captains  of  the  Spanish  ^uard-ships  frcqueiiily 
interfered  with  British  merchants,  who  were  on  their  way  to  other  Amer 
ican  colonies,  and,  under  pretence  of  searching  for  contraband  goods 
boarded  their  ships,  and  sometimes  treated  the  crews  with  the  greatest 
barbarity.  The  accounts  of  these  indignities  created  a  desire  among  all 
classes  of  his  majesty's  subjects  for  inflicting  on  the  Spaniards  signal  and 
speedy  retribution :  but  the  pacific  policy  of  the  minister  was  mimical 
tc  the  adoption  of  vigorous  measures.  Captain  Jenkins,  the  master  of  a 
Scottish  merchant-ship,  who  was  examined  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of 
commons,  declared  that  ho  was  boarded  by  a  guarda-costa,  who,  after  ran- 
sacking his  ship  and  ill-treating  his  crew,  tore  off  one  of  his  enrs,  and 
throwing  it  in  his  face,  told  him  "  to  take  it  to  his  king."  Upon  being  asked 
what  ho  thought  when  he  found  himself  in  the  hands  of  such  barbarians, 
Jenkins  replied,  "I  recommended  my  soul  to  God,  and  my  cause  to  my 
country."  These  words,  and  the  display  of  his  ear,  which,  wrapped  up 
in  cotton,  he  always  carried  about  him,  filled  the  house  with  indignslion ; 
but  it  MBS  not  till  more  than  a  twelvemonth  afterwards  that  an  order  in 
council  was  issued  for  making  reprisals  on  the  Spaniards. 

A.  D.  1740.— The  war  with  Spain  had  now  commenced,  and  the  most 
strenuous  exertions  were  made  to  put  the  navy  in  the  best  possible  condi- 
tion. Admiral  Vernon,  with  a  small  force,  captured  the  important  city  o 
Porto  Bello,  o»  the  American  isthmus.    But  it  apoeared  at  the  close  <»J 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


643 


(he  year,  that  the  Spaniards  had  taken  upwards  of  400  English  vessels, 
many  of  them  richly  laden. 

At  this  period  the  violence  of  party  politics  was  displayed  in  all  its  ran- 
cour. Many  changes  took  place  in  the  cabinet  ^  and  Walpole,  desorjring 
the  coming  storm,  presented  two  of  his  sons  with  valuable  sinecures. 
Soon  after,  Mr.  Sandys  gave  notice  that  he  should  make  a  motion  in  the 
house  of  commons  for  the  dismissal  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  from  the  king's 
councils  forever.  On  the  appointed  day  the  house  was  crowded  at  an 
early  hour,  and  the  public  were  in  a  state  of  breathless  expectation  to  learn 
the  result.  The  accusations  against  the  minister  were  by  no  means  con« 
fined  to  any  particular  misconduct,  but  were  vague  and  indefinite.  The 
very  length  of  Mr.  Walpole's  power,  said  Mr.  Sandys,  was  in  itself  dan- 
gerous ;  to  accuse  him  of  any  specific  crime  wa»  unnecessary,  the  dissat- 
isfaction of  the  people  being  a  sufficient  cause  for  his  removal !  The  dis- 
cussion was  long  and  animated,  and  the  debate  closed  by  a  powerful  speech 
from  Walpole,  which  made  a  deep  impression  on  the  house  and  the  mo- 
tion was  negatived  by  the  large  majority  of  290  against  106.  (n  the  lords, 
a  similar  motion  met  with  the  like  result. 

A.  D.  1741. — The  success  which  had  attended  Vernon's  attack  on  Porto 
Bello  induced  the  government  to  send  out  large  armaments  against  the 
Spanish  colonies.  In  conjunction  with  Lord  Cathoart,  who  had  the  com- 
mand of  a  numerous  army,  Vernon  undertook  to  assail  Spanish  America 
on  the  side  of  the  Atlantic,  while  Commodore  Anson  sr.iled  round  Cape 
Horn  to  ravage  the  coast  of  Chili  and  Peru.  Part  of  these  arrangements 
were  frustrated  owing  to  the  death  of  Lord  Cathcart,  his  successor.  Gen- 
eral Wentworth,  beina  an  officer  of  little  experience  nnd  very  jealous  ot 
the  admiral's  popularity.  As  might  be  expected  whfe  t  iiuch  was  the  case, 
the  expedition  lamentably  failed  of  its  object ;  incapacity  and  dissension 
characterised  their  operations ;  nothing  of  the  slightest  importance  was 
effected,  and  they  returned  home  after  more  than  fifteen  thousand  of  the 
troops  and  seamen  had  fallen  victims  to  the  diseases  of  a  tropical  climate. 
Nor  was  the  result  of  the  expeditir>i  under  Anson  calculated  to  retrieve 
these  disasters ;  for  although  he  plundered  the  town  of  Patia,  in  Peru,  and 
captured  several  prizes,  among  which  was  the  Spanish  galleon,  laden  with 
treasure,  that  sailed  annually  from  Acapuico  to  Manilla,  he  encountered 
such  severe  storms,  particularly  in  rounding  Cape  Horn,  that  iiis  squad- 
ron was^finally  reduced  to  only  one  ship. 

It  is  time  that  we  return  to  the  affairs  of  continental  Europe,  so  far,  at 
least,  as  they  involve  England.  In  October,  1740,  the  emperor  Charles 
VI.,  the  last  male  heir  of  the  house  of  Austria  Hapsburg,  died.  Almost 
all  the  powers  of  Europ«  had,  by  the  "  pragmatic  sanction,"  guaranteed 
the  possessions  of  Austria  to  the  arch-duchess  Maria  Theresa,  queen  of 
Hungary ;  yet  no  power  except  England  was  influenced  by  its  engage 
ments.  Scarcely  had  the  Hungarian  queen  succeeded  her  father,  when 
she  found  herself  surrounded  by  a  hont  of  enemies.  But  the  most  power- 
ful and  the  most  wily  of  them  was  1<  rederic  III.,  kin^  of  Prussia,  who, 
having  at  his  command  a  rich  treasury  and  a  well-appomted  army,  entered 
Silesia,  and  soon  conquered  it.  Knowing,  however,  that  she  had  not  only 
to  contend  with  France,  who  had  resolved  to  elevate  Charles  Albert,  elec- 
tor of  Havana,  to  the  empire,  but  also  numbered  among  her  foes  the  kings 
of  Spain,  Poland,  and  Sardinia,  he  offered  to  support  her  against  all  com- 
petitors, on  the  condition  of  being  permitted  to  retain  his  acquisition. 
This  she  heroically  and  indignantly  refused ;  and,  although  the  French 
troops  even  menaced  her  capital,  Maria  Theresa  convened  the  states  of 
Hungary,  and  made  a  powerful  appeal  to  the  nobles,  which  they  responded 
.0  by  a  solemn  declaration  that  they  were  all  ready  to  die  in  defence  of 
her  rights.  Another  large  army  was  quickly  raised)  the  English  pariia- 
ment  vo'ed  a  subsidy :  fcnd  so  great  was  the  attachment  of  the  Etifftis 


su 


HISTORY   OP  THE  WORLD. 


people  to  her  cause,  that  the  pacific  Walpole  could  no  longer  control  the 
desire  that  was  manifested  for  becoming  parties  in  the  war. 

A.  D.  1742. — In  the  new  parliament,  which  was  opened  by  the  king  !n 
person,  it  was  evident  that  the  opponents  of  Walpole  had  greatly  strength- 
ened themselves  ;  and  being  shortly  after  able  to  obtain  a  trifling  majority 
of  votes  on  the  Westminster  elect.on  petition,  Sir  Robert  expressed  his 
intention  of  retiring  from  office.  He  consequently  resigned  all  his  eta- 
ployments,  and  was  created  earl  of  Orford,  with  a  pension  of  4,000/.  a 
year,  his  majesty  testifying  for  bis  faithful  servant  the  most  affectionate 
regard. 

Kngland,  accustomed  to  consider  the  equilibrium  of  the  continental 
states  a»  the  guarantee  of  her  own  grandeur,  would  naturally  espouse  the 
cause  of  Maria  Theresa j  while  it  was  ouite  as  natural  that  the  king  of 
England,  as  elector  of  Hanover,  would  be  readv  to  enforce  its  propriety. 
But  there  was  another  motive  at  this  time  still  more  powerful,  namely, 
the  war  which  had  recently  broken  out  between  England  and  Spain  ;  for 
it  could  not  be  expected  that,  in  a  continental  war  in  which  the  latter  coun. 
try  was  one  of  the  belligerents,  England  would  omit  any  opportunity  that 
offered  of  weakening  that  power.  Yet  as  long  as  Walpole  was  the  di- 
recting minister,  the  king  restricted  himself  to  negotiations  and  subsidies. 
But  when  Walpole  was  superseded  by  Lord  Carteret,  the  cause  of  Maria 
Theresa  was  sustained  by  the  arms  of  England,  and  by  larger  subsidies, 
while  the  king  of  Naples  was  forced  by  an  English  fleet  to  the  declaration 
of  neutrality.  England  had  at  length  become  a  principal  in  the  war ;  or, 
as  SmoUet  observes,  "  from  being  an  umpire  had  now  become  a  party  in 
all  continental  quarrels,  and  instead  of  trimming  the  balance  of  Europe, 
lavished  away  her  blood  and  treasure  in  supporting  the  interest  and  allies 
of  a  puny  electorate  in  the  north  of  Germany." 

A.  D.  1743. — George  II.  was  now  at  the  head  of  the  Anglo-electoral 
army,  which  on  its  march  to  Hanau  met  and  engaged  the  French  under 
the  command  of  marshal  the  duke  of  Noailles  and  some  of  the  princes  of 
the  blood.  They  began  the  battle  with  their  accustomed  impetuosity,  but 
were  received  by  the  English  infantry  with  the  characteristic  coolness 
and  steady  intrepidity  for  which  they  are  so  eminently  distinguished.  In 
this  battle  the  king  snowed  much  passive  courage,  and  his  son,  the  duke 
of  Cumberland,  was  wounded  ;  but  it  proved  a  decisive  victory,  6,000  of 
the  French  having  fallen,  while  the  loss  on  the  side  of  the  British  did  not 
amount  to  more  than  one-third  of  that  number. 

About  this  time  a  treaty  was  concluded  between  England  and  Russia 
for  fifteen  years,  in  which  it  was  stipulated  that  the  empress  should  fur- 
nish his  Britannic  majesty,  as  soon  as  required,  with  a  body  of  12,000 
troops,  to  be  employed  according  to  the  exigency  of  affairs ;  and  that 
Great  Britain  should  furnish  Russia  with  twelve  men-of-war,  on  the  first 
notice,  in  case  either  of  them  were  attacked  by  an  enemy  and  demanded 

such  succour.  ,  ..... 

A.  D.  1744. — To  remove  the  Hanoverian  dynasty  from  the  throne  ol 
these  realms,  teemed  to  be  the  darling  object  of  the  courts  of  France  and 
Spain,  who  were  secretly  planning  to  restore  the  Stuart  race  in  the  person 
of  the  son  of  the  late  pretender.  Declarations  of  war  between  France 
and  England  accordingly  took  place  \  and  in  May  the  king  of  France  ar- 
rived at  Lisle,  to  open  the  campaign  in  Flanders,  with  an  army  of  120,000 
men,  commanded  by  the  celebrated  Marshal  Saxe.  The  allied  armies, 
consisting  of  English,  Hanoverians,  Austrians,  and  Dutch,  amounting  in 
the  whole  to  about  76,000,  advanced  with  the  apparent  intention  of  attack' 
ing  the  enemy ;  but,  after  performing  numerous  inconsistent  and  inexpli- 
cable movements,  without  ri>king  either  a  siege  or  a  battle,  the  summei 
passed  away,  and  they  retired  into  winter-quarters.    Meantime  some  in- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


fi.J5 


dAciBiTe  engage-nents  had  taken  place  between  the  English  and  combinec 
fleets  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year  Lord  Carteret,  now  earl  of  Granville, 
resigned  his  office,  and  a  coalition  of  parties  was  formed,  which,  from  in 
cludmg  tories,  whigs,  and  patriots,  obtamed  the  name  of  the  "  broad  bot 
torn"  administration.  Mr.  Pelham  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and 
flrat  lord  of  the  treasury  ;  Lord  Hardwicke,  chancellor;  the  duke  of  Dor- 
set, president  of  the  council;  the  duke  of  Newcastle  and  F^rd  Harrington, 
secretaries  of  state;  and  the  duke  of  Bedford,  first  lord  of  the  admirality. 
Mr.  Pitt,  afterwards  earl  of  Chatham,  gave  them  his  support,  having  been 
promised  a  place  as  soon  as  the  king's  aversion  could  be  overcome. 

A.  D.  1746.— Robert  Walpole,  eari  of  Orford,  after  a  life  of  political  ac 
tivity,  during  which  he  had  occupied  the  most  prominent  station  for 
twenty  years,  died  March  18,  aged  71.  His  general  policy  was  princi 
pally  characterized  by  raal  in  favour  of  the  protestant  succession ;  by  the 
desire  of  preserving  peace  abroad,  and  avoiding  subjects  m{  contention  at 
home.  Under  his  auspices  the  naval  superiority  of  England  was  main- 
tained ;  commerce  encouraged ;  justice  impartially  administered  i  and  the 
rights  of  the  people  preserved  inviolate 

In  Italy  the  united  armies  of  France  and  Spain,  owing  to  their  vast 
superiority  in  numbers,  were  enabled  to  vanquish  the  Austrians ;  and  the 
Anglo- electoral  troops  in  the  Netheriands  also  met  with  serious  reverses. 
The  French  army  under  Marshal  Saxe  was  strongly  posted  at  Fonlenoy ; 
to  which  place  the  duke  of  Cumberland  advanced  on  the  30th  of  April,  and 
by  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  troops  were  engaged.  The  valour  of  the 
British  infantry  was  never  more  signally  displayed  ;  for  a  time  they  bore 
down  everything  before  them ;  but  the  Dutch  failing  in  their  attempt  on 
the  village  of  Fontenoy,  and  the  allies  coming  within  the  destructive  fire 
of  the  semicircle  of  batteries  erected  by  Saxe,  were  outflanked  and  com- 
nelled  to  retreat.  The  loss  on  each  side  amounted  to  about  10,000  men ; 
but  though  the  victory  was  not  absolutely  decisive,  it  enabled  the  French 
marshal  to  take  some  of  the  most  considerable  towns  of  the  Netherlands, 
and  the  allies  retired  for  safety  behind  the  canal  at  Antwerp. 

Thirty  years  had  elapsed  since  the  chevalier  de  St.  George  had  stirred 
up  that  rebellion  which  had  ended  so  fatally  for  his  own  hopes,  and  so 
disastrously  for  his  adherents.  Since  that  time  he  had  lived  in  Italy,  had 
married  a  grand-daughter  of  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  and  had  one 
son,  Charles  Edward,  who  was  afterwards  known  in  England  as  the 
"young  pretender."  While  George  U.  and  his  ministers  were  fully  occu- 
pied in  endeavoring  to  bring  the  war  in  Germany  to  a  successful  issue, 
Charles  Edward  received  every  encouragement  from  Louis  of  France  to 
take  advantage  of  that  opportunity,  and  try  his  strength  in  Britain.  And 
now  that  the  national  discontent  was  gaining  ground  in  consequence  of 
tlie  loss  at  Fontenoy,  and  other  events  not  much  less  disastrous,  he  de- 
-rmined  to  attempt  the  restoration  of  his  family:  and  accompanied  only 

a  small  party  of  his  most  devoted  friends,  he  landed  in  the  Hebrides. 
Here  he  was  soon  joined  by  the  Highland  chieftains,  and  speedily  found 
himself  at  the  head  of  several  thousand  hardy  mountaineers,  who  were 
highly  Dleased  with  his  affable  manners,  and  with  genuine  enthusiasm  ex- 
]txe9'2d  &zttMf\vef'  ready  lo  d'o  in  his  se-vice.  Th*':rfir»*  monomer*  wap 
towards  Edinburgh,  which  city  surrendered  without  resistance,  but  the 
castle  still  held  out.  The  yonng  pretender  now  took  possession  of  Holy- 
rood  palace,  where  he  proclHimed  his  father  king  of  Great  Britain,  and 
himself  regent,  with  all  the  idle  pageantries  of  state.  Mean*'\ne  a  pro- 
clamation was  issued,  offering  a  reward  of  30,000/.  for  his  apprehension. 
Sir  John  Cope,  the  c(»mmander  of  the  king's  troops  in  Scotland,  having 
lollected  some  reinforcements  in  the  north,  proceeded  from  Aberdeen  to 
Uaahiu  by  sea,  and  hearing  that  the  insurgents  were  resolved  to  hazard  a 


I 


(U6 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


battle,  he  encamped  at  Preston  Pans.  Here  he  was  unexpectedly  attack- 
ed,  and  with  such  vigorous  onslaught,  by  the  fierce  and  undisciplined 
Hirhlanders,  that  a  sudden  panic  seized  the  royal  troops,  and  in  their 
flight  they  ab'^ndoned  all  their  baggase,  cannon,  and  camp  equipage,  to 
their  enemies.  Elated  with  success,  the  rebels  entered  England,  and  pro- 
oeeded  as  far  as  Derby,  without  encountering  anv  opposition.  Here, 
however,  they  learned  that  the  duke  of  Gumberlaud  had  arrived  from  the 
continent,  and  was  making  preparations  to  oppose  them  with  an  over 
whelming  force ;  and  it  was  tkerefore  finally  determinedr  that  as  they 
could  neither  raise  recruits  in  England,  nor  fcsrec  their  way  into  Wales, 
they  should  hasten  their  return  to  Scotland. 

The  pretender  had  good  reason  to  believe  that  important  succours  would 
be  sent  to  him  from  France,  or  it  is  not  likely  he  would  have  crossed  the 
border.  But  the  vigilance  of  Admiral  Vernon  prevented  the  French  fleet 
from  venturing  outi  and  thus  all  hope  of  foreign  assistance  was  cut  off. 
The  forces  of  the  pretender  were  greatly  augmented  on  his  return  to 
Scotland;  but  finding  that  Edinburgh  was  in  possession  of  the  king's 
troops,  he  bent  his  course  towards  Stirling,  which  town  he  captured,  and 
aesieged  the  castle.  Matters  had  now  assumed  a  very  serious  aspect, 
and  public  credit  was  most  seriously  affected ;  but  there  was  no  lack  of 
eneigy  in  the  government,  nor  any  want  of  patriotism  among  the  nobility, 
meichants  or  traders  of  England;  all  ranks,  in  fact,  united  with  ready 
zeal  in  meeting  the  exigency  of  the  occasion.  Many  new  regiments  were 
raised  by  wealthy  and  patriotic  individuals ;  and  it  was  found  that  by  the 
voluntary  exertions  of  the  people  60,000  troops  could  be  added  to  the  king's 
forces. 

A.  Di  1746.— 'In  January  General  Hawley  had  suffered  a  complete  defeat 
in  endeavoring  to  raise  the  siege  of  Stirling.  But  a  day  of  terrible  retri- 
bution was  at  hand.  On  the  IGth  of  April  the  royal  army,  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  encountered  the  troops  of  the  pretender 
on  Culloden-moor.  The  Highlanders  began  the  attack  in  their  wild,  furi- 
ous way,  rushing  on  the  royal  troops  with  their  broadswords  and  Locha- 
bar  axes ;  but  the  English,  being  now  prepared  for  this  mode  of  attack,  re- 
oeived  them  with  fixed  bayonets,  keeping  up  a  steady  and  well-sustained 
tire  of  musketry,  while  the  destruction  of  their  ranks  was  completed  by 
discharges  of  artillery.  In  thirty  minutes  the  battle  was  converted  into  a 
lout;  and  orders  having  been  issued  to  give  no  quarter,  vast  numbers 
were  slain  in  the  pursuit.  The  loss  of  the  rebels  was  estimated  at  about 
4,000,  while  the  number  of  killed  in  the  royal  army  is  said  to  have  scarcely 
exceeded  fifty  men!  Intoxicated,  as  it  were,  with  their  unexampled  vic- 
tory, the  conquerors  seemed  only  bent  on  merciless  vengeance,  and  the 
whole  country  around  became  a  scene  of  cruelty  and  desolation.  As  to 
the  unfortunate  prince  Charles  Edward,  he  escaped  with  difficulty  from 
the  battle,  and  alter  wandering  alone  in  the  mountains  for  several  months, 
in  various  disguises,  he  found  means  to  make  his  escape  to  France. 

"  One  great  cause  of  the  pretender's  preservation,  was  the  belief  that  ^e 
had  been  slain,  which  arose  from  the  following  circumstance.  Amo.ig 
his  friends,  who  followed  as  much  as  possible  in  his  track,  a  party  was 
surprised  in  a  hut  on  the  side  of  the  Bonjilder  mountain,  by  the  soldiers 
who  were  in  search  of  him.  Having  seized  them,  one  named  Mackenaie 
effected  hit  escape ;  upon  which  his  companions  told  the  soldiers  that  it 
was  the  pnnce  ;  the  soldiers  thereupon  fled  in  pursuit  and  overtook  the 
youth,  who,  when  he  found  Ihelr  error,  resolved  to  sacrifice  his  life,  in  the 
hope  it  might  save  his  master's*  He  bravely  contended  with  them,  re- 
fused quarter,  and  died  with  his  sword  in  his  hand,  exclaiming,  ar^  he  fell 
"You  have  killed  your  prince."  And  this  declaration  was  believed  by 
many.  "  We  cannot,  however,"  says  the  biojjjrapher  of  the  events  of 
Culloden,  "  >vithout  pride,  mention  the  astonishing  fact,  that  thouiih  the 


HISTORY  OP  THE  "VfORLD. 


647 


sum  of  thirty  thousand  pounds  sterling  was  long  publicly  offered  for  his 
apprehension,  and  though  he  passed  through  very  many  hands,  and  both 
the  reward  and  his  person  were  perfectly  weli  known  to  an  intelligent  and 
very  inquisitive  people,  yet  no  man  or  woma*  was  to  be  found  capable  of 
degrading  themselves  to  earning  so  vast  a  reward  by  betraying  a  lugitiTe, 
whom  misfortune  had  throwil  upon  their  generosity."  At  length,  on  the 
19th  of  September,  the  young  pretender  embarked  with  twenty-five  gen- 
tlemen and  one  hundred  and  seven  common  men,  in  a  French  vessel,  sent 
for  that  purpose  to  the  coast;  and  after  a  passage  of  ten  day«  he  arrived 
at  Itoseau,  near  Morlaix,  and  immediately  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  he 
was  kindly  received  by  Louis  XV.  But  his  hopes  were  forever  fled,  llie 
courage  and  fortitude  he  displayed  in  Scotland  seem  to  have  forsaken  him 
with  a  reverse  of  fortune,  and  during  the  remainder  of  his  days  no  trace 
of  ambition  marked  his  actions. 

The  duke  of  Cumberland  had  now  become  the  idol  of  the  nation  ;  and 
for  his  bravery  at  CuUoden  the  parliament  voted  jC25,000  per  annum  in 
addition  to  his  former  income.  Several  acts  were  paissed  for  protecting 
the  government  of  Scotland,  and  securing  its  loyalty ;  and  many  execu- 
tions  of  the  rebels  took  place  in  different  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Bills  of 
indictment  for  high  treason  were  found  against  the  earls  of  Kilmarnock 
and  Cromartie,  and  Lord  Balmerino,  who  were  tried  in  Westminster-hall. 
All  three  pleaded  guilty;  Kilmarnock  and  Balmerino  were  executed  on 
Tower-hill,  but  Cromartie's  life  was  spared.  Foremost  among  those  who 
had  engaged  tO'  venture  their  lives  and  fortunes  in  restoring  the  Stuart 
family  to  the  throne  of  England  was  Lord  Lovat,  a  man  whose  character 
was  branded  with  many  vices,  and  whose  great  age  (for  he  was  in  his  90th 
year)  had  not  deterred  him  from  taking  an  active  part  in  fomenting  and 
encouraging  the  late  rebellion.  Being  found  guilty  by  his  peers,  he  was 
remanded  to  the  Tower,  where,  in  a  few  months  afterwards,  he  was  be- 
headed. At  this  last  scene  of  his  life  he  behaved  with  great  propriety : 
his  behaviour  was  dignified  and  composed ;  he  surveyed  the  assembled 
multitude  with  a  cheerful  countenance,  and  taking  up  the  axe  to  examine 
it,  he  repeated  from  Horace, 

"Daloe  et  deconun  eit  pro  pttria  moril" 

then  laying  his  head  on  the  block,  it  was  severed  from  his  body  at  a  single 
stroke. 

▲.  D.  1747.— We  must  now  briefly  allude  to  the  state  of  affairs  on  the 
continent.  Early  in  the  spring  the  duke  of  Cumberland  led  his  troops 
thither,  to  join  our  Austrian  and  Dutch  allies.  The  French  had  a  decided 
advantage  in  point  of  numbers,  and  Marshal  Saxe,  their  commander,  com- 
menced the  campaign  with  the  invasion  of  Dutch  Brabant.  But,  with  the 
exception  of  the  siege  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  by  the  French,  the  war  was 
languidly  carried  on.  This  celebrated  siege,  however,  lasted  from  the 
16th  of  July  to  the  15th  of  September,  and  presented  a  continued  scene  of 
horror  and  destructi'^n ;  but  though  the  town  was  burned,  the  garrison  had 
suffered  little,  whjle  heaps  of  slain  were  formed  of  the  besiegers.  The 
governor,  calculating  from  these  circumstances  on  the  impregnability  of 
the  fortress,  was  lulled  into  false  security ;  while  the  French  troops  threw 
themselves  into  the  fosse,  mounted  the  breaches,  and  entered  the  garrison, 
and  thus  became  masters  of  the  navigation  of  the  Scheldt.  In  Italy, 
the  allies,  though  forced  to  raise  the  siege  of  Genoa,  were  generally  suc> 
cessful. 

At  sea  the  English  well  maintained  their  superiority.    In  an  en^ge 
ment  with  the  French  off  Cape  F-nisterre,  the  English  were  victorious} 
and  several  richly  laden  ships,  bofn  outward  and  Tiomeward  bound,  fell 
into  their  hands.     Admiral  Hawke.  also,  defeated  the  French  fleet,  ofl 


':  i 


I 


HB 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


In  November  a  new  parliament  assembled,  and  the  ministers  denvec 
much  popularity  on  account  of  the  suppression  of  the  late  rebellion,  as 
well  as  for  the  naval  successes.  All  parties,  however,  were  tired  of  the 
war,  and  preparations  were  nwide  for  opening  a  conf;ress  at  Atx-Ia-Chapelle 
preliminary  to  a  general  peace ;  but  as  the  issue  of  it  was  uncertain,  the 
»ual  grants  and  subsidies  were  readily  voted  without  inquiry.  Though 
HO  long  since  began,  it  was  not  till  October  in  the  following  year  that  this 
treaty  of  peace  was  concluded.  The  chief  parties  to  it  were  Britain,  Hoi. 
land,  and  Austria  on  one  side,  and  France  and  Spain  on  the  other.  By  it 
all  the  great  tre<^^iee  from  that  of  Westphalia  m  1648,  to  that  of  Vienna  in 
1738,  were  renewed  and  confirmed.  France  surrendered  her  conquests  in 
Flanders,  and  the  English  in  the  East  and  West  Indies.  But  the  right  of 
British  subjects  to  navigate  the  American  seas  without  being  subject  to 
search  by  the  Spaniards,  was  suffered  to  pass  unnoticed,  although  that  wai> 
the  original  bone  of  contention  and  the  basis  of  the  attacks  made  on  Wal 
pole's  ministry.  The  only  advantage,  indeed,  that  England  gained,  wa& 
the  recognition  of  the  Hanoverian  succession,  and  the  general  abandon- 
ment of  the  pretender,  whose  cause  was  from  thenceforth  regarded  as 
hopeless. 

A.  D.  1749. — The  war  beinfi;  at  an  end,  the  disbanding  of  the  army  nat- 
urally followed,  and,  as  must  ever  in  some  degree  be  the  case  at  such  a 
time,  the  idle  and  unemployed  committed  many  depredations  on  the 

Eublic.  To  remedy  this,  a  colony  was  established  in  Nova-Scotia,  where 
lOrd  Halifax  went  out  as  governor,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  town, 
which,  in  compliment  to  its  projector,  the  earl  of  Halifax,  was  named 
after  him.  It  was  soon  found  that  the  soil  of  Nova-Scotia  was  incapable 
of  repaying  the  labourer  for  his  toil,  and  many  who  had  been  transported 
there  obtamed  leave  to  go  tq  more  southern  latitudes.  Those  wno  re> 
mained  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  native  Indians,  who  still  resided  on  the 
borders  of  this  barren  spot ;  and  the  French,  who  were  the  first  Curopean 
settlers  there,  encouraged  this  jealous  feeling.  Meantime  the  animosity 
between  the  English  and  French  grew  stronger,  till  at  length  the  lattei 
claimed  the  whole  territory  between  the  Mississippi  and  New-Mexico  on 
the  east,  and  to  the  Apalaehian  mountains,  on  the  west.  From  the  fact 
of  their  having  been  the  first  to  discover  that  river,  they  took  from  the 
English,  who  had  settled  beyond  those  mountains,  their  possessions,  and 
erected  forts  to  protect  all  the  adjacent  country. 

K.  D.  1751 . — The  first  event  of  any  importance  this  year  was  the  death 
of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  which  happened  on  the  lOth  of  March,  in 
the  45th  year  of  his  age.  His  death  was  caused  by  an  abscess  in  his  side, 
that  formed  from  the  blow  of  a  cricket-ball  which  he  received  while  play- 
msr  at  that  game  on  the  lawn  of  Cliefden-house,  Bucks,  a  :>olleclion  of 
matter  having  been  produced  that  burst  in  his  throat  and  suffocated  him. 
The  prince  bad  long  been  on  bad  terms  with  his  father,  whose  measures 
he  uniformly  opposed ;  and  though  the  anti-ministerial  party,  and  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  people  spoke  highly  of  his  benevolence  and  mu- 
nificence, and  loudly  applauded  his  conduct  at  the  time,  it  is  clear  that 
much  of  his  patriotism  originated  in  a  vain  desire  for  popularity.  He  left 
five  sons  ana  three  daughters ;  his  eldest  son,  George,  being  only  eleven 
years  sld:  :.  regciicy  •was  consentient!,'  appumteJ;  bu'.  the  !ving  .>urvi';ing 
till  the  prince  attained  his  majority,  there  was  never  anv  occasion  for  it 
to  act. 

The  most  memorable  act  passed  in  the  course  of  this  session  was  that 
for  regulating  the  commencement  of  the  year,  and  correcting  the  calendar 
according  to  the  Oregorian  computation.  The  New  Style,  as  it  wab 
termed,  was  introduced  by  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  in  the  IGth  century,  and 
had  long  been  adopted  by  most  states  on  the  continent.  By  this  act. 
therefore,  it  was  provided  that  the  year  should  begin  on  the  1»tday  oi 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


049 


January,  instead  of,  as  heretofore,  on  the  25th  day  of  March,  and  that 
eleven  intermediate  nominal  days  between  the  2d  and  14th  of  September. 
1752,  should  be  omitted ;  the  Julian  computation,  supposing  a  solar  revo- 
lution to  be  effected  in  the  precise  period  of  365  days  and  six  iiours,  hav- 
ing made  no  provision  for  the  deficiency  of  eleven  minutes,  which,  how- 
ever, in  the  lapse  of  eighteen  centuries  amounted  to  a  diflerence  of  eleven 
days.  Bills  were  also  passed  for  the  better  prevention  of  robberies,  for 
the  regulation  of  places  of  amusement,  and  tor  punishing  the  keepers  of 
disorderly  houses ;  the  necessity  of  this  arising  froir.  the  spirit  of  extrava- 
gance which  prevailed  throughout  the  kingdom,  as  dissipation  and  a^us(>. 
raont  occupied  every  class  of  society. 

Among  the  domestic  events  of  this  year  no  one  created  more  sensation 
than  the  death  of  Henry  St.  John,  \  i!*count  Bolingbroke ;  a  nobleman 
who  had  for  half  a  century  occupied  a  high  station  in  the  country,  whether 
we  regard  him  in  the  character  of  a  statesman,  an  orator,  an  author,  or  a 

Eolished  courtier.    He  possessed  great  energy  and  decision  of  character, 
ut  he  was  deficient  in  that  high  principle  and  singleness  of  purpose  that 
inspires  confidence  and  leads  to  unquestioned  excellence. 

The  new  parliament  was  opened  on  the  10th  of  May,  1753 ;  and  the 
first  business  of  the  house  was  to  take  into  consideration  the  state  of  Iro- 
laad,  which,  in  proportion  as  it  advanced  in  civilization,  showed  a  disposi- 
tion to  shake  off  its  dependence  on  England.  The  kingdom  was  in  a  state 
of  tranquillity  at  the  session  which  terminated  the  labours  of  the  last  par- 
liament ;  but,  previous  to  the  new  election,  the  death  of  Mr.  Pelham 
caused  several  changes  in  the  government  offices ;  the  late  minister  was 
succeeded  in  the  treasurer  by  his  brother,  the  duke  of  Newcastle ;  and 
unanimity  now  prevailed  in  the  cabinet. 

A.  D.  1755. — We  have  before  alluded  to  the  animosity  which  existed 
between  the  English  and  French  relative  to  their  North  American  posses- 
sions. Hostilities  were  now  commenced  by  the  colonial  authorities, 
without  the  formality  of  a  declaration  of  war.  A  French  detachment  un- 
der Dieskau  was  defeated  with  groat  loss  by  the  British,  commanded  by 
Gen.  Lyman  and  Col-  Williams.  The  North  American  Indians  were  stim- 
ulated to  attack  the  British  colonists,  and  supplies  of  arms  and  ammunition 
were  imported  from  France.  The  British  ministers  immediately  prepared 
for  hostilities ;  all  the  French  forts  within  the  limits  of  Nova-Scotia  were 
reduced  by  Colonel  Monckton;  but  an  expedition  against  the  Frencli 
forts  on  the  Ohio,  commanded  by  General  Braddock,  mot  with  a  severe 
defeat ;  the  general  falling  into  an  ambuscade  of  French  and  Indians,  was 
slain,  and  the  regular  soldiers  fled  with  disgraceful  precipitation.  The 
provincial  militia,  however,  led  by  Colonel  Washington,  displayed  good 
itourage,  nobly  maintaining  their  ground,  and  covering  the  retreat  of  the 
main  army.  The  loss  of  the  English  on  this  occasion  was  very  severe ; 
upwards  of  700  men,  with  several  ofllcers,  were  slain ;  the  artillery,  stores, 
and  provisions  became  the  property  of  the  victors,  as  well  as  the  general's 
cabinet,  containing  his  private  instructions,  &c.,  of  which  the  enemy 
availed  himself  to  great  advantage.  Two  other  expeditions,  destined  for 
tlie  attack  of  Crown  Point  and  Fort  Niagara,  also  failed.  But  the  repri- 
salf  at  8<>i  more  than  compensated  for  these  misfortunes,  as  upwards  of 
three  hundred  merchant  ships  and  eight  thousand  seamen  were  captured 
tliat  year  by  British  cruisers. 

K.  a.  1756. — Notwithsti(nding  hostilities  had  been  carried  on  nearly  a 
vwelvemonth,  war  was  not  formally  declared  till  May  18:  the  chief  sub- 
ient  of  complaint  being  the  encroachments  of  the  French  on  the  Ohio 
and  Nova-Scotia.  This  was  followed  by  threats  of  invasion  upon  Eng- 
land or  Ireland,  in  consequence  of  which  a  body  of  Hessian  and  Han- 
overian troops  was  introduced  to  defend  the  interior  of  the  kingdom ;  a 
measur(«  which  gave  lise  to  considerable  discontent,  as  most  people 


C50 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


thought  that  the  ordinary  force  of  either  country  was  sufficient  to  rc})fc| 
Invasion.  But  whilst  the  government  was  providing  for  its  internal 
security,  the  enemy  was  making  serious  attempts  to  wrest  from  ua  oui 
posaessions  both  in  the  East  and  West  Indies.  The  reduction  ol 
Minorca  was  a  favourite  object  of  the  French  government;  a  formidable 
force  was  landed  on  the  island,  and  close  siege  laid  to  Fort  St.  Philip, 
which  commands  the  principal  town  and  harbour.  The  governor,  Gen- 
eral Blakeney,  made  a  long  and  able  defence ;  but  Admiral  Byng,  who 
bad  been  entrusted  with  the  charge  of  the  English  fleet  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  was  ordered  to  attempt  the  relief  of  the  place,  seems  to  have 
been  destitute  of  any  decisive  plan ;  and,  after  avoiding  an  action  with  a 
French  squadron,  he  returned  to  Gibraltar,  abandoning  Minorca  to  its 
fote,  which,  to  the  infinite  chagrin  of  the  nation,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemy. 

The  surrender  af  Minorca  was  an  unexpected  blow,  and  the  rage  of  the 
people  at  its  loss  was  directed  against  the  unfortunate  Byng,  who  being 
tried  by  a  court-martial  at  Portsmouth,  was  condemned  to  death  for  not 
doing  his  utmost  to  engage  the  enemy,  but  reconimended  to>the  mercy 
of  the  crown,  as  it  did  not  appear  to  the  court  that  it  was  through 
cowardice  or  disaffection.  Great  exertions  were  made  to  save  the  admi- 
ral's life,  but  in  vain ;  he  was  ordered  to  be  shot  on  board  the  Monarque, 
and  he  met  his  fate  with  coolness  and  intrepidity. 

In  America  a  second  series  of  expeditions  against  the  French  forts 
signally  failed;  while  the  marquis  de  Montcalm,  the  governor  of  Canada, 
captured  Oswego,  where  the  British  had  deposited  the  greater  part  of 
their  artillery  and  military  stores.  But  it  is  time  that  we  call  the  reader's 
attention  to  the  progress  of  affairs  in  our  Eastern  possessions. 

A.  u.  '757.— The  jealousy  which  had  been  created  among  the  petty  in- 
dependent f  winces  of  India,  by  the  privileges  which  the  emperor  of  Delhi 
bad  granted  to  the  English  settlers  at  Calcutta,  had  risen  to  an  alannhig 
height;  but  successful  means  had  been  used  to  allay  their  fury  until  the 
accession  of  the  ferocious  Suraja  Dowla,  souhbadar  of  Bengal,  who  was 
enraged  at  the  shelter  which  the  English  afforded  to  some  of  his  destined 
victims.  He  advanced  towards  Calcutta,  when  the  governor  and  most  ol 
the  local  authorities,  panic-stricken,  made  their  escape  in  boats,  leaving 
about  a  hundred  and  ninety  men,  under  the  control  of  Mr.  Holwell,  to 
make  the  best  of  their  forlorn  situation.  The  mere  handful  of  Knglish- 
men,  composing  the  garrison,  for  a  short  time  bravely  defended  them- 
selves, but  when  they  fell  into  the  power  of  the  infuriated  Suraja,  ho 
ordered  the  unhappy  prisoners,  then  amounting  to  one  hundred  and  forty- 
six,  to  be  thrust  into  the  prison  of  Calcutta,  called  the  Black-hole;  a  room 
less  than  twenty  feet  square.  Here  the  heat  and  foulness  of  the  air 
reduced  them  to  the  most  pitiable  state  imaginable  ;  and  when  on  the  fol- 
lowing morning  an  order  came  for  their  release,  only  tweniv-tliree  were 
found  alive.  The  news  of  this  horrid  catastrophe  reached  Madras  just 
when  Colonel  Clive  and  Admiral  Watson,  flushed  by  their  recent  victory 
over  the  celebrated  pirate  Angria,  had  arrived  at  Madras  to  aid  in  the 
destruction  of  the  French  influence  in  Deccan.  Calcutta  was  therefore 
the  scene  of  their  next  operations ;  and  no  sooner  did  the  fleet  make  its 
appearance  before  that  city  than  it  surrendered.  The  French  fort  of 
Chandernagore  was  reduced;  several  of  the  Suraja  Dowla's  own  palaces 
were  taken,  conspiracies  were  formed  against  hin,  and  the  haughty  chief- 
tain felt  that  the  sovereignty  of  Bengal  must  be  decided  by  a  battle 
Contrary  to  the  opinion  of  all  his  oflRcers,  Clive  resolved  to  engage  him, 
although  the  disparity  of  their  forces  was  prodigious.  He  accordingly  took 
up  a  position  in  the  grove  of  Plassy ;  his  troops  in  the  whole  not  exceed- 
ing  3,200  men,  of  whom  only  nine  hundred  were  Europeans ;  while  Suraja 
Dowla  had  with  him  fifty  thousand  foot,  eighteen  thousand  horse,  and 


"    m 


fittjr  pieces  of  c 

enemy,  ar.d  so  sk 

complete  victory 

m  killed  and  woi 

dominioi;  in  India 

which,  in  its  wee 

A.0.  1768.— W 

change  in  the  En 

was  at  this  perioc 

Chatham)  was  bi 

beinf  opposed  to 

would  have  been 

tiples  had  acquii 

tarnished  by  dela' 

was  therefore   re 

military  operalior 

lirst-named  being 

bourg,  and  aided  b 

eminence,  forced 

ed  by  the  entire  re 

the  French  occup 

Forbes  was  sent 

approach  abandon 

Abercrombje   him 

valour  of  his  trooi 

Tortified. 

An  expedition  \ 

tants  of  Canada  hj 

would  be  respectec 

Thus  when  Gener 

tered  no  very  serii 

regard  the  approa 

vanced  towards  Q 

Crown  Point,  ant 

Niagara.    Asnhers 

but  m  this  he  was  < 

made  him  almost  d 

persevere  in  this  h 

night,  under  the  he 

inaccessible  steep, 

town.    The  marqu 

that  so  daring  and 

iroops.    A  battle  « 

contest  with  equal  ( 

was  just  beginning 

the  breast  of  WolJe 

dew  from  rank  to  i 

loss  of  his  general 

words  "  They  run  ! 

sank  in  a  tioldier'a 

being  told  it  was   t 

marquis  de  Montcal 

lariiiirepid«ty.     In  i 

youthful  rival.     W\ 

ne  exciaim«d,  •'  So  i 

render  of  Quebec." 

pte«  to  the  British, 

followed. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  051 

l.n»"o°fT/„'!S.\T  "°"'Pl«"°'^  J'8»l™l  Quebec,  and  » th.  inh.bi 
»«d  no  vor,  .eriou,  oT^K  taV?h  '  C.tdtaTih;  tamSTo 


0S2 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


A.  o.  1760. — III  the  East  Indies  the  success  of  the  English  was  scarcely 
less  decisive  than  in  America-  By  larid  and  by  sea  several  victsries  had 
been  gained  in  that  quarter :  and  at  length  Colonel  Coote  and  the  French 
general,  Lally,  fought  a  determined  battlo  at  Wandewash  (Jan.  21),  in 
which  the  French  were  signally  defeated  and  their  influence  in  the  Car- 
natic  destroyed. 

The  war  on  the  continent,  in  which  the  English  had  taken  a  very  activu 
part,  had  now  ragedfor  four  years,  without  gaining  any  other  advantage 
than  the  gratification  of  defending  the  possessions  of  their  sovereign  in 
Germany.  England,  indeed,  was  now  in  a  state  of  uliparalleled  glory. 
At  sea,  the  conduct  of  her  admirals  had  destioyed  the  naval  power  of 
the  French ;  in  the  Indies  her  empire  was  extended,  and  the  English 
rendered  masters  of  the  commerce  of  the  vast  peninsula  of  Hindostan; 
while  in  Canada  a  most  important  conquest  had  been  achieved  These 
important  acquisitions  made  the  English  veiy  impatient  of  the  German 
war;  and  they  asserted  that  the  French  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  more 
valuable  to  a  commercial  people  than  half  the  states  of  German},  migh- 
have  been  gained  with  less  expense  and  risk  than  had  been  spent  in  de- 
fending one  paltry  electorate.  In  the  midst  of  these  disputes,  George  II. 
died  suddenly,  on  the  25ih  of  October,  in  the  77th  year  of  his  age,  and 
the  34th  of  his  reign.  The  immediate  cause  of  his  disease  was  a  rup- 
ture of  the  right  ventricle  of  the  heart.  If  we  impartially  regard  the  char- 
acter of  this  king,  we  shall  find  both  in  his  private  and  public  conduct 
room  for  just  panegyric.  That  during  his  whole  reign  he  evinced  a  re- 
markable affection  for  his  Hanoverian  subjects  is  certainly  true  ;  yet  his 
exposing  that  country  to  the  attacks  of  the  enemy,  rather  than  neglect  the 
rights  of  England  in  North  America,  clears  him  of  the  imputation  of 
partiality.  In  his  temper  he  was  hasty  and  viuiuiii,  yet  his  general  con- 
duct was  so  little  influenced  by  this,  that  it  was  generally  mild  and 
humane.  He  was  impartial  in  the  administration  of  justice,  sincere  and 
open  in  his  inlqntions,  and  temperate  and  regular  in  his  manner  of  living 
Under  his  reign  the  agriculture,  commerce,  and  industry  of  Great  Britain 
daily  increased ;  and  his  subjects,  even  when  at  war  with  the  most  power- 
ful nations  of  Europe,  enjoyed  peace  at  home,  and  acquired  glory  abroad. 

Great  progress  had  been  made  in  this  reign  in  disseminating  a  taste  for 
general  literuturo  and  the  arts;  and  though  it  was  not  the  fashion  for  the 
magnates  of  the  land  to  be  very  liberal  of  their  patronage  to  such  as 
devoted  their  minds  to  the  advancement  of  science,  still  much  was  done 
towards  pioneering  the  way  for  a  future  sge,  when  a  solution  of  many  of 
the  phenomena  of  nature  might  seem  to  demand  more  serious  attention. 
Among  the  great  historians  were  Hume,  Gibbon,  and  Robertson.  In 
philology  ahd  criticism  were  Warburton,  Bentley,  and  Boyle.  Mathema- 
tics and  astronomy  could  boast  of  Halley,  Bradley,  and  Maclaurin 
Theology  was  distinguished  by  the  eminent  names  of  Poller,  Moadley, 
Sherlock,  Doddridge,  Watts,  Chandler,  and  many  others-  Painting 
had  its  Iteynolds,  Ramsay,  and  Hogarth ;  music  its  Handel,  Boyce,  Greene, 
and  Arno;  and  among  the  votaries  of  the  muses  were  Pope,  Akennide, 
Thom[  .on,  Young,  Gray,  Glover,  and  others  scarcely  less  distinguished 


CHAPTER  I^X. 

THB    RIIOM    or    OCbROE  III. 

A.  D.  1760.— George  II.  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Oeorg«!  Hi., 
eldest  son  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  whose  death  has  been  nienlioned 
as  oc3urring  in  1761.  On  his  accession  to  the  throne  he  was  twenty-tro 
~    m^_.  .«*..!.!«  ^nnA_tp;^_w^_ff,A_  unriffht.  and  rsUsiou!;     Hi!  edui'** 


VirniS  ■ 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


653 


lion  bad  been  under  the  direction  of  Lord  Bute,  and  he  had  a  great  advan 
tage  over  his  predecessors,  in  being  acquainted  with  the  language,  habits 
and  institutions  of  his  countrymen  ;  his  first  entrance  into  public  lire  con- 
gequently  made  a  favourable  impression  on  his  snbjects,  and  addresses, 
containing  professions  of  the  most  loyal  attachment,  poured  in  from  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom. 

On  his  majesty^s  accession,  the  nominal  head  of  the  administration  was 
the  duke  of  Newcastle  ;  but  Mr.  Pitt,  principal  secretary  of  state,  was  the 
presiding  genius  of  the  cabinet.  The  chief  remainii^  members  werv 
Lord  Northington,  afterwards  lord  chancellor ;  Lord  Carteret,  presiden 
of  the  council;  the  duke  of  Devonshire, lord  chamberlain;  Mr.  Legge 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer ;  Lord  Anson,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
and  Lord  Holdernesse,  secretary  of  state.  On  the  18th  of  November  the 
king  met  his  parliament,  and  in  a  popular  speech,  which  he  commenced 
with,  "  Born  and  educated  in  this  country,  I  glory  in  the  name  of  Briton,'' 
the  flourishing  stats  of  the  kingdom,  the  brilliant  successes  of  the  war, 
and  the  extinction  of  internal  divisions  were  acknowledged ;  while  the 
support  of  the  "  protestant  interest,"  and  a  "  safe  and  honourable  peace,*' 
were  declared  to  be  the  objects  of  the  war.  An  act  was  then  passed  for 
granting  tb  his  majesty  an  annual  income  of  80,000/. 

A.  D.  17t)1. — One  of  the  first  important  acts  of  the  new  monarch  was  a 
declaration  of  his  intention  to  marry  the  princess  Charlotte,  daughter  ol 
theduke  of  Mecklenburgh-Strelitz:  the  necessary  preparations  were  ac- 
cordingly made;  she  arrived  in  London  on  the  7th  of  September,  the  nup- 
tials took  place  that  evening  in  the  royal  chapel,  and  on  the  22d  their 
majesties  were  crowned  in  Westminster-abbey. 

Soon  after  the  king's  accession,  negotiations  for  peace  were  commenced 
by  the  courts  of  France  and  Great  Britain,  but  there  was  little  honesty  of 
intention  on  either  side ;  Mr.  Pitt  being  firmly  resolved  to  humble  the 
house  of  Bourbon,  while  the  duke  of  Chouiseul,  on  the  part  of  France, 
was  relying  on  the  promises  of  Spanish  aid,  to  enable  him  to  carry  on 
hostilities  with  increased  vigour. ,  The  war  languished  in  Germany ;  but 
at  sea  the  honour  of  the  British  flag  was  still  nobly  susta:ned.  Peace 
appeared  to  be  desirable  for  all  parties,  and  negotiations  were  resumed; 
but  neither  power  was  willing  to  make  concessions,  and  Mr.  Pitt  having 
discovered  that  an  intimate  connexion  between  the  courts  of  Versailles 
and  Madrid  had  been  formed,  proposed  in  council  to  anticipiite  the  hos- 
tile intentions  of  the  latter,  by  seizing  the  plate-fleet,  laden  with  the  treas- 
ures of  Spanish  America.  To  this  the  king  and  the  rest  of  the  ministers 
were  adverse ;  the  consequence  of  which  was,  that  Mr.  Pitt  and  his 
brother-in-law,  Lord  Temple,  sent  in  their  seals  of  office.  His  majesty, 
anxious  to  introduce  his  f^avourite,  the  earl  of  Bute  into  the  -cabinet,  ac- 
cepted the  premier's  resignation,  and  in  return  for  his  great  services,  a 
pension  of  3,000/.  per  annum  was  settled  upon  him,  which  was  to  continue 
lo  his  wife  (on  whom  the  title  of  baroness  Chatham  was  conferred)  and 
their  eldest  son,  for  their  lives. 

A.  D  1762.— -A  very  few  months  after  the  late  changes  in  the  cabinet 
had  occurred,  it  became  fully  evident  that  the  "  family  compact"  of  the 
houses  of  Bourdon  had  been  completed.  On  this  occasion  the  new  min- 
istry showed  no  want  of  alacrity  in  maintaining  their  country's  honour; 
andfon  the  4th  of  January  war  was  declared  against  Spain.  The  first 
blow  was  struck  by  Admiral  Rodney,  who  captured  Marlinico ;  which  was 
followed  by  the  surrender  of  the  dependent  isles,  Grenada,  St.  Lucie,  and 
St.  Vincent.  The  next  expedition  undertaken  by  the  English  was  equally 
.lucccssful ;  a  fleet  under  Admiral  Pococke,  assisted  by  an  army  under 
the  carl  of  Albemarle,  was  sent  against  Havanna,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Cuba,  which  surrendered  after  a  vigorous  resistance  of  two  months 


'l^a   M^U... 


iviir-^  tsx; 


:_y|  k»  tVi..  C*n»liah  nn  tWtm  nn/>3ainn  ■niniinlnil    In    twnlvi. 


654 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


ships  of  the  line,  besides  money  and  merchandise  to  tne  amount  of  foui 
millions  sterling. 

While  these  successes  attended  the  British  arms  in  the  West  Indies,  an 
armament  from  Madras,  under  General  Draper  and  General  Cornish,  re- 
duced  the  island  of  Manilla,  and  its  fall  involved  the  fate  ol  the  whole 
range  of  the  Philippine  islands.  The  capture  of  the  Hermione,  a  large 
Spanish  register- ship,  took  place  »oon  after,  and  the  cargo,  which  was 
estimated  at  a  million  sterling,  passed  in  triumph  to  the  bank  at  the  sar;.v 
hour  in  which  the  birth  of  the  prince  of  Wales  was  announced  to  the  pnb 
lie  (April  12,  1762). 

An  attempt  made  by  Spain  to  subdue  Portugal  having  proved  unsuc- 
cessful, and  both  France  and  Spain  being  heartily  tired  of  a  war  which 
threatened  ruin  to  the  colonies  of  both,  thejr  became  desirous  of  peace ; 
this  being  agreeable  to  the  British  ministry,  of  whom  the  earl  of  Bute  wuii 
then  at  the  head,  preliminaries  were  speedily  set  on  foot.  Indeed,  so 
anxious  was  his  lonlship  to  avoid  a  continuance  of  hostilities,  that  he  not 
only  stopped  the  career  of  colonial  conquest,  but  consented  to  sacrifice 
several  acquisitions  that  Britain  had  already  made.  The  definitive  treaty 
was  concluded  at  Paris  on  the  11th  of  February,  1763.  Florida  was  re- 
ceived  in  exchange  for  Havanna ;  Cape  Breton,  Tobago,  Doifiinico,  St. 
Vincent,  Grenada,  and  Senegal  were  retained  ;  the  conquest  of  Canada 
remained  intact,  and  the  British  nation  had  also  gained  large  possessions 
and  a  decided  superiority  in  India. 

A.  D.  1763. — In  Germany  the  marquis  of  Granby  signalized  himself  at 
the  head  of  an  army ;  and,  in  union  with  the  king  of  Prussia,  would  in  all 
probability  have  succeeded  in  expelling  the  French  troops,  had  not  a  gen- 
eral treaty  of  peace  put  an  end  to  the  contest.  Britain  by  the  colonial 
war  obtained  complete  maritime  supremacy;  she  commanded  the  entire 
commerce  of  North  America  and  Hindostan,  and  had  a  decided  superi- 
ority in  the  Wcbi.  indian  trade.  But  during  the  "seven  years'  war"  a 
question  arose  which  led  to  very  important  discussions ;  France,  unable  to 
maintain  a  commercial  intercourse  with  her  colonies,  opened  the  trade  to 
neutral  powers;  England  declared  this  traffic  illegal,  and  relying  on  her 
naval  superiority,  seized  neutral  vessels  and  neutral  property  bound  to 
hostile  ports.  The  return  of  peace  put  an  end  to  the  dispute  for  a  season, 
but  the  subject  has  since  been  the  fruitful  source  of  angry  discussion  in 
every  subsequent  war. 

The  earl  of  Bute,  under  whose  auspices  the  Jate  peace  had  been  made, 
nad  always  been  beheld  with  jealousy  by  the  popular  party,  who  accused 
him  of  having  formed  that  '•  influence  behind  the  throne  greater  than  the 
throne  itself,"— though  it  really  seems  to  have  been  a  mere  delusion,  fos- 
tered and  encouraged  for  factious  purposes — now  suddenly  resigned  his 
oflUce  of  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  George  Gren- 
ville. 

The  public  attention  was  now  almost  wholly  bent  on  the  result  of  the 
trial  of  John  Wilkes,  member  for  Aylesbury,  a  man  of  good  talents  and 
classical  taste,  but  who  bore  a  very  profligate  character.  Disappointed  in 
nis  expectations  from  the  ministry,  he  assumed  the  part  of  a  violent 
patriot,  and  inveighed  vehemently  against  the  measures  pursued  by  gov- 
ernment. The  press  teemed  with  political  pamphlets,  to  wnich  the  minis- 
terial p«rty  seemed  indifferent,  until  the  appearance  of  No.  49  of  the  North 
Briton,  ill  which  very  strong  and  scurrilous  abuse  was  published  against 
the  king's  speech  delivered  at  the  close  of  parliament.  A  general  warrant 
was  then'ni>on  iHsued  for  apprehending  the  author,  printer,  and  publisher 
of  it ;  and  Mr.  Wilkes  being  taken  into  custody,  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower, 
and  all  his  pap«!r8  were  seized.  He  was  afterwards  tried  in  the  court  ol 
common  pleas  and  acquitted.  Lord  Chief-Justice  Pratt  declaring  against 


ninci    nlraarlv  nVA 


V 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


655 


the  legality  of  general  warrants;  that  is,  warrants  not  specifying  the 
names  of  the  accused. 

But  Wilkes,  after  his  release,  having  republished  the  oflensive  paper,  an 
information  was  filed  against  him  at  his  majesty's  suit,  for  a  gross  libel, 
and  the  Norlk  Briton  was  burned  by  the  common  hangman :  nor  did  the 
matter  end  here ;  the  legality  of  general  warrants  gave  rise  to  several 
itormy  debates  in  the  house  of  commons ,  and  at  length  Mr.  Wilkes  was 
expelled  for  having  printed  in  his  own  house  an  infamous  poem,  called 
"  An  Essay  on  Woman,"  with  notes,  to  which  the  name  of  Bishop  War- 
burton  was  affixed.  As  he  did  not  appear  to  the  indictment  preferred 
against  him,  he  was  declared  an  outlaw.  He  then  retired  to  France ;  and 
we  may  here  as  well  observe,  though  in  doing  so  we  overstep  our  chrono- 
logical boundary,  that  in  1768  he  returned  to  England,  and,  by  submitting 
to  the  fine  and  imprisonment  pronounced  against  liim,  procured  a  reversion 
of  the  sentence  of  outlawry.  He  then  oflfered  himself  to  represent  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  and  was  unanimously  chosen,  in  opposition  to  the 
ministerial  candidates.  He  afterwards  commenced  a  prosecution  against 
the  earl  of  Halifax,  and  recovered  4,000/.  damages  for  his  imprisonment 
in  the  Tower  upon  an  illegal  warrant. 

A.  D.  1765. — This  year  is  rendered  important  in  the  annals  of  England 
by  the  passing  of  an  American  stamp  ac'  which  gave  rise  to  those  disputes 
which  alienated  the  colonies  from  the  mother-country,  and  ended  in  a 
total  separation.  As  the  late  war  ha^  been  entered  into  by  Great  Britain, 
in  order  to  protect  her  American  settlements  from  the  encroachments  of 
the  French,  it  was  thought  reasonable  that  they  should  contribute  towards 
Ihe  expenses  which  had  been  incurred.  A  bill  was  accordingly  brought 
into  parliament,  and  received  the  royal  assent,  for  imposing  a  stamp  and 
other  duties  on  fifty-three  articles  of  their  commerce.  However,  eventu- 
ally, the  resistance  made  by  the  Americans  to  these  imposts,  and  the  gen- 
eral discontent  which  prevailed  in  England,  occasioned  the  repeal  of  the 
act.  A  change  in  the  ministry,  by  the  introduction  of  the  marquis  of 
Rockingham,  was  the  immediate  consequence ;  but  his  rule  was  of  very 
limited  duration,  and  the  duke  of  Grafton  was  appointed  first  lord  of  the 
treasury.  The  privy  seal  was  bestowed  on  Mr.  Pitt,  who  was  created 
earl  of  Chatham ;  Lord  Camden  succeeded  Lord  Northington  as  lord 
chancellor,  and  Mr.  Townshend  was  made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

The  affairs  of  the  East  India  Company  now  claimed  the  attention  of  the 
house.  Mr.  Vansillart  had  acted  as  governor-general  from  the  time  oi 
Colonel  Olive's  return  to  England  in  1760.  But  the  viceroy  of  Bengal 
had  opposed  the  company,  and  a  war  ensued  which  ended  by  the  English 
making  an  entire  conquest  of  the  kingdom  of  Bengal.  The  preceding 
year  the  company  sent  over  Lord  Clive,  who  found  that  their  agents  had 
boon  in  the  habit  of  exacting  largo  sums  as  presents  from  the  native 
princes,  by  which  means  they  had  accumulated  great  riches,  and  the 
name  of  an  Englishman  had  become  odious.  Lord  Clive  resolved  to  re- 
strain the  rapacity  of  these  persons,  and  he  concluded  a  treaty  for  the 
company,  by  which  they  would  enjoy  a  revenue  of  1,700,000/. 

The  wealth  of  this  powerful  body  rendered  it  too  formidable  in  the  eyes 
of  government,  and  a  question  arose  whether  the  East  India  Company 
had  any  riiht  to  territorial  Jurisdiction.  On  examining  into  their  charier 
it  appeared  that  they  were  prohibited  from  making  conquests  ;  and  it  bo 
Ing  proved  that  they  had  subdued  some  of  the  native  princes,  and  annexed 
their  dominions  to  the  company's  setth;ments,  it  was  agreed  that  this 
commercial  association  should  be  brought  in  some  degree  under  the  con- 
tiol  of  parli.'<.ment. 

The  metropolis  was  for  a  long  tinw  agitated  with  the  aflfair  of  Wilkes, 
of  which  a  set  of  restless  demagogues  took  advantage  to  disturb  the  public 

!!1Iik1    nlrnarlv  nvnr.aTritAH  hv  iha   nnnnniiinn    i.^  <>>n  mjaaaima   nt 


1*^  'fc 


656 


HISTOllY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


'mentas  regarded  the  North  American  colonies.    Bui  no  national  eveni 
worthy  of  historical  record  occurred  for  some  considerabie  lime. 

One-  or  two  matters  of  domestic  interest  which  happened  during  this 
period  must,  however,  be  noticed.  The  first  relates  to  an  address  (mm 
the  corporation  of  London  to  the  k«ng,  which  was  presented  on  the  23d 
of  May,  1770,  in  which  they  lamented  the  royal  displeasure  they  had 
incurred  in  consequence  of  their  former  remonstrance ;  but  they  still  ad- 
hered to  it,  and  again  prayed  for  a  dissolution  of  parhament.  To  which 
his  majesty  replied  that  "  he  should  have  been  wanting  to  the  public,  as 
well  aa  to  himself,  had  he  made  such  an  'use  of  the  prerogative  as  was 
inconsistent  with  the  interest,  and  dangerous  to  the  constitution  of  the 
kingdom."  Upon  this,  the  lord-mayor  Beckford,  a  high-spirited  and  fear- 
less  democrat,  begfged  leave  to  answer  the  king.  Such  a  request  was  as 
indecorous  as  it  was  unusual ;  but  in  the  confusion  of  the  moment,  leave 
was  given,  and,  with  great  fluency  of  language,  he  delivered  an  extern 
pore  address  to  his  majesty,  ccacluding  in  the  following  words  :— "  Per 
mit  me,  sire,  to  observe  that  waoever  has  already  dared,  or  shall  hereaftei 
endeavour,  by  false  insinuations  and  suggestions,  to  alienate  your  ma- 
jesty's affections  from  your  loyal  subjects  in  general,  and  from  the  city 
of  London  in  particular,  and  to  withdraw  your  confidence  from,  and  regard 
for,  your  people,  is  an  enemy  to  your  majesty's  person  and  family,  a 
violator  of  the  public  peace,  and  the  betrayer  of  our  happy  constitution 
as  it  was  established  at  the  glorious  and  necessary  revolution."  Nc 
reply  was  given,  but  the  king  reddened  with  anger  and  astonishment 
When  his  civic  lordship  again  appeared  at  St.  James'  the  lord-chamber- 
lain informed  him  that  nis  majesty  desired  that  nothing  of  the  kind  mighi 
happen  in  future. 

An  ex-offlcio  persecution  against  Woodfall,  the  printer  and  publisher  oi 
the  "  Public  Advertiser,"  in  which  the  "  Letters  of  Junius"  originally  ap 
peared,  having  placed  him  at  the  bar.  Lord  Mansfield  informed  the  jurv 
that  they  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  intention  of  the  writer,  their  province 
was  limited  to  the /ac<  of  publishing;  the  truth  or  falsehood  of  the  alledged 
libel  was  wholly  immaterial.  The  jury,  however,  after  being  out  nine 
hours,  found  a  verdict  of  guilty  of  printing  and  publishing  only,  which  in 
eflTeci  amounted  to  an  acquittal.  These  celebrated  "  Letters"  were  equally 
distinguished  by  the  force  and  elegance  of  their  style,  as  by  the  virulence 
of  their  attacks  on  individuals;  and  though  conjecture  has  ever  since  been 
busy  to  discover  the  author,  and  strong  circumstantial  evidence  has  been 
brought  forward  at  different  timet  to  identify  different  persons  with  the 
authorship,  no  one  has  yet  succeeded  in  the  attempt. 

Before  this  time  (1'''71)  the  parliamentary  debates  had  only  been  given 
in  monthly  magazines  and  other  periodicals  published  at  considerable 
intervals.  The  practice  of  daily  reporting  now  commenced ;  but  as  it 
was  an  innovation  on  the  former  practice,  and  in  direct  violation  of  the 
standinfi:  orders  of  the  house,  several  printers  were  apprehended  and  taken 
before  Lord-mayor  Crosby  and  Aldermen  Oliver  and  Wilkes,  who  dis- 
charged them,  and  held  the  messenger  of  the  commons  to  bail  for  false 
imprisonment.  The  house  of  commons,  enraged  at  this  daring  con'empt 
«.'f  their  authority,  committed  their  two  members,  Crosby  and  Oliver,  to 
the  Tower ;  but  Gventually  the  matter  was  suffered  to  drop ;  the  aldermen 
were  liberated ;  and  from  that  time  the  publication  of  the  parliamentary 
proceedings  has  been  connived  at! 

On  the  death  of  Mr.  Townshend,  who  did  not  long  survive  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  ofhce  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  he  was  succeeded  by 
fjord  North — Lord  Chatham  having  now  lost  his  influence  over  the  minis- 
iry,  and  being  dissatisfied  with  their  proceedings,  resigned  his  place  us 
lord-keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  and  retired  from  the  cares  of  governmrnt. 

In  the  late  arrangeinenta  made  between  irovemment  and  the  Bast  India 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


ear 


t.onipany,  permission  was  given  to  the  latter  to  export  teas  frew  of  duty 
Lord  North  hoped  that  the  low  price  of  the  article  would  induce  the 
Amencans  to  pay  the  duty  charged  on  importation  by  the  English  IcKis- 
teture,  if  only  for  the  mere  purpose  of  allowing  the  right  of  taxation. 
Lustonj-houses  had  been  established  in  their  seaports,  for  the  purpose  of 
collecting  these  duties  ;  which  being  considered  by  the  Americans  as  an 
infringement  of  their  liberty,  they/reoolved  to  discontinue  the  use  of  Brit- 
ish commodities.  Accordingly,  when  three  vessels,  laden  with  tea,  arrived 
at  Boston,  they  were  boarded  during  the  night  by  a  party  of  the  townsmen, 
and  the  cargoes  thrown  into  the  sea.  This,  followed  by  other  acts  of 
defiance,  and  a  repetition  of  similar  rebellious  conduct  on  the  part  of  the 
inhabitants  of  South  Carolina,  gave  great  offence,  while  it  occasioned  con- 
siderable alarm  m  England,  and  acts  were  passed  for  closing  the  port  of 
Boston,  and  for  altering  the  constitution  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 

yv  hen  the  order  to  close  the  port  of  Boston  reached  America,  a  copy 
of  the  act,  surrounded  with  a  black  border,  was  circulated  through  all  the 
provinces,  and  they  resolved  to  spend  the  1st  of  June,  the  day  appointed 
to  put  the  act  into  execution,  in  fasting  and  prayer.  Whilst  each  province 
was  framing  resolutions,  the  other  bills  reached  Massachusetts.  Theso 
raised  their  irritated  feelings  to  the  highest  pitch,  and  they  formed  ai? 
association,  in  which  they  bound  themselves,  by  a  solemn  league  andcovl 
enant,  to  break  off  all  commercial  intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  until 
the  Boston  port-bill  and  other  acts  should  be  repealed,  and  the  colony 
restored  to  us  ancient  rights.  In  this  situation  of  affairs  the  British  par- 
liament  assembled,  when  a  conciliatory  plan  for  accommodating  the 
troubles  of  America  was  proposed  in  the  house  of  lords  by  the  earl  of 
Chatham,  and  rejected.  The  petition  and  remonstrance  of  The  Congress 
were  also  rejected,  and  an  application  made  by  their  agents  to  be  heard 
at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  commons  was  refused. 

A.  D.  1775.— An  open  rupture  between  the  parent  state  and  its  colonies 
was  evidently  approaching  with  rapid  strides.    Determined  to  support 
their  cause  with  the  utmost  vigour,  the  Americanu  at  once  proceeded  to 
tram  their  militia,  erect  powder  m;"«  in  Philadelphia  and  Virginia,  and 
prepare  arms  m  every  proirince.    Thsy  also  assumed  the  appellation  of 
'  Ihe  United  Co.onies  of  America,"  established  an  extensive  paper  cur- 
rency, and  were  very  active  m  raising  a  regular  army.    On  the  other  hand, 
the  authority  of  the  British  government  was  promptly  supported  by  Gen 
eral  Gage,  wno  had  lately  been  appointed  governor  of  Massachusetts* 
Bay.    This  officer  having  received  intelligence  that  some  military  atcteu 
belonging  to  the  provincials  were  deposited  at  a  place  called  Concord,  he 
sent  thither  a  detachment  of  soldiers  to  destroy  them  ;  but  on  their  reti-rr 
to  Boston,  these  troops  were  pursued  by  a  body  of  provincials,  who  wo.il'! 
have  succeeded  in  cutting  them  off,  had  not  the  general  sent  out  a  la:gt 
force  to  cover  their  retreat.    The  loss  of  the  English  on  this  occasioi, 
amounted  to  273  men ;  of  the  Americans  only  50  were  killed  and  58 
wounded.    War  had  therefore  now  actually  commenced ;  and  the  provin- 
cials, elated  with   their  success,  pursued  their  hostile  intentions  with 
increased  vigour.    Having  a  short  time  after  surprised  the  fortresses  of 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  and  by  that  means  possessed  themselves 
Jf  upwards  of  100  pieces  of  cannon,  besides  a  large  quantity  of  military 
Btores  of  every  description,  they  assembled  an  army  or  20,000  men,  whici 
they  entrusted  to  Gkorok  Washinoton,  and  resolved  to  lay  siege  to  Bos- 
ton.   In  the  meantime  the  English  cabinet  having  received  intelligence 
of  these  resolute  proceedings,  sent  a  reinforcement  to  their  army,  with 
the  generals  Howe,  Burgoyne,  and  Clinton.    The  Americans,  not  at  ah 
Intimidated  by  these  measures,  persisted  in  blockading  Boston  :  and  in  thr 
night  of  the  tenth  of  June  they  took  possession  of  and  fortified  an  emi- 

IM>ni<n  nulloH    niinlror*a  HlM     >- ~t  ...kl-t.   <!.-.. .1.1  . r :J->.l. 

r. '.'"  ~  ••iiii  iiviil   rrjtivil  tinry  tutliu  VLTCIl  a  luriuiuauic  fait 

Vol.  L~4a 


658 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


nonade  on  the  town.  To  this  point  General  Gage  sent  two  thousand 
men,  in  order  to  dislodge  them  ;  in  which  attempt  they  at  last  succeeded, 
but  not  without  a  h)ss  so  heavy,  that  the  English  general  resolved  to 
confine  himself  for  the  future  to  defensive  operations. 

Hitherto,  notwithstanding  their  uninterrupted  success,  the  American 
i!olonists  had  disclaimed  all  idea  of  assuming  independence ;  but,  on  the 
contrary,  as  was  averred  in  a  petition  from  the  congress,  presented  to  the 
king  by  Mr.  Penn,  a  descendant  of  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  they 
were  extremely  desirous  of  effecting  a  compromise.  He  at  the  same 
time  assured  the  government,  that  if  the  present  application  was  rejected, 
they  would  enter  into  alliance  with  foreign  powers ;  and  that  such  allian- 
ces, if  once  formed,  would  be  with  great  difficulty  dissolved.  The  peti- 
tion was,  however,  rejected ;  an  act  was  passed,  prohibiting  all  trade  with 
the  colonies,  and  another,  by  which  all  American  vessels  were  declared 
enemies'  ships.  .,•        i 

The  Americans,  finding  that  their  endeavours  to  conciliate  the  mmistry 
were  ineffectual,  gave  orders  to  their  generals  to  endeavour  to  subjugate 
such  of  the  colonies  as  remained  faithful  to  Great  Britain.  Two  parties 
were  sent  into  Canada,  under  General  Montgomery  and  Colonel  Arnold, 
who,  after  having  siirniounted  innumerable  difficulties,  laid  siege  to  Que- 
bec ;  but  in  this  attempt  they  were  overpowered ;  Montgomenr  was  killed, 
Arnold  was  wounded,  and  their  men  were  compelled  to  make  a  precipi- 
tate retreat.  While  the  Americans  were  thus  unsnccessful  in  Canada, 
the  British  governors  in  Virginia  and  North  and  South  Carolina  had  used 
their  best  endeavours  to  keep  those  provinces  in  alliance,  but  without 
effect ;  they  therefore  found  themselves  obliged  to  return  to  England. 
General  Gage  was  recalled,  and  the  command  of  the  troops  at  Boston 
devolved  on  General  Horve,  who  was  soon  after  obliged  to  evacuate  the 
place,  and  repair  to  Halifax,  in  Nova-Scotia.  The  royal  forces  had  no 
sooner  relinquished  the  town  than  General  Washington  took  possession 
of  it,  and,  with  the  assisliiuce  of  some  foreign  engineers,  fortified  it  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  render  it  almost  impregnable.  It  now  wanted  little 
to  effect  a  total  alienation  of  the  colonies  from  Great  Britain ;  and  the 
fact  of  having  subsidized  a  large  body  of  German  mercenaries  for  the  pur- 
pose  of  assisting  in  the  subjugation  of  the  revolted  provinces,  served  as  n 
fair  excuse  for  the  congress  to  publish  the  declaration  of  independence  nj 
the  thirteen  United  States,  which  took  place  on  the  4th  of  July,  1776. 

This  bold  measure  w.as  determined  on  at  a  time  when  the  congress  had 
no  very  flattering  prospect  before  their  eyes,  and  little  to  encourage  them 
save  the  indomitable  spirit  of  resistance  that  everywhere  manifested 
itself  to  British  supremacy.     Its  firmy  was  a  raw  militia,  and  it  was  un- 
provided to  any  extent  with  ships  or  money  ;  while  the  English  forces 
greatly  augmented,  were  preparing  to  besiege  New- York.    General  Howe 
had  been  joined  by  his  brother.  Lord  Howe,  and  on  the  26th  of  August 
the  campaign  opened  by  the  English  taking  possession  of  Long  Island, 
preparatory  to  an  attack  on  New- York,  which  was  captured  on  the  2l8t 
of  September,  Washington  evacuating  that  city  with  the  utmost  precipi- 
tation.    The  city  >vas  soon  after  set  on  fire  by  some  incendiaries,  who  had 
concealed  themselves,  and  nearly  a  third  part  of  it  was  destroyed.    After 
an  undeviating  course  of  victory,  General  Howe  led  his  troops  into  winter- 
juarters ;  but  in  the  disposition  of  them  he  departed  from  his  usual  pru- 
dence.and  allowed  them  to  be  too  much  scattered,  which  occasioned  the 
Hessian  troops,  who,  fro.n  their  depredations  and  cruelties,  had  roused 
the  resentful  feelinijs  of  the  inhabitants  of  New- Jersey,  to  be  siirpnsed 
in  their  canto  tments,  where  nearly  1000  were  taken  prisoners,  and  many 

A.  0.  1777.— Gratified  w'th  the  intelligence  they  received  of  Howe'H 
successes,  the  English  ministry  determined  to  follow  them  up  bv  sending 


I 


HISTORY    OF   THE    WORLD. 


659 


ia  amy  under  General  Burgfoyne,  from  Canada  through  ihe  northern 
Btates,  to  co-operate  with  Howe  in  the  South.  For  a  time  evsrything 
seemed  to  promise  a  favourable  issue  to  this  project :  Sir  William  Howu 
defeated  Washington  at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  and  took  Philadelphia; 
while  Burgoyne,  having  reduced  Ticonderoga,  was  pursuing  his  march 
southward.  But  innumerable  difficulties  lay  in  his  way,  and  when  he 
reached  Saratoga,  he  was  surrounded  by  the  American  forces  under  gen- 
erals Gates  and  Arnold,  and  he  sftid  his  whole  army,  amounting  to  6762 
men,  were  compelled  to  surrender  prisoners  of  war.  Thus  ended  a  cam- 
paign which  at  the  outset  seemed  so  promising;  but,  disastrous  as  it  had 
turned  out,  neither  the  confidence  of  ministers  nor  of  the  British  people 
appeared  to  be' at  all  abated. 

A.  D.  1778.-- Whilst  England  was  engaged  in  this  unfortunate  contest 
with  her  colonies,  a  cessation  seemed  to  have  taken  place  in  the  conten- 
tions and  animosities  of  other  nations,  and  their  whole  attention  was  ap- 
parently engrossed  by  speculating  on  the  novel  scene  before  them.  The 
great  disturbers  of  mankind  appear  to  have  laid  aside  their  rapacity  and 
ambition,  wh^Jst  they  contemplated  the  new  events  which  were  transpi- 
rinar,  and  predicted  the  conclusion  of  so  strange  a  warfare.  The  enemies  , 
of  England,  who  had  long  beheld,  with  apprehension,  the  increase  of  hei 
commerce,  and  many  of  England's  old  allies  who  envied  her  the  posses- 
sion of  such  valuable  colonies,  were  astonished  at  the  revolution  which 
threatened  her,  and  looked  forward  with  pleasure  to  the  time  when  her 
power  and  glory  should  be  wrested  from  her  grasp.  The  Americans 
were  received,  protected,  and  openly  caressed  by  France  and  Spain,  who, 
beginning  to  feel  the  influence  of  that  commerce  from  which  they  had 
been  so  long  excluded,  treated  the  colonies  with  respect,  and  rejected  the 
feeble  remonstrances  of  England's  ambassadors.  Happy  had  it  been  for 
France,  and  happy  for  the  world,  if,  content  with  reaping  the  benefits  of 
American  commerce,  they  had  remained  spectators  of  the  contest,  and 
simply  profited  by  the  dissensions  of  their  neighbours.  For  it  is  beyond 
all  doubt  that  the  seed  of  republicanism  which  was  sown  in  America 
sprung  up  and  was  nurtured  in  France,  nor  could  its  rank  growth  be 
checked  till  every  acre  of  that  fair  land  had  been  steeped  in  blood. 

Crippled  and  pent  up  in  situations  from  which  they  could  not  stir  with- 
out danger,  the  royal  troops  exhibited  a  most  forlorn  appearance,  while 
every  day  was  adding  to  the  strength  and  resources  of  the  insurgents. 
They  had  established  for  themselves  an  efficient  government ;  they  had 
agents  at  the  principal  European  courts;  they  raised  and  maintained  ar- 
mies ;  and  they  had,  in  fact,  been  recognised  as  an  independent  nation 
Dy  two  of  the  principal  powers  in  Europe.  The  treaty  between  France 
And  America  was  completed,  and  the  discussions  which  arose  on  the  no- 
tification of  this  circumstance  to  the  British  parliament,  were  stormy  and 
violent.  Though  both  parties  were  unanimous  in  their  opinion  that  a 
war  with  France  was  unavoidable,  yet  the  opposition,  who  had  from  the 
bcgiuning  reprobated  the  American  war,  insisted  that  the  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  independence  of  th^  colonies  was  the  only  effectual  method 
of  terminating  the  contest.  The  ministerial  party,  on  the  other  hand, 
represented  the  disgrace  of  bending  beneath  the  power  of  France,  and 
the  dishonour  of  leaving  the  American  loyalists  exposed  to  the  rancour 
of  their  countrymen. 

An  invasion  of  England  being  at  this  time  threatened  by  the  French,  an 
address  was  moved  for  recalling  the  fleets  and  armies  from  America, 
and  stationing  them  in  a  place  where  they  might  more  eflectually  contri- 
bute to  the  defence  of  the  kingdom.  This  measure  was  vigorously  op- 
nosed  by  the  administration,  and  by  some  members  of  the  opposition 
Lord  Chatham,  whose  infirmities  had  lately  prevented  him  from  attending 
hi  his  place  in  parliament,  evinced  his  decided  disapprobation  of  it :  he  bua 


Fl 


''li  B     H^ 


660 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WOHLU. 


enlerri  the  house  in  a  rich  suit  of  black  velvet,  a  full  wig,  and  wrappec 
in  flannel  to  the  knees,  and  was  supported  to  his  seat  by  his  son  and 
soii-in-lav,  Mr.  William  Pitt  and  Viscount  Mahon.  It  is  said  that  he 
looked  weak  and  emaciated ;  and,  resting  hia  hands  on  his  crutches,  he  at 
first  spoke  with  difficulty,  but  as  he  grew  warm  his  voice  rose,  and  be- 
came, as  usual,  oratorical  and  aflFecting.  "  My  lords,"  said  he,  "  I  rejoice 
.hat  the  grave  has  not  closed  upon  me,  that  I  am  still  alive  to  lift  up  my 
voice  against  the  dismemberment  of  this  ancient  and  most  noble  mon- 
archy." He  was  replied  to  with  great  respect  by  the  duke  of  Richmond, 
when  on  attempting  to  rise  again  he  fell  back  before  uttering  a  word,  in 
a  convulsive  fit,  from  which  he  never  recovered,  and  died  a  few  days 
after,  in  the  70th  year  of  his  age.  May  11,  1778.  His  merits  were  trans- 
cendant,  and  his  death  was  lamented  as  a  national  loss.  Apart  from  the 
aberrations  originating  in  an  ardent  love  of  power,  his  course  was  splen- 
did and  magnanimous  ;  and  it  was  truly  said  of  him  by  Lord  Chesterfield, 
that  his  private  life  was  stained  by  no  vices,  nor  sullied  by  any  meanness. 
Contemporary  praise  and  posthumous  honours  were  showered  down  upon 
the  man  of  whom  the  nation  was  justly  proud.  His  remains  were  mter 
red  with  great  solemnity  in  Westminster  abbey,  and  the  city  of  London 
erected  a  flattering  tribute  to  his  memory  in  Guildhall. 

A  French  squadron  was  sent  from  Toulon  to  the  assistance  of  America, 
under  the  command  of  Count  d'Estaing,  who  reduced  the  island  of  Grena- 
da, while  a  body  of  his  forces  made  themselves  masters  of  St.  Vincent. 
In  other  parts  of  the  West  Indian  seas  the  British  arms  were  ably  sup- 
ported by  the  bravery  and  vigilance  of  the  admirals  Hyde  Parker  and 
Rowley.  On  the  27th  of  July  an  indecisive  action  was  fought  off  Brest, 
between  the  French  fleet,  under  M.  d'Orvilliers,  and  a  British  squadron, 
under  Admiral  Keppel.  Sir  Hugh  Palliser,  the  second  in  command,  ac 
cused  the  admiral  of  not  having  done  his  duty ;  he  was  accordingly  tried 
by  a  court-martial,  and  honourably  acquitted  ;  in  fact,  it  appeared  that  he 
had  been  so  badly  surported  by  Palliser,  that  he  was  unable  to  make  any 
use  of  the  slig-'     .icvantage  he  obtained.  .       ,    , 

Sir  Charles  Hardy,  a  brave  and  experienced  officer,  whose  services  had 
been  rewarded  with  the  governorship  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  Keppel  in  the  command  of  the  channel  fleet.  In  the 
meantime,  the  Spanish  court  was  prevailed  on  by  the  French  to  take  up 
arms  in  defence  of  America,  and  to  accede  to  the  general  confederacy 
against  Great  Britain.  As  the  danger  to  which  the  nation  was  new  ex- 
posed was  become  truly  alarming,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  raise  volun- 
teer companies  in  addition  to  the  militia,  and  in  this  the  spirit  and  mag- 
nanimity of  the  people  reflected  great  credit  on  the  national  character. 
Strengthened  by  the  alliance  of  Spain,  the  French  began  to  extend  then 
ideas  of  conquest,  and  thinking  that  a  blow  near  at  hand  was  more  likely 
than  operations  carried  on  at  a  distance  to  alarm  the  fears  of  the  hnglisli, 
they  made  attempts  on  the  islands  of  Guernsey  and  Jersey,  but  in  each 
they  were  completely  frustrated.  ... 

But  the  old  enemies  of  Britain  had  grown  arrogant  during  the  unnatu- 
ral contest  that  was  waged  with  the  unruly  scions  of  her  own  stoc^k,  and 
preparations  were  now  made  for  Britain  itself.  A  junction  was  effected 
between  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  which  made  their  appearance  in 
the  channel,  to  the  number  of  sixty  sail  of  the  line  besides  frigates.  I  his 
formidable  armament  was  opposed  by  a  force  much  inferioi,  under  Admi- 
ral Hardy,  who  leisurely  retired  up  the  channel,  enticing  them  to  follow 
him,  but,  with  all  their  immense  superiority,  they  chose  rather  to  dechne 
an  encounter;  it  is  true  they  for  some  time  continued  to  menace  and 
insult  the  British  coasts  with  impunity,  but  without  accomplishing  anything 
further  than  the  capture  of  the  Ardent  man-of-wnr,  wl  ch  by  accident 
had  fallen  in  with  the  combined  fleets. 


In  calling  th 
nod,  we  have 
"  seven  years' 
ror  Joseph  to  i 
of  the  king  ol 
together  with 
France  to  secc 
to  abandon  hia 

A.  D.  1780— 
liament  this  y< 
a  plan  of  amel 
it  opened  her  ] 
change  was  h 
subject  for  leg 
diture  in  the  di 
and  financial  1 
for  general  re 
of  the  kingdor 
at  this  crisis^  tl 
Sir  George  Sa 
the  act  of  Wil 
on  the  Roman 
t'on.  The  loj 
readiness  to  r 
country,  were 
lation  of  Scotl 
bill  did  not  exi 
i.i  England  to 
ject  was  to  i 
statutes  whict 
majority  of  th( 
correctly  desc 
persons  who,  I 
would  h?.ve  si 
George  Gordo 
more  correctlj 
finding  this  " : 
portunity  of  st 
thereby  gainin 
raised  it  into  i 
free  from  evei 
meeting  of  th< 
they  should  ac 
June,  when  th( 
commons,  pra; 
Roman  catholi 

On  the  folio 
force,"  the  me 
was  every  reai 
ceive  the  appr 
ades  in  their  h 
sented  the  peti 
ate  considerati 
the  discussion 
them  the  peoj 
catholic  chape 
to  demolish  an 
kiwing  Monds 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


601 


I 


In  C2lling  the  leader's  attention  to  the  state  of  the  continent  at  this  pe> 
nod,  we  have  to  notice  that  the  peace  which  followed  the  memorable 
"  seven  years'  war"  was  temporarily  menaced  by  the  efforts  of  the  empe 
ror  Joseph  to  obtain  possession  of  Bavaria ;  but  the  prompt  interference 
of  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  brought  into  the  field  an  immense  army, 
together  with  the  remonstrances  of  Russia,  and  the  unwillingness  of 
Prance  to  second  the  ambitious  designs  of  Austria,  induced  the  emperor 
to  abandon  his  aggressive  intentions. 

A.  D.  1780. — :The  first  busmess  of  importance  that  came  before  the  par- 
liament this  year  was  the  state  of  Ireland,  which  brought  from  Lord  North 
a  plan  of  amelioration  that  met  with  the  approbation  of  the  house,  and,  as 
it  opened  her  ports  for  the  import  and  export  of  her  manufactures,  the 
change  was  hailed  as  a  happy  omen  for  the  sister  kingdom.  The  next 
subject  for  legislative  discussion  was  the  wasteful  and  extravagant  expen 
diture  in  the  different  official  departments  of  the  state  ;  and  the  eloquence 
and  financial  knowledge  of  Mr.  Burke,  were  amply  displayed  in  a  plan 
for  general  reform,  which  was  seconded  by  petitions  from  various  parts 
of  the  kingdom,  praying  for  a  change  of  men  as  well  as  measures.  But 
at  this  crisis  the  attention  of  all  parties  was  attracted  by  a  sudden  alarm. 
Sir  George  Saville  had  in  the  preceding  session  proposed  a  bill  to  repeal 
the  act  of  William  III.,  which  imposed  certain  penalties  and  disabilities 
on  the  Roman  catholics,  and  which  passed  both  houses  without  opposi- 
Von.  The  loyal  conduct  of  this  body  of  his  majesty's  subjects,  and  their 
readiness  to  risk  their  lives  and  fortunes  in  defence  of  their  king  and 
country,  were  generally  acknowledged ;  but  in  consequence  of  the  popu- 
lation of  Scotland  expressing  a  dread  of  granting  toleration  to  papists,  the 
bill  did  not  extend  to  that  kingdom.  This  encouraged  a  set  of  fanatics 
i.i  England  to  form  themselves  into  an  association,  whose  professed  ob- 
ject was  to  protect  the  protestant  religion,  by  revising  tne  intolerant 
statutes  which  before  existed  against  the  Roman  catholics.  The  great 
majority  of  the  members  of  this  "  protestant  association"  were  at  the  time 
correctly  described  as  "  outrageously  zealous  and  grossly  ignorant" — 
persons  who,  had  they  been  unassisted  by  any  one  of  rank  or  influence, 
would  have  sunk  into  oblivion  from  their  own  insignificance ;  but  Lord 
George  Gordon,  a  young  nobleman  of  a  wild  and  fervid  imagination,  or, 
more  correctly,,perhaps,  one  who  on  religious  topics  was  a  monomaniae, 
finding  this  "  association"  would  be  likely  to  afford  him  an  excellent  op- 
portunity of  standing  forth  as  the  champion  of  the  protestant  faith,  and 
thereby  gaining  a  good  share  of  mob-notoriety,  joined  the  club,  and  thus 
raised  it  into  temporary  importance.  He  became  their  chairman,  and. 
free  from  even  the  apprehension  of  any  fatal  results,  he  proposed  in  a 
meeting  of  the  society  at  Coachmaker's-hall,  on  the  29th  of  May,  that 
they  should  assemble  in  St.  George's  Fields  at  10  o'clock  on  the  2d  of 
June,  when  they  should  accompany  him  with  a  petition  to  the  house  of 
connnons,  praying  a  repeal  of  the  late  act  of  toleration  granted  to  the 
Roman  catholics. 

On  the  following  Friday,  the  day  appointed  for  this  display  of  "  moral 
force,"  the  members  of  the  house  were  much  surprised — although  there 
was  every  reason,  after  this  public  notice,  to  expect  nothing  less — to  per- 
ceive the  approach  of  fifty  thousand  persons  distinguished  by  blue  cock- 
ades in  their  hats,  with  the  inscription,  "  No  Popery."  Lord  George  pre- 
sented the  petition  to  the  house,  and  moved  that  it  be  taken  into  immedi- 
ate consideration ;  but  his  motion  was  rejected  by  102  votes  to  6.  During 
the  discussion  his  lordship  frequently  addressed  the  mob  outside  and  told 
them  the  people  of  Scotland  had  no  redress  till  they  pulled  down  the 
catholic  chapels.  Acting  upon  this  suggf  «tion,  the  populace  proceeded 
to  demolish  and  burn  the  chapels  of  the  foreign  ambassadors.  On  the  fol 
kiii'ing  Monday  the  number  of  the  mob  was  grestlv  in'Tessed  by  1^?  idle 


092 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


and  the  prcfligute,  who  are  ever  ready  for  not  and  plunder.  Their  vio 
lence  was  now  no  longer  confined  to  the  catholics,  but  was  exerted 
Wherever  they  could  do  most  mischief.  They  proceeded  to  Newgate, 
and  demanded  the  immediate  felease  of  such  of  their  associates  as  had 
been  confined  there.  On  receiving  a  refusal  they  began  to  throw  firebrands 
and  combustibles  into  the  keepers  dwelling-house.  The  whole  building 
was  soon  enveloped  in  flames,  and  in  the  interval  of  confusion  and  dismay 
all  the  prisoners,  amounting  to  upwards  of  three  hundred,  made  their  es 
cape  and  joined  the  rioters.  The  New-Prison,  Clerkenwell,  the  King's 
Bench,  the  Fleet  prison,  and  New-Bridewell,  were  also  set  on  fire ;  and 
many  private  houses  shared  the  same  fate ;  in  short,  on  that  night  London 
was  beheld  blazing  iii  no  less  than  thirty- six  different  places  at  once.  At 
length  they  attempted  (he  Bank,  but  the  soldiers  there  inflicted  a  severe 
chastisement  on  them.  The  military  came  in  from  the  country,  and,  in 
obedience  to  an  order  of  the  king  in  council,  directions  were  given  to  the 
officers  to  fire  upon  the  rioters  without  waiting  the  sanction  of  the  civil 
power.  Not  only  had  the  most  fearful  apprehensions  been  excited,  and 
great  injury  done,  but  the  character  of  the  nation  in  the  eyes  of  foreign 
powers  could  not  fail  to  suffer  almost  indelible  disgrace  from  such  brutal 
and  tumultuous  scenes.  It  was  not  until  a  week  had  elapsed  that  tran- 
quillity was  restored,  when  it  was  found  that  458  persons  had  been  killed 
or  wounded,  exclusive  of  those  who  perished  from  intoxication.  Under  a 
warrant  of  the  secretaries  of  state,  Lord  George  Gordon  was  committed 
to  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high  treason ;  but  wlien  brought  to  trial  the 
charge  could  not  be  sustained,  and  this  most  mischievous  person  was 
acquitted.  However,  though  he  escaped  punishment  for  these  proceed- 
mgs,  he  was  afterwards  imprisoned  for  a  libel  on  the  queen  of  France, 
and  ended  his  days  in  Newgate.  Out  of  the  rioters  who  were  tried  and 
found  guilty,  twenty-five  of  the  most  violent  were  hanged. 

We  giadfy  turn  from  these  scenes  .of  civil  tumult  to  a  more  agreeable 
part  of  an  historian's  duty.  The  commencement  of  the  year  was  attended 
with  some  considerable  naval  advantages  to  Great  Britain.  The  fleet 
under  the  command  of  Sir  Hyde  Parker  engaged  a  French  squadron  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  captured  nine  merchantmen.  The  success  which 
attended  Admiral  Rodney  was  more  important.  On  the  16lh  of  January 
lie  attacked,  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  a  Spanish  fleet,  consisting  of  eleven 
ships  of  the  line,  captured  four  of  them,  drove  two  more  on  shore,  and 
burned  another ;  thence  proceeding  to  America,  he  thrice  encountered  the 
French  fleet,  under  the  count  de  Guichen  and  though  he  obtained  no  de- 
cisive success,  he  prevented  Washington  from  receiving  naval  aid  in  his 
meditated  attack  on  New- York.  A  very  severe  loss  was  soon  after  sus- 
tained  by  the  English :  on  the  8th  of  August  the  Spanish  fleet  fell  in  with 
the  trade-fleet  bound  for  the  East  and  West  Indies,  the  whole  of  whicii, 
consisting  of  fifty-four  merchantmen,  was  captured;  their  convoy,  ihe 
Ramillies  of  74  guns,  and  two  frigates,  alone  escaping. 

The  operations  of  the  war,  taken  altogether,  notwithstandinr  ♦he  pow- 
erful  alliance  against  Great  Britain,  had  hitherto  been  su[        "  '  vith 
vigour  and  magnanimity.  Yet  while  Er.^'and  was  frustrating  ever}  aU.;m)  ^ 
of  her  open  and  declared  enemies,  a  confederacy  was  formf    ; '■'"'t,^.; 
Europe,  which,  as  it  acted  indirectly,  could  not  well  be  rc^.^.  Tn;- 

confederacy,  termed  the  «« armed  neutraUiy,"  was  planned  by  the  empress 
of  Russia,  who  issued  a  manifesto,  asserting  the  right  of  neutral  vessels 
to  trade  freely  to  and  from  all  ports  belonging  to  belligerent  powers,  ex- 
cept such  as  were  actually  in  a  state  of  btockade  ;  and  that  all  effects  be- 
longing to  the  subjects  of  the  belli  ent  powers  should  be  looked  upon 
Bi  (ve  -n  ^i,  rd  such  ships,  exct  ng  only  such  goods  as  were  contra- 
!)and ;  *-  o' 'iir  wordn,  that " free  vcbsels  were  to  make  free  merchandise, 
j^rjggjg   ra^jt.,  •pi;.  jiiA  gwnHen  were  the  first  to  bind  themselves   to  the 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


«)!H 


oonditiona  of  this  league;  Holland  quickly  foLo wed  the  example;  *,he 
courts  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  Naples,  and,  lasily,  Portugal,  the  oldest  ally  of 
England,  joined  the  association.  From  the  commenocincnt  of  the  Amer- 
ican war  the  Lutch  had  shown  great  partiality  to  the  revolters,  and  as 
proof  was  at  length  obtained  of  their  having  concluded  a  treaty  with  the 
congress,  the  Knglish  government  determined  on  taking  vengeance  for 
their  perfidy,  and  war  was  instantly  declared  against  them. 

A.  D.  1781. — At  the  commencement  of  this  year  the  war  in  America 
was  renewed  with  various  success.  The  progress  of  the  British  forces 
under  Lord  Cornwallis,  in  Virginia  and  the  Carnlinas,  had  raised  great 
expectations  of  triumph  in  England,  and  had  proportionably  depressed  the 
Americans;  but  the  British  general  had  to  contend  against  the  united 
orces  of  France  and  her  trans-atlantic  ally,  and  though  he  obtained  some 
fresh  laurels,  his  successes  were  rendered  ineffectual  by  his  subsequent 
reverses.  At  length,  after  making  a  most  vigorous  resistance  against 
ovarwhelmi  j;^;  uumbers,  while  defending  Yorktown,  where  he  had  for- 
tified himself,  he  was  compelled  to  capitulate,  when  the  whole  of  his  army 
fiHcanif  prisoners  of  war  to  Washington,  and  the  British  vessels  in  the 
harbour  surrendered  to  the  French  Admiral  de  Grasse.  As  no  rational 
expectation  of  subjugating  America  now  remained,  the  military  operations 
in  that  quarter  of  the  globe  were  regarded  as  of  comparatively  little  con- 
sequence. 

Immediately  after  (he  declaration  of  war  against  Holland,  Admiral  Rod- 
ney, in  conjunction  with  General  Vaughan,  attacked  the  important  seule- 
ment  of  Eustatia,  which  surrendered  to  them  without  resistance.  Tht! 
immense  property  found  there  surpassed  the  most  sanguine  expectations 
of  the  captors  ;  but  it  unfortunately  happened,  that  as  the  riclics  acquired 
on  this  occasion  were  on  their  transit  to  England,  the  ships  conveying  it 
were  intercepted  by  the  French,  and  twenty-one  of  them  were  taken.  On 
the  6th  of  the  fallowing  August  Admiral  Hyde  Parker  fell  in  with  a  Dutch 
squadron  off  the  Doggers'  Hank,  and  a  most  desperate  engagement  took 
place;  the  contest  was  fiercely  maintained  for  two  hours,  when  the  Dutch 
bore  away  for  the  Texel  with  their  convoy,  and  the  English  were  too 
much  disabled  to  pursue  them. 

A..  D.  1782. — Though  the  enemies  of  Great  Britain  had  at  this  time  gained 
decided  advantages  by  land,  and  in  numerical  force  possessed  a  manifest 
superiority  by  sea,  yet  such  was  the  courage,  perseverance,  and  power 
with  which  she  contended  against  them  single-handed,  that  notwithstand- 
ing the  recent  disasters  in  America,  and  the  enormous  expenditure  neces- 
sary to  carry  on  so  fierce  and  extensive  a  warfare,  the  splendour  of  the 
nation  suffered  no  diminution,  and  exploits  of  individual  heroism  and 
brilliant  victories  continued  to  gladden  the  hearts  of  all  who  cherished  a 
love  of  their  country's  glory.  At  the  same  time  popular  clamour  and  dis- 
content rose  to  a  high  pitch  on  account  of  the  depressed  state  of  trade 
which  the  armed  neutrality  had  caused,  while  invectives  against  the 
government  for  the  mal-administrationof  affairs,  as  regarded  the  American 
war,  were  loud  and  deep.  The  whig  opposition,  making  an  adroit  use  ot 
theeu  disasters  against  Lord  North  and  his  tory  friends,  induced  them  to 
resign,  and  about  the  end  of  March  they  were  succeeded  by  the  marquis 
of  Rockingham,  as  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  the  earl  of  Shelburne  and 
Mr.  Fox,  principal  secretaries  of  state,  and  Lord  Thurlow,  lord  chancellor; 
besides  Lord  Camden,  the  dukes  of  Richmond  and  Grafton,  Mr.  Burke, 
Admiral  Keppel,  General  Conway,  &c.,  to  fill  the  other  most  important 
posts.  The  present  ministry,  however,  had  not  continued  in  office  abovr 
three  months  before  a  material  change  was  occasioned  by  the  death  oi 
the  marquis  of  Rorkingham.  The  earl  of  Shelburne  being  appointed  to 
succeed  that  nobleman,  his  colleagues  took  offence,  and  Lord  Cavendish, 
Mr.  Fojt,  Mr  Burke,  and  several  others  resigned.     Mr.  Townsliend  wn 


ti 


I 


tf64 


HISTORY  OF   THE   WORLD. 


then  made  secretary  of  state,  and  Mr.  Pitt,  second  son  of  Lord  Chatham, 
succeeded  Lord  Cavendish  in  the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

Negotiations  for  peace  were  now  commenced  by  the  new  ministry,  but 
without  at  all  relaxing  in  their  efforts  to  support  the  war.  The  islands  ol 
Minorca,  St.  Nevis,  and  St.  Christopher's  were  taken  by  the  French;  and 
a  descent  on  Jamaica  was  meditated  with  a  fleet  of  thirty-four  ships,  they 
were,  however,  fortunately  met  by  Admiral  Rodney  off  Dominica,  and  a 
most  desperate  engagement  ensued,  of  nearly  twelve  hours'  continuance, 
which  terminated  in  the  total  defeat  of  the  French ;  their  admiral.  Count 
de  Grasse,  being  taken  prisoner,  with  the  Ville  <ie  Paris,  besides  six  other 
ships  of  the  line  and  two  frigates.  In  this  action  the  bold  nautical  ma- 
noeuvre of  breaking  the  line  and  attacking  the  enemy  on  both  sides  at 
once,  was  first  tried  and  successfully  executed.  This  glorious  action  was 
fought  on  the  12th  of  April ;  and  about  the  same  period,  the  fleet  under 
Admiral  Barrington  captured,  off  Ushant,  two  large  French  men-of-war. 
with  ten  sail  of  vessels  under  their  convoy. 

During  this  period  the  arms  of  Spain  had  been  more  than  usually  sue- 
cessful.  In  America  they  conquered  the  English  fortresses  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, as  well  as  Pensacola  and  all  Florida.  But  all  their  efforts,  in  com- 
bination with  their  French  allies,  against  Gibraltar,  proved  fruitless ;  its 
brave  governor.  General  Elliott,  returning  their  tremendous  cannonade 
with  a  well-directed  and  impetuous  discharge  of  red-hot  balls  from  the 
fortress,  thereby  utterly  destroying  the  floating  batteries  which  the  be- 
siegers had  vainly  boasted  were  irresistible.  Ever  and  anon  during  the 
last  five  years  this  memorable  siege  had  been  carried  on ;  but  on  the  day 
after  this  memorable  bombardment  and  defence  (Sept.  13),  not  a  vestige  of 
all  their  formidable  preparations  remained. 

In  the  East,  Hyder  Ally  had  succeeded  in  gaining  the  capital  of  Arcot, 
and  his  success  gave  him  strong  hope  that  he  should  drive  the  British 
from  that  part  of  the  globe ;  but  Sir  Eyre  Coote  was  victorious  in  more 
than  one  decisive  engagement  with  Hyder,  whose  death  soon  after  gave 
the  government  to  his  son  Tippoo  Saib  ;  and  as  he  appeared  somewhat 
disposed  to  be  on  good  terms  with  England,  affairs  there  wore  a  better 
aspect.     Still  the  war  in  the  East  had  a  humiliating  termination. 

Some  serious  casual  disasters  occurred  during  the  course  of  the  year. 
Four  large  ships  foundered  at  sea  on  their  return  from  the  West  Indies ; 
and  the  Royal  George,  of  100  guns,  a  fine  ship  which  had  been  in  port 
to-refit,  was,  while  careening  at  Spithead,  overset  by  a  gust  of  wind,  and 
about  700  persons,  with  Admiral  ICempenfelt,  were  droWnod. 

A.  D.  1783.— The  famous  "  coalition  minintry,"  of  incongruous  celebrity, 
was  now  formed  ;  thi;  duke  of  Portland  being  first  lord  of  the  treasury ; 
Lord  North  and  Mr.  Fox,  joint  secretaries  of  state  ;  Lord  Jolui  Cavendish, 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  ;  Viscount  Keppel,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty; 
V  iscount  Stormont,  president  of  the  council  ;  and  the  earl  of  Carlisle,  lord 
privy-seal.  These  seven  constituted  the  new  cabinet,  the  whigs  having 
a  majority  of  one  over  the  three  tories,  North,  Carlisle,  and  Stormont. 
It  was  an  ill-assorted  and  insincere  compact,  an  abandonment  of  principle 
lor  power,  which  soon  lost  them  the  confidence  and  support  of  the  nation. 

NegotiHtionH  for  a  general  o'-ace  commenced  at  Paris,  under  the  auspi- 
ces of  Austria  and  Russia ;  and  the  bvisia  of  it  being  arranged,  it  was 
speedily  ratified.  Great  Britain  restored  the  island  of  St.  Liwia  to  France 
also  th'?  settlements  on  the  Senegal,  and  the  city  of  Pondiclierry,  in  tne 
East  ..idies  ;  while  France  gave  up  all  her  West  India  conquests,  with  the 
exception  of  Tobago.  Spain  retained  Minorca  and  West  Florida,  LaBl 
Florida  being  also  ceded  in  exchange  for  the  Bahamas.  And  between 
England  and  Holland  a  suspension  of  hostilities  was  agreed  to  in  the  first 
place  ;  l)ut  in  the  sequel  it  was  stipulated  that  there  should  l)0  a  general 
restitution  of  all  pls-es  isken  daring  the  war,  esr.epting  the  town  ol 


N'egapatam,  v 
Britain. 

In  the  treaty 
thirteen  Unite 
quishing  for  h 
same.  To  pre 
these  states  an 
right  of  naviga 
lions  or  persec 

Such  was  thi 
American  colo 
hundred  millio 
extent  and  pov 
the  mother-coi 
ment  of  the  thi 
tageous  to  bot 
reality,  was  of 
nierce  of  Engh 
increased  most 
ill  the  period  th 
Nova-Scotia  si 
India  islands, 
rapidly  improvi 

The  coalitioi 
Fox  thought  pr 
ernment  of  Ind 
mercial  affair**  i 
bers,  chosen  fo 
cither  house  of 
authority  in  the 
determined  opj 
Thurlow  obser 
worthy  of  a  ma 
the  diadem  froi 
bill  was  thrown 
message  from  t 
seals  of  olfice  b 
would  be  disag 
were  sent  to  th 

A.  D.  1784.— 
was  tippointed  i 
Lord  Sydney  (1 
made  secretaric 
of  Rutland,  priv 
Richmond,  mas 
lalty,  and  Mr.  1 
sible  to  carry  o 
in  the  house  of 

The  electioni 
the  parliament  i 
pic  with  evident 
tiio  East  India  < 
measures  as  mi 
ously  opposed 
ported,  framed 
to  ilie  orown  th 
liuinentary^  com 
uitirciui  HiTuirs  ^ 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


COS 


JVegapatam,  with  ita  dependencies,  which  should  be  ceded   U}   'Jrtv* 
Britain. 

In  the  treaty  with  America,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  acknowledged  ilie 
thirteen  United  States  to  be  "free,  sovereign,  and  independent,"  relin- 
quishing for  himself,  his  heirs,  and  successors,  all  right  and  claim  to  the 
same.  To  prevent  disputes  in  future  on  the  subject  of  boundaries  between 
these  states  and  the  adjoining  provinces,  lines  were  minutely  drawn ;  the 
right  of  navigation  on  the  Mississippi  was  declared  free ;  and  no  confisca- 
lions  or  persecutions  of  this  loyalists  were  to  take  place. 

Such  was  the  termination  of  the  contest  between  Great  Britain  hM  the 
American  colonies ;  a  contest  in  which  the  former  lost  upwards  of  one 
hundred  millions  of  money,  and  through  which  a  federative  state  of  vast 
extent  and  power  sprung  into  existence.  But  great  as  the  change  was, 
the  mother-country  had  ultimately  little  real  cause  to  regret  the  detach- 
ment of  the  thirteen  provinces  :  freedom  of  commercial  relations,  advan- 
tageous to  both  countries,  superseded  a  right  of  sovereignty  which,  in 
reality,  was  of  far  less  value  than  it  appeared  to  be.  In  short,  the  com- 
merce of  England,  instead  of  being  destroyed  by  the  war  of  independence, 
increased  most  rapidly,  and  English  trade  was  never  more  prosperous  than 
m  the  period  that  succeeded  the  loss  of  the  colonies.  The  Canadas  and 
Nova-Scotia  shared  in  the  rising  prosperity  of  America,  and  the  West 
India  islands,  emancipated  from  unwise  commercial  restrictions,  also 
rapidly  improved. 

The  coalition  ministry  was  now  to  be  subjected  to  a  severe  test.  Mr. 
Fox  thought  proper  to  introduce  to  parliament  two  bills  for  the  better  gov- 
ernment of  India,  by  which  the  entire  administration  of  the  civil  and  com- 
mercial affair'^  of  the  company  were  to  be  vested  in  a  board  of  nine  mem- 
bers, chosen  for  four  years,  and  not  removable  without  an  address  from 
cither  house  of  parliament.  That  such  a  board  would  be  an  independent 
authority  in  the  state  was  quite  manifest,  and  it  accordingly  met  with  a 
determined  opposition,  particularly  in  the  house  of  lords,  where  Lord 
Thurlow  observed,  that  if  the  bill  passed,  the  crown  would  be  no  longer 
worthy  of  a  man  of  honour  fo  wear ;  that  "  the  king  would,  in  fact,  take 
the  diadem  from  his  own  head,  and  place  it  on  that  of  Mr.  Fox."  Tiie 
bill  was  thrown  out  by  the  lords,  and  this  was  immediately  followed  by  a 
raessago  from  the  king  requiring  Mr.  Fox  and  Lord  North  to  send  in  their 
seals  of  office  by  the  under  secretaries,  as  "  a  personal  interview  with  him 
would  be  disagreeable."  Early  the  next  morning  letters  of  dismission 
*vere  sent  to  the  other  members  of  the  cabinet. 

A.  D.  1784.— A  new  administration  was  now  formed,  in  which  Mr.  Pitt 
was  appointed  first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 
Lord  Sydney  (late  Mr.  Townshend)  and  the  marquis  of  Carmarthen,  were 
made  secretaries  of  state  ;  Lord  Thurlow,  lord  high-chancellor;  the  duke 
of  Rutland,  privy-seal;  Earl  Gower,  president  of  the  council ;  the  duke  of 
Kichmond,  master  of  the  ordnance ;  Lord  Howe,  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
Milty,  and  Mr.  Dundas,  treasurer  of  the  navy.  It  being,  however,  impos- 
sible to  carry  on  public  business  while  the  coalition  jiarly  had  a  inni(trily 
in  the  house  of  commons,  a  dissolution  of  parliament  became  unavoidnble. 

The  elections  lurned  out  favonrablv  for  the  new  ministers,  and  wheii 
the  parliament  assembled,  his  majesty  met  the  reprosontauves  of  the  peo- 
ple with  evident  satisfaction.  He  directed  their  attention  to  the  affairs  of 
llie  East  India  Company,  advising  them  at  the  same  time  to  reject  all  such 
measures  as  might  afTuct  ihn  constitution  at  homts.  Mr.  Pitt  had  strenu- 
ously opposed  Mr.  Fox's  India  bill,  and  now  finding  himself  ably  sup- 
ported,  framed  a  new  one  for  the  government  of  India,  which  transferred 
to  the  orown  the  influonce  wiiich  Mr.  Fox  had  designed  lo  intrust  to  par 
iiiunentary  commissioners,  but  leaving  the  whole  mamnroincnt  of  com. 
aiiirciui  airuira  with  liie  court  of  directom. 


666 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


A.  D.  1786.  — Early  in  the  session  Mr.  Piit  introduced  to  parliament  his 
celebruled  plan  of  a  "sinking  fund"  for  the  gradual  reduction  of  the  na- 
tional debt.  It  appeared  that  tiie  condition  of  the  revenue  was  in  so  flouj- 
ishing  a  state,  tnat  the  annual  receipts  exceeded  the  expenditure  by 
900,000/.  It  was  therefore  proposed  that  this  sum  should  be  increased  to 
one  million,  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  commissioners  appointed  for  the 
purpose,  to  be  applied  to  the  discharge  of  the  national  debt.  After  some 
opposition,  and  an  amendment  suggested  by  Mr.  Fox,  the  bill  passed. 

On  the  2d  of  August,  as  the  king  was  alighting  from  his  carriage,  a 
woman  approached  him  under  pretence  of  offering  a  petition,  and  at- 
tempted to  stab  him»with  a  knife  she  had  concealed.  His  majesty  avoided 
the  blow  by  drawing  back,  when  she  made  another  thrust  at  him,  but  was 
prevented  from  effecting  hor  purpose  by  a  yeoman  of  the  guards  who 
seized  her  at  the  instant.  On  being  examined  before  the  privy  council,  ii 
appeared  that  she  was  a  lunatic,  her  name  Margaret  Nicholson. 

Nothing  at  this  period  excited  equal  interest  to  the  trial  of  Mr.  Hastings, 
the  governor  of  Bengal,  who  had  returned  to  England,  possessed,  as  it 
was  asserted,  of  inordinate  wealth,  obtained  by  unfair  means.  The  trial 
was  conducted  by  Mr.  Burke,  who  exhibited  twenty-two  articles  of  im- 
peachment  against  him.  On  the  part  of  the  prosecution  Mr.  Sheridan 
appeared  vindictively  eloquent.  He  said,  "  The  administration  of  Mr 
Hastings  formed  a  medley  of  meanness  and  outrage,  of  duplicity  ani) 
depredation,  of  prodigality  and  oppression,  of  the  most  callous  cruelty 
contrasted  with  the  hollow  affectation  of  liberality  and  good  faith.  Mr. 
Hastings,  in  his  defence,  declared,  "  That  he  had  the  satisfaction  to  see  ail 
his  measures  terminate  in  their  designed  objects  ;  that  his  political  con- 
duct  was  invariably  regulated  by  truth,  justice,  and  good  faith,  and  that 
he  resignted  his  charge  in  a  state  of  established  peace  and  security,  with 
all  the  sources  of  its  abundance  unimpaired,  and  even  improved."  The 
trial  lasted  seven  years,  and  ended  in  the  acquittal  of  Mr.  Hastings,  at 
least  of  all  intentional  error ;  but  his  fortune  and  his  health  were  ruined 
by  this  protracted  prosecution. 

The  debts  of  the  prince  of  Wales  engrossed  much  of  the  public  atten- 
tion at  this  period.  His  expensive  habits  and  munificent  disposition  had 
brought  his  affairs  info  a  very  embarrassed  state ;  and  the  subject  having 
undergone  parliamentary  discussion,  an  addition  of  60,000/.  was  made  to 
his  former  income  of  60,000/.,  and  the  sum  of  181,000/.  was  granted  by 
parliament  for  the  payment  of  his  debts. 

A.  D.  1788.— An  event  occurred  about  this  time  in  Holland  which 
threatened  the  tranquillity  of  Europe.  Ever  since  the  acknowledgement 
of  the  independence  of  the  United  Provinces,  two  powerful  parties  had 
been  continually  struggling  for  the  superiority;  one  was  the  house  ol 
Orange,  which  had  been  raised  to  power  by  their  great  servicies  to  the 
state,  both  against  the  tyranny  of  Spain  and  the  efforts  of  France ;  the 
other  was  the  aristocratical  party,  which  consisted  of  the  most  wealthy 
individuals  in  the  country.  This  party  was  secretly  favoured  by  France, 
and  was  denominated  the  »  party  of  the  states," or  "  the  republican  party." 
The  prince  of  Orange  being  at  length  compelled  to  leave  the  Hague,  he 
applied  to  England  and  Prussia  for  protection,  who  lent  their  aid,  and  the 
stadtholder  was  reinstated. 

It  was  during  this  session  that  the  attention  of  parliament  was  first  en- 
gaged in  attempting  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade.  It  was  first  pointed 
out  by  (he  Quakers  in  the  independfiit  provinces  of  South  America,  who 
in  many  instances  had  emancipated  their  slaves.  A  number  of  piimphlcts 
were  published  on  the  subject;  8ev(?ral  divines  of  the  established  church 
recommended  it  in  their  discrourses  ;  the  two  universities,  and  after  thrm 
the  whole  nation,  prea(>nted  petitions  praying  for  the  interference  of  pM- 
iiament  to  forward  the  humane  liosigii  of  African  eiuancipritiijn.    Mr 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


66t 


Wilberforce  brought  the  subject  before  parliament ;  but  as  many  circum 
stances  aros^e  to  retard  the  consideration  of  it,  a  resolution  was  carried 
io  defer  it  till  a  future  opportunity. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year  the  nation  was  thrown  into  great  dismay 
by  the  fact  that  the  king  was  suffering  under  a  severe  mental  maladv ;  so 
much  so,  that  on  the  4th  of  November  it  was  necessary  to  consult  the 
most  eminent  physicians,  and  to  assemble  the  principal  officers  of  state. 
His  majesty's  disorder  not  abating,  but  the  contrary  appearing  from  the 
examination  of  the  physicians  before  the  privy  council,  the  house  twice 
adjourned;  but  hearing  on  their  re-assembling  the  second  time  that  there 
was  a  great  prospect  of  his  majesty's  recovery,  though  the  time  was  un- 
certain, both  houses  turned  their  thoughts  to  the  establishment  of  a  re- 
gent during  his  majesty's  incapacity.  The  right  of  the  prince  of  Wales 
to  this  office  was  asserted  by  Mr.  Fox,  and  denied  by  Mr.  Pitt,  who  af- 
firmed that  for  any  man  to  assert  such  a  right  in  the  prince  of  Wales  was 
little  less  than  treason  to  the  constitution.  After  violent  altercations,  a 
modified  regency  was  carried  in  favour  of  the  prince ;  the  queen  to  have 
the  custody  of  the  royal  person,  and  the  appointment  to  places  in  (lie 
household.  For  the  present,  however,  these  arrangements  were  not 
needed,  for  the  health  of  the  king  was  rapidly  improving,  and  on  the  lOih 
of  March  his  majesty  sent  a  message  to  parliament,  to  acquaint  them  of 
his  recovery,  and  of  his  ability  to  attend  to  the  public  business  of  the 
kingdom. 

A.  D.  1789.— According  to  a  promise  given  by  the  king,  that  thn  Uritisl" 
constitution  should  be  extended  to  Canada,  that  province  now  applied  for 
a  form  of  legislature.  For  the  better  accommodation  of  its  inhabitants 
Mr.  Pitt  proposed  to  divide  the  province  into  Upper  and  Lower  Cana(ii^ 
and  to  provide  separate  laws  which  might  suit  the  French-Canadian  no- 
blesse on  the  one  hand,  and  the  British  and  American  colonists  on  the 
other.  In  the  course  of  the  discussion,  Mr.  Fox  observed  that  it  would 
be  wrong  to  abolish  hereditary  distinctions  where  they  had  been  long  es- 
tablished,  and  equally  wrong  to  create  those  distinctions  in  a  country 
which  was  not  suited  for  their  establishment.  This  drew  from  Mr.  Burke 
the  observation  that  "  it  became  a  duty  of  parliament  to  watch  the  con- 
duct of  individuals  and  societies  disposed  to  encourage  innovations." 
Mr.  Fox  thinking  these  sentiments  contained  a  censure  on  him,  defended 
his  opinions  by  a  full  explanation  of  his  sentiments  on  the  French  revo- 
lution. Mr.  Burke  had  previously  written  a  work,  intended  to  operate  as 
an  antidote  to  the  growing  evils  of  republicanism  and  infidelity.  In  par- 
liament ho  denounced  the  insidious  cry  of  liberty  and  equality,  and  a 
breach  was  thus  made  in  the  long-cementrsd  friendship  of  tliese  two  dis 
tinguished  statesmen  which  ever  after  remained  unclosed. 

A.  D.  1790.— At  this  period  France  had  begun  to  exhibit  scenes  of  an- 
archy and  confusion,  which,  for  monstrous  wickedness  and  wid(!-s|)re:i(l 
misery,  never  before  had  their  parallel  in  the  world's  history.  A  con- 
densed  narrative  of  those  revolutionary  horrors  will  be  found  under  the 
proper  head.  We  shall  here  simply  observe,  en  pastanl,  that  the  progres.s 
of  tree-thinking,  miscalled  philosophy,  wliinli  had  been  much  encouraged 
in  that  country  during  the  last  century,  had  diffused  a  spirit  of  innovation 
and  licentiousness  that  was  highly  unfavourable  to  the  existence  of  an 
absolute  monarchy.  Moreover,  the  participation  of  France  in  the  Amer^ 
ican  struggle  for  indppend(>n(!e,  had  inptilled  into  the  minds  of  the  Oallo- 
American  champions  of  liberty  h  perfect  detestation  of  regal  authority, 
and  on  their  return  from  that  vaunted  land  of  freedom,  they  imparted  to 
their  countrymen  tho  spirit  of  liberty  which  had  been  kindled  in  the  wes- 
tern hemisphere.  But,  perhaps,  the  more  immediate  cause  of  this  wild 
Hnullition  of  popular  fury  arose  from  the  nmbarrassod  state  of  the  linances, 


N 


688 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


which  induced  Louis  XVI.  to  assemble  Uie  states-general,  in  order  to 
consider  the  measures  by  which  this  serious  evil  might  be  remedied. 

During  the  present  session,  a  message  from  the  king  informed  the  house 
r,f  some  hostile  proceedings  on  the  part  of  Spain,  who  had  seized  three 
Dritish  ships  that  were  endeavoring  to  establish  a  foreign  trade  between 
China  and  Nootka  Sound,  on  the  west  coast  of  North  America,  the  Span- 
iards insisting  on  their  exclusive  right  to  that  part  of  the  coast.  Orders 
were  immediately  issued  for  augmenting  the  British  navy ;  but  the  ex- 
pecjted  rupture  between  the  two  countries  was  averted  by  timely  conces- 
sions on  the  part  of  Spain.  .„„,,„         ,        ,     , . 

A  new  parliament  having  met  on  the  20th  of  November,  the  king,  after 
making  some  remarks  on  the  state  of  Europe,  observed  that  the  peace  of 
India  had  been  disturbed  by  a  war  with  Tippoo  Sultan,  son  of  the  late 
Hyder  Ally.  The  business  of  the  session  was  then  entered  into,  and 
various  debates  occurred  with  respect  to  the  convention  with  Spain,  and 
the  expensive  amount  that  had  been  prepared  anticipatory  of  a  war  with 

that  power.  ,..,,.. 

A.  D.  1791.— The  whole  kingdom  was  now  divided  into  two  parties, 
arising  from  the  opposite  views  in  which  the  French  revolution  was  con- 
sidered; one  condemning  the  promoters  of  Gallic  independence  as  the 
subverters  of  all  order,  while  the  other  considered  the  new  constitution 
of  France  as  the  basis  of  a  system  of  politics,  from  which  peace,  happi- 
ness,  and  concord  would  arise  to  bless  the  world!  On  the  14lh  of  July, 
the  anniversary  of  the  demolition  of  the  Bastile,  the  "  friends  of  liberty" 
agreed  to  celebrate  that  event  by  festive  meetings  in  the  principal  towns 
in  the  kingdom.  These  meetings  were  rather  unfavourably  regarded  by 
the  opponents  of  the  revolution,  as  indicative  of  principles  inimical  to  the 
British  constitution;  but  no  public  expression  of  disapprobation  had  yet 
appeared.  In  the  metropolis  and  most  of  the  other  towns  these  meetings 
had  passed  over  without  any  disturbance ;  but  in  the  populous  town  of 
Birmingham,  where  a  dissension  had  long  existed  between  the  high 
churchmen  and  the  dissenters,  its  consequences  were  very  alarming.  A 
seditious  handbill  having  been  circulated  about  the  town  by  some  unknown 
person,  created  a  great  sensation.  The  friends  of  the  intended  meeting 
thought  it  necessary  to  disclaim  the  sentiments  contained  in  the  hand- 
bills ;  but  as  their  views  were  misrepresented,  the  hotel  in  which  thi 
meeting  was  held  was  soon  surrounded  by  a  tumultuous  mob,  who  ex 
pressed  their  disapprobation  by  shouts  of  "Ciiurch  and  King!"  In  tlit 
evening  the  mob  demolished  a  Unitarian  meeting-house  belonging  to  iht 
celebrated  Dr.  Priestly,  and  afterwards  attacked  his  dwelling-house  aiic 
destroyed  his  valuable  library.  For  three  days  the  rioters  continued  tiuni 
depredations,  but  tranquillity  was  restored  on  the  arrival  of  the  military, 
and  6ome  of  the  ringleaders  were  executed. 

A.  D.  1792.— Parliament  assembled  Jan.  31,  and  were  agrceaNy  sur- 
prised by  a  declaration  of  the  minister,  that  the  finances  of  the  nation 
would  allow  him  to  take  off  taxes  to  the  amount  of  .£200,000  and  to  appro- 
priate c£400,000  towards  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt.  He  then  des- 
canted  on  tiie  flourishing  state  and  happy  prospects  of  the  nation,  do- 
"'.-.irir'"  at  'he  snme  Mine  how  intimately  eonneoted  its  prosperity  was 
with  tfie  preservation  of  pea(!e  abroad  and  tranquillity  at  iiome. 

The  duke  of  York  having  at  the  close  of  tlie  previous  year  married  the 
princess  Frederica  Charlolta,  eldest  daughter  of  the  king  of  Prusaui,  the 
commons  paised  a  bill  to  settle  .£26,000  per  annum  on  the  duke,  and 
jCH.OOO  on  the  ouchess  should  she  survive  him.  The  houBO,  also,  diirinp 
this  sosBioii,  wont  into  a  committee  on  the  African  slave-trade,  and  aave 
t  as  their  opinion  that  it  should  be  abolished.  In  the  course  of  debate 
Mr.  Pitt  and  many  others  spoke  in  favour  of  its  immediate  abolition. 
Afiei'  iiiuay  diviiions  the  term  was  iimiicd  io  the  Ist  day  of  Jai"»frv, 


thp  flniriA  nf  iviiri 


HISTORY   OP  THE   WORLD. 


669 


(796.    In  the  house  of  lords  several  of  the  peers  were  m  favour  of  its 
indefinite  continuance. 

The  war  in  India  against  Tippoo  Saib  had  lately  been  vigorously  con 
ducted  by  Lord  Cornwallis,  who,  having  surmounted  all  impediment!?, 
commenced  the  siege  of  Seringapatam,  the  capital  of  Tippoo's  domin 
ions.  This  reduced  that  prince  to  such  difficulties  as  compelled  him  U 
conclude  peace  on  the  terms  offered  by  the  earl,  and  to  deliver  up  his  tw- 
sens  as  hostages  for  the  performance  of  the  conditions 


CHAPTER  LXI. 

THB  REION  or  OEORQE  III.  (CONTINUED.) 

A.  D.  1790.—"  When  your  neighbour's  house  is  on  fire  it  is  well  to  look 
after  your  own,"  says  a  trite  but  wise  old  saw.    The  rapidity  with  which 
the   new  political  principles  of  the  French  republicans  were  diffiisoij 
throughout  Great  Britain,  and  the  numerous  inflammatory  libels  which 
were  issued  from  the  press,  awakened  well-grounded   apprehensions  o^ 
the  government,  and  induced  the  legislature  to  adopt  measures  for  th.' 
suppression  of  the  growing  evil.     The  moral  as  well  as  the  political  re 
suits  of  French  republicanism  were  fast  developing ;  and  every  reckle.s' 
demagogue  was  busily  at  work,  disseminating  the  poison  of  infidelity  aiir 
sedition.    To  put  a  stop,  if  possible,  to  this  state  of  things,  a  royal  proc 
lamation  was  issued  for  the  suppression  of  seditious  correspondcno* 
ibroad,  and  publications  at  home.    The  London  Corresponding  Society 
and  various  other  societies,  had  recently  sent  congratulatory  addresses  u 
the  National  Assembly  of  France !    But  the  heart  of  England  was  stil 
sound,  although  some  of  the  limbs  were  leprous. 

In  the  meantime  affairs  on  the  continent  became  every  day  more  inter 
esting.  An  alliance  was  entered  into  between  Russia,  Austria,  and  Pnis 
sia,  the  ostensible  object  of  which  was  to  re-establish  public  security  in 
France,  with  the  ancient  order  of  things,  and  to  protect  the  persons  iimi 
property  of  all  loyal  subjects.  On  the  25th  of  July  the  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick, commander-in-chief  of  the  allied  armies,  issued  at  Coblentz  his  etl- 
ebrated  manifesto  to  the  French  people,  promising  protection  to  all  who 
should  submit  to  their  king,  and  threatening  the  city  of  Paris  with  fire  and 
sword  if  injury  or  insult  were  offered  to  him  or  any  of  his  family.  Tlio 
lepublicans,  indignant  at  this  foreign  interference,  now  resolved  on  tlio 
king's  dethronement.  Having  by  their  mischievous  publications  tuniod 
the  tide  of  disgust  against  their  sovereign,  and  persuaded  the  popiilai-e 
that  the  royalists  had  invited  tlie  allies  to  invade  them,  the  suspension  of 
royal  authority  was  soon  after  decreed,  the  king  and  his  family  were 
closely  confined  in  the  Temple,  all  persons  who  were  attached  to  monar- 
chical government  were  cast  into  prison  or  massacred ;  and,  to  crown  the 
whole,  the  inoffensive  monarch  was  led  forth  to  execution,  and  while 
praying  to  the  Almighty  to  pardon  his  enemies,  ignominiously  perished 
by  the  guillotine. 

While  these  detestable  scenes  of  murder  were  Jlspayed  in  France,  the 
vigilance  of  the  Knglidh  government  was  excited  by  the  propagation  of 
revolutionary  principles,  and  it  was  compelled  to  employ  such  measures 
as  the  dangerous  circumstances  of  the  pountry  demanded.  The  sangui- 
nary conduct  of  the  French  revolutionists,  their  extravagant  projects  and 
unholy  sentiments,  naturally  alarmed  all  persons  of  rank  and  property, 
;\nd  associations  of  all  classes  who  had  anything  to  lose,  were  formed  fur 
Jhe  protection  of  liberty  and  properly  against  the  efforts  of  anarcliisis  and 
levellers.  But  still  there  were  many  desperate  chtiraciers  remly  to  kindle 
ihe  flame  of  civil  war  gp.  Iha  first  favoHrable  opiwrtuntty.     Another  pm 


II 


670 


HISTORY    OF  THE  WORLD. 


clamation  was  tnerelbre  issued,  in  which  it  was  stated  that  evil-dispoAcd 
persons  were  acting  in  concert  with  others  in  foreign  countries,  iu  order 
to  subvert  the  laws  and  constitution ;  and  that  a  spirit  of  tumult  and  sedi- 
tion havinp;  manifested  itself  on  several  occasions,  his  majesty  had  re- 
solved to  embody  part  of  the  national  militia.  This  was,  in  fact,  a  mea- 
sure absolutely  necessary  on  another  account,  it  being  clear  that  the 
French  republic  had  resolved  to  provoke  England  to  a  war,  by  the  most 
unjustifiable  breach  of  the  laws  of  nations :  this  was  their  avowed  design 
to  open  the  river  Scheldt,  in  direct  opposition  to  the  treaties  of  which 
England  was  a  guarantee,  and  to  the  manifest  disadvantage  of  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  Provinces,  who  were  the  allies  of  England. 

So  portentous  was  the  poUtical  aspect  at  this  time,  that  it  was  thought 
necessary  to  summon  the  parliament.  In  the  speech  from  the  throne,  his 
majesty  declared  that  he  had  hitherto  observed  a  strict  neutrality  in  regard 
to  the  war  on  the  continent,  and  had  refrained  from  interfering  with  the 
internal  affairs  of  France ;  but  that  it  was  impossible  for  hini  to  see, 
without  tiie  most  serious  uneasiness,  the  strong  and  increasing  indications^ 
which  appeared  there,  of  an  intention  to  excite  disturbances  in  other  coun-' 
tries,  to  disregard  the  rights  of  neutral  powers,  and  to  pursue  views  of 
unjust  conquest  and  aggrandizement.  He  had  therefore  taken  steps  for 
making  some  augmentation  of  his  naval  and  military  force ;  and  he  re- 
commended  the  subject  to  the  serious  attention  of  parliament.  After  very 
long  and  animated  debates  on  the  address  of  thanks  for  the  king's  speech 
(during  which  many  of  the  opposition,  who  were  by  this  time  ttioroughly 
disgusted  with  the  French  revolutionistH,  deserted  their  party),  the  motion 
was  carried  by  a  large  majority. 

The  next  subject  which  engaged  the  attention  of  parliament  was  the 
alien  bill,  which  authorized  government  to  dismiss  from  the  kingdom  such 
foreigners  as  they  should  think  fit.  During  the  month  of  December  an 
order  of  government  was  also  issued  for  preventing  the  exportation  of 
corn  to  France ;  and  several  ships  laden  with  grain  were  compelled  to 
unload  their  cargoes. 

A.  D.  1793.— That  a  war  between  Great  Britain  and  France  was  speedily 
approaching,  was  believed  by  all  parties ;  yet  war  was  neither  foreseen 
nor  premeditated  by  the  king's  ministers ;  it  was  the  unavoidable  result  of 
circumstances.  In  a  decree  of  the  French  convention  on  the  19th  of 
November,  1792,  they  had  declared  their  intention  of  extending  their  fra 
lernity  and  assistance  to  the  disaffected  and  revolting  subjects  of  all  mon- 
archical governments.  The  disavowal  of  this  assertion  was  demanded 
by  the  British  ministry ;  but  as  this  was  not  complied  with,  M.  Chauve- 
lin,  ambassador  from  the  late  king  of  France— though  not  acknowledged 
in  that  liglit  by  the  republic— received  orders  to  leave  the  kingdom,  in  virtue 
of  the  alien  act.  In  consequence  of  this  measure,  the  French  convention, 
on  the  Ist  of  February,  declared  war. 

No  sooner  was  Great  Britain  involved  in  this  eventful  war,  than  a 
treaty  of  commerce  was  concluded  with  Russia,  a  large  body  of  troops 
was  taken  into  the  service  of  government,  and  an  engagement  was  entered 
hito  by  the  king  of  Sardinia,  who  agreed,  for  an  annual  subsidy  of  200,000/., 
to  join  the  Austrians  in  Italy  with  a  very  considerable  military  force. 
Alliances  were  likewise  formed  with  Austria,  Prussia,  Spain,  iloUand, 
Portugal,  and  Russia,  all  of  whom  agreed  lo  shut  their  ports  against  the 
vessels  of  France.  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Switzerland,  however,  re 
fused  to  join  the  confederacy.  The  king  of  the  Sicilies  agreed  to  furnish 
6000  troops  and  four  ships  of  the  line  j  the  empire  also  furnished  its  con- 
tingents to  the  Austrian  and  Prussian  armies,  and  British  troops  were 
sent  to  the  protection  of  Holland,  under  the  command  of  the  duke  of  York. 

The  French  army,  commanded  by  General  Dumouriez,  invaded  Hoi- 
'and.  and  having  taken  Uroda,  Oertruydonburg,  and  some  other  placeu 


1(1   liir  n33t 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


en 


advanced  to  Williamsladt,  which  was  defended  by  a  delachinenl  from  the 
twigade  of  the  English  guards,  just  arrived  in  Holland.  Here  the  French 
met  with  a  repulse,  and  were  compelled  to  raise  the  siege  with  great  loss 
Dumouriez  then  left  Holland  to  defend  Louvain;  but  being  afterwards 
defeated  in  several  engagements  with  the  allied  armies,  particularly  at 
Neer-winden,  his  soldiers  were  so  discouraged,  that  they  deserted  in  great 
numbers.  At  length,  weary  of  the  disorganized  state  of  the  French  gov- 
ernment, and  finding  himself  suspected  by  the  two  great  factions  which 
divided  the  republic,  Dumouriez  entered  into  negotiations  with  the  allied 
gtnerals,  and  agreed  to  return  to  Paris,  dissolve  the  national  convention, 
and  free  his  country  from  the  gross  tyranny  which  was  there  exercised 
under  the  specious  name  of  equality.  But  the  conventionalists  withheld 
his  supplies,  and  sent  commissioners  to  thwart  his  designs  and  summon 
him  to  their  bar.  He  instantly  arrested  the  officers  ihat  brought  the  sum- 
mons, and  sent  them  to  the  Austrian  head-quarters.  But  the  army  did 
not  share  the  anti-revolutionary  feelings  of  the  general,  and  he  was  him- 
self obliged  to  seek  safety  in  the  Austrian  camp,  accompanied  by  young 
Egalit6  (as  he  was  then  styled),  son  of  the  execrable  duke  of  Orleans,  and 
now  Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French  ! 

The  duke  of  York,  who  was  at  the  head  of  the  allied  armies,  had  laid 
siege  to  and  taken  Valenciennes,  and  he  was  now  anxious  to  extend 
thoir  conquests  along  the  frontier ;  he  accordingly  marched  towards  Dun- 
kirk and  commenced  the  siege  on  the  27th  of  August.  He  expected  a 
naval  armament  from  Great  Britain  to  act  in  conjunction  with  the  land 
forces ;  but,  from  some  unaccountable  cause,  the  heavy  artillery  was  so 
long  delayed  that  the  enemy  had  time  to  provide  for  the  defence  of  the 
town.  The  French  troops,  commanded  by  Houchard,  poured  upon  them 
m  such  numbers,  that  the  duke  was  compelled  to  make  a  precipitate 
retreat,  to  avoid  losing  the  whole  of  his  men.  He  then  came  to  England, 
and  having  held  a  conference  with  the  ministers,  returned  to  the  conti- 
nent. At  Valenciennes  it  was  decided  in  a  council  of  war,  that  the  em- 
peror of  Germany  should  take  the  field,  and  be  invested  with  the  supreme 
command. 

The  principal  persons  of  the  town  and  harbour  of  Toulon  entered  into 
an  agreement  with  the  British  admiral.  Lord  Hood,  by  which  they  deliv- 
ered up  the  town  and  shipping  to  his  protection,  on  condition  of  its  being 
restored  to  France  when  the  Bourbon  restoration  should  be  effec:ted. 
The  town,  however,  was  not  for  any  long  time  defensible  against  the  su- 
perior force  of  the  enemy  which  had  come  to  its  rescue ;  it  was  therefore 
evacuated,  fourteen  thousand  of  the  inhabitants  taking  refuge  on  board 
the  British  ships.  Sir  Sidney  Smith  set  fire  to  the  arsenals,  which,  to- 
gether with  an  immense  quantity  of  naval  stores,  and  ships  of  tlie  line, 
were  consumed.  On  this  occasion  the  artillery  was  commanded  by  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte,  whose  skill  and  courage  was  conspicuous,  and  from 
that  day  his  promotion  rapidly  took  place. 

The  efforts  made  by  the  French  at  this  time  were  truly  astonishing 
Having  prodigiously  increased  thoir  forces,  they  were  resolved  to  conquer, 
whatever  might  be  the  cost  of  human  life.  Every  day  was  a  day  of  bat- 
tie;  and  as  they  were  continually  reinforced,  the  veteran  armies  of  the 
allies  were  obliged  to  give  way.  On  the  22nd  of  December  tt\fy  were 
driven  with  immense  slaughter  from  Hagenau  ;  this  was  followed  up  by 
successive  defeats  till  the  17ih,  v.  hen  tlie  French  army  arrived  at  VVcis- 
lemburg  in  triumph.  During  this  last  month  the  loss  of  men  on  both 
sides  was  immense,  being  estimated  at  between  70,000  and  80,000  men. 
The  French  concluded  the  campaign  in  triumph,  and  the  allied  powers 
were  seriously  alarmed  at  the  difflcullios  which  were  necessary  to  be  sur 
mounted,  in  order  to  regain  the  ground  that  had  been  lost. 


ill 


f^f 


672 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Bt.  Domingo,  Pondicherry,  and  the  French  settlements  on  the  coast  oi 
Malabar  and  Coromandel,  all  surrendered  to  them. 

A.  D.  1794. — From  the  great  and  important  events  which  were  traii 
sacting  on  the  continent,  we  turn  to  the  internal  affairs  of  Great  Britain. 
The  French  republic  having  menaced  England  with  an  invasion,  it  was 
proposed  by  ministers  that  associations  of  volunteers,  both  of  cavalry  and 
infantry,  might  be  formed  in  every  county,  for'the  purpose  of  defending 
the  country  from  the  hostile  attempts  of  its  enemies,  and  for  supportnig 
the  government  against  the  efforts  of  the  disaffected. 

On  the  12th  of  May  a  message  from  the  king  announced  to  parliament 
the  existence  of  seditious  societies  m  London,  and  that  the  papers  of  cer- 
tain persons  belonging  to  them  had  been  seized,  and  were  submitted  to 
the  consideration  of  the  house.  Several  members  of  the  Society  for  Con- 
stitutional Information,  and  of  the  London  Corresponding  Society,  were 
apprehended  on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  and  committed  to  tlie  Tower. 
Among  them  were  Thomas  Hardy,  a  shoemaker  in  Piccadilly,  and  Daniel 
Adams,  secretaries  to  the  before-named  societies;  the  celebrated  John 
Home  Tooke ;  the  Rev.  Jeremiah  Joyce,  private  secretary  to  Earl  Stan- 
hope; John  Augustus  Bonney,  an  attorney;  and  Messrs.  Thelwall, Rich- 
ter,  Lovatt,  and  Stone.  They  were  brought  to  trial  in  the  following  Oc 
tober,  and  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  acquitted. 

Every  appearance  on  the  grand  theatre  of  war  indicated  a  continuance 
of  success  to  the  French  in  the  ensuing  campaign.  The  diligence  and 
activity  of  their  government,  the  vigour  and  bravery  of  their  troops,  the 
ability  and  firmness  of  their  commanders,  the  unwearied  exertions  of  all 
men  employed  in  the  public  service,  astonished  the  whole  world.  Filled 
with  an  enthusiastic  devotion  to  the  cause  in  which  they  had  embarked, 
their  minds  were  intent  only  on  the  military  glory  and  aggrandisement 
of  the  republic.  While  the  whole  strength  which  could  be  collected  by 
the  allies  amounted  to  less  than  four  hundred  thousand  men,,  the  armies 
of  France  were  estimated  at  upwards  of  a  million. 

Though  the  superiority  by  land  was  at  present  evidently  in  favour  of 
the  French,  yet  on  the  ocean  "Old  England"  maintained  its  predominance. 
During  the  course  of  the  summer  the  island  of  Corsica  was  subdued ;  and 
the  whole  of  the  West  fndia  islands,  except  part  of  Guadaloupe,  surren- 
dered to  the  troops  under  the  command  of  Sir  Charles  Gray  and  Sir  John 
Jervis.  The  channel  fleet,  under  its  veteran  commander.  Lord  Howe, 
sailed  from  port,  in  order  to  intercept  the  Brest  fleet,  which  had  ventured 
out  to  sea  to  protect  a  large  convoy  that  was  expected  from  America. 
The  hostile  fleets  descried  each  other  on  the  28th  of  May,  and  as  an  en. 
gagement  became  inevitable,  the  enemy  formed  in  regularorder  of  battle. 
On  the  morning  of  the  1st  of  June  a  close  action  commenced ;  the  enemy's 
llect,  consisting  of  twenty-six  sail  of  the  line,  and  the  British  of  twenty- 
five.  Though  the  battle  did  not  last  long,  it  was  very  severe,  and  proved 
decisive,  seven  of  the  French  ships  being  compelled  to  strike  their  colours, 
one  of  whioh,  La  Vengeur,  went  down  with  all  her  crew  almost  immedi- 
ately on  being  taken  possession  of.  In  the  captured  ships  alone,  the 
killed  and  wounded  amounted  to  1270.  The  total  loss  of  the  British  was 
906.  When  intelligence  of  this  memorable  victory  arrived  in  England,  it 
produced  the  greatest  exultation,  and  the  metropolis  was  illuminated  thret» 
successive  nights. 

This  nuval  loes  of  the  French,  though  it  considerably  diminished  the 
ardour  of  their  seamen,  was  greatly  overbalanced  by  the  general  success 
jf  their  military  operations.  The  principal  theatre  of  the  contest  was  the 
Netherlands,  where  generals  Jourdan  and  Pichegru  had  not  less  than 
200,000  good  troops,  headed  by  many  expert  and  valiant  officers,  and 
abmidantly  supplied  with  all  the  requisites  of  war.  To  oppose  this  formi- 
dable force,  the  allies  assembled  an  army  of  146,000,  conimanded  bv  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


673 


emperoi  in  porson,  assisted  by  generals  Clairfait,  Kaunitz,  Prince  Ooburg 
the  duko  Oi  ^oik,  &c.  Numerous  were  the  battles,  and  enormous  the 
loss  01  luc  o.\  each  side  during  this  campaign :  in  one  of  these  bloodv 
conflic.ta  alonii,  tl.e  battle  of  Charieroi,  the  loss  of  the  Austrians  was  es- 
fimateJ  at  15,000  men.  The  armies  of  France  were,  in  fact,  bficome  irre- 
sistible, and  tlie  allies  retreated  in  all  directions;  Nieuport,  Ostend,  and 
Bruges ;  rournay,  Mons,  Oudenarde,  and  Brussels ;  Landrecies,  Valen- 
ciennes,  Conde,  and  Quesnoi— all  fell  into  their  hands.  During  this  vic- 
torious career  of  the  French  in  the  Netherlands,  their  armies  on  the  Rhine 
were  equally  successful ;  and  though  both  Austrians  and  Prussians  well 
maintained  their  reputation  for  skill  and  bravery,  yet  the  overwhelmina 
masses  of  the  French,  and  the  fierce  enthusiasm  with  which  these  repul^ 
licans  fought,  were  more  than  a  match  fo*-  the  veteran  bands  bv  whom 
they  were  opposed. 

But  the  military  operations  of  the  French  were  not  confinecl  to  th« 
Netherlands  and  the  frontiers  of  Germany;  they  had  other  armies  both  in 
Spam  and  Italy.  The  kingdom  of  Spain,  which  was  formerly  so  powerful 
as  to  disturb,  by  its  ambition,  the  peace  of  Europe,  was  at  this  time  so 
much  reduced  by  superstition,  luxury,  and  indolence,  that  it  was  with  dif- 
ficulty the  court  of  Madrid  maintained  its  rank  among  the  countries  ol 
Europe.  It  was  therefore  no  wonder  that  the  impetuosity  and  untirina 
energy  which  proved  so  destructive  to  the  warlike  Germans,  should  over- 
whelm the  mart  armies  of  Spain,  or  that  their  strongholds  should  prove 
unavailing  against  such  resolute  foes.  In  Italy,  too,  the  French  were  not 
less  fortunate.  Though  they  had  to  combat  the  Austrian  and  Sardinian 
armies,  a  series  of  victories  made  them  masters  of  Piedmont,  and  the 
campaign  ended  there,  as  elsewhere,  greatly  in  favour  of  revolutionary 
France.  ^ 

We  shall  now  return  to  the  operations  of  the  common  enemy  in  the 
Netherlands,  which,  notwithstanding  the  approach  of  winter,  were  con- 
ducted with  great  perseverance.  The  duke  of  York  was  posted  between 
Bois-le-Duc  and  Breda,  but  being  attacked  with  great  impetuosity  By  the 
superior  numbers  of  Pichegru,  he  was  overpowered,  and  obliged  to  retreat 
across  the  Maese,  with  the  loss  of  about  1,500  men.  On  the  30th  of  Sep- 
tember  Crevecoeur  was  taken  by  the  enemy,  and  IJois-Ie-Dnc  surrendered 
immediately  after.  They  then  followed  the  duke  across  the  Maese,  when 
his  royal  highness  found  it  necessary  to  cross  the  Rhine,  and  take  post 
at  Arnheini.  Nimeguen  fell  into  the  hiinds  of  the  French  on  the  7th  ol 
November,  and  as  the  winter  set  in  with  uncommon  severity,  the  whole 
of  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  Holland  were  bound  up  by  the  frost.  At  the 
Vginning  of  January,  1795,  the  river  Waal  was  frozen  over;  the  British 
.iDops  were  at  the  time  in  a  most  deplorable  state  of  ill  health,  and  the 
enemy,  seizing  the  favourable  opportunity,  crossed  the  river  with  an  army 
of  70,000  men,  and  having  repulsed  the  force  which  was  opposed  to  them, 
on  the  IGth  of  January  took  possession  of  Amsterdam.  The  fortresses  of 
WiUiamstadt,  Breda,  Bergen-op-Zoom,  admitted  the  French  ;  the  shattered 
remnant  of  the  Britisii  army  was  obliged  to  retreat,  under  the  most  severe 
privations,  and  in  a  season  unusually  inclement;  and  the  prince  of  Orange 
escaped  in  a  little  boat,  and  landed  in  England,  where  he  and  his  family 
became  the  objects  of  royal  liberality.  The  United  Provinces  were  now 
revolutionized  after  the  model  of  France ;  the  rights  of  man  were  pro 
claimed,  representatives  chosen,  and  the  country  received  the  name  of  l^ 
Ratavian  Republic.  If  there  were  any  in  Holland  who  seriously  expecta. 
that  this  new  order  of  things  was  likely  to  prove  beneficial  to  the  country, 
they  soon  had  experience  to  the  contrary ;  for,  on  the  one  hand,  the  En- 
glish  seized  their  colonies  and  destroyed  their  commerce,  while  on  the 
other,  the  French  treated  them  with  all  the  hauteur  of  insolent  conquerors. 

A.  D.  171)5.— At  the  conclusion  of  the  uaal  ye«r  the  aspect  ol  affairs  oa 

Vor..  I — 43  *^ 


m 


1 11 


671 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


the  continent  was  most  gloomy  and  unpromising.  The  French  republic 
had  suddenly  become  more  extensive  by  its  conquests  than  France  had 
been  since  the  days  of  Charlemagne ;  they  had  acquired  an  increased 
population,  estimated  at  thirteen  millions,  which,  added  to  twenty-foul 
millions  contained  in  France,  constituted  an  empire  of  37,000,000  people. 
As  this  immense  population  inhabited  the  centre  of  Europe,  they  were 
able  by  their  position  to  defy  the  enmity  of  all  their  neighbours,  and 
to  exercise  an  influence  almost  amounting  to  an  universal  sovereignty. 

The  consternation  of  Great  Britain  and  the  allied  powers  was  greatly 
increased  by  the  conduct  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  withdrew  from  the 
coalition,  and  concluded  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  French  convention. 
This  act,  in  addition  to  the  dismemberment  of  Poland,  was  commented  on 
in  the  British  parliament  in  terms  of  severe  and  merited  censure.  He  had 
received  larjje  subsidies  from  England,  and  was  pledged,  as  a  member  oi 
the  coalition,  to  do  his  utmost  towards  the  overthrow  of  regicidal  France 
and  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons ;  and  his  defection  at  such  a  time  was 
as  unprincipled,  as  the  effect  of  it  was  likely  to  be  disastrous.  But  the 
English  and  Austrians,  encouraged  by  the  distracted  state  of  France,  more 
especially  by  the  royalist  war  in  La  Vendee,  continued  their  efforts,  not- 
withstanding Spain  followed  the  example  of  Prussia,  and  the  duke  of 
Tuscany,  also,  deserted  the  allies.  r  i  •    .i.      .. 

Though  unfortunate  in  her  alliances,  and  unsuccessful  in  the  attempts 
made  by  her  military  force  on  the  continent,  Great  Britain  had  still  the 
satisfaction  of  beholding  her  fleets  riding  triumphantlv  on  the  ocean.  On 
the  23d  of  June,  Admiral  Lord  Bridport  attacked  the  French  fletsv  off  L  On- 
ent,  and  captured  three  ships  of  the  line.  Some  other  minor  actions  also 
served  to  show  that  Britain  had  not  lost  the  power  to  maintain  her  naval 
suppriority.  As  Holland  was  now  become  subject  to  t  ranee,  letters  ol 
reprisals  were  issued  out  against  the  Dutch  ships,  and  directions  were 
jriven  for  attacking  their  colonies,  with  the  intention,  however,  of  restoring 
them  when  the  stadthholder's  government  should  be  re-established.  The 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  obliged  to  submit  to  the  British  arms,  together 
with  Trincomalee,  and  all  the  other  United  settlements  except  Batavia. 

The  other  events  of  the  year  may  be  thus  summed  up :— 1  he  marriage 
of  the  prince  of  Wales  with  the  princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick ;  a  match 
dictated  by  considerations  of  what  are  termed  prudence,  rather  than  ol 
affection ;  the  prince's  debts  at  the  time  amounted  to  620,000/.,  and  parlia- 
ment agreed  to  grant  him  125,000/.  per  annum  in  addition  to  his  income 
arising  from  the  duchy  of  Cornwall,  a  portion  being  reserved  forthegrad 
ual  liquidation  of  his  debts—The  death  of  Louis  XVH.,  son  of  the  unfor- 
tunate  Louis  XVL,  and  lawful  sovereign  of  France,  m  prison.— The  acqmt- 
tal  of  Warren  Hastings,  after  a  trial  which  had  lasted  seven  years— 1  he 
commencement  of  the  societies  of  United  Irishmen  against,  and  of  Orange 
clubs  in  favour  of,  the  government.— A  dearth  of  corn  m  England,  with 
consequent  high  prices,  great  distress,  and  riots  which  created  much  alarm. 
In  seasons  of  scarcity  and  consequent  high  prices,  the  multitude  are 
easily  excited  to  acts  of  insubordination.     At  this  period  their  attention 
had  been  roused  to  political  subjects  by  some  meetings  held  in  the  open 
fields,  at  the  instance  of  the  corresponding  so^-eties,  where  the  usual  in- 
vectives against  government  had  formed  *^    staple  of  their  discourse,  and 
the  people  had  been  mere  than  usup.V.y  excited.    A  report  was  circulated 
that  vast  bodies  of  the  4saffecfed  would  make  their  appearance  when  the 
king  procended  to  open  parliament;  and  so  it  proved,  for  the  amazing 
number  of  200,000  persons  assembled  in  the  park  on  that  occasion,  OcU 
39      An  immense  throng  surnounded  his  majesty's  carriage,  clamourously 
vociferating  "  Bread  1"  "Peace !"  "  No  Pitt !"  some  voices  also  shouting  out 
"No  king!"  while  stones  were  thrown  at  the  coach  from  all  directions, 
and,  on  passing  through  Falace-yard,  one  of  the  wuiuows  was  broken  dv 


a  bullet  from  an 
said  to  the  charx 
scandalous  outr 
Tering  a  thousani 
ccrned  in  these  i 
A.  D.  1796.— T 
armies  and  tho8< 
or  Great  Britain 
siglit  appear  to  b 
the  Tronliers  of  ( 
Jourdan ;  the  an 
extraordinary  m 
like  Pichegru,  J( 
publican  armies, 
at  the  siege  of  T 
veloped.  He  ha 
opposed  to  whor 
by  General  Beat 
oh  the  9th  of  Api 
at  Miliesimo,  he 
the  village  of  De 
curity.  Massen; 
during  the  day  tc 
some  reinforcem 
made  14,000  pris 
having  been  defe 
arms,  which  was 
confederacy,  the 
of  the  duchy  of  S 
followed  by  simii 
the  king  of  Sardi 
tinction. 

The  Austrian  g 
his  situation  on  t 
and  Cremona,  le: 
enemy.  Theso  I 
guard  of  the  rep 
much  precipitatio 
Lodi.  A  batter 
cannonading  kepi 
trian  artillery,  thi 
not  be  forced ;  bi 
French  army  woi 
their  position,  he 
effect  his  object, 
of  his  troops,  he  | 
of  the  Austrian  ai 
opponents,  that  1 
the  shattered  rem 
pursued  by  a  larg 
now  soon  in  their 
the  only  place  of 
after,  Bonaparte  i 
and  next  menacec 
sisting  this  unpro 
necessity  of  solici 
ting  terms.  He 
M  ith  the  citadel  o 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


676 


a  bullet  from  an  air-gun.  On  entering  the  house,  the  king,  much  aeitated. 
said  to  the  chancellor,  "  My  lord,  I  have  been  shot  at."  On  his  return  these 
scandalous  outrages  were  repeated,  and  a  proclamation  was  issued  of- 
fering a  thousand  pounds  reward  for  the  apprehension  of  the  persons  con- 
cerned  in  these  seditious  proceedings. 

A.  D.  1796.— The  unremitting  struggle  on  the  continent  between  the  allied 
arinies  and  those  of  France,  was  far  too  important  as  regarded  the  interests 
of  Oreat  Britain  for  us  to  pass  it  lightly  over,  however  little  it  may  at  first 
sight  appear  to  belong  strictly  to  British  history.  The  French  armies  on 
the  frontiers  of  trermany  were  commanded  by  their  generals  Moreau  and 
Jourdan ;  the  army  of  Italy  was  conducted  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  This 
extniordinary  man,  whose  name  will  hereafter  so  frequently  occur,  had. 
like  Pichegru,  Jourdan,  Moreau,  &c.,  attained  rapid  promotions  in  the  re- 
publican armies.  In  1791  he  was  a  captain  o«"  artillery ;  and  it  was  onlV 
at  the  siege  of  Toulon,  in  1793,  that  his  soldierly  abilities  began  to  be  de- 
veloped. He  had  now  an  army  of  56,000  veterans  under  his  command, 
opposed  to  whom  were  80,000  Austrians  and  Piedmontese,  commanded 
by  general  Beaulieu,  an  officer  of  great  ability,  who  opened  the  campaign 
on  the  9ih  of  April.  Having,  after  several  engagements,  suffered  a  defeat 
at  Millesimo,  he  selected  7,000  of  his  best  troops,  and  attacked  and  took 
the  village  of  Dego,  where  the  French  were  indulging  themselves  in  se- 
curity. Massena,  having  rallied  his  troops,  made  several  fruitless  attempts 
during  the  day  to  retake  it ;  but  Bonaparte  arriving  in  the  evening  with 
some  reinforcements,  renewed  the  attack,  drove  the  allies  from  Dego,  and 
made  14,000  prisoners.  Count  Colli,  the  general  ot  the  Sardinian  forces 
having  been  defeated  by  Bonaparte  at  Mondovi,  requested  a  suspension  of 
arms,  which  was  followed  by  the  king  of  Sardinians  withdrawal  from  the 
confederacy,  the  surrenderof his  most  important  fortresses,  and  the  cession 
of  the  duchy  of  Savoy,  &c.,  to  the  French.  This  ignominious  peace  was 
followed  by  similar  conduct  on  the  part  of  the  duke  of  Parma,  who,  like 
the  king  of  Sardinia,  appeared  to  have  no  alternative  but  that  of  utter  ex- 
tinction. 

The  Austrian  general,  Beaulieu,  being  now  no  longer  able  to  maintain 
his  situation  on  the  Po,  retreated  across  the  Adda  at  Lodi,  Pizzighettone, 
ana  Cremona,  leaving  a  detachment  at  Lodi  to  stop  the  progress  of  the 
enemy.  These  forces  were  attacked,  on  the  lOlh  of  May,  by  the  advanced 
guard  of  the  republican  army,  who  compelled  them  to  retreat  with  so 
much  precipitation  as  to  leave  no  time  for  breaking  down  the  bridge  of 
Lodi.  A  battery  was  planted  on  the  French  side,  and  a  tremendous 
cannonading  kept  up;  but  so  well  was  the  bridge  protected  by  the  Aus- 
trian artillery,  that  it  was  the  opinion  of  the  general  officers  that  it  could 
not  be  forced ;  but  as  Bonaparte  was  convinced  that  the  reputation  of  the 
French  army  would  suffer  much  if  the  Austrians  were  allowed  to  maintain 
their  position,  he  was  determined  to  encounter  every  risk  in  order  to 
effect  his  object.  Putting  himself,  therefore,  at  the  head  of  a  select  body 
of  his  troops,  he  passed  the  bridge  in  the  midst  of  a  most  destructive  fire 
of  the  Austrian  artillery,  and  then  fell  with  such  irresistible  fury  on  his 
opponents,  that  he  gained  a  complete  victory.  Marshal  Beaulieu,  with 
the  shattered  remnants  of  his  army,  made  a  hasty  retreat  towards  Mantua, 
pursued  by  a  large  body  of  the  French.  Pavia,  Milan,  and  Verona,  were 
now  soon  in  their  hands ;  and  on  the  4th  of  June  they  invested  Mantua, 
the  only  place  of  importance  which  the  emperor  held  in  Italy.  Not  long 
after,  Bonaparte  made  himself  master  of  Ferrara,  Bologna,  and  Urbino; 
and  next  menaced  the  city  of  Rome.  As  the  pope  was  incapable  of  re- 
sisting this  unprovoked  invasion  of  his  territories,  he  was  reduced  to  the  « 
necessity  of  soliciting  an  armistice,  which  was  granted  on  very  humilia- 
ting terms.  He  agreed  to  give  up  the  cities  of  Bologna  and  Ferrara, 
with  the  citadel  of  Ancona,  and  to.deliver  up  a  great  number  of  paintings 


Til 


676 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


and  statues,  and  to  enrich  thi;  conqueror  with  some  hundreds  of  the  moei 
curious  niknuscripts  from  the  Vatican  library. 

The  court  of  Vienna  now  recalled  Beaulieu,  and  gave  the  command  lo 
Marshal  VVurmser ;  b\it  the  tide  of  success  ran  more  strong  against  him, 
\f  possible,  than  it  had  done  against  his  predecessor.  As  Bonaparte  was 
at  this  time  employed  in  (orwAng  a  republic  of  the  states  of  Reggio,  Mo- 
dena,  Bologna,  and  Ferrara,  the  Austrians  had  leisure  to  make  new  mili- 
tary arrangements.  They  reinforced  Marshal  Wurmser,  and  formed  a 
new  army,  the  command  of  which  was  given  to  General  Alvinzi.  At  the 
beginning  of  November,  several  partial  engagements  took  place  between 
Alvinzi  and  Bonaparte,  till  the  15th,  when  a  most  desperate  engagement 
at  the  village  of  Areola  ended  in  the  defeat  and  retreat  of  the  Austrians, 
who  lost  about  13,000  men.  Mantua,  however,  was  still  obstinately  de 
fended,  but  the  garrison  ceased  to  entertain  hopes  of  ultimate  success. 

While  the  French  acmy  under  Bonaparte  was  overrunning  Italy,  the 
armies  on  the  Rhine,  under  Jourdan  and  Moreau,  were  unable  to  make 
any  impression  on  the  Austrians.  The  armistice  which  had  been  con- 
cluded at  the  termination  of  the  last  campaign,  expired  on  the  31st  of  May, 
when  both  armies  took  the  field,  and  the  archduke  Charles,  who  com- 
manded the  Austrians,  gained  several  advantages  over  both  Jourdan  and 
Moreau,  till,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  the  hostile  armies,  having  been  harassed 
by  the  incessant  fatigues  they  had  undergone,  discontinued  their  military 
operations  for  the  winter. 

The  successes  of  Bonaparte  in  Italy,  and  the  general  aversion  with 
which  the  people  beheld  the  war,  induced  the  British  ministry  to  make 
overtures  for  peace  with  the  French  republic.  Lord  Malmesbury  was 
accordingly  dispatched  to  Paris  on  this  imporlant  mission,  and  proposed 
as  the  basis  the  mutual  restitution  of  conquests  ;  but  there  was  no  dispo. 
sition  for  peace  on  the  part  of  the  French  directory,  and  the  attempt  at 
pacification  ended  by  a  sudden  order  for  his  loidship  to  leave  Paris  in  forty- 
eight  hours.  While  these  negotiations  were  on  the  tapis,  an  armament 
was  prepared  at  Brest  for  the  invasion  of  Ireland,  which  had  long  been 
meditated  by  the  French  rulers.  The  fleet,  consisting  of  tweiity-fivo 
ships  of  the  line  and  fifteen  frigates,  was  intrusted  to  Admiral  Bouvet; 
the  land-forces,  amounting  to  25.000  men.  were  commanded  by  General 
Hoche.  They  set  sail  on  the  18th  of  December,  but  a  violent  tempest 
arose,  and  the  frigate  on  board  of  which  the  general  was  conveyed  benig 
separated  from  the  fleet,  ihoy  returned  to  harbour,  after  losing  one  ship  of 
the  line  and  two  frigates. 

A  few  incidental  notices  will  serve  to  wind  up  the  domestic  events  ol 
the  year:— Sir  Sidney  Smith  was  taken  prisoner  on  the  Frencli  coast, 
and  sent,  under  a  strong  escort,  to  Paris.— The  princess  of  Wales  gave 
birth  to  a  daughter,  the  princess  Charlotte ;  immediately  after  which,  at 
the  instance  of  the  prince  on  the  ground  of  "  iiicongeniality,"  a  seimnition 
took  place  between  the  royal  parents.— A  government  loan  of  18,000,000/. 
was  subscribed  in  fifteen  hours,  between  the  1st  and  5tli  instant.  One 
million  was  subscribed  by  the  bank  of  England  in  their  corporate  capocifv. 
and  400,000/.  by  the  directors  individually.  , 

A.  D.  1797 The  garrison  of  Mantua,  which  had  held  out  with  astonish- 
ing bravery,  surrendered  on  the  2(1  of  Februa.  y,  but  obtained  very  lioiiour- 
able  terms,  \fter  tliis,  Bonaparte  received  very  considerable  reinhtrce- 
ments,  and  having  cut  to  pieces  the  army  uiidnr  Mvinzi,  he  resolved  on 
penetrating  into  the  centre  of  the  Austrian  dominions.  When  the  court  ot 
Vienna  received  information  of  this  design,  they  raised  a  new  army,  the 
command  of  which  was  given  to  the  archduke  Charles.  The  French  de- 
feated the  Austrians  in  almost  every  engagement ;  and  Bonaparte,  alXer 
making  20,000  prisoners,  etlccted  a  passage  across  ttiu  Alps,  aii.i  uTovg  irsn 
emperor  to  the  necessity  of  requesting  an  armistice     In  April  aprelimuv 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


677 


I 


ary  treaty  was  entered  into,  by  which  it  was  stipulated  that  I  ranee  should 
retain  the  Austrian  Netherlands,  and  that  a  new  republic  should  be  formed 
from  the  states  o(  Milan,  Mantua,  Modena,  Ferrara,  and  Bologna,  which 
should  receive  the  name  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic.  He  then  returned  to 
[taly,  leaving  minor  details  of  the  treaty  to  be  adjusted  afterwards,  and 
which  was  accordingly  done  at  Campo  Formio,  in  the  following  October. 

England  was  now  the  only  power  at  war  with  F'rance  ;  and  great  as 
had  been  the  exertions  of  the  people,  still  greater  were  of  course  required 
of  them.  The  large  sums  of  money  which  had  been  sent  abroad,  as  sub- 
sidies to  foreign  princes,  had  diminished  the  quantity  of  gold  and  silver  in 
Great  Britain  ;  this  cause,  added  to  the  dread  of  an  invasion,  occasioned 
)  run  upon  the  country  banks,  and  a  demand  for  specie  soon  communi- 
cated itself  to  the  metropolis.  An  order  was  issued  to  prohibit  the  directors 
of  the  bank  from  payments  in  cash.  On  the  meeting  of  parliament,  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  currency ;  and 
though  the  affairs  of  the  bank  were  deemed  to  be  in  a  prosperous  state,  an 
act  was  passed  for  confirmmg  the  restriction,  and  notes  for  one  and  two 
pounds  were  circulated.  The  consternation  occasioned  by  these  measures 
was  at  first  very  general,  Jbut  the  alarm  gradually  subsided,  and  publio 
confidence  returned. 

One  of  the  finst  acts  of  Spain,  after  declaring  war  against  England,  was 
the  equipment  of  a  large  number  of  ships,  to  act  in  concert  with  the 
French.  The  Spanish  fleet,  of  twenty-seven  sail  of  the  line,  was  descried 
on  the  14th  of  January  by  Admiral  Sir  John  Jervis,  who  was  cruising  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  with  a  fleet  of  fifteen  sail.  He  immediately  formed  his 
line  in  order  of  battle,  and  having  forced  his  way  through  the  enemy's 
Heet,  and  separated  one-third  of  it  from  the  main  body,  he  attacked  with 
vigour,  and  m  a  short  time  captured  four  first-rate  Spanish  men-of-war, 
and  blockaded  the  remainder  in  Cadiz.  The  Spaniards  had  600  killed  and 
wounded;  the  British,  300.  For  this  brilliant  exploit  Sir  John  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  earl  of  St.  Vincent ;  and  Commodore  Nel- 
son, who  was  now  commencing  his  brilliant  career,  was  knighted. 

Rejoicings  for  the  late  glorious  victory  were  scarcely  over,  when  a 
serious  mutiny  broke  out  m  the  channel  *fleet.  The  principal  cause  of 
this  untoward  event  was  the  inadequacy  of  the  sailors'  pay.  This  discon- 
tent was  first  made  known  to  Lord  Howe,  who  in  February  and  March 
received  anonymoHs  letters,  in  which  were  enclosed  petitions  from  difTer- 
cnl  ships' companies,  requesting  an  increase  of  pay,  a  more  equal  distri- 
bution of  prize  money,  &c.  The  novelty  of  this  circumstance  induced 
his  lordship  to  make  some  inquiries ;  but  as  there  was  no  appearance  oi 
disafTectiou  in  the  fleet,  he  concluded  that  the  letters  must  have  been 
forgeries,  and  took  no  further  notice  of  it.  On  the  15th  of  April,  when 
orders  were  given  for  preparing  to  sail,  the  crews  of  the  ships  lying  at 
Spithead  ran  up  the  shrouda,  gave  three  cheers,  and  refused  to  comply. 
They  then  chose  two  delegates  from  each  ship,  who  drew  up  a  petition  to 
the  admiralty  and  the  house  of  commons,  and  each  seaman  was  lK)und  by 
an  oath  to  be  faithful  to  the  cause.  At  length  Lord  Uridport  went  on 
board,  and  told  them  he  was  the  bearer  of  redress  for  all  their  gricvunttes, 
and  the  king's  pardon;  and  on  the  6th  of  May  en  act  was  passed  for  aug 
menting  the  pay  oi  sailors  aiul  mamierti.  'liiti  faculty  with  wnicit  these 
claims  had  been  granted  instigated  the  seamen  at  the  Nore  to  rise  in 
mutiny  ^id  make  further  deminids.  A  council  of  delegates  was  ehtcted, 
at  the  h<!Hd  of  whom  was  a  bold  and  insolent  man  named  Richard  Parker, 
wh(»  niidertook  to  command  the  fleet,  and  prevailed  on  his  companions  to 
rpjcct  rep(!itted  olff  rs  of  pardon.  Preparations  for  hostilities  wort!  com> 
ii)4'nci!d  on  both  sides,  whun  dissensions  among  the  disafl'fcted  began  to 
ipriKiir,  .Hill,  after  some  bloodshed,  all  the  ships  Rubinillod,  givinir  utt 
Parker  and  his  fellnw-dKlegalcs  ;  sutno  of  wiioni,  with  ilioir  IcaJcP'. 
dX]iiiaed  their  ofTcnccs  by  an  ignominious  dcatli 


il 


678 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


Notwithstanding  the  late  dangerous  mutiny,  the  idea  was  very  prevalent 
in  the  country,  that  if  a  hostile  fleet  were  to  make  its  appearance,  the 
men  would  show  themselves  as  eager  as  ever  to  fight  for  the  honour  ol 
Old  England.  In  a  few  months  afterwards  an  opportunity  occurred  ol 
testing  their  devotion  to  the  service.  The  Batavian  republic  having  fitted 
out  a  fleet  of  fifteen  ships,  under  the  command  of  their  admiral,  De 
Winter,  with  an  intention  of  joining  the  French,  Admiral  Duncan,  who 
commanded  the  British  fleet,  watched  them  so  narrowly,  that  they  found 
It  impracticable  to  venture  out  of  the  Texel  without  risking  an  engage- 
ment.  The  British  admiral  being  obliged  by  tempestuous  weather  to 
leave  his  station,  the  Dutch  availed  themselves  of  the  opportunity, 
and  put  to  sea;  but  were  descried  by  the  English  fleet,  which  imme- 
diately  set  sail  in  pursuit  of  them.  On  the  11th  of  October  the  English 
uame  up  with,  and  attacked  them  off  Camperdown ;  and  after  a  gallant 
fight  of  four  hours,  eight  ships  of  the  line,  including  those  of  the  admiral 
and  vice-admiral,  besides  four  frigates,  struck  their  colours.  The  loss  ol 
thq  English  in  this  memorable  action  amounted  to  700  men ;  the  loss  of 
the  Dutch  was  estimated  at  twice  that  number.  The  gallant  Adniiral 
Duncan  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and  received  the  title  of  Viscount  ' 
Camperdown,  with  an  hereditary  pension. 

About  three  months  previous  to  this  action  Admiral  Nelson,  acting  on 
fallacious  intelligence,  made  an  un8ucc«s8ful  attack  on  Santa  Cruz,  in 
the  island  of  TeneriflTe :  on  which  occasion  the  assailants  sustained 
great  loss,  and  Nelson  himself  had  his  arm  shot  off. 

A.  D.  1798.— As  the  French  republic  had  at  this  time  subdued  all  its 
enemies  except  England,  the  conquest  of  this  country  was  the  principal 
object  of  their  hopes.  The  vast  extent  of  territory  which  the  French 
now  possessed,  together  with  the  influence  they  had  obtained  over  the 
councils  of  Holland,  rendered  them  much  more  formidable  than  limy 
had  been  at  any  former  period.  The  circumstances  of  the  British  nation 
were,  however,  such  as  would  discourage  every  idea  of  an  invasion. 
Its  navy  was  more  powerful  than  it  had  ever  been  ;  thu  victories  which 
had  lately  been  gained  over  the  Dutch  and  Spanish  fleets,  had  confirmed 
the  general  opinion  of  the  loyalty  as  well  as  bravery  of  its  seamen ;  and 
all  parties  burying,  for  a  time,  all  past  disputes  in  oblivion,  unanimous- 
ly resolved  to  support  thd  government.  On  the  meeting  of  parliament 
in  January,  a  message  from  the  king  intimated  that  an  invasion  of  tlu 
kingdom  was  in  contemplation  by  the  French.  This  communication 
gave  rise  to  very  active  measures,  which  plainly  manifested  the  spirit 
of  unanimity  which  reigned  in  Great  Britain.  Besides  a  large  addition 
made  to  the  militia,  every  county  was  directed  to  raise  bodies  of  cavalry 
flom  the  yeomanry;  and  almost  every  town  and  considerable  village 
had  its  corps  of  volunteers,  trained  and  armed.  The  island  was  never 
oefore  in  such  a  formidable  slate  of  internal  defence,  and  a  warlike 
kpirit  was  diffused  throughout  the  entire  population.  A  voluntary  sub- 
scription for  the  support  of  the  war  also  took  place,  by  which  a  million 
ind  a  halfof  monoy  was  raised  towards  defraying  the  extraordinary 
.■•Hmands  on  the  public  purse. 

While  this  universal  harmony  seemed  to  direct  the  councils  of  Great 
Britain,  the  Irish  were  greatly  divided  in  their  sentiments,  and  at  length 
commenced  an  open  rebellion-  In  the  year  1791  a  society  had  been  in- 
stituted by  the  catholics  and  firotestant  dissenters,  for  the  purpose  of  ob- 
taining a  reform  in  parliament,  and  an  entire  deliverance  of  the  Uomaii 
catholics  from  all  the  reslriclioiis  uiidor  which  they  laboured  on  aL-roiint 
of  religion.  This  institution  whs  projected  by  a  person  named  Wol. 
Tone;  and  the  members,  who  were  termed  the  Ihnted  Irishmen,  were  so 
numerous,  that  their  divisions  and  subdivision?  wore,  in  a  short  timf 

^„t^,^A„A  ....u.  tW..  itjl.ol..  Ifiiiniliini        'Phiiiiirli    :i  ri>riirin  llf   UarliuiULMlt  WHS 


the  oatensibl 
but  zealous  i 
and,  by  eifec 
a  republican 
did  the  numb 
were  they  of 
nominated  ai 
Arthur  O'Co 
Their  conspii 
with  such  pr 
into  effect,  bi 
by  the  goveri 
Fitzgerald  wi 
A  second  con 
but  not  until  i 
the  castle  of 
be  surprised 
moment.  Bi 
May,  a  body 
on  the  towns 
from  Lord  G 
of  them  wer 
strong,  agaii 
forth  to  meet 
became  mast 
ter,  from  Ne 
at  Wexford 
General  Nut 
Munro,  near 
their  greatest 
ment  on  Vine 
them.  Varic 
of  which  the 

In  the  pres 
prudent  by  tli 
military  mar 
chosen  for  ll 
the  90th  of  Ji 
his  majesty's 
and  surrendci 
rei^lute  com 
and  the  insi 
of  Aufl;u8t, 
General  Hur 
Irish,  landed 
But  instead  o 
pected,  they  ' 
prisoners  of  \ 
— a  rebellion 
excesses  on  ( 
(he  time  that 
victims. 

The  prepar 
were  spparcii 
out  at  Toiilot 
consisted  of  tl 
forty-five  sail 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


079 


the  ostensible  object  of  this  society,  yet  it  soon  proved  that  their  secret 
but  zealous  endeavours  were  directed  to  the  bringing  about 'a  revolution, 
and,  by  efTedin^  a  disjunction  of  Ireland  from  Great  Britain,  to  establish 
a  republican  form  of  government  similar  to  that  of  France.  So  rapidly 
did  the  numbers  of  these  republican  enthusiasts  increase,  and  so  confident 
were  they  of  the  ultimate  success  of  their  undertaking,  that  in  1797  they 
nominated  an  executive  directory,  consisting  of  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald, 
Arthur  O'Connor,  Oliver  Bond,  Dr.  Mac  Niven,  and  Counsellor  Emmet. 
Their  conspiracy  was  planned  with  such  consummate  art,  and  conducted 
with  such  profound  secresy,  that  it  would,  doubtless,  have  been  carried 
into  effect,  but  for  its  timely  discovery  in  March,  by  a  person  employed 
by  the  government,  when  the  principal  ringleaders  were  apprehended,  and 
Fitzgerald  was  mortally  wounded  while  resisting  the  officers  of  justice. 
A  second  conspiracy  shortly  afterwards  wan  in  the  like  manner  detected, 
but  not  until  a  general  insurrection  had  been  determined  upon,  in  which 
the  castle  of  Dublin,  the  camp  near  it,  and  the  artillery  barracks,  were  to 
be  surprised  in  one  night,  and  other  places  were  to  be  seized  at  the  same 
moment.  But  the  flame  of  rebellion  was  not  easily  «xtinguished.  In 
May,  a  body  of  rebels,  armed  with  swords  and  pikes,  made  attempts 
on  the  towns  of  Naas  and  Wexford ;  but  they  experienced  a  signal  defeat 
from  Lord  Gosford,  at  the  head  of  the  Armagh  militia,  and  four  hundred 
of  them  were  left  dead  on  the  field.  They  afterwards  marched,  16,000 
strong,  against  Wexford,  and  upon  defeating  the  garrison,  which  sallied 
forth  to  meet  them,  obtained  possession  of  the  town.  Subsequently  they 
became  masters  of  Enniscorthy,  but  being  driven  back,  with  great  slaugh- 
ter, from  New  Ross,  they  wreaked  their  vengeance  upon  their  captives 
at  Wexford  in  the  most  barbarous  manner.  On  the  twelfth  of  June, 
General  Nugent  attacked  the  rebels,  5000  in  number,  commanded  by 
Miinro,  near  Ballynahinch,  and  routed  them  with  great  slaughter.  But 
their  greatest  discomfiture  was  that  which  they  sustained  in  their  encamp- 
ment on  Vinegar-hill,  where  General  Lake  tittacked  and  completely  touted 
them.  Various  other  minor  engagements  ensued  about  this  time,  in  all 
of  which  the  rebels  were  defeated  with  considerable  loss. 

In  the  present  divided  and  dangerous  state  of  Ireland  it  was  judgea 
prudent  by  the  legislature  to  appoint  to  the  lieutenancy  of  tliat  country  a 
military  man  of  acknowledged  prudence  and  bravery.  The  person 
chosen  for  the  station  was  Lord  Cornwallis,  who  arrived  at  Dublin  on 
the  90th  of  Jun-s.  His  first  act  was  to  publish  a  proclamation,  offering 
his  majesty's  pardon  to  all  such  insurgents  as  would  desert  their  leaders, 
and  surrender  themselves  and  their  arms.  This  proclamation,  and  the 
reifolute  conduct  of  the  government,  had  a  great  effect  on  the  rebels, 
and  the  insurrection  was  in  a  short  time  suppressed.  On  the  'J3d 
of  August,  about  eight  hundred  Frenchmen,  under  the  conr.mand  of 
General  Humbert,  who  hnd  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  rebolliout 
Irish,  landed  at  Killula,  and  made  themselves  musters  of  that  town. 
But  instead  of  being  joined  by  r.  considerable  body  of  rebels,  as  they  ex- 
pected, they  were  met  by  General  Lake,  to  whom  they  surrendered  aa 
prisoners  of  war.  An  end  was  thus  temporarily  put  to  the  Irish  rebellion 
— a  rebellion  which,  though  never  completely  organized,  was  fraught  with 
excesses  on  each  side  at  wliich  humanity  shudders.  It  was  computed  at 
the  time  that  not  less  than  30,000  persons  in  one  way  or  other,  wore  it^ 
victims. 

The  prepa rations  which  had  been  making  for  the  invasion  of  England 
were  apparently  continued,  but  at  the  same  time  an  armament  Mas  flttins 
out  at  Toulon,  the  destination  of  which  was  kept  a  profound  secret.  H 
consisted  of  thirteen  sliips  of  the  line,  with  other  vessels,  amounting  in  all  to 
fortv-five  sail,  besides  900  iransDorts,  on  board  of  which  were  20,000  choice 


T, 


ill 


880 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


troops,  with  Iiorses,  artillery,  and  an  immense  quantity  of  provisions  aud 
militAry  stores.  Ail  Europe  beheld  with  astonishment  and  upprehension 
these  mighty  preparations,  and  seemed  to  wait  in  awful  expectation  for 
the  storm  of  war  that  was  about  to  burst  on  some  devoted  land.  This 
armament,  which  was  under  the  command  of  General  Bonaparte,  set  sail 
May  20th,  and  having  taken  possession  of  the  island  of  Malta  on  the  1st 
of  .Tune,  proceeded  towards  Egypt,  where  it  arrived  at  the  beginning  of 
Jul}  :  its  ultimate  destination  being  said  to  be  the  East  Indies,  via  the 
Red  Sea  Sir  Horatio  Nelson,  who  was  sent  in  pursuit  of  the  French 
fleets  being  wholly  ignorant  of  its  destination,  sailed  for  Naples,  where  he 
obtained  information  of  the  surrender  of  M;ilta,  and  accordingly  directed 
his  course  towards  that  island.  On  his  arrival  he  had  the  mortification 
to  find  that  Bonaparte  was  gone,  and  conjecturing  that  he  had  sailed  to 
Alexandria,  he  immediately  prepared  to  follow.  He  was,  however,  again 
disappointed,  for  on  reaching  Alexandria  he  learned  that  the  enemy  had 
not  been  there.  After  this,  the  British  squadron  proceeded  to  Rhodes, 
and  thence  to  Sicily,  where  they  had  the  satisfaction  of  hearing  that  the 
enemy  liad  been  off  Candia  about  a  month  before,  and  had  gone  to  Alex- 
andria. Thitherward  they  pressed  all  sail,  and  on  the  Ist  of  August 
descried  the  French  fleet  lying  in  Aboukir  bav.  Bonaparte  had  landed 
his  army  on  the  5th  of  July,  and  having  made  himself  master  of  Alex- 
andria, he  drew  up  his  transports  within  the  inner  harbour  of  that  city, 
and  proceeded  with  his  army  along  the  banks  of  the  Nile.  The  French 
fleet,  commanded  by  Admiral  Bruevs,  was  drawn  up  near  the  sliore,  in  a 
compact  line  of  battle,  flanked  by  four  frigates,  and  protected  in  the  front 
by  a  battery  planted  on  a  small  island.  Nelson  decided  on  an  immediate 
attack  that  evening,  and  regardless  of  the  position  of  the  French,  led  hid 
fleet  between  them  and  the  shore,  so  as  to  place  his  enemies  between  two 
fires.  The  victory  was  complete.  Nine  ships  of  the  line  were  taken, 
one  was  burnt  by  her  captain,  a.id  the  admiral's  ship,  L'Orient,  was  blown 
up  in  the  action,  with  her  commander  and  the  greater  part  of  her  crew 
The  loss  of  the  English  was  900  sailors  killed;  that  of  the  French  far 
greater.  The  glorious  conduct  of  the  brave  men  who  aciiieved  this 
signal  triumph  was  the  theme  of  every  tongue,  and  the  intrepid  Nelson 
was  rewarded  with  a  peerage  and  a  pension. 

The  victory  of  the  Nile  produced  a  powerful  effect  throun^hout  Europe. 
The  formidable  preparations  which  had  menaced  Asia  and  Africa  with 
immediate  ruin  were  overthrown,  and  seemed  to  leave  behind  them  an 
everlasting  monument  of  the  extreme  folly  and  uncertainty  of  human 
undertakings.  The  deep  despondency  which  had  darkened  the  horizon 
of  Europe  was  suddenly  dispelled,  the  dread  of  Gallic  vengeance  seemed 
to  vanish  in  a  moment,  and  the  minds  of  men  were  awakened  into  sctiop 
by  the  ardent  desire  of  restoring  tranquillity  to  Europe.  A  second  •  >»ali. 
tion  was  immediately  formed  against  France,  under  the  auspices  of  Great 
Britain,  and  was  entered  into  by  Austria,  Russia,  the  Ottoman  Forte,  and 
Naples.  Towards  the  close  of  the  year  the  island  of  Minorca  surrendered, 
with  scarcely  a  ahow  of  resistance,  to  General  Stuart  and  Commodore 
Duckworth. 

We  •'".ust  ".ow  'ako  t  gbnco  of  the  state  of  Bntish  affai"^  in  India. 
Tippoo  Saib  having  entered  into  a  secret  correspondence  with  tlie  French 
republic,  the  governor-general  demanded  an  explanation  of  his  uitentions, 
and  as  this  demand  was  not  complied  with,  General  Harris  mvaded  his 
territories.  After  some  slight  engagementa,  the  British  army  advanced  to 
Seringitpatam,  the  capital  of  Tippoo,  and  on  the  4lh  of  Mny,  nficr  n  gal- 
lant and  (Ufsperate  rcsixtance.  they  succeeded  in  taking  it,  the  sultan  being 
killed  while  defending  the  fortress. 

A.  p.  1799^— In  consecjuence  of  the  confederacy  which  had  been  formed 
ng&iiiBi  iho  PTench  repuoiic,  the  canipaign  of  this  year  bccnrnc  paftiou- 


aaa  rcnacrca  ;: 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


681 


I 


larly  interesting.  A  French  army  which  hud  advanced  iiite  Suabia,  uii 
der  General  Jourdan,  was  opposed  by  the  Austrians  und(!r  iTie  archduke 
Charles,  and  being  discomfited,  was  compelled  to  retreatmlo  Switzerland. 
The  Austrians  pursued  them  as  far  as  Zurich,  where  they  were  enabled 
to  make  a  stand  until  they  received  reinforcements.  In  the  meantime,  an 
army  of  Austrians  and  Russians,  under  General  Suwarrow.  having  obliged 
the  French  to  relinquish  their  conquests  in  Italy,  they  determined  to 
hasten  to  the  assistance  of  the  archduke ;  but  being  anticipated  by  the 
French  general,  Massena,  the  Austrians  were  ohliffed  to  retreat  in  great 
haste,  and  the  Russians  were  surrounded  so  completely,  that  only  6,000, 
with  their  general,  escaped.  In  fact,  so  severe  were  the  several  contests, 
that  in  the  space  of  fifteen  days  30,000  men  on  both  sides  fell  victims  to 
the  unsparing  sword. 

While  these  events  were  transacting  in  Italy  and  Switzerland,  an  at- 
tempt was  made  by  Great  Britain  to  drive  the  French  from  Holland,  and 
to  reinstate  the  prince  of  Orange  in  his  authority  as  stadiholder.  A  land- 
ing was  accordingly  effected  at  the  mouth  of  the  Texel,  under  Sir  Ralph 
Abercronibie ;  and  immediately  afterwards  the  British  fleet,  commanded  by 
Admiral  Mitchell,  entered  the  Zuider  Zee,  and  captured  eight  ships  of  the 
nne,  besides  some  smaller  vessels  of  war  and  four  Indiamen.  On  the  13th 
of  September  the  duke  of  York  assumed  the  chief  command  of  the  army, 
which  amounted  to  35,000  men,  including  17,000  Russians.  This  army 
was  at  first  successful,  and  drove  the  French  from  their  positio.is ;  but 
their  reinforcements  arriving,  and  the  British  commanders  finding  no  sup. 
port  from  the  Dutch,  a  suspension  of  arms  was  agreed  upon,  and  the  duke 
resolved  to  relinquish  the  enterprise.  Holland  was  consequently  evacu- 
ated ;  and,  as  the  price  of  being  allowed  to  re-embark  without  molestation 
fl  000  seamen,  Dutch  or  French,  prisoners  in  England,  were  to  be  liberated 

After  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  Bonaparte  led  his  army  into  Palestine,  with 
the  avowed  intention  of  taking  possession  of  Jerusalem,  rebuildin-r  the 
temple,  and  restoring  the  Jews.  El-Arisch  and  Gaza  surrendered  to'him, 
Jaffa  was  carried  uy  storm,  and  ho  rapidly  advanced  is  far  as  the  city  ol 
Acre,  which  he  invested  with  an  army  of  10,000  selt-ct  troops;  but  here 
he  met  with  an  opponent  who  arrested  his  progress.  The  paclia  had  the 
assistance  of  that  gallant  Englishman,  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  whose  former 
daring  exploits  on  the  coasts  of  France  had  rendered  his  name  far  mora 
familiar  than  agreeaWe  to  Gallic  ears.  On  the  20th  of  March,  Bonaparte 
opened  his  trenches  :  but  a  flotilla  conveying  part  of  his  besieginjr  train 
had  been  captured  by  Sir  Sidi«»y  Smith,  who  was  on  board  the  Tlgre  oi 
84  guns,  then  lying  off  Acre,  and  the  enemy's  guns  were  employed  in  it: 
defence.  However,  the  French  made  a  breach,  and  attempted  to  carr) 
the  place  by  assault,  but  were  again  and  again  repulsed  with  great  loss 
An  alternation  of  attacks  and  sorties  followed  for  the  space  of  sixty  days 
during  which  Bonaparte  uselessly  sacrificed  an  immense  number  of  hif 
bravest  soldiers,  and  at  last  was  compelled  to  raise  the  siege.  Having  re 
ceived  intelligence  of  the  arrival  of  a  Turkish  army  in  Egypt,  Napoteor 
returned  from  Palestine  across  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  and  on  the  asth  ol 
July  obtained  a  great  victory  over  the  Turks  near  the  Pyramids. 

Uui  he  w'\8  now  about  to  enter  on  a  now  theatre  of  action.  Pariv  dis- 
sensions in  France,  her  danger  of  external  foes,  and  the  opportunity 
which  was  thereby  afforded  to  the  ambition  of  this  extraordinary  leader, 
seems  to  have  suddenly  determined  him  to  leave  Egypt.  He  accordingly 
left  the  army  to  General  Kleber,  and  sailed  with  all  imaginable  secresy 
from  Aboukir ;  his  good  fortune  enabling  him,  and  the  few  friends  ho  took 
with  him,  to  reach  Frejus  on  the  7th  of  October,  unobserved  and  unmo- 
lested. Finding  thai  the  people  gonoially  approved  of  the  step  he  had 
taken,  and  that  while  the  corruption  and  mismanagement  of  the  directory 
had  rendered  them  very  uripopuiar,  he  was  regaraed  as  the  good  ueniui 


682 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


of  France,  he  in  the  true  Cromwellian  fashion,  with  the  assistance  Oi  a 
strong  party,  dissolved  the  assembly  of  representatives,  and  usurped  tne 
government  with  the  title  of  chief  consul,  which  was  at  first  conlerred  on 
him  for  ten  years,  but  was  afterwards  confirmed  for  life. 

In  order  to  render  his  usur[)ation  popular,  Bonaparte  began  to  make 
professions  of  a  pacific  character,  and  entered  into  a  correspondence  for 
a  negotiation  with  the  principal  powers  at  war  with  the  republic.  In  his 
communications  with  the  allied  sovereigns  ho  departed  from  the  forms 
sanctioned  by  the  custom  of  nations,  and  personally  addressed  his  letters 
to  the  monarcha.  The  substance  of  the  note  addressed  to  his  Britannic 
majesty  was  conveyed  in  two  questions,  "  Whether  the  war  which  had 
for  eight  years  ravaged  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe,  was  to  be  eternal ;' 
and  "  Whether  there  were  no  means  by  which  France  and  England  might 
come  to  a  good  understanding  1"  In  answer  to  this  letter,  an  official  note 
was  returned  by  Mr.  Grenville,  who  dwelt  much  on  the  bad  faith  of  revo- 
lutionary rulers,  and  the  instability  of  France  since  the  subversion  of  the 
ancient  monarchy.  The  overture  which  was  transmitted  to  the  court  ol 
Vienna  was  of  a  similar  nature,  and  experienced  similar  treatment ;  but 
the  emperor  of  Russia,  being  disgusted  with  the  conduct  of  Austria  in  the 
late  campaign,  withdrew  from  the  confederacy. 

A.  D.  1800. — The  often  discussed  question  of  a  legislative  union  between 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  engaged  the  attention  of  politicians  at  this  time, 
and  gave  rise  to  much  angry  feeling.  Some  serious  difficulties  had  arisen 
from  the  existence  of  independent  legislatures  in  England  and  Ireland,  and 
tlicre  was  reason  to  fear  that  while  separate  interests  were  made  para- 
mount to  the  general  good,  old  grievances  might  again  lead  to  disaffection 
and  the  result  be  a  dismemberment  of  the  empire.  To  prevent  such  ar 
evil  the  ministers  of  the  day  considered  their  bounden  duty;  and  though 
Ihe  measure  at  first  met  with  great  opposition,  it  was  eventually  carried 
by  considerable  majorities,  and  took  place  on  the  1st  of  January,  1801. 
By  this  arrangement  the  Irish  wore  to  have  a  share  of  all  the  commerce 
of  Great  Britain,  except  such  parts  of  it  as  belonged  to  chartered  companies. 
The  commons  of  Ireland  to  be  represented  in  the  imperial  parliament  by 
a  hundred  n^embers  ;  the  spiritual  and  temporal  peerage  of  that  country 
by  four  bishops  and  twenty-eight  lay-lords,  holding  their  seats  for  life. 

During  the  past  winter  and  the  early  part  of  spring  the  greatest  distress 
was  felt  by  the  poorer  classes  on  account  of  the  scarcity  and  extraordinary 
high  price  of  bread  ;  in  order  to  mitigate  which,  an  act  was  passed  pro 
hibiting  the  sale  of  that  great  necessary  of  life  until  it  had  been  baked 
twenty-four  hours,  from  a  well-founded  notion  that  the  consumption  o' 
stale  bread  would  be  much  less  than  new. 

On  the  15th  of  May,  as  the  king  was  reviewing  a  battalion  of  the  guards 
in  Hyde  Park,  a  ball  was  fired  in  one  of  the  vollies  by  a  soldier,  which 
wounded  a  gentleman  who  was  standing  not  many  yards  from  his  majes- 
ty ;  but  whether  it  was  from  accident  or  design  Could  not  be  discovered 
And  on  the  evening  of  the  same  day  a  much  more  alarming  circumstance 
occurred  at  Drury-lane  theatre.  At  the  moment  his  majesty  entered  the 
royal  box,  a  man  stood  up  in  the  pit  and  discharged  a  pistol  at  the  king 
the  baH  providentinlly  missed  him,  and  the  offender  was  immediately 
seized,  when  it  appeared  that  his  name  was  James  Hatfield,  formerly  a 
private  soldier,  ana  that  he  was  occasionally  afflicted  with  mental  derange- 
■fflent,  from  a  wound  he  had  received  in  the  head.  He  was  accordingly 
"  provided  for"  as  a  lunatic.  The  consternation  occasioned  by  these 
oncurrunces  waa  suocceded  by  many  signal  proofs  of  affectionate  luyalty, 
especially  on  the  4th  of  June,  his  majesty's  birth-day. 

The  t;ampaign  of  1800  was  opened  with  great  resolution  on  both  sides. 
Independonlly  of  the  other  troops  of  France,  an  additional  army  of  00,000 
mi>n  uruB  usHHnihlnil  At  Diion.  iind  it  was  nubliclv  announced  in  the  Frfncb 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


683 


papers,  that  il  was  intended  as  a  reinforcement  to  the  armies  on  the  Rhinf 
and  in  Italy,  as  circumstances  might  require.  No  one  suspected  tliat  any 
important  plan  of  military  operations  was  concealed  by  the  affected  pub- 
licity of  this  arrangement,  so  no  precaution  was  taken  to  obviate  the  con> 
sequences  which  might  arise  from  its  movements.  The  Austrians  in 
Italy,  under  General  Melas,  attacked  Massena  in  the  territory  of  the 
Oenoese  ;  and  being  successful  in  several  obstinate  conflicts,  the  surren- 
der of  Genoa  with  its  garrison  followed.  Just  at  this  time  Bonaparte 
suddenly  joined  the  army  of  reserve  at  Dijon,  crossed  the  Alps  over  Mount 
8t.  Bernard,  which  before  had  been  deemed  impracticable,  and  descended 
into  the  Milanese  without  opposition.  Having  received  some  powerful 
reinforcements  from  the  army  in  Switzerland  he  placed  himself  in  the 
rear  of  the  Austrian  army,  and  resolved  on  hazarding  a  battle.  Their  first 
encounter  was  the  battle  of  Montobello,  in  which  the  French  had  the  ad- 
vantage; and  it  served  as  a  prelude  to  the  decisive  battle  of  Marengo. 
The  Austrians  numbered  60,000 ;  the  French,  60,000 ;  the  former  com- 
mencing the  fight  with  unusual  spirit  and  success.  For  a  long  time  the 
defeat  of  the  French  seemed  inevitable.  But  General  Desaix  having  ar- 
rived with  a  reinforcement  towards  evening,  a  terrible  carnage  ensued,  and 
the  Austrians  were  totally  routed.  The  loss  on  each  side  was  terrific ; 
the  French  stating  theirs  at  12,000,  and  the  Austrians  at  15,000.  On  the 
following  day  a  cessation  of  hostilities  was  proposed  by  the  allies,  which 
was  granted  on  condition  of  their  abandoning  Piedmont.  Immediately 
after,  Bonaparte  re-established  the  Cisalpine  republic. 

On  the  3rd  of  December  the  Austrian  army,  under  the  archduke  John, 
was  signally  defeated  at  Hohenlinden,  by  General  Moreau;  their  loss 
being  10,000  men  and  eighty  pieces  of  cannon ;  the  effect  of  which  was, 
that  the  emperor  was  driven  to  the  necessity  of  soliciting  an  armistice. 
This  was  followed  by  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  was  signed  at  Luneville, 
on  the  9th  of  February,  1801. 

A,  D.  1801.— On  the  Ist  of  January  a  royal  proclamation  announced  the 
royal  style  and  title  as  "  George  the  Third,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the 
Faith  ;"  the  absurd  titular  assumption  of  king  of  France  being  now  laid 
aside.  On  tlie  3rd  his  Majesty's  council  look  the  oaths  as  privy  council- 
lors for  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  and  the  king 
presented  the  lord  chancellor  with  a  new  great  seal  made  for  the  union. 

By  the  treaty  of  Luneville,  Great  Britain  became  the  only  opponent  of 
the  French  republic,  and  was  placed  in  a  situation  requiring  more  than 
common  energy  and  prudence.  Influenced  by  the  capricious  emperor 
Paul  of  Russia,  the  principal  northern  powers  resolved  on  reviving  the 
armed  neutrality,  and  claimed  a  right  ot  trading  to  the  ports  of  France, 
without  submitting  to  their  vessels  being  searched.  At  this  critical 
Juncture  the  British  ministry,  on  the  lllhof  February,  resigned  their 
offices.  The  ostensible  cause  was  a  misunderstanding  relative  to  catho- 
lic emancipation.  It  was  understood  that  Mr.  Pitt  had  pledged  himsell 
to  obtain  a  repeal  of  the  disabilities  legally  pending  over  that  body  ;  but 
the  king's  objections  to  the  measure  were  too  deeply  rooted,  and  too 
conscientiously  fo-med  (it  being,  as  he  believed,  contrary  to  the  obliga- 
tion of  his  coronation  oath),  for  the  minister  to  remove  them ;  added  to 
which,  there  was  the  well-known  dislike  entertained  by  the  protestants 
of  Ireland  to  encounter  a  catholic  magistracy,  and  the  fears  of  the 
clergy  of  the  established  church.  Owing  to  the  indisposition  of  his 
majesty,  a  new  ministry  was  not  formed  till  the  middle  of  March,  when 
Mr.  Addington  was  chosen  first  lor  J  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer ;  Lord  Eldon,  lord  high  chancellor ;  the  earl  of  St.  Vincent, 
first  lord     "    "        •        •  -    '^-  •— j-  "--i-— »- -j  n-iu 

taries 


quer;  Lord  KIdon,  lord  nign  cnanceiior;  ine  ean  oi  »i.   vinceiu. 
)rd  of  the  admiralty;  the  lords  Hawkosbury  and  Pelham,  secre 
of  ^lale  i  ilini  the  iion.  Uoi.  Yorke    gccretary  of  war.     Thorc  u 


i  1 


J 


11 


684 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


little  doubt  that  the  new  ministers  were  brought  forward  to  do  what  their 
predecessors  were  unable  or  unwilling  to  accomplish,  namely,  the  putting 
an  end  to  the  war,  and  evading  the  agitation  of  the  catholic  question. 
Mr.  Addington,  it  is  true,  had  given  general  satisfaction  as  speaker  of 
the  house  of  commons,  and  be  had  acquired  the  king's  personal  favours 
by  his  decorous  manner  and  respectable  character ;  but  neither  he  nor 
his  colleagues  had  anv  political  reputation  to  entitle  them  to  be  entrusted 
with  the  pilotage  oi  the  vessel  of  the  state,  especially  where  it  was 
necessary  to  steer  her  amid  the  rocks  and  breakers  of  a  tempestuous  sea. 
In  order  to  counteract  the  designs  of  the  northern  confederates,  an  arma- 
ment was  fitted  out  in  the  British  ports  consisting  of  17  sail  of  the  line, 
with  frigates,  bomb-vessels,  &c.,  and  entrusted  to  the  command  of  Ad- 
miral Sir  Hyde  Parker  and  Vice-Admiral  Lord  Nelson.  The  fleet 
embarked  at  Yarmouth  on  the  12th  of  March,  and  having  passed  the 
Sound  with  very  trifling  opposition,  appeared  before  Copenhagen  on  the 
30th.  Batteries  of  cannon  and  mortars  were  placed  on  every  part  of  the 
shore  where  they  might  be  used  in  annoying  the  English  fleet;  the 
mouth  of  the  harbour  being  protected  by  a  chain,  and  by  a  fort  construct- 
ed on  piles.  An  attack  on  this  formidable  crescent  was  entrusted,  at 
his  own  requcat,  to  Nelson,  with  twelve  ships  of  the  line  and  all  the 
smaller  craft.  It  began  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  was  kept  up 
on  both  sides  with  great  courage  and  prodigious  slaughter  for  four  hours ; 
by  which  time  17  sail  of  the  enemy  had  been  burnt,  sunk,  or  taken ;  while 
three  of  the  largest  of  the  English  ships,  owing  to  the  Intricacies  of  the 
navigation,  had  grounded  within  reach  of  the  eneniy'p  land  batteries.  At 
this  juncture  Nelson  proposed  a  truce,  tq  which  the  prince  of  Denmark 
promptly  acceded.  The  loss  of  the  English  in  killed  and  wounded  was 
943 ;  that  of  the  Danes  1800.  The  sudden  death  of  Paul,  emperor  of 
Russia,  who,  it  has  been  authentically  said,  was  strangled  in  his  palace, 
caused  a  change  in  foreign  affairs.  His  eldest  son,  Alexander,  ascended 
the  throne,  and,  renouncing  the  politics  of  his  father,  entered  into  a  treaty 
of  amity  with  England;  the  northern  confederacy  was  consequently  dis- 
solved. 

At  the  time  the  expedition  to  Copenhagen  was  on  the  eve  of  departure, 
a  considerable  British  force  had  been  sent  to  Egypt,  in  order  to  effect  the 
expulsion  of  the  French  from  that  country.  This  was  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie,  who  on  the  8th  of  March  effected  ai^isembarka- 
tion,  with  great  spirit,  in  the  face  of  the  enemy,  at  Aboukir,  the  fort  o( 
which  surrendered  on  the  19th.  General  Kleber,  who  commanded  the 
French  troops  in  Egypt  after  the  departure  of  Bonaparte,  had  been  assas- 
sinated, and  Menou  was  now  the  general-n-chief.  On  ihe  13lh  a  seven 
action  took  place,  in  which  the  English  had  the  advantage  ;  bul  on  theSlst 
the  celebrated  battle  of  Alexandria  was  fought.  The  force  on  each  side  wag 
about  12,000;  and  before  daylight  the  French  commenced  the  attack.  A 
long,  desperate  engagement  succeeded ;  but  at  length  the  assailants  were 
defeated,  and  the  famous  corps  of  "  Invincibles  "  almost  annihilated.  The 
loss  of  the  French  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  was  upwards  ol 
3500;  that  of  the  British  1400  ;  among  whom  was  the  gallant  Sir  Ralph 
Aber-.oir.l.e,  v'..o  n::'jly  t:rmi''-tcd  z  Too^  car»«?r  o' mili»»ry  p'ory.  He 
was  wounded  in  the  thigh,  about  the  middle  of  the  day;  but  that  he  might 
not  damp  the  ardour  of  his  troops,  he  concealed  his  anguish  until  the  bat 
tie  was  won. 

The  command  of  the  British  troops  devolved  on  General  Hutchinson, 
an  able  officer,  and  the  intimate  friend  of  Sir  Ralph,  who  having  made 
himself  master  of  the  ports  of  Rosetta,  Cairo,  and  Alexandria,  completed 
the  conquest  of  Egypt  about  the  middle  of  September  ;  when  the  French 
capituirded,  upon  condition  of  their  being  conveyed,  with  their  arms,  arlil- 
dr>%  &c.,  to  their  OwFi  cwanifv.    A  large  dc-tacniricrtt  Oi  troc-ps  iFOiH  tu-o 


sorrow,  or  con 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


685 


Indian  army  arriv>  '.,  by  way  of  the  Red  Sea,  under  Sir  David  Baird,  just 
after  the  conclu£.i(  .1  of  the  treaty. 

The  news  of  this  important  event  reached  England  on  the  same  day  that 
the  preliminaries  of  a  peace  with  France  were  signed  by  Mr.  Otto,  on  the 
part  of  the  French  republic,  and  Lord  Hawkesbury,  on  the  part  of  his  Britan-< 
aid  majesty.  The  definitive  treaty  was  concluded  at  Amiens  on  the  27th  of 
March,  1802 ;  by  which  Great  Britain  consented  to  restore  all  her  con- 
quests, except  the  island  of  Trinidad,  and  the  Dutch  possessions  in  Ceylon. 
The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  to  remain  a  free  port  to  all  the  contracting 
powers.  Malta,  with  its  dependencies,  was  to  be  evacuated  by  the  Brit- 
ish, and  restored  to  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem ;  while  the  island 
was  to  be  placed  under  the  protection  and  sovereignty  of  the  king  of 
Naples.  Egypt  was  to  be  restored  to  the  Sublime  Porte,  whose  terri- 
tories and  possessions  were  to  be  preserved  entire,  as  they  existed  pre- 
viously to  the  war.  The  territories  of  the  queen  of  Portugal  were  to  re- 
main entire  ;  and  the  French  agreed  to  evacuate  Rome  and  Naples.  The 
republic  of  the  Seven  Islands  was  recognised  by  France  ;  and  the  fishery 
of  Newfoundland  was  established  on  its  former  footing. 

The  restoration  of  peace  was  universally  received  with  transports  of 
joy,  and  was  in  itself  a  measure  so  necessary  and  desirable,  that  the  terms 
on  which  it  had  been  concluded  were  passed  over  in  silence  by  the  in- 
habitants of  both  countries.  When  the  subject  was  alluded  lo  in  the 
house  of  commons,  Mr.  Sheridan  observed,  "  It  is  a  peace  of  which  every 
man  is  glad,  but  of  which  no  man  is  proud."  But  though  this  apparent 
tendency  of  the  two  nations  to  forget  their  mutual  animosities  seemed  to 
prognosticate  a  long  continuance  of  the  blessings  of  peace,  the  happy 

Erospect  was  soon  interrupted  by  symptoms  of  jealousy  which  appeared 
etween  the  respective  governments. 

Having  in  various  ways  gained  the  popular  voice  in  his  favour,  Bonaparte 
was  appointed  consul  for  life,  with  the  power  of  naming  a  successor.  On 
this  occasion,  he  instituted  a  republican  order  of  nobility— the  legion 
of  honour — to  be  conferred  on  military  men  as  a  reward  for  skill  and 
bravery,  and  on  citizens  who  distinguished  themselves  by  their  talents  or 
their  strict  administration  of  justice. 

Before  we  enter  upon  a  new  chapter,  we  are  bound  to  notice  a  treason- 
able conspiracy  by  certain  obscure  individuals,  which,  at  the  time,  caused 
considerable  alarm.  Colonel  Despard,  an  Irish  gentleman  of  respectable 
family  and  connections,  who  had  formerly  given  distinguished  proofs  of 
valour  and  good  conduct,  but  had  subsequently  been  confined  in  Cold-bath 
fields  prison  for  seditious  practices,  was  apprehended  at  the  Oakley-Arms, 
Lambeth,  with  thirty-six  of  his  confederates,  principally  consisting  of  the 
labouring  classes,  and  &mong  them  three  soldiers  of  the  guards.  It  ap- 
peared that  on  his  liberation  from  prison,  Despard  induced  a  number  of 
violent  bellows  to  believe  that  they  were  capable  of  subverting  the  pres 
ent  government,  and  establishing  a  democracy.  In  order  to  effect  this 
measure,  it  was  proposed  to  assassinate  the  king  and  royal  family,  to  seize 
the  Bank  and  Tower,  and  imprison  the  members  of  parliament.  Vast  as 
these  plans  were,  yet  it  appeared  that  the  time,  mode,  and  place  for  their 
execution,  were  arranged  ;  though  only  fifty  or  sixty  persons  were  con- 
cerned in  U.  Information  having  been  conveyed  to  ministers  of  this  bold 
conspiracy,  its  progress  was  narrowly  watched,  and  at  the  moment  when 
the  designs  of  the  traitors  were  ripe  for  execution  they  were  suddenly 
dragged  fmm  their  rendezvous  and  fully  committed  on  a  charge  of  treason. 
After  a  trial  which  lasted  eighteen  hours  the  colonel  was  found  guilty? 
and  on  the  21st  of  February,  1890,  this  misguided  man,  with  six  fellow- 
conspirators,  was  executed  on  the  top  of  the  new  gaol  in  Soijtliwark- 
Despard  declined  spiritual  assistance,  and  met  his  fate  without  contrition, 
sorrow,  or  concern :  the  others  suiTered  (Jealh  with  «ieouiioyi 


e8» 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


CHAPTER  LXII.     .  4 

THE   REIQZf   OF   0E0R6E  III.  (CONTINOED.) 

A.  D.  1803 — The  treaty  of  Amiens  proved  delusive,  and  both  combat 
ants,  jealous  and  wratchful,  stood  ready  to  renew  the  conflict.  The  un 
bounded  ambition  of  the  French  consul  induced  hinbto  take  every  oppor- 
tunity of  insulting  our  ambassadors,  in  order  to  occasion  a  renewal  oi 
hostilities.  Peace  had  hardly  been  concluded,  when  the  whole  fortresses 
of  Piedmont  were  dismantled,  and  that  country  was  annexed  to  France. 
The  same  measures  were  pursued  with  regard  to  Parma  and  Placentia; 
and  a  numerous  army  was  sent  against  Switzerland,  and  that  government 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  dependents  of  Bonaparte.  Notwithstand- 
ing these  and  several  other  acts  of  tyranny,  his  Britannic  majesty  ear- 
nestly endeavoured  to  avoid  a  recurrence  to  arms,  and  seemed  willing  to 
suffer  the  most  unwarrantable  aggressions,  rather  than  again  involve 
Europe  in  the  horrors  of  war.  This  was  construed  by  the  Corsican  into 
a  dread  of  liis  ill-gotten  power.  Some  official  papers  were  afterwards 
presented  to  the  British  ministry,  in  which  he  required  that  the  French 
emigrants  who  had  found  shelter  in  England  should  be  bEtnished;  that 
the  liberty  of  the  press  in  Britain  should  be  abridged,  because  some  of 
the  newspapers  had  drawn  his  character  with  a  truthful  pen ;  and  it  ap- 
peared, indeed,  that  nothing  short  of  a  species  of  dictation  in  the  domestic 
affairs  of  Great  Britain  was  !ikely  to  satisfy  him.  Such  insolent  preten- 
sions could  not  be  brooked ;  all  ranks  of  men  seemed  to  rouse  from  their 
lethargy,  and  the  general  wish  was  to  uphold  the  country's  honour  by  a 
renewed  appeal  to  arms. 

The  extensive  warlike  preparations  going  forward  about  this  time  in 
the  ports  of  France  and  Holland,  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  British  min 
istry ;  though  it  was  pretended  that  they  were  designed  to  reduce  their 
revolted  colonies  to  obedience.  An  explanation  of  the  views  of  the 
French  government  was  requested  by  Lord  Whitworth,  the  English  am- 
bassador,  but  he  was  openly  insulted  by  the  first  consul,  who  had  the  in 
decency  to  intimate,  in  a  tone  of  gasconade,  that  Great  Britain  was  una- 
ble to  contend  single-handed  with  France.  On  the  12lh  of  May  Lord 
Whitworth  presented  the  ultimatum  of  the  British  government,  which  be- 
ing rejected,  war  was  announced  on  the  16th,  by  a  message  from  his 
majesty  to  parliament.  Almost  immediateljr  upon  this;  Bonaparte  issued 
a  decree  for  the  detention  of  all  the  English  in  France ;  in  consequence  of 
which  infringement  of  international  law,  about  12,00a  English  subjects, 
of  all  ages,  were  committod  to  custody  as  prisoners  of  war. 

This  event  was  followed  by  the  invasion  of  Hanover  by  a  republican 
army  under  General  M ortier,  thus  openly  violating  the  neutrality  of  the 
German  empire,  and  breaking  the  peace  which  been  separately  cujicluded 
with  his  majesty,  as  elector  of  Hanover.  His  royal  highness  the  duke 
of  Cambridge,  who  was  at  that  time  in  Hanover,  and  had  the  commana 
of  a  small  body  of  troops,  was  resolved  to  oppose  the  progress  of  the 
invader*; ;  but  being  urged  by  the  regency  to  retire  from  the  command, 
he  returned  to  England.  In  a  short  time  the  French  made  themselves 
masters  of  the  electorate,  and  committed  the  most  flagrant  acts  of  cruelty 
on  the  unfortunate  inhabitants.  The  Elbe  and  the  Weser  being  now  un 
der  the  control  of  the  French,  those  rivers  were  closed  against  Englis;h 
commerce,  and  Bonaparte  also  insisted  that  the  ports  of  Denmark  should 
be  shut  against  the  vessels  of  Great  Britain.  In  retaliation  the  British 
go  vernmcnt  gave  orders  for  blockading  the  French  ports. 

But  it  appeared  that  all  minor  schemes  of  aggrandizement  wu.,"j 
to  give  place  to  the  invasion  and  subjugation  of  Great  Britain ;  for  which 
pnrnQBA  a.n  immQns6  HumbeF  of  tfans'^Qrti  were  ordered  to  h''  built  witt; 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


est 


I 


(he  greatest  expedition ;  and  a  flotilla  was  assembled  at  Boulogne,  suffi- 
cient to  carry  any  army  which  France  might  wish  to  employ.  This  flo- 
tilla was  frequently  attacked  by  the  English,  and  whenever  any  of  their 
number  ventured  beyond  the  range  of  the  batteries  erected  for  their  pro- 
tection, they  were  generally  captured  by  cruisers  stationed  off"  the  coast 
to  watch  their  motions.  These  mighty  preparations,  and  the  menacing 
attitude  which  was  not  allowed  to  relax  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  chan- 
nel gave  a  new  and  vigorous  impetus  to  British  patriotism,  and  propor- 
tionably  strengthened  the  hands  of  the  government.  Kxcjusive  of  the 
regular  and  supplementary  militia,  an  additional  army  of  50^000  men  was 
levied,  under  the  title  of  the  army  of  reserve ;  and  in  a  few  months,  vol- 
uiiieer  corps,  amounting  to  300,000  men,  were  armed  in  their  country's 
defence. 

While  measures  were  being  taken  for  defending  the  country  against 
invasion,  a  new  insprrection  broke  out  in  Ireland,  which  had  for  its  object 
to  form  an  indepen.lent  Irish  republic.  It  originated  with  Mr.  Robert 
FSmmet,  bmther  to  him  who  had  been  so  deeply  implicated  in  the  rebel- 
lious transactions  of  1798,  and  who  had  been  expatriated.  This  rash 
attempt  to  disturb  the  public  tranquillity  was  made  on  the  23d  of  July, 
when  Emmot,  with  a  crowd  of  desperadoes  armed  with  pikes  and  fire- 
arms, marched  through  the  principal  streets  of  Dublin,  and  meeting  the 
carriage  of  Lord  Kilwardcn,  chief-justice  of  Ireland,  wh^  was  accompa- 
nied by  his  nephew  and  daughter,  the  rufllans  dragged  them  from  the  car- 
riage, and  butchered  the  venerable  judge  and  Mr.  Wolfe  on  the  spot,  but 
the  young  lady  was  allowed  to  escape.  Being  attacked  in  their  turn  by  a 
small  party  of  soldiers,  spme  of  the  rioterci  were  killed,  and  others  seized. 
Emmet  and  several  of  the  most  active  ringleaders,  afterwards  suffered  the 
extreme  penalty  of  the  law  for  their  off'ence.  In  the  session  of  November, 
acts  were  passed  to  continue  the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus,  and 
enforce  martial  law  in  Ireland. 

In  the  West  Indies  the  English  captured  St.  Lucie,  Demerara,  ana 
other  islands.  A  British  fleet  also  assisted  the  insurgent  blacks  of  St. 
Domingo  to  wrest  that  island  from  the  French  ;  but  it  was  not  effected 
without  a  most  sanguinary  contest.  It  was  then  erected  into  an  indepen- 
dent state,  under  its  ancient  Indian  name  of  Hayti. 

In  the  East  Indies  much  greater  triumphs  were  achieved ;  among  these 
was  the  famous  battle  of  Assaye  (Sept.  23),  where  Major-general  Arthur 
Wellesley,  with  a  comparatively  few  troops,  completely  defeated  the  com 
Dined  Mahratta  forces  commanded  by  Scindiah  Hoikar  and  the  rajah  of 
Berar. 

A.  D.  1804. — It  was  the  opinion  of  men  of  all  parties,  that  in  the  present 
^irisis  a  stronger  ministry  than  that  which  had  been  formed  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Mr.  Addington,  was  ab.solutely  necessary  to  direct  the  councils 
of  Great  Britain ;  and  the  friends  of  Mr.  Pitt  became  most  anxious  that 
he  should  return  to  the  administration  on  the  renewal  of  war.  The  min- 
ister accordingly  sought  the  aid  of  that  great  statesman  as  an  auxiliary ; 
but,  adhering  to  his  well-known  maxim  **to  accept  of  no  subaltern  sitiJa- 
tion,"  Mr.  Pitt  plainly  signified  that  the  premiership  must  be  his.  "  Aut 
Caesar;  aut  nullus."  Though  many  were  disappointed  to  find  that  a  pow- 
erful coal.tion,  in  which  Mr.  Fox  and  his  most  eminent  colleagues  were 
expected  to  be  included,  was  not  formed,  yet  the  manifest  necessity  of  a 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war  excited  a  spirit  of  unanimity  .n  the  nation, 
and  induced  the  parliament  to  second  every  motion  of  the  ministry. 

Great  as  was  the  power  to  which  Bonaparte  had  by  artful  gradations 
advanced  himself,  it  was  not  sufficient  to  satiate  his  ambition ;  and  he 
resolved  to  secure  to  himself  the  title  of  emperor.  In  order  to  sound  the 
inclinations  of  the  people,  a  book  had  been  published  some  time  before, 
pciniing  out  ihc  prOpf ict.v  »nd  expediency  of  Crcuting  hisli  eiiipCrCi  Gi  til? 


t 


Of 


688 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


Gauls;  after  which,  an  overture,  equally  insolent  and  absurd,  was  made 
(o  Louis  XVllI.,  offering  him  indemnities  and  a  splendid  establishment, 
if  he  would  renounce  his  pretensions  to  the  crown  of  France.  This  pro- 
posal beingr  treated  with  the  contempt  it  merited,  Bonaparte  resolved  on 
taking  away  the  life  of  the  duke  D'Enghein,  eldest  son  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon,  on  a  surreptitious  charge  of  having  engaged  in  a  conspiracy 
against  the  first  consul,  and  of  serving  in  the  armies  of  the  emigrants 
against  France.  He  had  fixed  his  residence  at  Ettenheim,  in  the  neutral 
territory  of  the  elector  of  Baden,  where  his  chief  occupation  was  study, 
and  his  principal  recreation  the  culture  of  a  small  garden.  From  this  ru- 
ral  retreat  he  was  dragged  on  the  16th  of  March,  by  a  body  of  French 
cavalry,  under  the  command  of  General  Caulincourt,  and  carried  the  same 
day  to  the  citadel  of  Strasburgh,  where  he  remained  till  the  ISlh.  On 
the  20th  the  duke  arnved  at  Paris  under  a  guard  of  gens  d'armes,  and, 
after  some  hours  at  the  barrier,  was  driven  to  Vincennes.  A  military 
commission  appointed  to  tiy  him  met  the  same  evening  in  the  castle,  and 
the  foul  atrocity  was  completed  by  his  being  sentenced  to  immediate  ex 
ecution ;  which  having  taken  place,  his  body  was  placed  in  a  coffin  partly 
filled  with  lime,  and  buried  in  the  castle  garden. 

Bonaparte  having  now  nothing  to  apprehend  either  from  his  declared 
or  concealed  enemies,  prevailed  on  the  people  to  confer  on  himself  and 
his  heirs  the  imperial  dignity.  The  ceremony  of  his  coronation  accor- 
dingly took  place,  with  remarkable  solemnity,  on  the  19th  of  November ; 
and  in  the  following  February  he  addressed  the  king  of  Great  Britain  a 
letter,  soliciting  the  establishment  of  peace.  The  answer  of  his  Britannic 
majesty  acknowledged  that  no  object  would  be  dearer  to  him  than  such 
a  peace  as  would  be  consistent  with  the  security  and  interests  of  his  do- 
minions ;  but  it  added,  that  he  declined  entering  into  particular  discussion 
without  consulting  his  allies. 

A.  D.  1805. — Enraged  at  the  perseverance  of  Great  Britain,  and  elated 
by  the  unparalleled  success  which  had  attended  all  his  measures,  the 
French  emperor  seemed  now  to  consider  himself  as  the  disposer  of  king- 
doms, and  disregarded  all  principles  of  justice  and  moderation.  In  order 
to  secure  his  own  personal  aggrandizement  he  made  an  excursion  to 
Italy,  converted  the  Cisalpine  republic  into  a  kingdom,  and  assumed  the 
title  of  king  of  Italy.  He  then  united  the  Ligurian  republic  to  France, 
and  erected  the  republic  of  Lucca  into  a  principality,  in  favour  of  his  sis- 
ter Eliza,  who  had  married  the  senator  Bacchiachi.  After  these  unpre- 
cedented  acts  of  aggression,  he  returned  to  France,  and  being  once  more 
resolved  to  effect  the  subjugation  of  the  British  isles,  he  repaired  to 
Boulogne  and  reviewed  his  troops  there,  which  were  ostentatiously 
named  "  the  army  of  England,"  and  amounted  to  considerably  more  than 
a  hundred  thousand  men. 

Spain  having  beeii  compelled,  in  consequence  of  its  dependence  on 
France,  to  become  a  party  in  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  Bonaparte  de- 
termined, by  uniting  the  naval  strength  of  both  nations,  to  strike  a  blow 
in  several  parts  of  the  world  at  the  same  time.  The  greatest  activity  ac- 
cordinj^ly  prevailed  in  the  French  ports,  where  the  fleets  had  hitherto  re- 
mained inactive ;  and  several  squadrons  having  eluded  the  vigilancftof  the 
British  cruisers,  put  to  sea.  A  squadron  of  five  ships  arrived  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  surprized  the  town  of  Rouseau  in  Dominica;  but  being  gal- 
lantly opposed  bv  General  Provost,  the  governor  of  the  island,  they  levied 
a  contribution  of  five  thousand  pounds,  and  precipitately  re-embarked  their 
troops.  They  next  proceeded  to  St.  Christopher's,  where,  having  made 
great  pecuniary  exactions,  they  seized  all  the  ships  in  the  Basseterre  road. 
'Those  prizes  were  sent  to  Gaudaloupe;  and  the  French  squadron,  fearful 
of  encountering  the  British  fleet,  returned  to  Europe. 

In  tlie  nieaatirne  h  formidable  fleet  of  ton  sail  of  tha  lines  with  lOOOC 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD.  639 

men  on  board,  set  sail  from  Toulon,  under  the  command  of  Admiral  Ville- 
%T,^1  S'°'  ^,'r«  .P'-«<=«^ded  to  Cadiz,  was  there  reinforced  by  the 
Spanish  admiral,  Gravina  and  six  large  ships,  and  immediately  embJrked 
for  the  West  Indies  When  Lord  Nelson  received  information  that  the 
Jrench  and  Spaniards  had  put  to  sea,  he  supposed  that  they  were  destined 

5lf.\'""T.V°  M^L'*'"''""'  ^"'^  accordingly  set  sail  in  that  direct  on 
He  traversed  the  Mediterranean  with  the  utmost  celerity,  having  a  squadron 
of  ten  ships  with  h.m ;  but  finding  that  he  was  mistaken  in  his  SonjSclures" 
he  concluded  that  the  enemy  had  sailed  for  the  West  Indies.  He  immt 
diate  y  directed  his  course  towards  that  quarter,  and  by  drivin?  the  com- 
bned  squadrons  from  island  to  island,  he  prevented  them  from  making  Si 
of  n5i w^^,  ""^  '^'.i?7'  l**  possessions ;  nay,  so  universal  w™s"he  dfetd 
tL?rS  "'^'  ^^*  ^^7*1*^  "'^  sooner  arrived,  than  they  consulted 
h!  L?vf  ^"i  *  P'^^'P't»'«  flight,  and  hastily  returned  to  Euroje.  When 
the  brave  Nelson  was  assured  of  the  course  of  his  adversaries,  he  d«^ 
patched  a  messenger  to  England,  and  immediately  set  sail  in  hopes  of 
overtaking  he  fugitives.  He  arrived  at  Gibraltar  on  the  20th  of  jK^nd 
having  refitted  his  ships,  he  resumed  his  position  off  Cape  St.  Vincem 
sixty,  hree  days  after  his  departure  from  it  for  the  West  Indies 
On  the  arrival  m  London  of  the  information  of  the  enemy's  retreat   a 

K'lf''r!.i?"'""."K^  "/  ^"'"r"  '^'^  *»^  ''»«  !'"«•  ^*«  dispatched  under  Si? 
Rober  Calder,  in  the  hope  of  intercepting  them.  On  the  22d  of  July  S  r 
Robert  descried  the  object  of  his  mission,  off  Ferrol ;  and,  notwithstanding 
iSn^  aV"P*™{;"?'  ^^  ^'^  "•'^  ^"^''^'^  «  '"°'nent  in  bringing  them  t! 
Tiuh^f"  ^'c'L"^^^"'^^^  engagement,  iha  unequal  conflict  terminated 
in  the  defeat  of  the  enemy,  who,  having  lost  two  large  ships,  proceeded 

Gourdon,  they  weighed  anchor,  and  retired  to  the  harbour  of  Cadiz,  where 
they  were  blockaded  by  Sir  Robert  Calder.  Some  dissatisfaction  having 
been  expressed  in  the  public  papers,  relative  to  the  conduct  of  the  British 
admiral  in  the  engagement  off  Ferrol,  he  applied  for  a  court-martial  to  in- 
quire  into  the  subject;  when,  to  his  great  astonishment,  and  to  the  regret 
of  the  whole  navy,  he  was  found  guilty  of  an  error  of  judgment,  and  sen- 
tenccd  to  be  reprimanded-a  reproach  which  he,  who  had  passed  forty-six 
years  with  honour  in  the  service,  felt  deeply.  ^ 

Subsequently  to  his  arrival  at  Cape  St.  Vincent,  Admiral  Nelson  tra- 
versed  he  bay  of  Biscay  in  search  of  the  enemy;  but  being  oppressed 
with  fatigues  and  disappointment,  he  resolved  on  returning  to  En<riand 
He  arrived  at  Portsmouth  on  the  18th  of  August,  and  having  reached 
London  on  the  20th,  experienced  a  most  cordial  and  affectionate  reception 
from  his  grateful  countrymen.  He  would  not,  however,  allow  himself  to 
remain  in  inactivity,  and  being  offered  the  command  of  an  armament  that 
was  then  preparing,  he  without  hesitation  embraced  the  opportunity  of 
serving  his  coiintry.  Having  hoisted  his  flag  on  board  the  Victory,  on  the 
following-^day  he  put  to  sea,  and  on  his  arrival  at  Cadiz  he  received  from 
Admiral  Collingwood  the  command  of  the  British  fleet,  which  now  con- 
sisted  of  twenty-seven  sail  of  the  line.  On  the  19th  of  October  Nelson 
learned  that  the  combined  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  consisting  of  thirty- 
thre^  sail  of  the  line,  had  put  to  sea  from  Cadiz,  under  admirals  Villeneuve 
and  Gravina ;  and  on  the  21st  he  discovered  them  off  Cape  Trafalo-ar  He 
immediately  ordered  the  fleet  to  bear  up,  in  two  columns,  as  directed  by 
us  previous  plan  of  attack;  and  issued  this  admonitory  signal— which 
has  since  become  a  national  proverb— "England  expects  every  man  to  do 
his  duty.  The  windward  column  of  the  English  ships  was  led  by  Lord 
Nelson,  in  the  Victory;  the  leeward  by  Rear-admiral  Collingwood,  in  the 
Koyal  Sovereign.  About  noon  the  awful  contest  commenced,  by  the  lead- 
mg  ships  of  the  columns  piercing  the  enemy's  line;   the  others  breaking 


thfnilflrll    ill    oil    r\nv»a      nr^A 


Vol.  1. — i4 


J    «itM   CIl 


jaging  theif  adversaries  at  the  muMia  oi  iiuu 


690 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


jnins.  Tlie  enemy  fought  with  intrepid  spirit ;  but  the  superior  skill  which 
Spposed  them  was  resistless.  Tlie  fury  of  the  buttle  was  sustained  for 
three  hours,  when  many  ships  of  the  combined  fleet  having  struck,  their 
line  eave  way :  nineteen  sail  of  the  line,  with  Villeneuve  and  two  other  flag 
officlrs,  were  taken;  the  other  ships,  with  Admiral  Graviiia, escaped. 

This  splendid  victory,  so  preeminent  in  the  anna  s  of  Britain,  was  pur- 
chased  with  the  life  of  her  greatest  naval  conrimander.  In  the  middle  oi 
the  contest  Lord  Nelson  received  m  his  left  breast  a  musket-ball,  aimed 
at  him  from  the  ship  with  which  he  was  engaged;  and  in  about  an  hour 
afterwards  he  expired,  displaying  in  his  death  the  heroic  firmness  which 
nad  distinguished  every  action  ofhis  life.  'I  he  loss  of  this  galhint  man 
"damped  the  joy  which  the  news  of  so  important  a  victory  would  have  ex- 
•ited-  and  it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  the  general  grief  that  was  L-li  foi 
•he  hero's. death,  or  the  exultation  for  so  signal  a  triumph,  prepor.u..r<»ted. 
Many  there  were,  most  assuredly,  who  would  havo  relinquuihcd  ilie  vie- 
orv  to  have  saved  the  victim.  His  remains  were  donosilea  .n  ol.  Paul  s 
-athedral,  and  were  accompanied  by  a  procession  rncru  extensive  piid 
magnificent  than  Kngland  had,  on  any  similar  occjd.f.n,  OA.eld. 

Of  that  part  of  the  Cadiz  fleet  which  had  escaperi,  lJ.i\  uhips  were  after- 
wards  .:apiured  by  Sir  Richard  Straclian,  off  Ferroi,  ai.u  were  conducled 
o  a  Brilieh  port.  Thus  the  enemy's  marine  was  nr .ually  annihilated,  wild 
the  navy  of  England  held,  undisputed,  the  mastery  of  the  seas. 

It  was  far  olhorwise,  however,  with  her  continental  projects  and  allian- 
•PS.  An  alliance  offensive  and  defensive  had  long  been  ineffectually  ne- 
ffotiating  with  Russia,  Austria,  and  Sweden;  but  it  was  not  till  the  trench 
Imporor  had  arbitrarily  annexed  Genoa  and  Parma  to  liis,  dominions,  that 
a  treaty  was  concluded.  The  objects  of  this  formidable  coalition  were 
the  liberation  of  Holland,  Sardinia,  Switzerland,  and  Hanover,  from  l-  renJi 
tyranny  ;  the  restoration  of  tranquillity  to  the  Italian  states,  and  the  re- 
ostablishment  of  safety  and  peace  in  all  Europe  It  was  stipulated  '.hat  • 
the  three  continental  powers  should  furnish  500,000  men.  exclusive  of  the 
British  troops.  The  military  force  at  the  disposal  of  France  was  GSO.oOO,. 
besides  a  considerable  number  of  nusiliaries.  By  one  article  of  the  ?on. 
federacy  it  was  aareed  that  the  continental  powers  should  not  wiiiidraw 
their  forces,  nor  Great  Britain  her  subsidies,  till  a  general  pacification  look 
place  with  the  common  consent  of  the  contracting  parties. 

The  dissatisfaction  evinced  against  the  l-rench  emperor  in  all  the  ter 
ritories  whidi  he  had  seized,  seemed  only  to  raise  his  aiiibition.  lo  in- 
sure  the  subjugation  of  Germany,  he  endeavoured  lo  separate  Ausria  from 
the  oilier  imperial  states.  He  issued  a  manifesto,  reprobating  the  folly 
and  injustice  of  tlie  confederate  powers,  and  declaring  that  if  hostilities 
were  commenced  against  any  of  his  allies,  particularly  aguins  Bavaria,  he 
would  instantly  marcli  his  whole  army  to  revenge  the  affront.  He  sa , 
that  the  war  was  created  and  maintained  by  the  gold  and  iiatred  of  Grtat 
Britain,  and  boasted  that  he  would  figlil  till  he  had  sec  ired  he  ludepon- 
dence  of  the  Germanic  body,  and  would  not  make  peace  witiioul  a  suffl- 
cient  security  for  its  continuance.  The  Aiistrians,  disregarding  liiesr 
threats,  entered  Bavaria  with  55,000  men,  aivl  were  v'gorouslv  siipporled 
.by  the  hereditary  sliites.  These  foices,  with  those  furnished  by  Kussia 
and  the  Tyrol,  s-eemed  to  promise  .access;  but  through  the  prenpituncj 
of  the  Austria  IS,  the  tardiness  of  the  Russians,  and  the  vigorous  measures 
of  Bonaparte,  the  groat  objects  of  the  coalition  failed,  anJ  the  most  disas- 
trouB  reverses  were  experienced.  i    «•    .   i 

The  French  reached  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  in  September,  and  effected 
a  naisa^i;  over  the  river;  engaged  the  Austrians  before  the  Russians 
JoSir  oin  hen.  an<  dof^ated'them  with  great  loss  at  Werl.ngen  and 
n;..!.!..!,:...      In  tl.n  moaniimo  General  Bernadolie.  by  the  order  of  Bo- 

naoBrte.  entered  the  neutral  torrilonea  ol  i-ranconim  and  was  lime  lonien 


by  the  Bavar 
and  oy  the  ai 
the  Austrian 
October,  Mei 
On  the  19th, 
tacking  Dupe 
A  few  days  i 
up  in  Ulm. 
picious  circu 

The  first  f 
ing  at  lengll 
110,000  stroll 
unwilling  to 
awaited  the  i 
ever,  delayet 
opposition  of 
ing  the  coiife 
ries,  the  Frei 
ill-fated  polii 
Europe  after 
its  position  a, 
cessity  of  fal 
but  that  of  ( 
with  wliich  h 
tria  to  propoi 
reinforce  men 
quarters  of  ^ 
tilities  for  a  i 
general  peace 
tice,  on  cond 
to  return  hoi 
Venice  and  tl 

Tile  Russii 
Austria,  they 
but  as  the  a 
sacrifice  of  li 
digious  armie 
propose  an  ar 
wished  to  lul 
pliments,  and 
liad  previous] 
him  when  the 
advantage  of 
liiat  his  eneiii 
their  forces, 
posed  intervie 
long  coiiferen 
pxtremitics. 

The  Freiicl 
own  weaknes 
combined  arir 
parte  brought 

Sained  a  coin| 
attlo  of  Aus 
Emperors." 
manded  by  G( 
in  killed,  wou 
triuiuoh  uf  Nr 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


691 


by  the  Bavarian  army  of  20,000  cavalry  and  infantry,  the  Batavian  division 
ana  oy  the  army  of  Holland,  under  Marmont.    The  losses  sustained  bv 
the  Austrians  had  hitherto  been  very  inconsiderable ;  but  on  the  13th  of 
October,  Meningen,  with  its  large  garrison,  surrendered  to  Marshal  Soult. 
On  the  19lh,  the  Austrians  making  a  sortie  from  the  city  of  Ulm,  and  at. 
tacking  Dupont  8  division,  were  defeated,  and  15,000  of  their  men  taken 
A  few  days  afterwards  the  Austrian  general,  Mack,  who  had  shut  himself 
up  in  Ulm,  with  30,000  men,  surrendered  to  the  French,  under  very  sus- 
picious circumstances,  and  his  wiiole  army  were  made  prisoners  of  war. 
1  he  first  Russian  division,  under  generals  Kutusoff  and  Merveldt,  hav- 
i".^nAn   "^^"  effected  a  junction  with  the  Austrians,  the  French  army, 
110,000  strong,  liastiiy  advanced  to  attack  them.    The  allied  troops  were 
uiiWiUing  to  engage  a  force  so  much  more  numerous  than  their  own,  and 
awaited  the  arrival  of  the  second  Russian  army.     That  arrival  was,  how 
ever,  delayed  for  a  very  considerable  time,  by  the  menacing  and  impolitic 
opposition  of  the  Prussian  armamenls.     Had  the  king  of  Prussia,  by  Join- 
ing the  confederates,  avenged  the  insult  offered  to  his  Franconian  territo- 
ries,  the  French  would  soon  have  been  compelled  to  return  home;  but  the 
Ill-fated  policy  he  now  adopted  was  the  cause  of  all  the  disasters  which 
Europe  afterwards  suffered.     The  first  Russian  army,  unable  to  maintain 
Its  position  against  the  superior  power  of  the  enemy,  were  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  falling  back  upon  Moravia,  and  in  their  rout  had  no  alternative 
but  that  of  crossing  the  Danube,  above  Vienna.    The  imminent  danger 
with  winch  his  capital  was  now  threatened,  induced  the  emperor  of  Aus- 
tria to  propose  an  armistice,  in  hopes  of  gaining  time  for  the  arrival  of 
reinforcemems.    Count  Guilay  was;  accordingly  dispatched  to  the  head- 
quarters of  Mapoleon,  wiih  proposals  for  concluding  a  suspension  of  hos- 
tiUties  for  a  few  weeks,  as  a  preliminary  step  towards  a  negotiation  for  a 
general  peace.    Bonaparte  expressed  his  readiness  to  accede  to  the  armis- 
tice, on  condition  that  the  Austrian  monarch  would  cause  the  allied  army 
to  return  home,  the  Hungarian  levy  to  be  abandoned,  and  the  duchy  of 
Venice  and  the  Tyrol  to  be  occupied  by  the  French. 

Tiie  Russian  armies  having  at  length  effected  a  junction  with  those  of 
Austria, they  marched  towards  Austftrlitz,wiiere  the  French  were  posted- 
but  as  the  allied  sovereigns  wore  desirous  of  preventing  the  dreadful 
jacrifice  of  life,  which  was  inevitable  from  the  conflict  of  two  such  pro- 
digious armies,  the  counts  Stadion  and  Guilay  were  sent  to  Napoleon  to 
propose  an  armistice.  The  French  emperor-  supposing  that  they  merely 
wisliod  to  lull  him  into  a  false  security,  beguiled  them  with  artful  com- 
pliments, and  solicited  an  interview  with  the  Emperor  Alexander.  He 
had  previously  discovered  that  the  allies  were  rashly  advancing  against 
hull  when  the  utmost  caution  was  necessary ;  and,  in  order  to  take  full 
advantage  of  the  circumstance,  he  commanded  his  army  to  feign  a  retreat, 
liiat  his  enemy  might  bo  confirmed  in  the  idei.  of  his  being  unable  to  resist 
their  forces.  The  Russian  emperor  declined  in  his  own  person  the  pro- 
posed interview,  but  sent  his  aid-de-cump  as  a  proxy,  who  returned  after  a 
long  conference,  fully  persuaded  that  the  Frcncii  were  redu(;ed  to  the  last 
•"Xtremitics. 

The  French  having  by  cautious  movements  kept  up  the  idea  of  thoir 
own  weakness  and  alarm,  were  attacked  on  the  Ist  of  December,  by  tbo 
combmed  army;  but  when  their  artifices  had  been  duly  prolonged,  Bona- 
parte brought  up  all  his  troops,  and  by  the  superiority  of  his  nuniberis 
gamed  a  complete  victory.  This  was  tlie  well-contested  and  memorable 
battle  of  Auslcrlitz,  or,  as  it  was  often  called,  the  battle  of  the  "  Three 
Lmperors."  Thc.AiiHiro-Uimsian  armies,  anumnling  to  80,000,  were  com- 
manded by  General  KutusoU  and  Prince  Lichtenstein ;  and  nearly  30,000 

in  killed,  wounilnd.  anil  iiriiiiinnra    will,  inn  ..;..,.„„  »/ ....   -...  •  .1.  . 

,   .  .    •  f  ,., -""• f i ■r- \n   vniHiuii,  aitrniru  liic 

inutunh  of  Napoleoii.    In  consequence  of  tins,  an  armistice  was  four  day 


I 


11 


693 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


afterwards  effected ;  and  on  the  86lh  of  the  sttie  month,  a  pacific  treaty 
was  concluded  at  Presburg  between  France  and  Austria.  By  the  terms 
Agreed  on,  France  retained  possession  of  the  Transalpine  territories; 
Bonaparte  was  acknowledged  iting  of  Italy,  but  the  crowns  of  France  and 
Italy  were  to  be  forever  separated,  instead  of  being  united  under  one 
head ;  and  the  new  made  king  was  invested  with  the  power  of  appointing 
an  acknowledged  successor  to  the  Italian  throne.  On  the  other  iiand,  the 
French  emperor  guaranteed  the  integrity  of  the  empire  of  Austria,  in  the 
state  to  which  he  had  now  reduced  it,  as  well  as  the  integrity  of  the  pos- 
sessions of  the  princes  of  the  house  of  Austria,  Russia,  <Scc. 

Prussia,  wliich  had  insidiously  held  back,  watching  the  progress  of  the 
campaign,  determined  for  the  present  to  preserve  peace  with  France,  and 
concluded  a  convention  with  that  power,  by  which  Hanover  was  pro- 
visionally exchanged  for  Anspa/  h,  Cleves,  and  Neufchatel.  It  has  always, 
indeed,  appeared  to  us  that  th»  policy  of  Prussia  was  constantly  directed 
to  the  diminution  of  the  Austrian  power,  in  the  hope  that  the  imperial 
crown  might  bo  transferred  to  the  house  of  Brandenburg  :  a  feeling  whif h 
Bonaparte  insidiously  encouraged  as  long  as  it  suited  his  own  views  ol 
aggrandizement. 

A.  D.  1806.— The  campaign  of  1805  having  thus  fatally  terminated,  and 
the  Russian  armies  having  returned  across  the  Elbe,  Napoleon  resolved 
to  take  vengeance  on  the  king  of  Naples,  who  had  provoked  his  wrath  by 
admitting  some  British  and  Russian  troops  into  his  dominions.  On  the 
morning  after  he  h»4  signed  the  peace  of  Presburg,  the  French  emperor 
issued  a  proclamation  from  his  head-quarters  at  Vienna,  declaring  that  the 
Neapolitan  dynasty  had  ceased  to  raign,  and  denouncing  vengeance  on 
the  royal  family.  Immediately  after  this  threatening  manifesto  reached 
Naples,  the  Russian  troops  re-embarked,  and  the  British  determined  on 
retiring  to  Sicily,  without  waiting  the  arrival  of  the  enemy.  The  crown 
of  Naples  was  conferred  on  Joseph  Bonaparte,  who,  being  supported  by  a 
numerous  French  aripy,  took  possession  of  his  kingdom  on  the  13th  ol 
February,  1806.  The  late  king  took  refuge  at  Palermo,  where  he  was 
protected  by  the  troops  and  fleet  of  Great  Britain. 

As  that  part  of  the  Neapolitan  territories  called  Calabria  persisted  in 
opposing  the  invaders,  Sir  J.  Stuart,  commander  of  the  British  forces  in 
Sicily,  undertook  an  expedition  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  tlie  legitimate 
sovereign.  Having  landed  his  troops,  consisting  of  4,800  men,  he  imme- 
diately advanced  to  attack  the  French  general,  Regnier,  who  occupied  a 
strong  position  near  the  plains  of  Maidu,  with  an  army  of  7000  men  ;  but 
the  British  troops  charged  the  enemy  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  and 
obtained  n  glorious  victory;  the  enemy's  loss  being  4000  men,  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisoners,  while  tliat  of  the  Fnglish  was  only  43  killed  and 
28'J  wounded  I  The  buttle  of  Maida  led  to  the  expulsion  of  the  French 
from  Calabria  in  less  than  a  month ;  but  such  considerablo  reinforcemenlb 
were  received  by  Joseph  Bonaparte  that  the  authority  of  the  new  mon- 
arch was  establislied  at  Naples,  and  the  English  being  under  the  necessity 
of  withdrawing  their  forces  to  the  protection  o'"  Sicily,  the  Calabrians 
were  obliged  to  submit. 

Shortly  after  this  Bonaparte  erected  Holland  into  a  kingdom,  which  he 
bestowed  on  his  brother,  Louis,  whose  mild  administration,  while  it  gained 
him  the  goodwill  and  affection  of  his  subjoctM,  incensed  his  despotic 
brother.  He  next  subverted  the  Germanic  ctnislilution,  luid  established 
the  confederation  of  the  Rhine,  of  which  he  declared  that  he  had  taken  on 
himself  the  office  of  "protector." 

These  momentous  transactions  on  the  continent  have  necessarily  inter 
rupted  our  narration  of  those  events  which  relate  exclusively  to  Great 
Britain,    An  important  acquisition  was  made  by  General  Baird  and  Sir 
Uumc  Poplmin,  who,  after  auniioUiuiiig  the  iiiOi;  forraidaaiu  pbsiaclcs, 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD 


693 


uade  themselves  masters  or  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  on  the  10th  of  Jan> 
uary,  experiencing  little  resistance  from  the  Dutch  governor.  This  con- 
quest was  followed  by  the  capture  of  three  French  ships  of  the  line,  part 
of  a  squadron  that  had  escaped  from  the  harbour  of  Brest,  and  which  Sir 
J.  Duckworth  fortunately  met  with  in  the  West  Indies. 

But  no  event  that  took  place,  favourable  or  otherwise,  was  of  equal  im- 
portance to  the  death  (A  Mr.  Pitt,  which  happened  on  the  23d  of  January. 
Excessive  anxiety,  application,  and  debility,  added  to  the  failure  of  his 
plan  for  delivering  Europe  from  French  tyranny,  accelerated  his  death, 
and  the  last  words  which  quivered  on  his  lips  were  "Oh,  my  country  I" 
By  a  vote  of  the  commons,  his  remains  were  interred  in  Westminster 
abbey,  with  the  greatest  solemnity,  and  a  monument  was  erected  to  him 
at  the  public  expense.  By  the  samTj  vote,  his  debts  were  discharged  by 
the  pubMc,  and  it  was  no  small  proof  of  his  entire  disinterestedness,  that 
during  a  long  administration  of  twenty  years,  he  diii  not  accumulate 
money,  but  died  insolvent.  This  great  man  departed  in  the  47th  year  of 
his  age ;  at  a  period,  too,  when  such  a  master-mind  seemed  to  be  more 
than  ever  needed  to  counteract  the  vast  designs  and  universal  despotism 
of  the  tyrant  of  the  continent. 

Soon  alter  the  decease  of  Mr.  Pitt,  his  colleagues  in  office  unanimously 
resigned  their  employments,  and  a  new  ministry  was  formed,  the  chief 
members  of  which  were  Lord  Grenville,  first  lord  of  the  treasury;  Mr. 
Fox,  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  alTairs ;  and  Mr.  Erskine  (created  a 
peer),  lord  high  chancellor.  Negotiations  for  a  treaty  of  peace  were 
immediately  opened,  and  from  the  cordiality  with  which  the  two  govern- 
ments commenced  their  proceedings  the  most  happy  consequences  were 
anticipated ;  but  it  soon  appeared  that  the  immoderate  ambition  of  the 
French  ruler  excluded  for  the  present  all  hopes  of  an  accommodation. 

A  mcafure  which  will  forever  retlect  glory  upon  the  British  nation  was 
brought  about  by  the  new  administration  ;  we  mean,  the  abolition  of  the 
slave  trade.  Tlie  bill  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Fox,  and  notwithstanding 
the  opposition  it  encountered  frotn  those  who  were  interested  in  its  con- 
tinuance, it  passed  through  both  houses  with  a  great  majority.  This  dis- 
tinguished act  of  humanity  was,  in  fact,  one  of  his  last  measures ;  this 
celebrated  and  much  respected  statesman  having  expired  at  Chiswick- 
house,  ill  his  59th  year,  on  tiie  13th  of  September.  Like  his  great  rival, 
the  late  premier,  he  gave  early  indications  of  superior  capacity,  and,  likff 
him,  lio  was  educated  for  piditical  life.  It  is  rather  rem.\rkable,  that  not- 
withstanding the  irreconcilable  opposition  between  him  and  Mr.  Pitt,  he 
received  similar  honours  from  the  representatives  of  the  nation,  and  his 
remains  were  deposited  in  Westminster  abbey,  within  a  few  inches  of  his 
political  opponent. 

Wo  have  before  alluded  to  the  ill  feeling  existing  between  Austria  and 
Prussia,  which  had  induced  the  latter  to  cultivate  the  friendship  of  France, 
to  extend  her  influence  and  dominions  into  (fcrmany,  and  to  maintain  a 
strict  neutrality  with  the  hostile  powers.  From  this  conduct,  which  for  a 
certain  time  insured  the  peace  and  entirety  of  Prussia,  many  advantages 
were  expected  to  result;  yet,  at  the  same  time,  the  military  system  of 
the  nation  declined,  and  its  reputation  had  irreatly  decreased.  Afte.'the 
oatllti  of  Aiisteniiz,  so  fatai  to  tne  liberties  of  Europe,  me  king  ot  Prussia 
became  entirely  subservient  to  the  arbitrary  will  of  Bonaparte;  and,  being 
instigated  by  that  powerful  tyrant,  he  took  possession  of  the  elecioratu  of 
Hanover,  by  which  means  ho  involved  himself  in  a  temporary  war  with 
Great  Dritaiii.  A  peace,  however,  was  in  a  short  time  concluded  ;  and  as 
his  Prussian  majesty  was  unable  any  longer  to  submit  to  the  indignities 
imposed  upon  him,  he  entered  into  a  confederacy  witli  Great  Ihitain, 
Russia,  aiul  Sweden.  An  instantaneous  change  took  place  in  the  conduct 
id  the  rrussian  cabinoi  iho  precipitancy  of  whose  presfiiii  measures  couid 


094 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


only  be  equalled  by  their  former  tardiness.  The  armies  of  the  contend 
ing  parties  tool<  the  field  early  in  October,  and  after  two  engagements,  in 
which  the  success  was  doubtful,  a  general  battle  took  place  at  Jena  on  the 
14th  of  that  month.  The  French  were  posted  along  the  Saale,  their 
centre  being  at  Jena.  The  Prussians,  under  Prince  Ferdinand,  duke  of 
Brunswick,  were  ranged  between  Jena,  Auerstadt,  and  Weimar.  The 
armies  were  drawn  up  within  musket-shot  of  each  other,  and  at  nine  in 
the  morning  about  250,000  men,  with  700  cannon,  wore  emoloyed  in 
mutual  destruction.  Courage  and  discipline  on  each  side  where  nearly 
equal,  but  the  French  evinced  superior  military  science.  When  the  day 
was  far  gone,  Augercau  arrived  with  seasonable  reinforcements,  which 
being  supported  by  a  brilliant  charge  of  Murat's  cuirassiers,  victory 
declared  in  favour  of  the  French.  Napoleon,  from  the  height  where  he 
stood,  saw  the  Prussians  fly  in  all  directions.  More  than  20,000  were 
killed  or  wounded,  and  30,000  taken  prisoners,  with  300  pieces  of  cannon. 
Prince  Ferdinand  died  of  his  wounds.  A  panic  seized  the  garrison ;  hV 
the  principal  towns  of  Prussia,  west  of  the  Oder,  surrendered  soon  after  the 
battle  ;  and  the  remains  of  their  army  was  driven  as  far  as  the  Vistula. 
Blucher  was  compelled  to  capitulate  at  Lubec.  Bonaparte  now  entered 
Berlin,  and  while  there,  received  a  deputation  from  the  French  senate, 
complimenting  him  on  his  wonderful  successes,  butrecommending  peace. 

On  the  approach  of  the  French  to  the  Vistula,  the  Russian  arniics  ad- 
vanced with  great  rapidity  to  check  their  course ;  a  formidable  body  of 
Swedes  was  assembled  in  Pomerania;  and  the  king  of  Prussia  having 
assembled  his  scattered  troops,  and  reinforced  them  with  new  levies, 
prepared  to  face  the  enemy.  General  Benigsen,  who  commanded  the 
Russian  forces,  and  was  in  daily  expectation  of  a  reinforcement,  was 
attacked  at  Pultusk,  on  the  2Glh  of  December;  the  engagement  was 
very  severe,  but  he  succeeded  in  driving  the  enemy  from  the  field  of 
battle.     This  concluded  the  campaign. 

A.  n.  1807. — At  the  beginning  of  tiiis  year  the  bill  for  the  emancipation 
of  the  Roman  (/alholics  passed  both  houses  of  parliament,  and  was  pre- 
sented to  the  king  to  receive  the  royal  assent.  His  majesty,  con- 
scientiously believing  that  he  could  not  sign  it  without  violating  his  coro- 
nation oath,  and  being  desirous  of  testifying  his  attachment  to  the 
established  religion,  not  only  refused  to  sign  the  bill,  but  desired  that  his 
ministers  would  forever  abandon  the  measure.  This  they  refused  ;  and 
on  the  dismissal  of  Lord  l^rskiiie  and  several  of  his  colleagues,  Lord 
Eldon  was  chosen  lord  chancellor  ;  the  duke  of  Portland,  first  lord  of  the 
treasury  ;  and  ''le  Right  Hon.  Spencer  Perceval,  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer. 

After  the  surrender  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  the  British  arms  an 
expedition  was  undertaken  against  the  Spanish  settlements  in  South 
America.  They  proceeded  up  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  having  surmounted 
hinumcrable  difficulties,  landed  their  troops  near  Buenos  Ayres,  andon 
the  28th  of  June,  180G,  took  possession  of  the  town.  A  general  ir.surrec 
tion  having  been  excited  soon  afterwards,  the  British  troops  were  com 
pelled  to  abandon  it,  and  it  was  found  expedient  to  send  to  the  Cap,;  foi 
reinforcements.  Buenos  Ayres  was  a^;..  n  attacked  on  the  7ih  of  July 
1807,  by  Rear-adiiural  Murray  and  General  Wliitelock.  The  soldiers 
being  ordered  to  enter  tne  town  with  unloaded  mus'-.cts,  were  received  by 
a  most  destructive  fire  from  the  houses,  and  after  having  lost  2.500  brave 
men,  were  forced  to  retire.  K  convention  was  then  entered  into  with  the 
Spanish  commander,  by  which  it  was  stipulated  that  a  mutual  restitution 
of  prisoners  should  take  place,  and  that  the  British  troops  should  evaruato 
the  country.  For  his  unsoldierlike  conduct  in  this  fatal  expedilion, 
General  Wliitelock  was  tried  by  a  court-martial  on  his  return  to  Euglaudi 
and  iTJndcnid  incapabio  of  serving  his  iiii^jeii]  in  future. 


HISTORY   OF  T^E  WORLD. 


eo5 


We  now  return  to  the  military  operations  on  the  continent.  The  bat- 
tle of  Pultusk  had  left  the  contending  parties  in  circumstances  nearly 
equal.  Bonaparte  had  retired  into  winter-quarters,  where  he  intended  to 
have  remained  till  the  return  of  spring ;  but  as  the  Russians  were  con- 
scious of  the  advantages  resulting  to  them  from  the  rigorous  climate, 
they  were  resolved  to  allow  him  no  repose.  The  Russian  general^ 
Markow,  accordingly  attacked  the  French  under  Bernadotte,  at  Morungen 
in  East  Prussia,  when  a  very  severe  action  ensu«d,  which  terminated  in 
favour  of  the  allies.  Another  sanguinary  encounter  took  place  on  the  8th 
of  February,  near  the  town  of  Eylau,  when  the  fortunes  of  France  and 
Russia  seemed  to  be  equally  balanced,  and  each  party  claimed  the  victory. 
Immediately  after  this  engagement  Bonaparte  dispatched  a  messenger  to 
the  Russian  commander-in-chief,  with  overtures  of  a  pacific  nature  ;  but 
General  Benigsen  rejected  his  offers  with  disdain,  and  replied  that "  he  had 
been  sent  by  his  masters  not  to  negotiate,  but  to  fight."  Notwithstanding 
this  repulse,  similar  overtures  were  made  by  Bonaparte  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, and  met  with  no  better  success.  The  weak  state  of  the  French  army  at 
this  time  seemed  to  promise  the  allies  a  speedy  and  fortunate  terminmion 
of  the  contest ;  but  the  surrender  of  Dantzic  totally  changed  the  face  of 
affairs,  and  by  supplying  the  French  with  arms  and  ammunition,  enabled 
them  to  maintain  a  superiority.  On  the  14th  of  June  a  general  engage- 
ment ensued  at  Friedland,  and  the  concentrated  forces  of  the  allies  were 
repulsed  with  prodigious  slaughter.  On  the  23d  of  the  same  month  an 
armistice  was  concluded ;  and  on  the  8th  of  July  a  treaty  of  peace  was 
signed  at  Tilsit,  b«n\veen  the  emperors  of  France  and  Russia,  to  which 
his  Prussian  majesty  acceded  on  the  following  day. 

The  first  inieivievv  between  Bonaparte  and  the  emperor  Alexander 
took  place  on  the  25th  of  June,^on  a  raft  constructed  for  that  purpose  or 
the  river  Niemen,  where  two  tents  had  been  prepared  for  their  reception. 
The  two  emperors  landed  from  their  boats  at  the  same  time,  and  em- 
braced each  other.  A  magnificent  dinner  was  afterwards  given  by 
Napoleon's  guard  to  those  of  Alexander  and  the  king  of  Prussia ;  when 
they  exchanged  uniforms,  and  were  to  be  seen  in  motley  dresses,  partly 
French,  partly  Russian,  and  partly  Prussian.  The  articles  by  which 
peace  was  granted  to  Russia  were,  under  all  the  circumstances,  remarkably 
favourable.  Alexander  agreed  to  acknowledge  the  kings  of  Bonaparte's 
creation,  and  the  confederation  of  the  Rhine.  Napoleon  undertook  to 
mediate  a  peace  between  the  Porte  and  Russiii ;  Alexander  having  under- 
taken to  be  ihe  mediator  between  France  and  England,  or,  in  the  event  of 
his  mediation  being  refused,  to  shut  his  ports  against  British  commerce. 
The  terms  imposed  on  the  king  of  Prussia  were  marked  by  clmracteristic 
severity.  Tiie  city  of  Dantzic  was  declared  independent;  and  all  the 
Polish  provinces,  wilh  Westphalia,  were  ceded  by  Prussia  to  the  con- 
queror, by  which  means  the  king  of  Prussia  was  stripped  of  nearly  half  of 
his  territories,  and  one-third  of  his  revenues.  All  his  ports  were  likewise 
to  be  closed  against  England  till  a  permanent  peace. 

The  unexampled  influence  which  Napoleon  had  now  acquired  over  the 
nations  ©f  Europe,  to  say  nothing  of  that  spirit  of  domination  which 
he  everywhere  exercised,  rendered  it  extremely  impr<ibiible  that  Den- 
mark won' 1  long  preserve  her  neutrality;  nay,  the  English  ministers 
iiad  good  reasons  lo  believe  that  a  ready  acquiescence  to  the  dictates 
of  the  French  emperor  would  be  found  in  the  court  of  Copenhagen.  As 
it  was  therefore  feared  that  the  Danish  fleet  would  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  enemy,  it  was  thought  expedient  to  dispatch  a  formidable  arma- 
ment to  the  Bailie  and  to  negotiate  with  the  Danish  government.  The 
basis  of  the  negotiation  was  a  proposal  to  protect  the  neutrality  of  Den- 
mark, on  c(»nditum  that  its  fleet  should  be  deposited  in  the  Brilisii  porta 
(111  the  termination  of  the  war  with  Fiance.     Afl  this  propt'Sai  was  re- 


!i 


in 


006 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Jected,  ano  as  the  general  conduct  of  the  Danes  betrayed  their  partiality 
for  the  French,  the  armament,  which  consisted  of  twenty-seven  sail  oi 
the  line  and  twenty  thousand  land  forces,  under  the  command  of  Admiral 
Qambicr  and  Lord  Calbcart,  made  preparations  fok  investing  the  city.  A 
tremendous  cannonading  then  commenced.  The  cathedral,  many  public 
edifices  and  private  louses  were  destroyed,  with  the  sacrifice  of  two 
thousand  lives.  From  the  2nd  of  September  till  the  evening  of  the  5lh, 
the  conflagration  was  kept  up  in  different  places,  when,  a  considerable 
part  of  the  city  being  consumed,  and  the  remainder  threatened  with 
speedy  destruction,  the  general  commanding  the  garrison  sent  out  a  flag 
of  truce,  desiring  an  armistice,  to  afford  time  to  treat  for  a  capitulation. 
This  being  arranged,  a  mutual  restituiinn  of  prisoners  took  place,  and 
the  Danish  fleet,  consisting  of  18  sail  of  the  line  and  15  frigates,  together 
with  all  the  naval  stores,  surrendered  to  his  Britannic  majesty's  forces. 
The  Danish  government,  however,  refused  to  ratify  the  capitulation,  and 
issued  a  declaration  of  war  against  England.  This  unexpected  enter- 
prize  against  a  neutral  power  served  as  an  ostensible  cause  lor  Russia 
to  commence  hostilities  against  Great  Britain  ;  and  a  manifesto  was  pub- 
lished on  the  31st  of  October,  ordering  the  detention  of  all  British  ships 
and  property. 

The  two  grand  objects  to  which  the  attention  of  Bonaparte  was  pnn- 
cipally  directed,  were  the  annihilation  of  the  trade  o(  Great  Britain,  and 
the  extension  of  his  dominions.  In  order  to  attain  the  former  of  these 
objects,  he^  in  November,  1806,  issued  at  Berlin  a  decree,  by  which  the 
British  islands  were  declared  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  all  neutral 
vessels  that  traded  to  them  without  his  consent  were  subject  to  capture 
and  confiscation.  This  new  mode  of  warfare  excited  at  first  ihe  appre- 
hensions of  the  British  merchants ;  but  the  cabinet  were  resolved  to  re- 
taliate, and  accordingly  issued  the  celebrated  ordcrt  in  council^  by  which 
France  and  all  the  powers  under  her  influence  were  declared  to  be  in  a 
state  of  blockade,  and  nil  neutral  vessels  that  should  trade  between  the 
hostile  powers,  without  touching  at  some  port  of  Great  Britain,  were 
liable  to  be  seized.  These  unprecedented  measures  were  extremely  det- 
rimental to  all  neutral  powers,  especially  to  the  Americans,  who  were  the 
general  carriers  of  colonial  produce.  They,  by  way  of  retaliation,  laid 
an  embargo  in  all  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  and,  notwithstanding 
the  extinction  of  their  commerce,  long  persisted  in  the  measure. 

In  th'!  conduct  pursued  by  Bonaparte  with  respect  to  Portugal,  he  re- 
solved to  act  in  such  a  manner  as  should  either  involve  that  nation  in  a 
war  with  Kngland,  or  would  furnish  him  with  a  pretence  for  invading  it 
He  accordingly  required  the  court  of  Lisbon,  first,  to  shut  their  porti 
against  Great  Britain;  secondly,  to  detain  all  Englishmen  resi.ling  in 
Portugal;  and  thir<My,  to  confiscate  all  English  property.  In  case  these 
demands  were  re'"  jed,  he  declared  that  war  would  be  declared  against 
them,  and,  w'  '  waiting  for  an  answer,  he  gave  orders  for  detaining  all 
merchant-ships  that  were  in  the  port  of  France.  As  the  prince-regent 
could  not  comply  with  these  imperious  demands  witlir>iit  violating  the 
treaties  that  existed  between  the  two  nations,  he  endeavoured  to;ivoid  the 
danger  which  threatened  him  bv  agreeing  to  the  first  condition.  The 
ports  of  Portugal  were  accordingly  shut  up,  but  this  concession  served 
only  to  inflame  the  resentment  of  Bonaparte,  who  immediately  declared 
"  that  the  house  of  Braganza  had  ceased  to  reign,"  and  sent  an  immenso 
army  into  Portugal,  under  General  Junot.    In  this  critical  situation  the 

Erinco-regent  removed  his  troops  to  the  seaports,  and  when  Junot  entered 
is  dominions  he  retired  with  his  family  to  the  Brazils. 
The  subversion  of  the  government  of  Spain  and  the  expulsion  of  the 
reigning  family  was  the  next  step  on  the  ladder  of  Napoleon's  ambition. 

tii  tifisnr  10  ^CCUilipitsh  tills  it  Was  hi3  nfat  CHrS  tO  lOSBSiU  utSCOiu  iil  t><" 


severe  encoui 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


607 


royal  family,  which  he  was  too  successful  in  effpcting.  By  encouraging 
the  ambition  of  the  heir-apparent,  he  excited  the  resentment  of  the  reign- 
ing monHrcli,  Ciiarles  IV.,  rendered  them  mutual  objects  of  mistrust,  jeal- 
ousy, and  hatred,  and  plunged-the  nation  into  anarchy  and  confusion.  In 
this  perplexed  state  of  affairs,  he  invented  an  excuse  for  introducing  his 
armies  into  Spain,  and  compelled  Charles  to  resign  the  crown  to  his  son, 
who  was  invested  with  the  sovereignty,  with  the  title  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
The  new-made  king,  with  his  father  and  the  whole  royal  family,  were 
shortly  afterwards  prevailed  on  to  take  a  journey  to  Bayonne,  in  France, 
where  an  interview  took  place  with  the  French  emperor.  On  the  6th  of 
May  the  two  kings  were  compelled  by  Bonaparte  to  sign  a  formal  abdi- 
cation, and  the  infants  Don  Antonio  and  Don  Carlos  renounced  all  claim 
to  tlie  succession.  This  measure  was  followed  by  an  imperial  decree, 
declaring  the  throne  of  Spain  to  be  vacant,  and  conferring  it  on  Joseph 
Bonaparie,  who  had  abdicated  the  throne  of  Naples  in  favour  of  Joachim 
Murat. 

As  the  French  forces,  amounting  to  about  100,000  men,  occupied  all  the 
strongest  and  most  commanding  positions  of  Spain,  and  as  another  army 
of  20,000  men,  under  Junot,  had  arrived  in  Portugal,  it  was  imaoined 
that  the  new  sovereign  would  take  possession  of  the  kingdom  without 
opposition.  But  no  sooner  had  the  news  of  the  treatment  of  tlie  royal 
family  reached  Spain,  than  a  general  insurrection  broke  out;  juntas  were 
formed  in  the  different  provinces,  patriotic  armies  were  levied,  and  the 
assistance  of  England  was  implored.  The  supreme  junta  of  Seville  as- 
sumed the  sovereign  authority  in  the  name  of  Ferdinand  VII.,  whom  they 
proclaimed  king,  and  declared  war  against  France.  Peace  with  Spain 
was  proclaimed  in  London  on  the  5th  of  July ;  the  Spanish  prisoners  were 
set  free,  clothed,  and  sent  home ;  and  everything  that  the  Spaniards 
coulil  desire,  or  the  English  afford,  was  liberally  granted.  The  sudden- 
ness of  the  insurrection,  the  unanimity  which  prevailed,  and  the  vigour 
with  which  it  was  conducted,  amazed  the  surrounding  nations,  and  called 
forth  their  exertions.  The  efforts  of  the  Spaniards  were  crowned  with 
astonishing  success;  the  usurper  Joseph  was  driven  from  the  capital  after 
having  remained  in  it  about  a  week ;  and  the  French,  after  losing  about 
50,000  men,  were  obliged  to  abandon  the  greatest  part  of  the  kingdom, 
and  to  retire  to  the  north  of  the  Ebro. 

A.  D.  1808. — Animated  and  encouraged  by  the  successful  resistance 
of  the  Spaniards,  the  Portuguese  also  displayed  a  spirit  of  putriotic  loy- 
alty, and  a  ceneral  insurrection  took  place  in  the  northern  parts  of  that 
kingdom.  In  the  provinces  from  which  the  French  had  been  expelled 
the  authority  of  the  prince-regent  was  re-established,  and  provisional 
juntas,  like  those  of  Spain,  were  formed.  The  supreme  junta  of  Oporto 
having  taken  effectual  measures  for  raising  an  army,  dispatched  ambassa- 
dors to  England  to  solicit  support  and  assistance.  In  consequence  of 
this,  an  army  under  Sir  Arthur  VVcUesley,  consisting  of  10,000  men,  set 
sail  from  Cork  on  the  12th  of  July,  and  landed  in  Oporto,  where,  after  a 
severe  encounter,  he  compelled  the  French  general,  Laborde,  to  abandon 
a  very  strong  position  on  the  heights  of  Roleia.  In  the  following  night 
Laborde  cffc'ed  p  junction  v-lth  '^aner".l  Lr-'son,  2nd  Ihey  r.-trea'-jd  wvh 
their  united  forces  towards  Lisbon.  The  British  army  having  been  re- 
inforced by  a  body  of  troops  under  General  Anstruther,  proceeded  towards 
the  capital  in  pursuit  of  tne  French.  On  the  21st  of  August,  the  French 
army  under  Junot,  who  had  been  created  duke  of  Ahrantes  by  Bonaparte, 
met  the  British  troops  at  the  village  of  Vimiera,  when  a  very  severe  ac- 
tion ensued,  and  terminated  in  the  total  defeat  of  the  French,  whosu  loss 
m  killed  aloiio  amounted  to  3,500  men.  Sir  Hugh  Dalrymple,  who  had 
been  called  from  Oibrallar  to  take  the  command  of  the  British  forces, 

jutlinii  iiiu  aiEiiy  at  ^^imxa  vii  luc  uaj  aiici  litis  3mu!:utu  vxciuiy     aiiU  uuii- 


1 


t  mil 


698 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


eluded  a  treaty  which  was  thought  in  England  to  be  disadvantageous,  and 
became  the  subject  of  military  inquiry;  but  Sir  Artliur  Weilesley  giving 
his  testimony  in  its  favour,  it  may  safely  be  inferred  to  have  been  wisely 
concluded ;  and  such  was  the  result  of  the  investigation.  It  btinuiated 
that  the  French  should  evacuate  Portugal,  with  their  arms,  but  leiiving 
their  magazines,  and  be  transported  to  France  in  British  ships,  without 
any  restriction  in  regard  to  future  service ;  having  leave  to  dispose  of 
their  private  property  (viz.,  their  plunder  acquired  by  contribuiions),  in 
Portugal.  The  Russian  fleet  in  the  Tagus,  consisting  of  nine  ships  ol 
the  line  and  a  frigate,  was  to  be  surrendered  to  the  British  government, 
but  to  be  restored  after  the  peace,  and  the  Russian  officers  and  men  to  be 
conveyed  home  in  English  transports. 

The  convention  of  Cintra  being  carried  into  eflfect,  the  British  forces 
advanced  to  Lisbon,  and  having  remained  in  that  city  about  two  months, 
proceeded  in  different  divisions  towards  Salamanca,  in  Spain.  In  the 
meantime  an  army  of  13,000  men,  under  Sir  David  I3aird,  having  landed 
at  Corunna,  was  marching  through  tlie  northern  part  of  Portugal  towards 
the  same  point.  Bonaparte  having,  with  an  immense  army,  entered 
Spain,  in  order  to  conduct  the  operations  of  the  war,  the  patriot  troops 
under  Belvidere,  Blake,  and  Castanos,  were  successively  defeated,  and 
Napoleon  entered  Madrid  in  triumph.  Sir  John  Moore,  the  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  army,  being  unable  to  keep  the  field  in  the  pres- 
ence of  an  enemy  so  much  superior  in  numbers,  while  his  own  troops 
were  suffering  d  -adfully  from  hunger  and  fatigue,  retreated,  in  the  midst 
of  winter,  through  a  desolate  and  mountainous  country,  made  almost  im- 
passable  by  snow  and  rain ;  yet  he  effected  his  retreat  with  great  rapidity 
and  judgment,  and  arrived  at  Corunna  Jan.  11,  1809.  Soult  took  up  a 
position  above  the  town  in  readiness  to  make  an  attack  as  soon  as  tlie 
troops  should  begin  to  embark.  On  the  16th,  the  operation  having  be- 
gun, the  French  descended  in  four  columns,  when  Sir  John  Moore,  in 
bringing  up  the  guards,  where  the  fire  was  most  destructive,  received  a 
mortal  wound  from  a  cannon-ball.  General  Baird  being  also  disabled,  the 
command  devolved  on  Sir  John  Hope,  under  whom  the  troops  bravely 
continued  the  fight  until  nightfall,  when  the  French  retreated  with  the 
loss  of  two  thousand  men,  and  offered  no  further  molestation.  Tlie  loss 
of  the  English  in  this  battle  was  stated  at  between  seven  and  eight  hun- 
dred men  ;  but  their  total  loss  in  this  arduous  expedition  was  little  less 
than  six  thousand,  with  their  brave  and  noble  commander,  whose  soldierly 
skill  and  general  high  qualities  fairly  entitled  him  to  the  respect  and  ad- 
miration in  which  he  was  universally  held. 

A.  D.  1609 — The  most  vigorous  exertions  were  now  made  by  the  French 
for  the  complete  subjugation  of  Spain.  Having  defeated  and  dispersed 
several  bodies  of  the  Spanish  troops,  they  sat  down  before  Saragossii, 
and  made  themselves  masters  of  it  after  a  desperate  and  sanguinary  as- 
sault. The  French  army  then  entered  Porlug! ",  under  Marshal  Soult, 
duke  of  Dalmatia,  and  took  Oporto.  On  the  arrival  of  another  British 
armament,  consisting  of  above  thirty  thousand  men,  under  generals  Wei- 
lesley and  Beresford,  Soult  was  obliged  to  retire  from  Portugal  with  con 
jiiderable  loss.  Sir  Arthur  Wellealey  advanced  with  rapidity  into  Spain, 
and  having  united  his  troops  with  a  Spanish  army  of  thirty-eight  thou- 
sand men,  under  General  Cuesta,  they  marched  on  Madrid.  On  the  i26lh 
of  July  General  Cuesta's  advanced  guard  was  attacked  by  a  detaohniciit 
of  the  enemy,  and  as  a  general  engagement  was  daily  expotlcd,  Sir  Ar 
thur  Weilesley  took  a  strong  position  at  Talavera.  On  the  following  day 
a  very  obstinate  engagement  commenced,  which  was  continued  with 
various  success  till  the  evening  of  the  28lh,  when  the  French  retreated, 
leaving  behind  them  seventeen  pieces  of  cannon.  The  battle  was  most 
tcVcfC,  the   English  lOstiig  in  kilicd,  WOUitucd,  and  iTiiSSiiig,  Sj.X  tstuussno 


Of  the.  due 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD, 


099 


men,  while  the  loss  on  the  part  of  the  French  was  estimateil  at  ten  thou- 
sand. For  the  great  skill  and  bravery  displayed  in  this  action  Sir  Arthur 
Weilesley  was  created  a  peer,  with  the  title  of  Viscount  Wellington. 
The  French  army  was  commanded  by  Victor  and  Sebastiani ;  but  soon 
afterwards  the  junction  of  Ncy,  Souli,  and  Mortier  in  the  rear  of  the  En 
elish,  compelled  them  to  fall  back  on  Badajoz,  and  Cuesta  remained  ia 
Spain  to  check  the  progress  of  the  French. 

Austria,  stimulated  by  what  was  passing  in  Spain,  had  once  more  at- 
tempted to  assert  her  independence ;  and  Bonaparte  had  left  the  penin- 
sula soon  after  the  battle  of  Corunna,  in  order  to  conduct  in  person  the 
war  which  was  thus  renewed  in  Germany.  Hostilities  had  been  declared 
on  the  6th  of  April,  when  the  archduke  Charles  issued  a  spirited  address 
to  the  army  preparatory  to  his  openiijg  the  campaign.  Tlie  whole  Aus- 
trian army  consisted  of  nine  corps,  in  each  of  which  were  from  thirty  to 
forty  thousand  men.  Bonaparte,  in  addition  to  the  French  corps,  now 
congregated  under  his  standard  Bavarians,  Saxons,  and  Poles ;  and  such 
was  his  celerity  of  movement,  and  the  impetuosity  of  his  troops,  that  in 
the  short  space  of  one  month  he  crippled  the  forces  of  Austria,  and  took 
possession  of  Vienna  on  the  13lh  of  May.  On  the  21sl  and  22d  of  the 
same  month,  the  archduke  Charles,  who  had  taken  his  position  on  the* 
left  bank  of  the  Danube,  engaged  Bonaparte  between  the  villages  of  As- 
perne  and  Essling,  and  completely  defeated  him,  compelling  him  to  retire 
to  Loban,  an  island  on  the  Danube.  The  \ustrians  were,  however,  so 
much  weakened  by  this  battle,  as  to  be  unable  to  follow  up  their  success, 
and  both  armies  remained  inactive  till  the  4th  of  July,  when  Bonaparte, 
having  been  greatly  reinforced,  relinquished  his  situation  amid  a  violent 
torrent  of  rain,  and  drew  up  his  forces  in  order  of  battle  on  the  extremity 
of  the  Austrian  left  wing.  The  allies  were  greatly  disconcerted  by  this 
unexpected  movement,  and  being  obliged  to  abandon  the  strong  position 
which  they  held,  an  engagement  commenced  near  Wagram,  under  every 
disadvantage,  when  the  French  were  victorious,  and  the  Austrians  re- 
treated towards  Bohemia.  A  suspension  of  hostilities  was  soon  after- 
wards agreed  on,  which  was  followed  by  a  treaty  of  peace,  concluded  at 
Schoenbrun,  Oct.  15,  by  which  the  emperor  of  Austria  was  compelled  to 
cede  several  of  his  most  valuable  provinces,  to  discontinue  his  inter- 
course with  the  court  of  London,  and  to  close  his  ports  agamst  British 
vessels. 

In  the  course  of  the  summer  was  fitted  out  with  great  secrecy  one  of 
the  most  formidable  armaments  ever  sent  from  the  shores  of  England.  It 
consisted  of  an  army  of  40,000  men,  and  a  fleet  of  39  sail  of  the  line,  36 
frigates,  and  numerous  gun-boats,  &c.  The  command  of  the  first  was 
given  to  the  earl  of  Chatham,  of  the  last  to  Sir  R.  Strachan.  The  chief 
objects  of  the  enterprise  were  to  get  possession  of  Flushing  and  the  island 
of  Walcheren,  with  the  French  ships  of  war  in  the  Scheldt;  to  destroy 
their  arsenals  and  dock-yards,  and  to  eflfecl  the  reduction  of  the  city  of 
Antwerp.  The  preparations  which  had  been  made  for  tiiis  expedition, 
and  the  immense  sums  of  money  expended  on  it,  raised  the  expectations 
of  the  nation  to  the  highest  pitch  ;  but  it  was  planned  without  judgment, 
and  therefore  necessarily  terminated  in  loss  and  disgrace.  On  the  arrival 
of  the  armament  in  the  Scheldt,  the  contest  between  Austria  and  France 
had  been  decided;  the  military  state  of  the  country  was  widely  different 
from  what  had  been  represented ;  and  Antwerp,  instead  of  being  defence- 
lesa,  was  completely  fortified.  The  attack  on  the  ifcland  of  Walcheren 
succeeded,  and  Flushing  surrendered  after  an  obstinate  resistance  of 
twelve  dnys;  but  as  the  country  assumed  a  posture  of  defence  that  was 
totally  unexpected,  all  idea  of  proceeding  up  the  Scheldt  was  abandoned, 
and  the  troops  remained  at  Walch»?ren,  where  an  epidemic  fever  raged, 
(u  tiifi  n.p.e  army  that  left  Portsmouth  a  few  niouth"  beforC;  ono  naj( 


1? 


I 


)  •'. 


Ar 


ii^a  'm  iiii,   'itii 


ron 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


perished  on  the  pestilential  shores  of  Walcheren ;  and  of  the  remainder, 
who  returned  in  December,  many  were  afflicted  with  incurable  chronio 
diseases. 

The  other  events  of  the  year  may  be  briefly  told.  The  French  settle* 
ment  at  Cayenne  surrendered  to  an  English  and  Portuguese  force,  and 
the  island  of  Martinique  was  soon  afterwards  captured  by  British  arms. 
A  French  fleet,  consisting  of  ten  sail  of  the  line,  which  lay  in  the  Basque 
roads,  under  the  protection  o*"  the  forts  of  the  island  of  Aix,  was  attacked 
by  a  squadron  of  gun-boat«,  fire-ships,  and  frigates,  under  Lord  Cochrane, 
who  captured  four  ships,  disabled  several  others,  and  drove  the  rest  on 
shore.  A  gallant  action  was  likewise  performed  by  Lord  Collingwood, 
who,  on  the  1st  of  October  destroyed,  in  the  bay  of  Rosas,  three  sail  o( 
the  line,  two  fr'gates,  and  twenty  transports.  To  these  successes  may 
be  added,  tba  reduction  of  some  small  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
the  capturs  of  a  Russian  flotilla  and  convoy  in  the  Baltic,  by  Sir  James 
Saumatez. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  year,  public  attention  was  engrossed  with  u 
tiarlia:nentary  inquiry  into  tlie  conduct  of  his  royal  highness  the  duke  o[ 
Yorl:,  commander-in-chief;  against  whom  Colonel  Wardle,  an  officer  0/ 
•iiilitia,  had  brought  forward  a  series  of  charges,  to  the  effect  that  Mrs. 
Mary  Ann  Clarke,  a  once  favoured  courtesan  of  the  duke,  had  carried  on 
a  traffic  in  military  commissions,  with  his  knowledge  and  concurrence. 
During  the  progress  of  this  investigation  the  house  was  fully  attended,  its 
members  appearing  highly  edified  by  the  equivocal  replies  and  sprightly 
sallies  of  the  frail  one.  But  the  duke,  though  guilty  of  great  indiscre- 
lion,  was  acquitted  of  personal  corruption  by  a  vote  of  the  house.  He, 
however,  thought  proper  to  resign  his  employment.  Various  circum- 
stances whi^h  afterwards  transpired  tended  to  throw  considerable  sus- 
picion on  tne  motives  and  characters  of  the  parties  who  instituted  the 
mquiry. 

A.  D.  1810. — The  parliamentary  session  commenced  with  an  inquiry 
into  the  late  calamitous  expedition  to  Walcheren ;  and  after  a  long  debate 
in  the  house  of  commons,  the  conduct  of  ministers,  instead  of  being  cen- 
sured, was  declared  to  be  worthy  of  commendation.  In  the  course  of  ihe 
discussion,  Mr.  Yorke,  member  for  Cambridge,  daily  enforced  tiie  stan'l- 
ing  order  qf  the  house  for  the  exclusion  of  strangers— a  measure  which 
was  very  unpopular,  and  became  the  subject  of  very  severe  animadver- 
sions in  the  London  debating  societies.  John  Gale  Jones,  the  director  of 
one  of  these  societies  called  the  "  British  Forum,"  having  issued  a  placard, 
notifying  that  the  following  question  had  been  discussed  there  :— "  Which 
was  a  greater  outrage  on  the  public  feeling,  Mr.  Yorke's  enforcement  of 
the  standing  order  to  exclude  strangers  from  the  house  of  commons,  or 
Mr.  Windhiim's  attack  on  the  press?"  and  that  it  had  been  unanimously 
carried  against  the  former.  Mr.  Yorke  complained  of  it  as  a  breach  ol 
privilege,  and  Jones  was  committed  to  Newgate.  On  the  12th  of  March, 
Sir  Francis  Burdett,  who  had  been  absent  when  Mr.  Jones  was  comtnilted, 
brought  forward  a  motion  for  his  liberation,  on  the  ground  that  his  im- 
prisonment by  the  house  of  commons  was  an  infringement  of  the  law  of 
the  'and  ">.nd  •■*  subversion  of  the  principlps  of  the  constitution.  This  mo- 
tion  being  negatived.  Sir  Francis  published  a  letter  to  his  constituunts,  tne 
electors  of  Westminster,  in  which  he  stated  his  reasons  I'or  objecting  to 
the  imprisonment  of  Mr.  Jones,  and  adverted  in  very  pointed  terms  to  the 
illegality  of  the  measure.  This  letter  was  brought  forward  in  the  house 
oy  Mr.  Lethbridge,  who  moved  that  it  was  a  scandalous  publication,  and 
that  Sir  Francis  Burdett  was  guilty  of  a  flagrant  breach  of  privilege.  After 
an  adjournment  of  a  week,  these  resolutions  were  carried ;  and  a  motion 
that  Sir  Francis  Burdett  should  be  committed  to  the  Tower,  was  likewise 
!••:.-;.->  hir  •.;  in-iinritv  t\(  thirfv-sfwfip,  membcrs.     A.  Warrant  was  accord- 


ijority 


irfy- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


YOl 


inglv  signed  by  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons,  ft  r  the  apprehension 
and  commitment  of  the  right  honourable  baronet.  Sir  Francis  urged  the 
illegality  of  the  speaker's  warrant,  and  resisted  the  execution  of  it  till  the 
9th  of  April,  when  the  serjeant-at-arms,  accompanied  by  messengers. 

Eolice  officers,  and  detachments  of  the  military,  forced  open  the  baronet's 
ouse,  arrested  him,  and  conveyed  him,  by  a  circuitous  route,  to  the 
Tower.  The  greatest  indignation  prevailed  among  the  populace  when 
they  heard  of  the  apprehension  of  their  favourite;  and,  having  assembled 
on  Tower  hill,  they  attacked  the  military  with  stones  and  otlier  missiles. 
For  a  time  the  soldiers  submitted  to  the  insults  of  the  multitude  .•  but  fuid. 
ing  that  their  audacity  increased,  they  fired,  and  three  of  the  rioters  were 
killed.  At  the  prorogation  of  parliament,  on  the  21st  of  June,  Sir  Francis 
was  liberated  from  the  Tower,  and  great  preparations  were  made  by  his 
partizans  for  conducting  him  home,  but  he  prudently  declined  the  honour, 
and  returned  to  his  house  by  water,  to  avoid  the  risk  of  popular  tumult. 
As  for  Mr.  Gale  Jones,  who  claimed  a  right  to  a  trial,  he  refused  to  leave 
Newgate,  and  was  at  last  got  out  by  stratagem,  loudly  complaining  of  the 
double  grievance  of  being  illegally  imprisoned  and  as  illegally  discharged. 
On  the  3l8t  of  May  an  extraordinary  attempt  at  assassination  was 
made  on  the  duke  of  Cumberland.  At  about  half-past  two  o'clock  in  the 
morning  his  royal  highness  was  roused  from  his  sleep  by  several  blows 
about  the  head,  which  were  proved  to  have  been  given  by  a  sabre;  and, 
iumping  up  to  give  an  alarm,  he  was  followed  by  the  assassin,  who  cut 
him  across  the  thighs.  He  then  called  his  valet-in-waiting,  who  hastened 
to  his  master's  assistance,  and  alarmed  the  house.  Having  closely  in- 
spected the  room,  to  see  if  any  one  were  concealed  therein,  they  went  to 
the  porter's  room  to  awaken  Sellis,  a  Piedmontese  valet ;  when,  on  forc- 
ing open  the  door,  they  found  him  stretched  on  the  bed,  with  his  throat 
cut.  Subsequent  circumstances  made  it  evident  that  this  wretch,  after 
having  failed  in  his  attempt  to  assassinate  the  duke,  had  retired  on  the 
first  alarm,  and  put  an  end  to  his  own  life.  Next  day  a  coroner's  inquest 
was  held  on  the  body  of  Sellis,  and  after  bestowing  a  patient  attention 
to  the  evidence,  the  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  felo-de-se.  The  assassin 
was  believed  to  have  been  actuated  by  private  resentment  for  some  sup- 
posed injury,  but  nothing  definite  was  elicited. 

On  the  retreat  of  Lord  Wellington  at  Talavera,  the  French  armies  ad- 
vanced with  astonishing  rapidity;  and  having  defeated  and  dispersed  a 
Spanish  army  of  50,000  men,  at  the  battle  of  Ocana,  Nov,  19,  they  carried 
tTieir  victorious  arms  into  almost  every  province  of  Spain.  They  were, 
however,  much  annoyed,  and  sometimes  repulsed  by  the  patriots,  who, 
wandering  from  place  to  place,  seized  every  opportunity  of  revenging 
themselves  on  their  rapacious  invaders.  The  French  army  in  Portugal 
was  greatly  superior  in  numbers  to  the  English,  and  was  commanded  by 
Marshal  Massena,  prince  of  Essling,  who  employed  every  artifice  to  induce 
Lord  Wellington  to  leave  the  strong  position  which  he  held  on  the  moun- 
tains. With  this  view  he  undertook,  successively,  the  sieges  of  Cuidad 
Uodrigo  and  Almeida,  both  of  which  places,  after  a  most  spirited  resistance, 
were  compelled  to  surrender.  All  these  stratagems  of  Massena  could  not 
induce  the  British  general  to  hazard  a  battle  under  disadvantageous  cir- 
cumstances ;  and  the  cautious  conduct  of  his  lordship  on  this  occasion, 
was  as  laudable  as  his  courage  and  resolution  had  formerly  been.  Mas- 
sena at  length  began  to  suspect  that  his  opponent  was  actuated  by  fear; 
and  therefore  determined  to  attack  him  in  his  intrenchments,  on  the 
summit  of  the  mountain  of  Buzaco.  An  engagement  accordingly  took 
place  on  the  27th  of  September,  when  the  combined  armies  of  England 
and  Portugal  completely  defeated  the  French,  who  lost  on  the  occasion 
upwards  of  2000  men.  A  few  days  after  this  engagement,  the  British 
general,  by  an  unexpected  moveiueui,  retired  towards  Ll.sboii.  and  oi> 


70!2 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


cijpied  ail  impregnable  position  on  Torres  Vedras;  whithrr  he  was  fol. 
lowed  by  Marsiial  Massena,  who  encamped  directly  in  his  front. 

While  these  events  were  talking  place  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  the  suc- 
cessful termination  of  some  distant  naval  expeditions  served  to  confirm  the 
gallantry  of  that  branch  of  the  service.  The  Dutch  settlement  of  Am- 
boyne,  with  its  dependent  islands,  surrendered  to  a  British  force  Feb.  17. 
On  tiie  8th  of  August,  a  parly  of  IfO  British  seamen,  under  the  command 
of  Captain  Cole,  attacltea  Banda,  the  principal  of  the  Dutch  spice  islands 
and  obliged  the  garrison,  consisting  of  1000  men,  to  surrender.  Tiie  im- 
portant islands  of  Bourbon  and  the  Mauritius  were  likewise  reduced  at 
the  close  of  the  year,  by  a  British  armament,  under  the  command  of  Ad 
miral  Bertie  and  Major-Oeneral  Abercrombie. 

Several  events  took  place  at  this  time  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  not 
less  remarkable  for  their  novelty  than  for  their  importance.  Bonaparte 
having  divorced  the  empress  Josephine,  espoused  on  the  11  th  of  March 
the  archduchess  Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  emperor  of  Austria.  On 
the  1st  of  July,  Lcjis  Bonaparte,  king  of  Holland,  after  having  made  a 
fruitless  attempt  to  improve  the  condition  of  his  unfortunate  subjects 
abdicated  the  thi'one  in  favour  of  his  eldest  son.  That  exhausted  country 
was  immediately  seized  by  Napoleon,  and  annexed  to  the  French  empire; 
Charles  XIII.  of  Sweden,  being  advanced  in  age  and  having  no  children' 
chose  for  his  successor  Charles  Augustus,  prince  of  Auguslinberg ;  but  as 
this  prince  died  suddenly,  it  became  necessary  to  nominate  his  successor. 
The  candidates  for  this  high  office  were  the  prince  of  Holstein,  the  king 
of  Denmark,  and  the  French  marshal  Bernadotte,  prince  of  Ponte  Corvo. 
The  latter  being  favoured  by  Napoleon  and  6y  the  king  of  Sweden,  he 
was  unanimously  chosen  crown  prince,  and  his  installation  took  place  on 
the  1st  of  November,  in  the  presence  of  the  assembled  diet.  A  few  days 
afterwards  war  was  declared  against  Great  Britain  ;  all  intercourse  was 
(irohibited,  and  the  importation  of  colonial  produce  interdicted. 


CHAPTER  LXIII. 

THK  REIGN  OF  CEOnOE  III.   [tHE  REOKNCV.] 

A.  D.  1811. — One  of  the  first  legislative  acts  of  this  year  was  the  ap 
pointment  of  the  prince  of  VVales,  under  certain  rusirictions,  as  regent  in 
consequence  of  a  return  of  that  mental  malady  with  wliich  the  king  had 
formerly  been  temporarily  afflicted.  The  restrictions  were  to  continue 
till  afier  February  1,  1812.  It  was  expected  that  a  change  of  ministers 
would  immediately  take  place,  but  the  prince  declined  making  any  change 
in  the  administration,  or  to  accept  any  grant  for  an  establishment  in  virtue 
of  his  new  functions. 

The  progress  of  events  in  the  peninsula  again  claims  our  attention. 
Massena,  who  at  the  close  of  the  preceding  year,  had  posted  himself  at 
Saiitarem,  met  with  such  difficulties  in  procuring  the  necessary  supply  of 
provisions,  that  he  was  induced  to  abandon  his  position  on  the  5th  of 
March,  leaving  behind  him  a  considerable  quantity  of  heavy  artillery  and 
ammunition.  He  continued  his  retreat  through  Portugal,  closely  pursued 
by  Lord  Wellington  and  General  Beresford.  Numerous  skirmishes  took 
{•iace  between  the  outposts  of  the  hostile  armies;  but  on  the  16th  of  May 
a  more  imponant  action  ensued  at  the  river  Albuera,  between  Marshal 
Soult  and  General  Beresford  The  contest  continued  with  great  impetu- 
osity for  several  hours,  till  at  length  victory  declared  in  favour  of  the 
Anglo- Portuguese  troops,  and  the  French  were  compelkd  to  retreat. 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  estimated  at  9,000,  among  whom  were  five 
generals ;  the  loss  of  the  aiiies  amounted  to  about  iiaif  that  number 


bocn  forn:5ed; 


HISTORY  oF  THE  "WORLD. 


•703 


After  this  viciory  General  Beresford  invested  the  importaiit  city  of  Ba- 
dajos,  but  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege,  in  consequence  o  the  junction 
of  the  French  armies  under  Soull  and  Marmont. 

The  war  was  at  the  same  lime  conducted  with  great  spirit  in  different 
parts  of  Spain.  In  Catalonia  the  operations  of  the  French  were  crowned 
with  success;  but  in  Andalusia  they  were  compelled  to  retire  before  the 
determined  bravery  of  the  allied  forces.  This  army  had  landed  at  Alge- 
siras,  under  General  Graham,  with  the  intention  of  attacking  the  French 
troops  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Cadiz.  On  the  5lh  of  March  ihey  took  a 
strong  position  on  the  heights  of  Barossa,  where  they  were  attacked  on 
the  25th  by  a  superior  force  of  the  enemy.  After  a  remarkably  severe 
engagement,  the  French  retired  in  disorder,  with  the  loss  of  3,000  men; 
but  the  numerical  inferiority  of  the  allies  precluded  the  hope  of  pursuing 
them  with  success.  The  subsequent  events  of  the  war  in  the  peninsula, 
during  this  year,  were  neither  numerous  nor  important.  The  French 
army,  who  had  threatened  to  "plant  their  eagles  on  the  walls  of  Lisbon, 
and  to  drive  the  English  into  the  sea,"  were  not  only  unable  to  carry  theii 
threat  into  execution,  but  were  frequently  defeated  by  troops  which  they 
had  been  taught  to  despise. 

While  the  military  prowess  of  England  was  thus  displayed,  the  supe- 
riority of  her  navy  was  sufficiently  manifested  by  the  success  which  at- 
tended all  its  operations.  A  combined  French  and  Italian  squadron,  con 
sisting  of  five  frigates  and  six  smaller  armed  vessels,  was  encountered  off 
the  island  of  Lissa,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  by  an.  English  squadron  com- 
posed of  four  frigates  only;  the  contest  was  fierce  and  for  a  lime  doubtful, 
but  at  length  British  valour  prevailed,  and  three  of  the  enemy's  frigates 
were  taken.  On  the  21st  of  July,  a  French  flotilla,  consisting  of  twenty- 
six  vessels,  was  attacked  off  the  coast  of  Calabria,  by  an  English  frigate 
md  a  sloop,  and  the  whole  of  them  were  captured  without  the  loss  of  a 
man.  Tiiese  and  other  gallant  encounters,  though  on  a  small  scale,  re- 
dounded much  to  our  naval  credit. 

From  tlie  year  1807,  when  the  celebrated  "  orders  in  council"  were 
isssued,  a  secret  discontent,  indicative  of  hostilities,  had  evinced  itself  in 
the  United  States  of  America.  This  misunderstanding  was  greatly  in- 
creased in  the  present  year  by  an  unfortunate  encounter  between  the 
American  frigate  President,  commanded  by  Commodore  Rodgers,  and  the 
British  sloop  of  war  Little  Belt,  Captain  Bingham.  The  particulars  of 
this  occurrence  were  reported  by  the  captain  of  the  Little  Belt,  who  at- 
tributed the  blame  entirely  to  the  Americans.  At  any  rate,  the  American 
states  prepared  for  war,  which  was  soon  afterwards  declared. 

During  the  months  of  November  and  December  the  internal  tranquillity 
of  the  country  was  disturbed  by  frequent  riots  in  the  manufacturing  dis- 
tricts of  Nottinghamshire,  Derbyshire,  and  Leicestershire.  The  princioal 
cause  of  discontent  was  the  introduction  of  a  new  kind  of  machinery  for 
stocking-weaving.  The  rioters  assumed  the  name  of  Luddites,  and  they 
became  so  dangerous  that  the  legislature  deemed  it  necessary  to  use  se- 
vere measures  for  their  suppression. 

A.  D.  1812.— The  restrictions  which  had  been  imposed  upon  the  prince 
of  Wales  by  the  regency-bill  were  now  withdrawn,  it  being  the  unani- 
mous opinion  of  the  medical  authorities  that  there  was  not  the  slightest 
prospect  of  his  majesty's  return  to  a  state  of  perfect  sanity.  The  prince 
therefore  assumed  the  full  powers  belonging  to  the  sovereignty  of  Britain ; 
and,  contrary  to  general  expoctation,  very  little  change  was  made  in  the 
cabinet.  On  the  13lh  of  February,  the  regent,  in  a  letter  to  the  duke  of 
York,  declared  that  he  "  had  no  predilections  to  indulge,  nor  resentments 
to  gratify ;"  intimating,  however,  a  desire  that  his  government  might  be 
strengthened  by  the  co-operation  of  those  with  whom  his  early  habits  liad 
^^««  fQc||fg(j  and  authorizin"  the  duke  to  cotnmunicate  his  sentiments  to 


Hi 


' 


704 


HISTCyRT   OF  THE   WORLD. 


Lords  Grey  and  Grenville.  To  this  overture  these  noblemen  repued,  by 
unreservedly  expressing  the  impossibility  of  their  uniting  with  the  present 
government,  owing  to  their  differences  of  opinion  being  too  many  and  too 
important  to  admit  of  such  union.  The  measures  proposed  for  repealing 
the  penal  laws  against  the  papists  were  agitated  in  both  houses  of  parlia- 
ment this  session,  but  were  negatived  by  a  great  majority. 

The  disturbances  among  the  manufacturing  classes,  which  began  last 
year  in  Nottinghamshire,  had  extended  into  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and 
the  west-riding  of  Yorkshire.  The  property  of  individuals  as  well  as  the 
machinery  was  destroyed  by  nightly  marauders;  a  system  of  militarv 
training  was  adopted,  and  secret  oaths  administered  ;  in  short,  the  num- 
ber and  daring  spirit  of  the  rioters,  and  the  st^-adinesa  with  which  their 
plans  were  conducted,  rendered  them  so  formidable  as  to  require  the  in- 
terposition of  the  legislature.  A  large  military  force  was  accordingly  sta- 
Honed  in  the  disturbed  counties,  and  by  a  rigid  enforcement  of  the  law, 
and  the  adoption  of  remedial  measures  for  the  distresses  of  the  labour' 
ing  poor,  tranquillity  was  at  length  restored. 

While  the  public  mind  was  agitated  by  these  occurrences,  an  event  oc- 
ctirred  which  was  at  once  truly  lamentable  and  important.  On  the  11th 
of  May,  as  Mr.  Perceval,  cijancellor  of  the  exchequer,  was  entering  the 
lobby  of  the  house  of  commons,  about  tive  o'clock,  c  person  named  Bel 
lingham  presented  a  pistol  to  his  breast,  and  ohot  him  through  the  heart. 
The  act  was  so  sudden  and  astounding  that  no  one  of  the  many  individ- 
uals present  precisely  knew  what  had  happened,  and  it  was  thy  Aiil  of  the 
martyr  only,  that  developed  the  nature  of  the  atrocious  deed.  The  un 
fortunate  gentleman  fell  back  towards  his  left,  against  iMe  door  and  tlie 
wall,  exclaiming  faintly,  "  0  God!"  the  last  words  he  utterred  ;  for  im- 
mediaicly,  as  if  moved  by  an  impulse  to  seek  for  safety  in  the  house,  he 
made  an  effort  to  rush  forward,  but  merely  staggered  a  few  paces,  and 
dropped  down.  Bellingham  was  taken  without  resistance,  a  few  miniitcs 
afterwards.  It  appeared  that  he  was  a  Liverpool  ship-broker  who  had 
sustained  some  commercial  losses  in  Russia,  for  which  he  ihouglit  the 
government  was  bound  to  procure  redress,  and  his  memoriiils  on  the  sub 
ject  being  disregarded,  he  had  worked  up  liis  gloomy  mind  to  tiie  mon- 
strous conviction  that  he  was  justified  in  taking  away  the  life  >f  tlie  prime 
minister.  In  tlie  change  of  administration  which  took  place  in  conse- 
quence of  this  melancholy  circumstance.  Lord  Sidmouth  was  appointed 
secretary  of  dtate  ;  the  carl  Harrowby,  lord  president  of  the  council ',  and 
Mr.  Vansittart.  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

At  the  comm'Micemcnt  of  the  campaign  in  the  Spanish  peninsula  fortune 
seemed  at  lirst  to  favour  the  enemy,  who,  on  the  9l'i  of  January,  made 
themselves  masters  of  the  city  of  Valencia,  which  General  Blake,  after  a 
feeble  resistance,  surrendered,  with  IG.OOO  men.  The  strong  town  of 
f'eniscola,  which,  on  account  of  its  commanding  situation,  was  of  great 
im|,ortanee  to  its  possessors,  was  pooc  ufler  surrendered  to  the  Krencii  by 
the  treachery  of  the  governor.  Serious  as  these  misfortunes  were  to  the 
allies,  they  were  in  a  short  time  counterbalanced  by  the  success  which  at- 
tended liie  exertions  of  the  British  commander.  Aftcra  fortnight's  siege, 
Lord  Welliiiiilon  carried  Cnidad  Rodrigo  by  assault,  on  the  lOlii  of  Jaim- 
ary  ;  and  on  the  IGth  of  April  the  stiong  city  of  Badajos  surrendered  to 
him,  after  a  long  and  most  obstinate  resistance.  After  the  capture  of  this 
city  the  allied  armies  proceeded,  without  opposition,  to  Salamanca,  where 
they  were  received  by  the  inhabiuuits  with  t^enedictions  and  acclunialions. 
As  the  hostile  armies  were  now  so  situated  as  to  render  a  battle  almost 
inevitable,  Lord  Wellington  made  his  necessary  dispositions,  and  as  a 
favourable  0|)ni)rtnnily  occurred  on  the  2'id  h(  July  for  attacking  the  one- 
my,  ho  immediately  took  advantage  of  it.     An  action  accordingly  ensued, 


In  which  thT?  Fff-nchi  afk'r 


it;3in;aui-c^  uvic 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


705 


obliged  to  give  way  to  the  superior  bravery  of  the  assailants,  and  to  retreat 
in  the  utntost  confusion.  The  darkness  of  the  nipht  was  very  favourable 
to  the  fugitives,  yet  upwards  of  7,000  prisoners  were  taken,  with  eagles, 
colours,  cannon,  and  ammunition. 

After  taking  possession  of  the  Spanish  capital,  "Wellington  advanced  to 
Burgos  ;  but  being  detained  a  long  time  in  besieging  it,  the  enemy  had  an 
opportunity  of  concentrating  their  force,  and  of  re-occupying  Madrid. 
This  was  one  of  the  last  military  transactions  which  took  place  on  the 
peninsula  during  the  year.  For  his  eminent  services,  which  though  gen- 
erally appreciated  were  not  over-rated,  the  cortes  bestowed  on  the  nritish 
commander  the  title  of  duke  of  Cuidad  Rodrigo,  and  constituted  hi  gen- 
eralissimo of  the  Spanish  armies.  The  prince  regent  of  Great  ritain, 
also,  who  had  previously  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  earl,  now  raised 
him  to  the  dignity  of  a  marquis  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  foregoing  outline  of  the  transactions  in  Spain  will  put  the  reader 
in  possession  of  the  principal  features  of  the  war  in  that  quarter.  We 
must  now  direct  his  attention  to  events  in  the  north  of  Kurope.  The 
fondly-cherished  scheme  of  Bonaparte  for  ruining  the  finances  of  Great 
Britain  by  cutting  off  her  commercial  intercourse  with  Europe,  was, 
through  intrigue  or  intimidation,  adopted  by  all  the  neutral  powers.  The 
stagnation  of  trade  on  the  continent,  though  it  was  submitted  to  by  their 
respective  sovereigns,  was  very  distressing  to  their  subjects,  especially 
the  Russians,  who  had  been  accustomed  to  consider  '"ngland  as  their 
natural  ally.  At  length  the  emperor  of  Russia  resolved  to  submit  no 
longer  to  the  arbitrary  restrictions  which  the  will  of  Napoleon  had  dictat- 
ed; and  a  war  between  those  great  powers  was  the  immediate  result. 
(n  this  coutest  the  most  considerable  slates  in  Europe  were  involved. 
The  allies  of  Franco  were  the  German  states,  Italy,  Prussia,  Austria,  and 
Poland;  to  whom  were  opposed  the  combined  powers  of  Great  Britain, 
Russia,  Sweden,  and  Spain. 

Napoleon  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  an  immense  army,  and  now 
commenced  the  ever-memorable  struggle.  After  passing  through  Dres- 
den, and  visiting  in  rapid  succession  Daiilzic  and  Konigsberg,  he  reached 
Jhe  Niemen,  the  frontier  river  of  Russia,  on  the  23d  of  June.  On  the  line 
of  march  were  half  a  million  of  soldiers,  in  the  highest  state  of  equipment 
and  discipline:  to  whom  he  issued  a  proclamation  in  his  usual  confident 
and  laconic  style:  "  Russia,"  said  he,  *'  is  driven  onwards  by  fatality  ;  let 
her  destinies  be  fulfilled,  and  an  end  put  to  the  fatal  influence  which  for 
Ihe  last  fifty  years  she  has  had  on  the  affairs  of  Europe.  Let  us  cross  the 
Niemen,  and  carry  the  war  into  her  territories."  On  the  other  side  vast 
preparations  had  also  been  made,  and  the  army,  consisting  of  ab(nit  three 
luindred  thousand  men,  was  under  the  immediate  command  of  the  em- 
peror Alexander,  and  his  sagacious  minister,  Barclay  de  Tolly.  The  plan 
of  the  Russians  was  to  draw  the  invaders  from  their  resources;  to  make  a 
stand  only  in  favourable  situations :  and  to  weary  the  French  by  endless 
manilies  over  the  drenfy  plains,  till  the  inclemency  of  a  Russian  winter 
should  lend  its  aid  to  stop  their  ambitious  career.  Various  partial  en- 
giigements  took  place  as  the  French  advanced,  the  circumstances  of 
which  were  so  dinferently  related  in  the  biiileiinH  of  the  opp<»site  parties, 
that  nothing  is  certain  but  the  general  result.  Considering  the  immense 
masses  of  men  that  were  in  motion,  the  French  proceeded  with  great 
rapidity,  notwilhstanding  the  checks  they  occasionally  experienced,  till 
the  7th  of  September,  when  the  Russians  determined  to  make  a  vigorous 
effort  against  their  farther  advance.  The  two  armies  met  between  the 
villages  of  Voskwa  and  Borodino,  when  a  most  sanguinary  battle  took 
place.  On  this  occasion  each  of  the  hostile  armies  numbered  12S,000 
men  ,  and  when  "  night's  sabie  curtain"  riosed  ine  hnrrld  scene,  the  bodies 
of  forty  ihousand.  either  dead  or  wounded,  wer^  stretched  on  Iho  field  of 
Vo»..  i.— 45 


'f 


\ 


706 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


battle !  Both  parties  claimed  the  victory,  though  the  advantage  was  evi. 
dently  on  the  side  of  the  French,  as  they  proceeded  without  farther  oppo. 
sition  to  Moscow,  where  they  expected  to  rest  from  their  toils  in  peace 
and  good  winter-quarters.  About  mid-day  on  the  14th  the  turrets  of  Mos- 
cow, glittering  in  the  sun,  were  descried.  The  troops  entered ;  but  the 
city  was  deserted,  and  all  was  still.  The  capital  of  ancient  Russia  was 
not  destined  to  be  the  abiding-place  of  its  present  occupants.  A  dense 
smoke  began  to  issue  from  numerous  buildings  at  the  same  instant.  By 
order  of  the  governor,  Count  Rostopchin,  bands  of  incendiaries  had  been 
employed  to  work  destruction.  Public  edifices  nnd  private  houses  sud- 
denly burst  into  flames;  and  every  moment  explosions  of  gunpowder 
mingled  with  tlie  sound  of  the  crackling  timbers,  while  frantic  men  and 
women  were  seen  running  to  and  fro,  with  flambeaux  in  their  hands, 
spreading  the  work  of  destruction. 

Paralysed,  as  it  were,  by  the  awful  scene,  and  by  the  extreme  danger 
which  he  could  no  longer  fail  to  apprehend,  Napoleon  lingered  five  weeks 
among  the  reeking  ruins  of  Moscow.  Around  him  the  Russians  were 
daily  increasing  in  strength,  especially  in  cavalry ;  and  it  was  not  till 
Murat  had  been  defeated,  and  the  first  snow  had  fallen,  that  he  determined 
on  retreat.  At  length  he  left  the  city  of  the  czars,  on  the  19th  of  Oc- 
tober, taking  with  him  all  the  plunder  that  could  be  saved  from  tiie  fire; 
having  at  the  time  one  hundred  thousand  efTective  men,  fifty  thousand 
horses,  five  hundred  and  fifty  field-pieces,  and  two  thousand  artillery 
wagons,  exclusive  of  a  motley  host  of  followers,  amounting  to  forty 
thousand.  He  had  no  choice  left.  To  subdue  the  whole  Russian  army, 
and  by  that  means  to  secure  to  himself  an  honourable  peace,  appeared 
beyond  the  verge  of  possibility  ;  to  return  with  all  possible  expedition 
was  the  only  course  to  pursue  ;  and  he  accordingly  directed  the  march  of 
his  army  towards  Smolensko,  where  he  arrived  with  his  imper'al  guard  on 
the  9th  of  November.  Alternate  frost,  sleet,  and  snow  made  the  weather 
instpportable ;  overcome  by  cold,  hunger,  and  fatigue,  the  soldiers  and 
their  horses  perished  by  thousands.  At  length,  after  taking  leave  of  his 
marshals  at  Smorgony,  December  5,  Napoleon  privately  withdrew  from 
the  army,  and  reachecl  Paris  on  the  19th.  The  Russians  never  relaxed 
in  the  pursuit  till  they  reached  the  Vistula,  and  not  a  day  pa«sed  in  which 
some  of  the  fugitives  did  not  fall  into  tlieir  hands.  By  Christmas-day 
they  estimated  their  captures  at  41  generals,  1,^98  olllcers,  167,510  pri- 
vates, and  1,131  pieces  of  cannon :  the  grand  army  was,  in  fact,  annihilated. 
During  the  absence  of  Bonaparte  in  this  disastrous  expedition,  an  at- 
tempt was  made  to  subvert  his  power  at  home,  which,  had  it  not  been 
speedily  suppressed,  would  probably  have  occasioned  another  revolution. 
The  conductors  of  the  conspiracy  were  the  ex  generals  Mallet,  Lahorie, 
and  Guidal,  who,  having  framed  a  fictitious  senatus  consultum,  wont  to  the 
barrack  of  the  first  division  of  the  natiomd  guards,  and  read  a  proclama- 
tion, stating  that  the  emperor  had  been  killed,  and  commanding  the  troops 
to  follow  them.  The  soldiers,  little  suspecting  any  forgery,  obeyed,  and 
Buffered  themselves  to  be  led  to  difTerent  posts,  where  they  relieved  the 
guards.  The  conspirators  then  arrested  the  ministers  of  police,  and  hav- 
ing assassinated  General  lUdlin,  who  had  marched  into  the  city  willi 
Bome  troops,  they  attempted  to  seize  the  chief  of  the  clat-major  of  Parisi 
but  being  arrested,  they  were  committed  to  prison,  and  tried  before  a  mili- 
tary commission,  when  the  three  generals  and  eleven  others  received 
•entence  of  death,  which  being  put  into  oxecutiun,  tranquillity  was  ro* 
stored  to  Paris. 

A.  0.  1813.— The  attempts  made  by  ministers  to  arrange  the  difTernncM 
between  (Jreat  Britain  and  the  United  Htates  were  unsuccessful;  the  in- 
fluence of  PrcHtjhni  Miiilisnn,  thn  Knffliah  contend,  being  exerted  in  tliP 
rejection  of  all  pacjflcato-y  propofalt.    The  conqueel  of  Cunadu  whs  re 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


101 


solved  on  by  the  Americans,  and  troops  were  dispatched  into  that  counlrv  • 
but  the  vig:ilanee  of  the  British  commanders  baffled  the  scheme,  and  obliged 
theni  to  desist  from  the  enterprize.  The  Americans,  however,  were  suc- 
cessful at  sea,  and  captured  several  British  frigates  and  other  vessels. 

After  the  retreat  of  Bonaparte  from  Russia,  the  emperor  Alexander 
pursued  the  remaining  French  forces  as  far  as  Posen,  a  city  in  Poland 
Ho  was  here  joined  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  who,  considering  the  present 
M\  advantageous  opportunity  for  restoring  the  equilibrium  of  Europe,  re- 
nounced  his  alliance  with  France,  and  concluded  a  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  and  her  allies.  In  the  meantime  Bonaparte  was  using  all  his  ef- 
torts  to  revive  the  spirit,  and  call  forth  the  resources  of  his  empire,  and 
having  appointed  the  empress  regent  during  his  absence,  he  joined  his 
army,  now  consisting  of  350,000  new  troops.  On  the  7ih  of  May  the 
hostile  armies  engaged  at  Luizen,  in  Upper  Saxony,  where  the  French 
were  commanded  by  Bonaparte,  and  the  allies  by  General  Winzingerode. 
The  conflict  was  long  and  bloody,  and  both  parties  claimed  the  victory. 
On  the  19th,  20th,  21st,  and  22d  of  the  same  month,  severe  actions  took 
place,  and  not  less  than  40,000  were  killed  or  wounded.  On  the  1st  of 
June,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  emperor  of  Austria,  Napoleon  made  propo- 
sals to  the  emperor  Alexander  for  a  suspension  of  hostilities;  in  conse- 
quence ol  which  an  armistice  was  concluded,  which  was  to  terminate  on 
the  20th  of  July. 

It  now  became  necessary  for  Bonaparte  to  withdrav/  about  twenty 
thousand  of  his  best  troops  from  Spain,  to  reinforce  this  grand  army  in 
the  north  of  Europe.  This  diminution  of  the  French  force  in  the  penin- 
sula could  not  fail  to  gratify  the  Anglo-Spanish  army;  yet  a  concurrence 
of  unavoidable  circunistaii'  -s  prevented  the  marquis  of  Wellington  from 
opening  the  campaign  till  about  the  middle  of  May.  Having  obliged  the 
French  to  evacuate  Salamanca,  he  pursued  them  with  as  much  haste  as 
possible,  and  having  passed  the  Ebro,  he  came  up  with  them  at  Vittoria, 
a  town  in  the  province  of  Biscay,  where,  on  the  21st  of  June,  a  battle 
was  fought  between  the  allied  troops  under  Lord  Wellington,  and  the 
FriMich,  commanded  by  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Marshal  Jourdan.  Admi- 
fable  bravery  and  perseverance  were  displayed  by  the  allies,  who  com- 
pletely  vanquished  the  French,  and  took  one  hundred  and  fifty  cannon 
md  four  hundred  and  fifteen  wagons  of  ammunition.  On  the  side  of  the 
iUies  there  were  seven  hundred  killed  and  four  thousand  wounded ;  and 
it  was  known  that  the  loss  of  the  French  was  much  greater.  Being  hotly 
pursued,  the  French  retreated  across  the  Bidassoa  into  France.  The  ba 
Ion  of  Marshal  Jourdan  being  taken,  was  sent  to  the  prince  regent,  who, 
in  return,  created  the  marquis  of  Wellington  field-marshal  of  the  allied 
Hrinies  of  Great  Britain,  Spain,  and  Portugal.  The  Spanish  government 
K'knowledgod  their  obligations  to  the  British  hero,  by  conferring  on  him 
the  di|({nity  of  prince  of  Vittoria. 

While  the  cause  of  rational  freedom  was  so  nobly  sustained  by  Lord 
WHlingion  in  this  part  of  Spain,  Sir  John  Murray  had  landed  his  troops 
«t  Tarragano,  in  order  to  invest  that  place.  After  he  had  made  himself 
master  of  Fort  St.  Philippe,  on  being  informed  of  the  approach  of  Mar- 
shal Suchtt,  he,  without  waiting  for  information  of  the  enemy's  strength, 
djHembarkod  his  troops,  leaving  behind  him  his  artillery.  For  this  pre- 
cipitation Sir  John  was  severely  censured  by  some  political  writers,  and 
being  tri(!d  at  Winchester,  in  Fcliriiary,  1815,  he  was  found  guilty  and  ad- 
judged  "  to  he  adnionished  in  such  a  manner  as  his  royal  highness  the 
conunander-inchief  may  think  proper."  His  royal  highness  approved 
the  sentence  of  the  court,  but  as  the  conduct  of  Sir  John  Murray  wm 
sttribiitBd  msroly  to  an  error  of  judgment,  the  case  did  not  appear  to  hln 
to  call  for  any  further  observation. 
A  Tier  tile  baitio  of  Vittoria  tiio  French  army  retreated  with  groat  pro 


i 


I 


708 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


cipiiation  into  France,  pursued  by  the  light  troops  of  the  alhes?  an«l  the 
marquis  of  Wellington  caused  the  forts  of  Pampeluna  and  St.  Sebastian 
to  be  immediately  invested.  When  Bonaparte  received  intelligence  ol 
these  successes  of  the  British  army,  he  dispatched  Marshal  Soult  with 
some  forces  to  check  their  progress.  On  the  13th  of  July  the  h  rencli 
marshal  joined  the  army,  and  on  the  24th  he  made  a  vigorous  attack  on 
the  right  wing  of  the  allies,  at  Ronv,c3valles,  commanded  by  (jeneral 
Byng.  From  that  day  till  th^2d  of  August  the  hostile  armies  were  con 
tinually  engaged  ;  the  passes  of  the  mountains  were  bravely  disputed 
by  the  French,  but  the  British  were  irresistible,  and  the  French  again  re- 
treated beyond  the  Pyrenees.  The  fortresses  of  St.  Sebastian  and  Pam- 
peluna surrendered  to  the  British  arms  afterwards,  and  on  the  7th  of 
October  Lord  Wellington  entered  the  French  territory  at  the  head  of  his 

While  in  the  south  of  Europe  these  transactions  were  taking  place,  a 
great  crisis  was  at  hand  in  the  north.  During  the  armistice,  which  had 
extended  to  the  Uth  of  August,  several  attempts  were  made  by  the 
allies  to  obtain  such  a  peace  as  would  effect  and  confirm  the  safety  and 
tranquillity  of  the  continental  states.  These  endeavours  were,  however, 
rendered  abortive  by  the  insolent  pretensions  of  the  French  ruler,  which 
induced  the  emperor  of  Austria  to  relinquish  his  cause,  and  to  join  in  the 
alliance  against  him.  Hostilities  were  resumed  on  the  17th  of  August, 
when  Bonaparte  immediately  prepared  to  attack  the  city  of  Prague  ;  but 
being  informed  that  his  Silesian  army  was  exposed  to  imminent  danger 
from  the  threatening  posture  of  tlie  allies,  he  was  obliged  to  change  his 
plan  of  operations.  He  accordingly  left  Bohemia,  and  made  an  at- 
tack on  tlie  allied  army  under  ttie  Prussian  General  Blucher,  who  was 
jompelled  to  make  a  retrograde  movement.  The  further  progress  of  the 
French  in  ;<is  quarter  was  arrested  by  the  advance  of  the  grand  army 
Df  the  allies  towards  Dresden,  which  made  the  immediate  return  of  Napo- 
leon necessary.  He  accordingly  advanced  by  forced  marchijs  to  the 
protection  of  thai  city,  and  having  thrown  into  it  an  army  of  130,000  men, 
lie  awaited  tiie  attack  of  his  enemies.  The  grand  assault  was  made  on 
the  !2Gth  of  August,  but  as  there  was  no  prospect  of  taking  Dresden  by 
escalade,  the  allies  abandoiu'd  the  attempt,  and  took  a  very  extended  po- 
sition on  the  heights  surrounding  the  city,  where  they  were  attacked  by 
th"  French  on  the  following  day,  and  obliged  to  retire  with  considerable 
loss.  It  was  in  this  engagement  that  General  Moreau,  who  had  left  liis 
retreat  in  America  to  a^i^ist  in  restoring  liberty  to  lOurope,  was  mortal  y 
wounded,  while  conversing  with  the  emperor  Alexander.  A  caiuion-bali, 
which  passed  through  his  horse,  carried  off  one  of  his  legs  and  shattered 
the  other.  He  had  both  legs  amputated,  but  survived  his  disaster  only  o 
few  days,  dying  from  exhaustion.  ,  ^    „      .     ,      , 

In  the  following  month  several  well-contested  battles  took  nlace.  in 
which  victory  was  uniformly  in  favour  of  those  wiio  contended  agiiinsl 
tyranny  and  usurpation.  But  as  Leipsic  was  tlic  point  to  winch  the  cthMts 
of  the  confederates  were  princinally  directed,  Bonaparte  left  Dresden,  and 
concentrated  his  forces  at  Rochlilz.  ,.,,,,     i     ...    i,.. 

At  tliis  period  an  important  accession  was  made  to  tlie  allied  cause,  b> 
a  treaty  with  Bavaria,  who  agreed  to  furnish  an  army  of  hfty-flve  thou- 
pand  inen.  The  lioatilo  armies  wore  now  both  m  H'o  ,V'«"''Xn  nnn'"'n„' 
the  Fienth  estimated  at  about  200,000  men;  the  allies  at  2o0,000.  On 
tho  Higlit  of  the  15lh  rockets  were  seen  ascending,  announcing  the  ap- 
nroach  of  Biuchr^r  and  the  crow  i  prince  of  Sweden.  At  day-oroak  on  the 
IGtli,  the  French  were  assa.I  \  along  tlieir  souihern  front  with  the  great- 
est fury,  but  they  failing  to  make  any  impression,  Napoleon  assumed  tho 
.oflTeiiHive.  Throughout  the  day,  by  turns,  each  party  had  the  advantage; 
but  ut  nighi-faii  iiu-  French  coiUractea  tiicir  pusiiion,  "V  u---^'-"''  ««=»?='• 


laiTiiiE   ttvttt* 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WOULD. 


700 


the  w.tills  of  Leipsic.  The  following  day  was  spent  in  makings  prepara- 
ttuns  for  a  renewal  of  the  contest;  and  on  the  IStb  another  fi^eneral  en> 
gagement  took  place.  The  loss  of  the  victors,  during  a  battle  which 
ragod  from  the  dawn  of  day  till  night,  was  severe,  but  that  of  the  van- 
quished was  infinitely  more  so.  Above  forty  thousand  of  the  French 
were  either  killed,  wounded,  or  taken  prisoners;  seventeen  battalions  of 
Saxons,  with  their  artillery,  joined  the  ranks  of  the  allies,  who  took  also 
sixty-five  pieces  of  cannon.  The  immediate  fruits  of  this  splendid  victory 
were,  tlie  capture  of  Leipsic  and  of  the  Saxon  king,  of  thirty  thousand 
prisoners,  and  of  all  the  bagu^age  and  ammunition  of  the  flying  foe. 

The  allies  did  not  fail  to  follow  up  the  advantages  which  had  been 
gained,  and  their  close  pursuit  of  the  French  army  rendered  Its  retreat 
to  the  Rhine  in  some  respects  as  calamitous  as  their  recent  flight  from 
Uussia.  The  troops  under  Blucher  and  Schwartzenburg,  who  had  greatly 
distinguished  themselves  during  the  late  encounters,  entered  the  French 
turrilories  on  ISfew-year's  day,  lsl4.  All  the  minor  states  of  Germany 
now  joined  the  grand  alliance,  the  confederition  of  the  Rhine  was  dis- 
Bolved,  and  the  conlinentn.l  system  established  by  Bonaparte  was  broken  up. 

The  spirit  which  had  attended  the  march  of  the  allied  armies  commu- 
nicated itself  to  the  United  Provinces,  and  occasioned  a  complete  revolu- 
tion in  that  part  of  Europe.  The  arbitrary  annexation  of  that  country  was 
detrimental  to  their  commercial  interests ;  and  at  length,  on  the  approach 
of  the  allies  to  the  Uutcii  frontier,  the  people  of  Amsterdam  rose  in  a  body, 
and  with  the  rallying  cry  of  "Orange  Boven,"  universally  displayed  the 
orange  colours,  and  proclaimed  the  sovereignty  of  that  illustrious  house. 
The  example  of  Amsterdam  was  followed  by  the  other  towns,  the  inde- 
pendence of  Holland  was  asserted,  and  n  deputation  sent  to  London,  to 
announce  the  revolution  and  Invite  the  prince  of  Orange  to  place  himself 
at  the  head  of  his  countrymen.  The  Dutch  patriots  were  assisted  with 
all  the  succours  that  England  could  furnish,  and  the  prince  of  Orange 
went  and  assumed  the  reins  of  government,  not  under  the  ancient  title  of 
Btadtholder,  but  as  king  of  the  Netherlands.  Denmark,  the  only  remain- 
ing ally  of  Bonaparte,  was  compelled,  by  the  crown-prince  of  Sweden,  to 
accept  such  terms  as  tiie  allied  sovereigns  pleased  to  prescribe. 

On  the  Ist  of  December  the  allied  sovereigns  issued  from  Frankfort  a 
declaration  explanatory  of  their  views.  "  Victory,"  they  said,  "  had  con- 
ducted them  to  the  banks  of  the  lliiine,  and  the  first  use  v^hich  they  made 
of  it  was  to  offer  peace.  They  desired  that  France  might  be  great  and 
fwwerful ;  because,  in  a  state  of  greatness  and  strength,  she  constituted 
one  of  the  foundations  of  the  social  edifice  of  Europe.  They  offered  to 
confirm  to  the  French  empire  an  extent  of  territory  which  France,  under 
ner  kings,  never  knew.  Desiring  peace  tliemselvos,  they  wished  such  an 
equilibrium  of  power  to  be  estnUlishod,  that  Europe  miolit  be  preserved 
from  the  calamities  which  for  the  last  twenty  years  had  overwhelmed 
her."  This  declaration  was  based  on  moderation  and  justice,  and  in  their 
cotiduct  to  France,  the  allies  acted  up  to  their  professions. 

A.  D.  1814. — After  Ills  hasty  retreat  to  Paris,  the  emperor  assembled  the 
senate,  and  neglected  n.>  means  that  were  likely  to  rouse  the  spirit  of  the 
French  to  resist  their  invaders.  Little  effect  was,  however,  produced  by 
his  appeals  to  the  people,  and  he  was  under  ttto  necessuy  oi  appointing 
twenty-live  commissioners,  invciled  with  absolute  fMiwor,  to  accelerate 
the  levy  of  new  forces.  Having  confided  the  regency  to  the  empress,  hO 
left  Paris  on  the  'i5th  of  January,  and  placed  himself  at  the  hea(l  of  such 
troops  as  he  could  muster.  His  dominions  were  at  this  time  threatene 
aw  one  side  by  tlio  British  troops  under  Wellington,  and  on  the  other  by 
the  allied  fori'es  commanded  by  iheir  respective  sovereigns  and  generals. 
'PliR  Ati'AV  under  the  !n;>ru<.>i!<  of  Wellinartiiii  iittiiirknd  Noult's  on  the  37th 
of  l-'ebruarv,  and,  after  an  obstinate  battle,  drove  the  enemv  from  asl-oiig 


m 


710 


HISTORY    QF   THE  WOULD. 


gosition  near  Orthes;  and  on  the  12th  of  March,  a  division  under  Marshal 
leresford  advanced  to  the  important  city  of  Bourdeaux,  and  entered  it 
amid  the  acclamations  of  the  inhabitants. 

After  the  entry  of  the  northern  allies  into  France,  several  sanguinary 
contests  took  place,  when  Bonaparte,  finding  that  it  was  impracticable  to 
prevail  by  force,  attempted  to  retrieve  his  affairs  by  negotiations.  Pleni- 
potentiaries  appointed  by  the  belligerent  powers  accordingly  assembled 
at  Chatillon,  and  the  allies,  whose  moderation  had  on  every  occasion 
been  particularly  conspicuous,  offered  to  sign  preliminaries  of  peace, 
which  would  have  secured  to  Bonaparte  very  important  advantages.  But 
these  offers  were  rejected  by  Napoleon,  who  required  that  his  •  familj 
should  be  placed  on  foreign  thrones,  and  insisted  on  terms  incompatible 
••vilh  the  liberties  of  Europe.  The  conferences  were  discontinued,  and 
the  allied  sovereigns  indignant  at  the  conduct  of  one  who  displayed  such 
an  aversion  to  peace,  resolved  on  vigorously  prosecuting  war.  In  all  the 
engagements  which  ensued,  the  superiority  of  the  allies  was  manifested. 
Napoleon  now  adopted  the  singular  resolution  of  getting  to  the  rear  of 
his  enemies,  and  by  this  ill-judged  movement  left  open  the  road  to  Paris. 

As  soon  as  the  Prussian  and  Austrian  commanders  could  form  a  junc- 
tion, they  advanced,  at  the  head  of  200,000  combatants,  towards  the  cap- 
ital  of  France,  and  having  gained  a  complete  victory  over  the  army  com- 
manded by  Marmont  and  Mortier,  under  Joseph  Bonaparte,  they  entered 
the  city  which  t^-pitulated  on  the  31st  of  March.  The  enthusiasm  exhibited 
on  this  occasion  surpassed  the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  the  con- 
querors. The  whole  city  seemed  to  rise  en  masse,  and  to  hail  the  allies 
as  the  liberators  of  Europe  and  the  avengers  of  tyranny.  The  white 
cockade  was  genera;;-  worn,  the  air  resounded  with  shouts  of  "  Vive  le 
Roi,  Louis  XVIII!"  "Vivent  les  Bourbons!"  and  the  conquerors  were 
welcomed  with  the  acclamations  of  "  Vive  I'Umpereur  Alexandre !" 
"Vive  le  Roi  de  Prusse !"  "  Vivent  nos  liberateurs !" 

The  French  senate  now  assembled  and  appointed  a  provisional  govern- 
ment, at  the  head  of  which  was  the  celebrated  Talleyrand,  prince  of  Bene- 
vento.  At  a  subsequent  meeting  they  declared  that  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
and  his  family  had  forfeited  all  claim  to  the  throne,  and  tliat  the  army  and 
nation  were  consequently  absolved  from  the  oaths  of  allegiance  to  him. 
The  senate  then  directed  their  attention  to  the  choice  of  a  sovereign  ;  and 
nf'or  a  long  consultation,  in  which  there  was  considerable  difference  ol 
opinion,  they  determined  to  recall  the  Bourbons.  Marslial  Marmont,  after 
obtaining  a  promise  that  the  life  of  the  emperor  should  be  spared,  and 
that  his  troops  might  pass  into  Normandy,  joined  the  allies  at  the  head  of 
twelve  thousand  men. 

Bonaparte,  who  had  retired  to  Fontainblcau,  finding  that  he  had  been 
deposed  by  the  senate,  and  tliat  the  allies  were  fully  determined  not  to 
treat  with  him  as  the  ruler  of  France,  now  offered  to  abdicate  in  favour 
of  his  infant  son;  but  this  was  peremptorily  rejected,  and  he  solemnly  ab- 
dicated his  usurped  crown  on  the  6th  of  April,  on  which  day  a  new  con- 
Btitulion  was  given  to  France,  and  Louis  XVIII.  was  recalled  to  the  throne 
of  his  ancestors.  As  soon  as  the  emperor  Alexander  was  informed  of 
this  event,  he  proposed,  in  the  name  of  the  allied  sovereigns,  that  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  should  choose  a  place  of  retreat  for  himself  and  family. 
By  a  mistaken  sense  of  generosity,  the  small  iaiand  of  Elba,  situated  in 
the  Mediterranean,  between  Corsica  and  the  Tuscan  coast,  was  given  to 
him,  in  full  soverelBnty,  with  an  annual  revenue  of  two  millions  of  francs, 
to  be  paid  by  the  French  government ;  and,  what  was  a  still  nvire  exirav- 
dgant  stretch  of  misplaced  liberality,  a  further  allowance  of  tvu)  millions 
five  hundred  thousand  francs  was  to  bo  allowed  to  the  differMi;  hianchM 
of  hia  family  ;  who,  as  well  as  Napoleon,  v  ere  to  be  suffered  inetaiu  then 


;  1 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


711 


asurped  titles.  The  principality  of  Parma  was  also  settlod  on  Maria 
Louisa,  his  wife,  in  which  slie  was  to  be  succeeded  by  her  son. 

Louis,  who  had  for  several  years  resided  at  Hartwell  in  Buckingham- 
shire, having  accepted  the  basis  of  the  constitution,  made  a  public  entry 
into  London,  and  was  accompanied  to  Dover  by  the  prince  regent,  from 
whence  his  majesty  embarked  for  Calais,  being  conveyed  to  that  port  by 
the  duke  of  Clarence.  He  entered  Paris  on  the  3rd  of  May,  where  he  was 
favourably  received  by  the  inhabitants,  but  the  soldiery  were  far  from  ap- 
pearing satisfied  with  the  change  which  had  oeen  so  suddenly  wrought. 
On  the  same  day  Bonaparte,  after  a  variety  of  adventures,  in  which 
he  had  several  narrow  escapes  from  the  populace,  arrived  at  his  abode  in 
Elba. 

Owing  to  some  unaccountable  delay  in  the  transmission  of  the  treaty 
concluded  at  Paris,  or  to  the  envy  of  Marshal  Soult,  who  hoped  to  defeat 
his  opponent,  a  sanguinary  battle  was  fought  near  Toulouse,  on  the  10th 
of  April,  between  his  army  and  that  of  the  marquis  of  Wellington.  But 
this  useless  and  deplorable  effusion  of  blood  only  added  fresh  trophies  to 
those  already  gained  by  the  British  commander.  The  last  action  of  th" 
peninsular  war  was  fought  at  Bayonne,  in  which  Sir  John  Hope  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  and  (ieneral  Andrew  Hay  was  killed. 

Among  the  minor  transactions  of  this  period  we  must  not  omit  that  at 
the  close  of  the  preceeding  year  Hanover  was  recovered  by  the  rrowu 
prince  of  Sweden,  who  also  reduced  Holstein  and  Westphalia.  The 
king  of  Denmark  joined  the  grand  alliance,  and  Dantzic  surrendered  after 
a  long  siege.  The  British,  however,  were  repulsed,  with  considerable 
loss,  in  the  attempt  to  take  the  strong  fortress  of  Bergen-op-Zoom. 

A  treaty  of  peace  and  amity  was,  on  the  30th  of  May,  concluded  at  Paris, 
between  his  Britannic  majesty  and  his  most  Christian  majesty,  by  which 
it  was  stipulated  that  the  kingdom  of  France  should  retain  its  limits  entire, 
as  it  existed  previously  to  the  revolution ;  that  Malta  should  be  ceded  to 
Great  Britain ;  and  that,  with  the  exception  of  I'obago,  St.  Lucie,  and  the 
Mauritius,  all  other  possessions  held  by  the  French  in  January,  1792, 
should  be  restored.  These  and  a  few  minor  conditions  being  anangcd  at 
the  time,  it  was  agreed  that  all  other  subjects  should  be  settled  at  a  con- 
gress, to  be  held  at  Vienna  by  the  high  contracting  parties,  at  some  future 
period.  The  return  of  peace  was  celebrated  by  illuminations,  feaslings, 
and  every  joyful  demonstration  that  so  happy  an  event  could  inspire. 

A.  D.  1815. — We  now  resume  our  brief  narrative  of  the  events  which 
were  occuring  oa  the  other  side  of  the  Enghsh  channel.  Louis  XVJII. 
devoted  his  attention  to  the  re-establishment  of  order  in  the  government, 
and  endeavoured  by  every  kind  and  conciliatory  act  to  soothe  the  animos- 
ities that  still  rankled  in  the  bosoms  of  the  royalists,  republicans,  and  Bo- 
napartists.  The  new  constitution,  which  was  modelled  upon  that  of  Eng- 
land, was  readily  accepted  by  the  senate  and  legislative  body.  The  con- 
scription was  abolished ;  the  unsold  properly  of  the  emigrants  was  re- 
stored to  them ;  the  shops,  which,  during  the  republic  and  the  reign  of 
Bonaparte,  iiad  always  remained  open  on  Sundays,  were  now  ordered  to 
be  closed,  and  the  liberty  of  the  press  was  restricted. 

A  congress  of -the  allied  powers  was  now  heul  at  Vienna,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  such  political  and  territorial  regulations  as  should  effectually 
restore  the  equilibrium  of  power,  and  afford  a  more  certain  prospect  of 
permanent  tranq\iillity.  But  a  state  of  tranquillity  was  not  so  near  as  their 
sangumc  wishes  contemplated.  An  event  happened  ere  their  df  lit  erations 
were  brought  to  a  conclusion,  which  made  it  necessary  for  them  to  lay  aside 
their  pen,  iind  once  more  take  up  the  sword.  The  restless  and  intriguing 
spirit  of  Napoleon  was  not  to  bu  confined  to  the  isle  of  Klba,  and  the  allied 
armies  were  no  sooner  witlulrnwn  from  France,  than  ho  meditiited  a  de- 

a<.on«  nn  ilo  Anomi        Via  nnniirrMncrXv  tnnk  uilvnnlncrA  ilf  t)in  flrHt  nnnortljnitv 


I' 


112 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD, 


that  offered  of  leaving  the  island,  attended  by  the  officers  and  troops  who 
had  followed  him  thither,  with  many  Corsicans  and  Elbcse,  and  landed 
at  Cannes,  in  Provence,  on  the  1st  of  March. 

The  news  of  his  landing  was  instantly  conveyed  to  Paris,  and  large 
bodies  of  troops  were  sent  to  arrest  his  progress,  and  make  him  prisoner. 
But  Louis  was  surrounded  by  traitors;  the  army  regretted  the  loss  of 
their  chief  who  had  so  often  led  them  to  victory ;  they  forgot  his  de- 
sertion of  their  comrades  in  the  moment  of  peril,  and  doubted  not  that 
his  return  would  efface  their  late  disgrace,  and  restore  them  to  that  proud 
pre-eminence  from  which  they  had  fallen.  At  his  approach,  the  armies 
that  had  been  sent  to  oppose  him  openly  declared  in  his  favour,  and  he 
pursued  his  journey  to  Paris,  augmenting  his  numbers  at  every  step,  till 
all  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  king  was  deemed  useless.  On  reaching 
the  capital,  he  was  received  by  the  inconstant  multitude  with  acclamations 
OS  loud  as  those  which  so  recently  had  greeted  the  arrival  of  Louis.  Such 
is  the  instability  of  what  is  termed  popular  favour.  The  unfortunate  king 
retired  first  to  Lisle,  and  then  to  Ghent. 

When  the  allied  sovereigns  were  informed  that  Napoleon  had  broken 
his  engagements,  and  saw  that  his  bad  faith  was  fu'.iy  equal  to  his  ambi- 
tion,  they  published  a  declaration  to  the  effect  that  Bonaparte,  having  vio- 
lated  the  convention,  had  forfeited  every  claim  to  public  favour,  and 
would  henceforth  be  considered  only  as  an  outlaw.  In  answer  to  this,  he 
published  a  counter-declaration,  asserting  tiiat  he  was  recalled  to  the 
throne  by  the  unanimous  voice  of  the  nation,  and  that  he  was  resolved  to 
devote  the  remainder  of  his  hfe  in  cultivating  the  arts  of  peace. 

In  the  meantime  preparations  for  war  were  made  by  all  the  allied 
powers.  The  English,  whose  army,  under  the  command  of  the  duke  of 
Wellington,  was  at  this  time  in  the  Netherlands,  resolved  not  to  leave  the 
man  they  had  once  conquered  in  quiet  possession  of  the  throne  of  France, 
and  every  engine  was  put  in  motion  to  re-assemble  the  troops.  Bonaparte, 
Iikewis3,  actively  prepared  for  the  contest  that  was  to  decide  his  fate.  He 
collected  together  all  the  disposable  forces  of  France,  and  led  them  towards 
the  Netherlands,  hoping  to  arrive  before  fresh  troops  could  come  to  the 
aid  of  the  English  and  Prussians,  and  thus  defeat  them  and  get  possession 
of  Brussels. 

The  army  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  French  emperor,  includ- 
ing the  corps  of  Grouchy,  amounted  to  upwards  of  150,000  men,  with  350 
pieces  of  cannon.  In  an  order  of  the  day,  issued  the  14th  of  June,  he  said, 
"the  moment  has  arrived  for  every  Frenchman  who  has  a  heart,  to  con- 
quer or  perish."  The  allied  troops  in  Flanders  were  yet  quiet  in  their 
cantonments.  The  Prusso-Saxon  army  formed  the  left,  the  Anglo  Bel- 
gian army  the  right.  The  former  was  115,000  strong,  commanded  by  ihe 
veteran  Blucher;  the  laUer  about  80,000,  commandetf  by  the  duke  of  VVel- 
lington,  whose  head-quarters  were  at  Brussels;  those  of  Blucher  wer3 
Ht  Namur,  about  sixteen  leagues  distant. 

On  the  15th  of  June  the  memorable  campaign  of  1815  was  begun,  by 
Napoleon  driving  in  the  advance  posts  of  the  Prussians  on  the  river  Sam- 
bre,  while  Marshal  Ney  crossed  the  river  at  Marchienues,  repulsed  the 
Prussians,  and  drove  back  a  Belgian  brigade  to  Quatre-Bras.  In  the 
evening,  at  eleven  o'clock,  ths  duTie  of  Wellington  (who,  to^'ithe*-  with 
the  duke  of  Brunswick,  and  the  principal  officers  then  in  Brussels,  were 
participating  in  the  festivities  of  a  hall,  given  by  the  duchess  of  Kiciimond), 
received  a  dispat(!h  from  Marshal  Blucher,  informing  him  that  Bonaparte 
was  on  his  march  to  Brussels,  at  the  head  of  an  iiundrod  and  fifty  thous- 
and men.  The  dance  was  suspended,  and  orders  issued  for  assen^Hinf 
the  troops.  On  the  IGth  was  fought  the  battle  of  Ligny,  in  which  Blucher 
was  defeated,  and  forced  to  retreat  to  Wavre,  having  narrowly  escaped 
bcina  taken  orisoner.    On  the  same  day  the  duke  of  Wellington  hart  di 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WOULD. 


?13 


tectcd  his  whole  army  to  advance  on  Quatre-Bras,  wit!i  the  intention  oJ 
Buceouruig  Blucher,  but  was  himself  attacked  by  a  large  body  of  cavalry 
and  infantry,  before  his  own  cavalry  had  joined.  In  tiie  meantime  the 
English,  under  Sir  Thomas  Picton,  and  Belgians,  under  the  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick,  had  to  sustain  the  impetuous  attacks  of  the  French,  commanded  by 
Marshal  Ney,  who  was  eventually  repulsed,  though  with  considerable 
loss.  In  tins  action  fell  the  gallant  duke  of  Brunswick,  who  was  univer- 
sally and  deservedly  lamented.  The  whole  of  the  17th  was  employed  in 
preparations  for  the  eventful  battle  that  ensued. 

The  retreat  of  Blucher's  army  to  Wavre  rendered  it  necessary  for  Wel- 
lington to  make  a  corresponding  retrograde  movement,  in  order  to  keep  up 
a  communication  with  the  Prussians,  and  to  occupy  a  position  in  front  of 
thp  village  of  Waterloo.  Confronting  the  position  of  the  allies  was  a 
chain  of  heights,  separaled  by  a  ravine,  half  a  mile  in  breadth.  Here  Na- 
poleon  arrayed  hi?  forces,  and  having  rode  through  the  lines  and  given 
his  last  orders,  he  placed  himself  on  the  heights  of  Rossome,  whence  he 
had  a  complete  view  of  the  two  armies. 

About  a  quarter  before  eleven  o'clock  the  battle  began  by  a  fierce  attack 
on  the  British  division  posted  at  Hougomont;  it  was  taken  and  retaken 
several  times,  the  English  guards  bravely  defending  and  eventually  re- 
maining 111  possession  of  it.  At  the  same  time  the  French  kept  an  inces- 
sant cannonade  against  the  whole  line,  and  male  repeated  charges  with 
heavy  masses  of  cuirassiers,  supported  by  close  columns  of  infantry,  which, 
except  in  one  instance,  when  the  farm  of  La  Haye  Saiiite  was  forced, 
were  uniformly  repulsed.  Charges  and  counter-charges  of  cavalry  and 
^ifantry  followed  with  astonishing  pertinacity.  The  brave  Sir  Thomas 
Picton  was  shot  at  the  head  of  his  division;  a  grand  charge  of  British 
cavalry  then  ensued,  which  for  a  moment  swept  everything  before  it;  but, 
assailed  in  its  turn  by  masses  of  cuirassiers  and  Polish  lancers,  it  was 
forced  back,  and  in  the  desperate  encounter  Sir  W  illiarn  Ponsonby  and 
other  gallant  officers  were  slain.  Soon  after  this,  it  is  said,  the  duke  felt 
nimself  so  hard  pressed,  that  he  was  heard  to  say,  "  Would  to  God  night 
or  Blucher  would  come."  As  the  shades  of  evening  approached,  it  ap- 
peared almost  doubtful  whether  the  troops  could  much  longer  sustain  the 
unequal  conflict ;  but  at  this  critical  moment  the  Prussian  cannonade  was 
heard  on  the  left.  Bonaparte  immediately  dispatched  a  force  to  hold  them 
in  check,  while  he  brought  forward  the  imperial  guards,  sustained  by 
the  best  regiments  of  horse  and  foot,  amid  shouts  of  "Vive  I'empereur," 
and  flourishes  of  martial  music.  At  this  moment  the  duke  of  Wellington 
brought  forward  his  whole  line  of  infantry,  supported  by  the  cavalry  and 
artillery,  and  promptly  ordered  his  men  to  "charge !"  This  was  so  unex- 
pected  by  the  enemy,  and  so  admirably  performed  by  the  British  troops, 
that  the  Frencli  fled  as  though  tiie  whole  army  were  panic-stricken.  Na 
poleon,  perceiving  the  recoil  of  his  columns  on  all  sides,  exclaimed,  "it  is 
all  over,"  and  retreated  with  all  possible  speed.  The  French  left  the  field 
in  tiie  utmost  confusion  and  dismay,  abandoning  above  one  hundred  and 
fifty  pieces  of  cannon.  They  were  pursued  by  the  victors  till  long  after 
dark,  when  the  British,  exhausted  by  fatigue,  halted  ;  the  Prussians  there- 
fore  continued  the  pursuit,  and  nothing  could  be  more  complete  than  the 
d.ncoiViuturo  of  t'.ie  rouiud  i.rmy .  not  uiore  >iian  Turty  iiiousaiid  Uien,  partly 
without  arms,  and  carrying  with  them  only  twenty-seven  pieces  out  of 
their  numerous  artillery,  made  their  retreat  through  Charleroi.  The  loss 
of  the  allies  was  great ;  that  of  the  British  and  Hanoverians  alone  amounted 
to  thirteen  thousand.  Two  generals  and  four  colonels  were  among  the 
killed ;  nine  generals  and  five  colonels  were  wounded ;  among  them  was 
Lord  Uxbridge.  who  had  fought  gallantly,  and  was  wounded  by  vdmost 
the  last  shot  that  was  fired  by  the  enemy.  Such  is  the  general,  though 
'ssanly  meagrvi  "'-'thnc  Oi  the  cveMuciriorablc  battle  of  VVatoilooi 


li 


n  A/«nijQ 


714 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


evinciiin  one  of  the  noblest  proofs  upon  record  of  British  valour,  and  ot 
the  tnleiits  of  a  great  national  commander. 

Bonaparte  returned  to  Paris,  in  the  gloominess  of  despair,  and  admitted 
that  his  army  was  no  more.  The  partisans  of  Louis  ]ool<ed  forward  to 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons;  anotlier  party  desired  a  republic;  while 
the  Bonaparlisls  showed  their  anxiety  to  receive  Napoleon's  abdication, 
and  to  make  Maria  Lonis-s  v^mpri'ss-regent  durmg  her  son's  minority 
Meanwhile  the  represei.  *.!»'?  of  th.  nation  declared  their  sittings  per- 
manent, and  some  •  *■  vhs  mtifiiseiis  having  boldly  asserted  that  trie  nn- 
conditional  abdicatH-n  of  Boitupiaie  could  alone  save  the  state,  the  declar- 
ation was  received  with  applause,  and  the  fallen  emperor  was  persuaded 
once  more  to  descend  from  his  usurped  throne. 

A  commission  was  appointed  to  repair  to  the  allied  armies  with  propo 
sals  of  peace,  but  the  victors  had  formed  a  resolution  not  lo  treat  but  under 
the  waUs  of  Paris.  The  duke  of  Wellington  then  addressed  a  proclama- 
tion to  the  French  people,  stating  that  he  h■^•^  -iJo.  'I  the  country  not  as 
an  enemy,  except  to  the  usurper,  with  whom  ihere  could  bo  no  peace  nor 
truce,  but  to  enable  them  lo  throw  off  the  yoke  by  which  they  were  op- 
pressed. Wellington  and  Blucher  continued  their  march  to  Paris  with 
little  opposition,  and  on  the  .30ih  it  was  invested.  The  heights  about  the 
city  were  strongly  fortified,  and  it  was  defended  by  filiy  thousand  troops 
of  the  line,  besides  national  guards  and  volunteers.  On  the  3d  of  July, 
Marsha!.  Davoust,  the  French  commander,  concluded  a  convention  wiih 
the  generals-in-chief  of  the  allied  armies,  who  stipulated  tli;it  Paris  should 
be  evacuated  in  three  days  by  the  French  troops ;  all  the  fortified  posts 
and  barriers  given  up;  and  no  individual  prosecuted  for  his  political  opin- 
ions or  conduct.  The  provisional  government  now  retired,  and  on  the  6th 
Louis  made  his  public  entry  into  Paris,  where  he  was  hailed  by  his  fickle 
subjects  with  crieo  of  "Vive  le  roi!"  The  military,  however,  though 
beaten,  were  still  stubborn,  and  it  required  some  time  and  address  to  make 
them  acknowledge  the  sovereignty  of  the  Bourbons. 

Bonaparte  in  the  meantime  had  reached  the  port  of  Rochefort  in  safety, 
from  whence  he  anxiously  hoped  to  escape  to  America;  but  finding  it  uu- 
possible  to  elude  the  British  cruisers,  he  went  on  board  the  Bclleiophon, 
one  of  the  vessels  blockading  the  coast,  and  surrendered  himself  to  Cap- 
tain Maitland.  Prior  to  this  he  had  sought  to  stipulate  for  a  free  pas- 
sage, or  to  surrender  on  condition  of  being  allowed  to  reside  in  England 
in  honourable  exile  ;  but  neither  proposal  could  be  listened  to ;  the  allied 
powers,  aware  of  his  reatlees  and  intriguing  disposition,  had  determined 
upon  the  island  of  St.  Helena  ai  his  future  residence,  and  that  there  he 
should  be  kept  under  the  sfrictnst  guard.  The  Bel'erophon  proceeded  to 
Torbay;  Napoleon  was  traiisfe.-rcd  to  the  Northumberland,  commanded 
by  Admiral  Sir  G.  Cockbuin,  and,  attended  by  some  of  his  most  attached 
friends  and  domestics,  he  in  due  couTse  reached  his  destination,  but  not 
without  violently  protesting  against  the  injustice  of  his  banishmenl,  after 
having  thrown  himself  upon  the  hospitality  of  the  British  nation. 

Murat,  the  brother-in-law  of  Napoleon,  having  joined  the  allies  wheti 
he  found  the  career  of  his  friend  and  patron  growing  to  a  close,  rejoined 
him  again  on  his  return  from  Elba;  but  hiiving  been  driven  from  the  throne 
of  Naples,  he  joined  a  band  of  desperadoes,  and  hnded  i,  Calabria,  where, 
being  speedily  overcome  and  taken,  he  was  inntanMy  s'lor.  Marslial  Ney 
("who  had  promised  Louis  to  bring  Napoleosi,  •■like  a  wild  boast  in  a  cage, 
to  Paris")  and  Colonel  Labedoyere,  suffered  for  their  treichory;  but  Lav- 
alette,  who  was  sentenced  to  the  sam.-^  fate,  escaped  from  p"it"on,  dis- 
guised in  his  wife's  clothes,  and,  by  the  assistance  of  Sir  Robi-rt  Wilson, 
Mr.  Hutchinson,  and  Mr.  Bruce,  got  out  of  the  country  undiscovered. 

\  congress  was  held  at  Vienna,  and  seviral  treaties  between  the  allied 
piiweru  and  France  were  finallvadiusted.    (Nov.  20.)    The  addilioub  made 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


IIS 


to  the  French  territory  by  the  treaty  ol  1814  were  now  rescinded  ;  seven- 
teen of  the  frontier  fortified  towns  and  cities  of  France  were  to  be  gar- 
risoned by  the  allies  for  five  years ;  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  troops, 
as  an  army  of  occupation  under  the  duke  of  Wellington,  were  to  be  main- 
tained for  the  same  space  of  time  ;  and  a  sum  of  900,000,000  francs  was 
to  be  paid  as  an  indemnity  to  the  allies.  It  was  further  agreed,  that  all 
the  works  of  art  which  had  been  plundered  by  the  French  from  othei 
countries,  should  be  restored.  Thus  the  master- pieces  of  art  deposited 
in  the  gallery  of  the  Louvre  (the  Venus  de  Medicis,  the  Apollo  Belvi- 
dere,  dec,  &t.),  were  reclaimed  by  their  respective  owners— an  act  of 
stern  justice,  but  one  which  excited  the  utmost  indignation  among  the 
Parisians. 

In  order  to  secure  the  peace  of  Germany,  an  act  of  confederation  was 
concluded  between  its  respective  rulers,  every  member  of  which  was 
free  to  form  what  alliances  he  pleased;  provided  they  were  such  as  could 
not  prove  injurious  to  the  general  safety,  and  in  case  of  one  prince  being 
attacked,  all  the  rest  were  bound  to  arm  in  his  defence.  Thus  ended  this 
long  and  sanguinary  warfare,  the  events  of  which  were  so  rapid  and  ap- 
palling, and  their  consequences  bo  mighty  and  unlooked-for,  that  future 
ages  will  be  tempted  io  doubt  the  evidence  of  facts,  and  to  believe  that  the 
history  of  the  nineteenth  century  is  interwoven  with  and  embellished  by 
the  splendour  of  fiction. 

A.  D.  1816— It  has  been  justly  observed,  that  "it  was  only  after  the 
storm  had  subsided  that  England  became  sensible  of  the  wounds  received 
in  her  late  tremendous  strugglw.  While  hostilities  lasted,  she  fell  neither 
weakness  nor  disorder.  Though  a  principal  in  the  war,  she  had  been  ex- 
empt from  its  worst  calamities.  Battles  were  fought,  countries  were  over- 
run and  desolated,  but  her  own  border  remained  unassailable.  Like  a 
spectator  viewing  securely  the  tempest  at  a  distance,  she  was  only  sersi- 
ble  of  its  fury  by  the  wreck  of  neighbouring  nations,  wafted  at  intervals 
to  her  shores.  The  cessation  of  hostilities  in  1815,  was  like  the  cessation 
of  motion  in  a  gigantic  machine,  which  has  been  urged  to  its  maximum 
velocity.  One  of  the  first  results  of  peace  was  an  enormous  diminution 
m  the  war  expenditure  of  the  government.  During  the  last  five  years  of 
the  war,  the  public  expenditure  averaged  108,720,000/.  Durincr  the  first 
five  years  of  pea(!0,  it  averaged  64.G60,000Z.  Peace  (Itus  caused'an  imme- 
diate  reduction  of  nearly  fifty  millions  in  the  amount  of  money  expended 
by  government  in  the  support  of  domestic  industry. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  session  the  ministers  were  defeated  in  at- 
tempting to  continue  the  property  tax  for  one  year  longer;  and, chagrined 
at  this  result,  they  abandoned  the  war  duty  on  malt,  thereby  relinquishing 
a  tax  that  would  have  produced  2,000,000/.  The  bank  restriction  bill  was 
extended  for  two  years  longer,  and  another  ineffectual  attempt  was  made 
in  favour  of  the  Roman  catholic  claims. 

The  house  was  now  informed,  by  a  message  from  the  prince  regent, 
that  a  matrimonial  alliance  was  about  to  take  place  between  his  daughter 
and  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe  Cobourg :  upon  which  parliament  voted  ar. 
annual  provision  of  60,000/.  for  supporting  a  suitable  establishment,  and, 
in  the  event  of  the  decease  of  the  princess,  50,000/.  per  annum  was  secured 
to  his  royal  highness  f  r  life.  The  nuptials  were  solemnized  with  be- 
coming splendour,  on  tiie  2d  of  May,  at  Carlton  house.  In  the  .luly  follow- 
ing  the  princess  Mary  gave  her  hand  to  hercousin  the  duke  of  Gloucester. 

The  event  next  demanding  notice,  was  one  which  placed  the  glory  ol 
British  arms  and  British  humanity  in  a  conspicuous  light.  The  Algerines 
and  their  neighbours,  the  Tunisians,  had  long  been  in  the  habit  ol  com- 
mitting atrocities  on  the  subjects  of  every  Christian  power  that  happened 
to  fall  into  their  hands.  Repeated  remonstrances  had  been  made,  witlioiil 
procuring  redress,  and  it  was  now  deieraiined  that  this  horde  of  pirates 


III 


IS  f'  •' 

11 


1    -li 


'[|>i 


^ 


If 


718 


HISTORY   OP  THE   WORLD. 


should  either  accede  to  certain  proposals,  or  suffer  for  so  long  and  barbat 
ously  defying  the  laws  of  civilized  nations.    Accordingly,  Lord  Kxmuutli 
was  sent  with  a  fleet  in  the  states  of  Barbary,  to  conclude  a  treaty  of 

Eeace  between  them  and  the  kings  of  Naples  and  Sardinia,  to  abolisti 
)hristian  slavery,  and  to  obtain  from  them  a  promise  to  respect  the  flag 
of  the  Ionian  islands,  which  had  lately  become  an  independent  country. 
The  beys  of  Tunis  and  Tripoli  acceded  to  all  theic  demands ;  but  the  dey 
of  Algiers  demurred,  as  far  as  regarded  the  abolition  of  slavery.  Shortly 
after,  notwithstanding  this  treaty,  a  considerable  number  of  unarmed 
Christians,  who  had  landed  at  Dona,  having  been  massacred  'by  the  Mo- 
hammcdans.  Lord  Exmouth  returned  and  commenced  a  furious  bombard- 
ment of  the  city  of  Algiers,  which  lasted  six  hours ;  the  contest  was 
severe  ;  eight  hundred  of  the  assailants  fell  in  the  action,  and  the  British 
ships  suflered  considerably,  but  the  gallant  admiral  had  the  satisfaction 
of  demolishing  the  Algerine  batteries,  and  destroying  their  shipping, 
arsenal,  and  magazine,  while  the  dey  was  forced  to  agree  to  the  abolition 
of  Christian  slavery,  and  the  release  of  all  within  his  dominions. 

Tiie  distresses  of  the  labouring  and  manufacturing  classes,  and  the  high 
price  of  provisions,  at  length  produced  serious  disturbances  in  various 
parts  of  England.  The  malcontents  in  the  eastern  counties  broke  out 
nito  open  violence,  and  were  not  suppressed  without  the  assistance  cfthe 
military.  In  London  similar  attempts  were  made.  Mr.  Hunt,  a  popular 
demagogue,  had  on  the  15ih  of  November  convened  a  public  mefting  in 
Spa-fields,  to  draw  up  a  petition  to  the  regent.  On  the  2d  of  December 
another  meeting  was  called  to  receive  the  answer  to  their  petition.  While 
this  meeting  was  awaiting  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Hunt,  a  band  of  desperadoes 
appeared  on  the  ground  with  a  tri-coloured  flag  and  other  banners,  headed 
by  a  young  man  named  Watson,  who,  after  using  violent  language  from  a 
wagon,  proceede  1  towards  the  city,  accompanied  by  a  vast  crowd  of  the 
populace.  On  arriving  at  Snow-hill  they  plundered  the  shop  of  Mr.  Heck- 
with,  a  gunsmith ;  and  a  person  named  Piatt,  who  remonstrated  a^^ainst 
the  proceeding,  was  shot  at  and  wounded  by  young  Watson.  They  then 
hurried  on  towards  the  Royal-exchange,  where  they  were  met  by  a  body 
of  the  police,  headed  by  Mayor  Wood,  who  ordered  the  gates  to  be  shut, 
and  seized  several  who  had  arms.  The  mob  plundered  some  more  gun- 
smiths* shops  in  the  Minories,  but  the  military  coming  to  the  aid  of  the 
civil  power,  several  of  the  rioters  were  apprehended,  and  the  remainder 
dispersed.  One,  named  Cashman,  suffered  capital  punishment,  but  the 
ringleader  contrived  to  effect  his  escape  to  America,  although  a  large  re- 
ward was  offered  for  his  apprehension. 

A.  D.  1817. — In  the  regent  s  speech  at  the  opening  of  parliament,  allusion 
was  made  to  the  popular  discontents,  which  he  ascriued  to  the  efforts  of 
designing  persons  to  mislead  the  people.  On  his  return  through  S,'. 
Junies'  park  an  immense  mob  had  assembled,  who  saluted  him  with 
groans  and  hisses,  and  as  he  passed  the  back  of  Carlton-house  the  glass 
of  the  royal  carriage  was  perforated  either  by  a  stone  or  the  ball  from  an 
air-gun.  To  meet  the  public  exigencies,  his  royal  highness  soon  after 
surrendered  fifty  thousand  pounds  per  annum  of  his  income.  This  ex< 
ample  was  followed  bv  the  marquis  Camden,  who  patriotically  gave  up 
ine  fees  of  the  tellersnip  oi  the  exchequer,  valued  ai  thirteen  inousand 
pounds  per  annum,  reserving  only  the  salary  of  two  thousand  seven  hun- 
dred pounds.  Alas!  the  noble  marquis  had  no  imitators;  but  though  his 
[fenerous  example  was  not  followed,  the  deed  will  not  be  wiiolly  ob- 
iterated  from  his  country's  annals. 

A  melancholy  event  now  occurred.  The  princess  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  the  regent  and  consort  of  t'rince  Leopold,  expired  on  the  5ih  of  No- 
vember, after  liaving  given  birth  to  a  dead  child.  The  untimely  fate  of 
litis  aiiiiabio  piiiicebs  caused  a  regret  which  was  uatversuUy  expiObsed, 


iui:ua    vi    luu 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


m 


Her  unostentatious  and  frank  demeanour,  her  domestic  virtues  and  be- 
nevolenl  disposition,  had  inspired  the  people  with  a  high  idea  of  her  worlli, 
and  they  fondly  anticipated  that  under  her  auspices  the  glory  and  pros- 
perity of  England  would  again  become  resplendent. 

There  is  little  else  of  a  domestic  nature  to  record  this  year,  if  we  except 
the  three  days'  trial  of  William  Hone,  the  parodist,  who  was  arraigned  upon 
cnmmal  information  as  a  profane  libeller  of  parts  of  the  liturgy.  He  was 
tned  bv  Lord  EUenborough  and  Mr.  Justice  Abbott ;  and  having  conducted 
his  defence  with  unusual  ingenuity  and  perseverance,  he  not  only  came 
off  victor,  but  actunlly  pocketed  the  sum  of  three  thousand  pounds,  the 
amount  of  a  public  subscription,  raised  to  remunerate  him  for  having  un- 
dergone  the  penis  of  a  government  prosecution,  or  as  a  reward  for  tho 
laudable  uitention  of  bringing  into  contempt  both  church  and  state  ! 

A.  D.  1818. — The  parliamentary  session  was  opened  by  commission, 
rhe  habeas  corpus  act  was  restored,  and  a  bill  passed  to  screen  ministers 
from  the  legal  penalties  they  might  have  incurred  through  the  abuse  of 
their  power  during  the  time  of  its  suspension.  At  the  same  time  meet- 
ings were  held  in  nearly  every  populous  town  throughout  the  country,  for 
the  purpose  of  petitioning  for  parliamentary  reform.  When  the  sessions 
slosed  on  the  10th  of  June,  the  parliament  was  dissolved,  and  writs  issued 
for  new  elections.  All  the  ministerial  candidates  in  the  city  of  London 
were  thrown  out,  and  Sir  Samuel  Romilly  and  Sii  Francis  Burdett  were 
returned  for  Westminster;  but  in  the  country  the  elections  passed  off 
quietly,  and  little  change  was  produced  in  the  parliamentary  majority  of 
ministers. 

Queen  Charlotte,  who  had  been  some  time  indisposed,  expired  at  Kew, 
in  the  75th  year  of  her  age,  and  the  58th  of  her  marriage  with  the  king. 
Owing  to  her  exemplary  conduct  the  court  of  England  was  pre-eminent 
for  its  strict  decorum. 

The  year  1818  was  fertile  in  royal  marriages ;  the  princess  Elizabeth 
was  married  to  the  prince  of  Hesse  Romberg ;  the  duke  of  Clarence  to 
the  princess  of  Meinengen ;  the  duke  of  Kent  to  the  princess  dowager 
Leinengen,  sister  to  Prince  Leopold ;  and  the  duke  of  Cambridge  to  the 
princess  of  Hesse  Cassel. 

The  British  army  returned  from  France,  which  they  had  lately  occupied, 
according  to  the  stipulations  of  the  treaty  at  the  restoration  of  Louis 
XVHL  Towards  the  close  of  the  year  the  expedition  which  had  been 
sent  to  explore  the  arctic  regions  also  returned  to  England,  but  without 
accomplishing  their  object— the  progress  of  the  vessels  having  been  so 
impeded  by  the  ice. 

A.  D.  1819 — The  country  was  still  pregnant  with  disaffection,  and  the 
doctrine  of  annual  parliaments  and  universal  suffrage  was  advocated  by 
demagogues  as  the  only  remedy  for  a  corrupt  state  of  the  representation. 
At  length  this  meetings  assumed  a  very  serious  aspect;  one  of  which, 
from  its  being  attended  with  fatal  consequences,  and  having  given  rise 
to  much  subsequent  discussion,  it  is  necessary  to  describe.  This  was 
the  "Manchester  reform  meeting."  It  was  originally  convened  for  the 
choice  of  a  parliamentary  representative,  and  had  been  fixed  to  take 
place  on  the  4th  of  August;  but  in  consequence  of  a  spirited  notice  put 
forth  by  the  magistrates,  declaring  that  the  intended  meeting  was  illegal, 
it  was  postponed,  and  hopes  were  entertained  that  it  would  ultimately  have 
been  abandoned.  However,  new  placards  were  issued  for  the  16th,  ami 
"parliamentary  reform"  was  substituted  for  the  original  object.  A  piei-e 
or  ground  called  St.  Peter's  field  was  the  spot  chosen  for  this  exhibition ; 
and  hither  large  bodies  of  men,  arrayt d  in  regular  order,  continued  to 
march  during  the  whole  of  the  morning,  the  neighbouring  towns  and 
villages  pouring  out  their  multitudes  for  the  purpose  of  centering  in  this 
tocus  of  radica!  uiscoritcnt.      Each  party  had  its  banner,  with  some 


718 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


motto,  thereon  inscribed,  characteristic  of  the  grand  object  they  had  in 
veiw,  mottoes  which  have  since  become  Tamiliar  even  to  ears  polite— such 
as  "  No  Corn  Laws,"  "  Annual  Parliaments,"  "  Vote  by  Ballot,"  "  Liberty 
or  Death,"  ice.  Nay,  such  was  the  entiiusiasm  of  the  hour  that  among 
thtm  were  seen  two  clubs  of  "  female  reformers,"  their  white  flags  float- 
ing in  the  breeze.  At  the  time  Mr,  Hunt  took  the  chair  not  less 
than  fifty  thousand  persons — men,  women,  and  children — had  as 
sembled,  and  while  he  was  addressing  his  audience,  a  body  of  the  Man- 
chester yeomanry  cavalry  came  in  sight,  and  directly  galloped  up  to  the 
hustings,  seizing  the  orator,  together  with  his  companions  and  their  ban- 
ners. A  dreadful  scene  of  terror  and  confusion  ensued,  numbers  being 
trampled  under  the  horses'  feet,  or  cut  down.  Six  persons  were  killed, 
and  about  a  hundred  wounded.  Coroners'  inquests  were  held  on  the 
dead  bodies,  but  the  verdicts  of  the  juries  led  to  no  judicial  proceeding  ; 
true  bills,  liowever,  were  found  against  Hunt,  Moorhouse,  Johnson,  and 
seven  others,  for  a  conspiracy  to  overturn  the  government,  but  at  the 
same  time  they  were  admitted  to  bail. 

Public  meetings  were  now  held  in  all  the  principal  towns  in  th*?  king- 
dom, and  addresses  were  presented  io  the  regent  and  the  parliament, 
condemnatory  of  the  civil  and  military  authorities  at  Manchester,  whioli 
were  met  by  counter-addresses,  calling  for  the  repression  of  sedition,  &c. 
At  the  opening  of  parliament  the  subject  underwent  a  thorough  discussion, 
and  amendments  to  the  address  were  moved  in  both  houses,  character- 
ising the  Manchester  proceedings  as  unconstitutional ;  they  were,  how- 
ever, negatived  by  overwhelming  majorities.  At  the  same  time  strong 
measures  were  resorted  to  for  preventing  the  occurrence  of  similar  dis- 
orders, by  passing  certain  preventive  and  proliibitory  acts  of  parliament, 
afterwards  familiarly  known  as  the  "  six  acts."  These,  though  decidedly 
coercive,  seemed  called  for  by  the  slate  of  the  country,  and  received  the 
ready  sanction  of  the  legislature. 

On  the  2,3d  of  January,  1820,  died  at  Sidmouth,  in  his  5;{d  year,  Prince 
Edward,  duke  of  Kent;  leaving  a  widow,  and  onj  child,  the  Princess 
Victoria,  then  only  eight  months  old.  The  duke  had  never  mixed  much 
in  the  turmoil  of  politics,  his  life  having  been  chiefly  spent  in  the  army, 
where  he  obtained  a  high  character  for  bravery,  but  was  regarded  as  a  too 
etiict  disciplinarian. 

Scarcely  had  the  news  of  the  duke's  decease  reached  the  more  distant 
parts  of  Great  Britain,  before  thci  dealh-knell  of  his  venerable  father, 
George  in.,  was  heard.  The  bodily  health  of  his  majesty  had  of  lato  been 
fast  declining,  and  on  the  29ih  of  January  he  expired.  Some  lucid  in- 
tervals, though  few,  had  been  noticed  during  the  time  he  laboured  under  liib 
distressing  malady ;  hut  he  had  long  been  blind,  and  latterly  denfiiess  was 
added  to  liis  other  afflictions.  The  king  was  in  the  82d  year  of  his  ago, 
and  the  COth  of  his  reign  ;  leaving  six  sons  and  four  daughters  living  at  the 
time  of  his  decease.  His  remains  were  inierred  in  the  royal  vault 
at  Windsor. 

In  speaking  of  the  character  of  George  the  Third,  i.o  one  will  deny 
tliat  h(!  appeared  invariably  to  act  up  to  the  dictates  of  his  consrieiico ;  as 
a  monarcli,  he  studied  the  welfare  of  his  subjects;  as  a  father,  he  neglect- 
ed not  the  honour  and  happiness  of  his  children.  He  left  a  name  unsullied 
by  any  particular  vice,  and  his  memory  will  bo  honoured  b;-  posleritr 
br  the  goodness  of  lis  iicart,  fur  hia  piety,  clemency,  and  fortitude. 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD.  719 


CHAPTER  LXIV. 

THE    REIOIf    oy   aGOROB   IV. 

A.  n.  1820.— Georgfi  the  Fourth,  eldest  son  of  the  late  vi  ntrable  mon- 
iircti,  who  had  exercised  sovereign  power  as  regent  during  his  royal  fath- 
era  mental  incapacity,  was  immediately  proclaimed  king,  and  the  new 
reign  commenced  without  any  expectation  of  official  changes.  At  tho 
very  moment  of  his  accession,  and  for  some  time  before,  a  most  atrocious 
conspiracy  existed,  having  for  its  object  the  assassination  of  the  whole  of 
his  majesty  8  ministers.  The  sanguinary  intentions  of  the  conspirators 
render  a  detail  of  their  plans  necessary. 

Several  wretched  individuals,  headed  by 'Arthur  Thistlewood-a  man 
who  had  formerly  been  a  lieutenant  in  the  army,  but  who  had  subsequently 
suffered  fine  and  imprisonment  for  challenging  Lord  Sidmouth  to  fi.rht  a 
duel,  and  was  now  reduced  to  indigence-hired  a  stable  in  Cato-street, 
hdge ware  road,  for  the  express  purpose  of  assembling  there  and  consult- 
ing  on  the  best  plan  of  putting  tlie  design  into  execution.  The  time 
chosen  for  the  commission  of  the  bloody  deed  was  or.  the  occasion  of  a 
cabinet-dinner  at  Lord  Harrowby's.  in  Grosvenor-square;  they  iiitended 
to  proceed  in  a  body  to  his  lordship's  house,  and,  having  gained  admission 
by  stratagem,  murder  all  present.  Acting  on  previous  information  from 
one  of  the  conspirators,  wiio  had  associated  with  them  for  the  purpose  of 
their  betrayal,  Mr.  Birnie,  a  Bow-street  magistrate,  with  twelve  of  the 
patrol,  went  to  Cato-street,  and  there,  in  a  hay-loit,  they  found  the  con- 
spirators assembled.  The  entrance  was  by  a  ladder,  which  some  of  tlie 
police  officers  ascended,  and  on  the  door  being  opened,  twenty- five  or 
ihirty  men  appeared  armed.  A  desperate  struggle  ensued  in  the  dark,  the 
ights  liavmg  been  extinguished,  and  Smit..'rs,  one  of  the  police,  was  run 
through  the  bodv  by  Thistlewood:  meanlinie,  a  company  of  the  foot 
guards,  commanded  by  Captain  Fitzdarence,  arrived  at  the  place  of  ren 
dezvous,  which  they  surrounded,  and  succeeded  in  capturing  nine  of  tlie 
desperadoes.  Thistlewood  and  the  rest  escaped ;  but  he  was  afterwards 
taken  in  an  obscure  lodging  at  Finsbnry,  while  in  bed.  Tlicy  were  all 
found  guilty;  and  five  of  them,  namely,  Thistlewood,  Ings,  Mriint,  Tidd, 
and  Davidson,  were  hanged  and  then  decapitated  at  the  Old  Hadcy  ;  tho 
other  five  had  their  sentences  commuted  for  traiiHportation.  About  the 
same  time  the  trial  of  Hunt  and  others  took  place  at  York,  for  their  con- 
duct at  Manchester  on  the  16th  of  August ;  Hunt  was  soiitcn-cd  to  be  im- 
prisoned m  Ilchester  jail  for  two  yrars  and  six  months,  and  llealy, 
Johnson,  and  Bamford  to  one  year's  imprisonment  in  Lincoln  jail, 

1  he  country  ha.<  been  in  a  very  unsettled  state  in  eonseniK'iicu  of  the 
foregoing  proceedings,  but  they  were  treated  as  matters  of  little  impor- 
tance when  compared  witii  a  scene  that  followed  :  wo  mean  the  trial  of 
Queen  Caroline.  Her  majesty  had  been  six  years  absent  from  Kiigland, 
and  for  the  last  twenty-three  years  she  had  been  separated  from  her  hus- 
band. 5>he  iiad  been  charged  with  connubial  infidelity,  and  a  rigid  inves- 
tigation into  her  conduct  had  taken  place;  but  though  an  undigii  (led  levity 
had  been  proved  against  her,  the  charge  of  criminality  was  notestahliahcd; 
yet  was  she  visited  with  a  kind  of  vindictive  p'lrsoemioii  that  rendered 
Jier  life  p  burden.  The  prince  had  declared  ho  would  not  meet  her  in 
public  or  in  privaio;  and  among  the  magnates  of  rank  and  fashion  his 
iiiathoina  operated  with  lalismaiiie  power;  she  was  consequenlly  put  out 
of  tho  pale  of  society,  of  which  she  had  been  described  to  bo  "  the  nrace 
life,  and  ornamiMit."  Thus  neglected  and  insulted,  she  sought  for  recrea- 
,lon  and  repo^io  ill  foreign  travel;  and  during  her  absence  runmnr  w,i» 
•)U8y  at  home  in  attributing  to  her  amours  of  the  mo.it  dearadina  kind.  It 
*-.-r  v«r,...MiltV  x^vjix~\x  mat  tac  i;ri:;vc33  oi   VTr.-iicg  was  iiViiiij,  lii  ailulU'rv 


I 


' 


720 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


with  an  Italian  named  Bergami,  whom,  from  tl>e  menial  station  of  a 
courier,  she  had  created  her  chamberlain,  and  familiarly  admitted  to  her 
t:  ble.  To  elicit  evidence  and  investigate  the  truth  of  these  reports,  a 
commission  had  been  appointed  under  the  direction  of  Sir  John  Leach, 
who  proceeded  for  that  purpose  to  the  continent ;  and  the  result  of  his  in- 
quiries was,  that  the  English  ministers  abroad  were  not  to  give  the  prin- 
cess, in  their  official  character,  any  public  recognition,  or  pay  her  the  re- 
spect due  to  her  exalted  station. 

On  the  death  of  George  III.  the  first  step  taken  to  degrade  her  was  the 
omission  of  her  name  in  the  liturgy ;  but  she  was  nr  w  queen  of  England  ; 
and  notwithstanding  an  annuity  of  50,000/.  per  annum  was  offered  oncon- 
diiion  of  her  permanently  residing  abroad,  and  not  assuming,  in  the  event 
of  the  demise  of  the  crown,  the  title  of  queen,  she  indignantly  rejected  the 

Sroposal,  challenged  the  fullest  inquiry  into  her  conduct,  and  returned  to 
England  on  the  6th  of  June,  with  a  full  determination  to  face  her  enemies. 
She  was  accompanied  by  Alderman  Wood  and  La'^y  Hamilton,  and  her 
entry  into  Loudon  was  greeted  with  the  joyful  acclamations  of  assembled 
multitudes. 

The  charges  against  the  queen  being  resolutely  persisted  in  by  her  ac 
cusers,  and  her  guijt  as  pertinaciously  denied  by  her  defenders,  all  attempts 
at  reconciliation  failed,  and  a  secret  committee  of  the  house  of  lords  pro- 
ceeded to  examine  the  inculpatory  documents  contained  in  the  "green 
bag."    On  the  5th  of  July  Lord  Liverpool  presented  u  bill  of  pains  and 

Eenalties  against  the  queen,  providing  that  her  miijesty  be  degraded  from 
er  rank  and  title,  and  her  marriage  with  the  king  dissolved.  The  queen 
protested  against  these  proceedings  at  every  step,  and  was  occasionally 
present  during  the  examination  of  witnesses.  Meanwhile,  the  excitement 
was  intense.  Guilty  or  not  guilty,  the  public  sympathized  with  her  as  a 
woman  who  had  been  subject  to  systematic  persecution  for  a  quarter  of  a 
century,  carried  on  by  a  man  as  relentless  as  he  was  licentious  ;  and  how- 
ever great  her  delinquencies  might  be,  her  perset-utor  was  the  last  man  in 
his  dominions  who  could  justify  himself  in  pursuing  the  object  of  his  hate 
with  cruel  vindicliveness.  During  all  this  time  adiresscs  and  proces- 
sions in  honour  of  the  queen  kept  the  metropolis  in  such  a  ferment  that 
its  mechanics  and  artizans  appeared  as  if  engaged  in  a  national  saturnalia. 
Sir  Robert  (Jifford,  the  attorney-general,  assisted  by  tiio  solicitor-general, 
conducted  tlie  prosecution ;  Mr.  Brougham,  Mr.  Denman,  and  Dr.  Lush- 
ington,  the  def(»nce.  The  proceedings  having  at  length  been  brought  to 
a  close,  the  lords  met  on  the  2d  of  November,  to  discuss  the  second  read- 
ing of  the  bill  of  degradatitm.  Some  declared  their  conviction  of  the 
queen's  guilt ;  others  as  confidently  asserted  her  innocence;  while  several 
denied  b  Hh  the  justice  and  expediency  of  the  bill,  and  would  not  consent 
to  brand  with  everlasting;  infamy  a  member  of  the  house  of  Uriniswiek. 
U[)on  a  division  for  a  second  reading  there  was  a  majority  of  28.  Some 
were  in  favour  of  di'gradation,  but  not  divorce.  Upon  the  third  reading 
of  the  bill,  the  ministerial  majority  was  reduced  to  9 ;  when  Lord  Liver- 
pool immediately  announced  the  mtention  of  government  to  abandon  the 
further  prosecution  of  this  extraordinary  proceeding.  The  filthy  details, 
as  they  fell  from  the  lips  of  woU-paid  Italians,  couriers,  valets,  and  cham. 
bermnidi,  while  under  examination,  were  given  with  prurient  cominenth 
in  the  newspapers ;  and  thus  a  mass  of  impurity  was  rir;nil.ited  through 
out  the  country,  more  contaminating,  necause  more  minutely  discu.^scd 
and  dwelt  upon,  than  anything  that  was  ever  publicly  recorded  in  the 
chronicles  of  sliamolessness.  On  the  23d  the  parliament  wns  suddenly 
prorogued  :  and  o.i  the  a9th  the  queen,  attended  by  a  cavalcade  of  gentle- 
men on  horseback,  went  in  slate  to  St.  Panl'd  to  return  thanks  for  hoi 
happy  deliverance. 
4  a,  18Jl,->0ii  oponinsT  the  pnrlliimentarv  aeasion,  hla  majcstv  men 


m 


HISTORY   OF  THE   "WORLD. 


•721 


honed  the  nuefin  by  name,  and  recommended  to  the  house  of  cominonB  a 
provision  for  her  maintenance.  At  first  she  declined  to  accept  any  pecu- 
mary  aiiowunce  iint.l  her  name  was  inserted  in  tiie  liturgy  :  but  she  sub- 
aequently  a.lerf=d  her  det«riiiination,  and  an  annuity  of  50,000/.  was  settled 
upon  her. 

Duniij{  this  session  the  subjsct  of  parliamentary  reform  excited  much 
mterest ;  the  borough  of  Grampound  was  disfranchised  for  its  corruption; 
and  the  necessity  of  retrenchment  in  all  the  departments  of  (fovernment 
was  repeatedly  urged  by  Mr.  Hume,  whose  persevering  exposition  of  the 
large  suras  that  were  uselessly  swallowed  up  in  salaries  and  sinecures 
made  a  great  impression  on  the  public,  and  though  none  of  his  motions 
were  carried,  the  attention  of  ministers  was  thereby  directed  to  the  gradual 
diminution  of  the  enormous  expense  incurred  in  the  different  public  offices. 
The  anticipated  coronation  was  now  the  all-absorbing  topic.     The 
queen  having,  by  memorial  to  the  king,  claimed  a  right  to  be  crowned, 
her  counsel  were  heard  in  support  of  her  claim,  and  the  attorney  and 
solicitor-general  against  it.    The  lords  of  tiie  council  decided  that  queens- 
consort  were  not  entitled  to  the  honour— a  decision  which  the  king  teas 
pleased  to  approve-    The  19th  of  July  was  the  day  appointed  for  the  august 
ceremony,  preparations  for  which  had  long  been  making;  and  nothing 
more  magnificent  can  be  imagined  than  the  appearance  of  Westminster- 
abbey  and  hall.     The  covered  platform,  over  which  the  procession  moved 
from  tlie  hall  to  the  abbey  was  1,500  feet  in  length;  and  on  each  side  of 
the  platform  an  ampiiitheatre  of  seats  was  erected,  to  accommodate  one 
hundred  thousand  spectators.     Every  spot  in  the  vicinity  from  which  a 
view  of  the  gorgfous  pageant  could  ne  obtained  was  covered  with  scata 
and  galleries,  lor  which  the  most  extravagant  prices  were  given.     Ah 
early  as  two  o'clock  in  the  morniug  the  streets  were  filled  with  the  car- 
riages of  persons  going  to  witness  the  cercmo-^y;  and  before  five  a  con- 
siderable number  of  lh<>  company  had  taken  their  places  at  tiie  hall.     I» 
had  been  currently  reported  thiH  the  queen  would  he  present  as  a  specto" 
tor  of  the  scene;  and  so  it  proved  <  for  about  five  o'clock  her  majesty 
arrived  in  her  state-carriage  ;  but  no  preparation  had  been  made  for  he* 
reception,  and,  not  having  an  admission-ticket,  she  had  to  bear  the  hu 
miliating  indignity  of  a  stern  refusal,  and  was  obliged  to  retire!    Tiia 
king  arrived  at  ten,  and  the  procession  moved  from  the  hall  towards  tho 
abboy,  his  majesty  walking  under  a  canopy  of  cloth  of  gold,  supported  by 
the  barons  of  the  cinque-ports,  among  whom  was  Mr.  Brougham,  tht 
queen's  legal  adviser  mid  leading  counsel !     The  ancient  solemnity  of  the 
coronation  in  West minstcr-abhey  occupied  about  five  hours;  and  when 
the  king  re-entered  the  hall,  with  the  crown  on  his  head,  ho  was  received 
with  eiilhusiaslic  cheers.     Soon  after  five  o'clock  the  royal  banquet  wiw 
served;  and  the  khig,  having  dined  with  and  drank   the  health  of  "hirf 
peers  a«id  his  good  people,"  left  the  festive  scene.     The  populace  woro 
afterwards  ^ratified  with  a  balloon  asreiit,  boat-races  on  the  Serpentina 
»  grand  display  of  fire-works  in   Hyde-park,  and  free  admission  to  lh»j 
various  theatres,      i  he  o.vpenses  of  the  coronation  amounted  to  two  hun- 
dred and  tliirtyeighl  thouHand  poiiiuis. 

It  lias  been  seen  that  the  queen  made  an  iiien'ectual  attempt  to  witnehi 
the  coronation  of  her  royal  husbami.  The  proml  spirit  of  the  hou-je  of 
BruuBwick,  which  had  borne  up  against  a  load  of  regal  oppression  and  tin' 
contumely  of  Bycopimntic  courtiers,  was  now  doomed  to  yield  tiefore  i 
ulighl  bodily  attack.  Klevm  dayn  after  her  mai  ^sty  had  Leon  repulsed 
from  the  doors  of  W«'fttminfilir-hall,  she  visited  Drury-lane  theatre,  from 
which  place  she  retired  early  on  account  of  a  sudden  indisposition,  and 
in  one  week  more  this  heroic  female  was  a  corpse  As  long  as  she  w.ic 
an  object  of  porsec  ution,  she  was  the  idol  of  popular  applause  ;  those  evt-i> 


Voh.  I.— 40 


,.«  1.,..  i.i..... 


-•xa:::t:jt:= 


felt  u 


ur  iscr  as  inn  viriim  oi  a  nrar: 


ll« 


722 


HISTORY    OF  THE  WORLD. 


loss  svslem  of  oppression.  But  the  excitement  in  her  favour  soon  oegan 
to  suljside,  and  it  was  believed  that  the  comparatively  little  interest  which 
the  public  seemed  to  lake  in  her  favour  on  the  day  of  the  coronation,  sunk 
deep  into  her  heart.  She  died  August  the  7th,  aged  52 ;  leaving  liie  world, 
as  she  herself  declared,  without  regret.  Her  body  lay  in  stale  at  Bran- 
denburg-house, her  villa  near  Hammersmith ;  and  on  the  19lh,  it  was  co'v 
veyed  through  London,  on  its  way  to  Harwich,  the  port  of  embarkatio.i 
for  its  final  resting-place  at  Brunswick.  Countless  multitudes  had  aS' 
sembled  to  join  in  the  procession;  and  when  it  was  discovered  that  a  cir- 
cuitous route  had  been  prescribed  for  the  funeral  train,  in  order  to  avoid 
passing  through  the  streets  of  the  metropolis,  the  indignation  of  tiie  people 
knew  no  bounds,  and  in  an  affray  with  the  guards  two  lives  were  lost. 
By  obstructing  and  barricading  the  streets  the  people  succeeded  in  forcing 
the  procession  through  the  city,  and  the  royal  corpse  was  hurried  with 
indecent  haste  to  the  place  of  embarkation.  On  the  24th  ol  August  the 
remains  of  the  queen  reached  Brunswick,  and  were  deposited  in  the 
family  vault  of  her  ancestors. 

We  shall  now  turn  for  a  moment  to  notice  some  events  of  importance, 
though  not  connected  with  the  domestic  history  of  Great  Britain.  The 
first  is  the  death  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  who  died  of  cancer  in  the  stomach, 
aged  51.  The  disease  was  constitutional,  but  it  had  probably  been  accel- 
erated by  mental  agitation  and  the  unhealthy  climate  of  St.  Helena. 
Those  who  wish  to  know  the  character  of  this  extraordinary  man  must 
read  it  in  his  actions,  under  tlie  various  and  varying  aspects  of  his  fortune. 
His  aim  was  to  astonish  and  aggrandize,  to  uphold  or  trample  upon  jus 
tice,  as  best  suited  the  object  he  had  in  view.  Before  his  love  of  univer- 
sal domination,  every  other  passion  and  principle  was  made  to  give  way : 
religion,  honour,  truth — all  were  sacrificed  to  personal  ambition.  In  his 
will  he  expressed  a  wish  that  his  "  ashes  might  repose  on  the  banks  of  the 
Seine,  in  the  midst  of  the  French  people,  whom  he  loved  so  well."  Tliat 
wish  has  since  been  gratified. 

In  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Naples,  a  sort  of  revolutionary  crisis  had  com 
menced.  Kncouraged  by  the  discontents  of  the  middle  ranks,  the  troops, 
under  the  infiuence  of  Riego  and  other  gallant  officers,  succeeded  in 
making  Ferdinand  swear  fidelity  to  the  constitution  of  1812.  Similar 
conduct  was  pursued  by  the  people  of  Portugal,  whose  declared  objects 
were  the  establishment  of  a  constitutional  monarchy.  And  in  Naplts  the 
popular  mind  took  the  same  direction,  and  etfected  the  same  object. 

A.  D.  1822. — This  year,  though  not  marked  by  any  great  event,  was  one 
of  interest  as  regarded  important  questions  in  parliament.  Amonu  the 
leading,  were  agricultural  distress  in  Kngland,  and  scarcity  aii,!  distress 
in  Ireland.  Some  changes  duruig  .lanuary  took  place  in  the  cabinet: 
ministers  strengthened  themselves  by  a  union  with  the  (irenville  party; 
and  Lord  Sidniouth  retired  from  his  office  of  home  secretary,  to  make 
room  for  Mr.  Peel. 

On  the  6th  of  February  the  king  opened  parliament,  and  took  occasion 
to  express  regret  that  his  visit  to  Irelaixd  had  failed  to  produce  tranquillity. 
He  also  adniitlod  that  agriculture  had  to  contend  with  unexpected  diffi- 
culties, but  congratulated  the  house  on  the  prosperity  which  attended 
the  manutat  tnrcs  and  commerce  of  the  country. 

The  state  jf  Ireland  did  indeed  demand  aUention.  On  one  han.l,  coer- 
cive measures  were  necessary  to  repress  the  disorder  that  reigned  through 
the  island,  for,  owing  to  the  daring  nocturnal  bauds  of  White  boys,  Ac, 
neither  life  nor  property  was  safe.  On  the  other,  so  u.-nversal  we*  iht 
failure  of  the  potato  crop  that  the  price  was  quadriflcd,  ai-d  the  peas 
antry  of  the  south  worn  in  a  stale  of  sturvalion.  To  meet  the  former 
evil,  it  was  found  necewary  to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  nc'  and  to 

renew  ll«.-     IXI3UJ""i:i:t;U     nvn         t  •.-    nn-r-sattr     »:••-      in?-r«.  f  I    -  '- ii.i.    -      -  ti 


HISTORY  OP  THE   WORLD.  ',2:i 

formed  in  London,  and  corresponding  committees  in  different  parts  of  ihr 
country;  British  sympathy  was  no  dooner  appealed  to  than  it  \VAt= 
answerea  with  zealous  alacrity;  and  such  was  the  benevolence  of  indi. 
viauals  that  large  funds  were  speedily  at  their  disposal,  so  that  before  the 
close  of  the  year  the  subscriptions  raised  in  Great  Britain  for  the  relief 
qL  rfnn,'^^^^^®^'^  ^"f  ^  ainoutited  to  350,000/. ;  parliament  made  a  grant  of 
300  000/.  more;  and  in  Ireland  the  local  subscriptions  amounted  to  150,- 
000/. ;  making  altogether  a  gran^'  total  of  800,000/. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  year  to  the  end  of  the  session  in  August,  the 
houses  were  occupied  on  questions  of  the  highest  importance;  agricul- 
tural distress,  for  which  various  remedial  measures  were  proposed]  Lord 
lohn  Russell  s  plan  (or  a  parliamentary  reform ;  Mr.  Vansittart's  scheme 
tor  relieving  the  immediate  pressure  of  what  was  called  the «'  dead  weight ;" 
the  currency  question,  which  referred  to  the  increased  value  of  money 
caused  by  Mr.  Peel's  act  of  1819,  for  the  resumption  of  cash  payments; 
the  improvement  of  the  navigation  laws,  A:c. 

Pailiameht  was  prorogued  on  the  Cth  of  August,  and  on  the  tenth  the 
king  embarked  at  Greenwich  for  Scotland.  On  the  15th  he  landed  at 
Leiih,  and  the  19th  held  a  levee  in  the  anciont  palace  of  Holyrood.  where 
he  appeared  m  the  Highland  costume.  Having  enjoyed  the  festivities 
which  his  loyal  subjects  of  Edinburgh  provided  for  the  occasion,  he  re- 
embarked  on  the  a7tli,  ana  in  three  days  was  again  \*'iih  his  lieges  in 

During  his  majesty's  absence  intelligence  was  brought  him  of  the  death 
of  the  inarquis  of  LDiidonderry,  secretary  of  state  for  the  foreign  depart- 
meiit.  1  his  nobleman,  who  had  been  the  leading  member  of  government 
was  in  his  54th  year,  and  in  a  temporary  fit  of  insanity  committed  suicide, 
by  cutfng  the  carotid  artery.  In  consequence  of  his  tory  principles  and 
the  share  he  took  in  effecting  the  union  witii  Ireland,  he  was  the  most 
unpopular  member  of  the  administration,  but  he  was  highly  respected  in 
private  life,  and  enjoyed  the  personal  esteem  of  his  sovereign. 

Little  of  domestic  interest  occurred  this  year,  but  a  few  words  relative 
to  foreign  affairs  are  requisite.  The  congress  at  Verona  terminated  in 
December;  the  allied  sovereigns  were  djspos(;d  to  re-(  tablish  the  despo- 
tism of  t  erdinand  in  Spam,  in  opposition  to  ihecortes  ;  but  to  this  policy 
iMigland  objected,  denying  the  right  of  foreign  powers  to  interfere  in  the 
affairs  of  the  Peninsula  The  "sanitary  cordon."  established  on  the 
trontiers  of  I*  ranee  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  preventing  the  fever  which 
raged  at  Barcelona  fro..i  spreading  to  that  country,  changed  its  name 
to  "army  of  observation,''  while  the  design  of  the  French  govern- 
ment to  chock  the  progress  of  revolutionary  principles  in  Spain  were 
developed,  and,  indeed,  soon  afterwards  openly  expressed. 

A.  n.  1823.— On  the  death  of  Lord  Londonderry,  Mr.  Canning,  who  wn« 
about  to  set  out  to  India  as  governor-general,  relinquished  that  employ 
men;,  and  accepted  the  vacant  secretaryship,  as  one  more  coitgenial  to  liis 
taste,  and  for  the  duties  of  which  he  was  supposed  to  be  perfectly  efficient. 
Some  popular  changes  now  took  place  in  the  ministry.  Mr.  Vansitlart, 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  resigned  in  favour  of  Mr.  Robinson,  and  ac- 
cepted the  chancellorship  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaniur,  with  a  seat  in  tho 
upper  house  and  the  title  of  Lord  Bexley  ;  and  Mr.  Huskinson  was  made 
president  of  the  board  of  trade,  in  room  of  Mr.  Arbuihiiot.  Parliament 
was  prorogued  by  commission  on  the  19"  •)f  July;  much  altercation 
having  taken  place  belw>  :•»  Mr.  Canning  d  his  political  opponents, 
who  plainly  convinced  h:a\  ih.a  he  was  not  -posing  on  a  bed  of  roses." 
But  he  had  the  satisfaction  a',  the  close  of  i\\v  session  of  dwelling  on  tlie 
nourishing  condition  of  all  •■lanclies  of  cominerco  and  manufactures,  and 
a  considerable  abatemeni  ol  the  difficulties  felt  by  tho  aericuiturielH  at  ita 
CimmenceiTjent. 


724  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 

In  April  the  French  army  of  observation  crossed  the  Pyrenees:  and  tao 
duke  of  Angoiileme,  its  commander,  published  an  address  to  the  bpamards, 
declaratory  of  the  objects  of  this  interposition  in  their  affairs  ;dyfii)ing  it 
to  be,  the  suppression  of  the  revolutionary  faction  which  held  the  king 
captive,  that  excited  troubles  in  France,  and  produced  an  insurrection  m 
Naples  and  Piedmont.  They  then  marched  onward,  and,  without  ineet- 
ing  any  resistance  of  consequence,  occupied  the  principal  towns  and  for- 
tresses  In  October  the  city  of  Cadiz  surrendered,  and  French  interic: 
ence  terminated  with  the  liberation  of  Ferdinand  from  the  cortes,  who  in 
all  their  movements  had  carried  the  unwiUing  king  with  them.  The 
French  then  retraced  their  steps,  leaving  forty  thousand  men  in  possession 
of  the  fortresses,  to  maintain  the  authority  of  the  bpanish  king  in  case  of 

'*  A  D  i8""4  —Favourable  as  the  political  aspect  of  Great  Britain  appeared 
at  the  commencement  of  18&3,  there  was  now  an  evident  improvement  in 
almost  everv  branch  of  commercial  industry ;  while  the  cultivators  of  the 
soil  found  their  condition  materially  assisted  by  natural  canses,  without 
the  aid  of  legislatorial  interference.    It  was  therefore  a  pleasing  task  for 
Mr.  Robinson,  when  he  brought  forward  his  budget,  to  describe  in  glowing 
terms  the  general  prosperity  of  the  country,  and  declare  his  intent)on  of 
effecting  an  annual  saving  of  c£375,000  by  reducing  the  interest  of  the  four 
per  cent  stock  to  three  and  a  half.     But  a  course  of  prosperity  in  Lngland, 
like  true  love's  course,  "  never  did  run  smootli"  for  any  length  of  time. 
There  was  now  an  abundance  of  capital,  and  money  was  accordingly  to 
be  had  at  low  rates  of  interest.     Siife  investments  were  difficult  to  be 
found  at  home;  hence  foreign  loans  were  encouraged,  till  there  was 
scarcely  a  state  in  the  Old  or  New  World  which  had  not  the  benefit  o 
English  capital.    It  was  a  rare  era,  too,  for  the  gambling  speculations  of 
a  host  of  needy  adventurers ;  and.  under  pretext  of  having  discovered  ad- 
vantageous modes  of  employing  money,  the  most  absurd  schemes  were 
daily  set  afloat  to  entrap  the  avaricious  and  unwary.     Many  of  these 
devices  were  so  obviously  dishonest,  that  the  legislature  at  length  inter 
fered  to  guard  the  public  against  a  species  of  robbery  in  which  the  dupes 
were  almost  as  much  to  blame  99  their  plunderers.    A  resolution  passfd 
the  house  of  lords  declaring  that  no  bilJ  for  the  purpose  of  lucorpoiating 
any  joinl-stock  company  would  be  road  a  second  t'.'»« /''l.^; ''![^^^^^ 
the  proposed  capital  of  the  co.npany  had  been  subscribed      1  ins  ce   a  inly 
checked  the  operations  we  lave  alluded  to;  but  the  evil  had  been  allowed 
to  Drocecd  loo  fir,  as  experie.ice  proved.  ,     .  ,  1 

invention  between'  Great  irritain  and  Austria  was  laid  «n  he  tablj 
of  the  house  of  commons,  by  which  the  former  agreed  to  '»«f  P  ;*;;;^f  °'^°'* 
as  a  final  compensation  for  claims  on  the  latter  power,  amounting  0 
<€30.000,000-a  composition  of  one  shilling  and  eight-pence  in  the  pound! 

Amonu  matters  of  domestic  interest,  although  not  of  a  nature,  perhups, 
to  d^n  iid  notice  in  a  condensed  national  history,  we  may  mention  two 
occu  re  ces"  which  supplied  the  public  with  fertile  top.es  of  d.scourso 
We  allude  to  the  trial  of  John  Thurtcll,  who  was  executed  for  he  murder 
of  William  Weare,  as  they  were  proceeding  m  a  gig  towards  the  i.o..age 
o  their  nmtual  friend  Probert,  near  Elstree.  where  they  had  been  niv.ted 
to  takf  the  diversion  of  shooting :  an.l  also  to  the  execution  of  Mr.  haunt- 
eroy  the  ban'-r,  who  whs  tried  and  found  guilty  of  forging  =v  powe  o 
atlo'i  ey  for  the  transfer  of  slock.  The  rirsl-mentioned  offende  .  g.u  si 
Uie  laws  of  God  and  man  was  the  son  of  a  respectable  alderman  at  Nor- 
wi-'h;  but  by  associating  with  gamblers,  and  indulging  in  ''™f!  »P0"»| 
he  had  contracted  haoits  of  ruffianism  to  whu  h  such  V'^ri'.!^  1^^ 
invariably  leads.  The  latter  violator  of  u  sacred  trust  had  lO'nmi  ted 
for2cr"e»  to  the  enormou.  oxtenl,  as  was  asserted  at  the  time,  of  about  u 
quarlttf  of  fi  uiiuion. 


IIISTOUY    OF    THE   WOULD. 


726 


A.  D.  1825.— One  of  the  first  steps  in  legislulion  this  year  was  an  act  to 
suppress  the  catholic  association  of  Ireland.  Daniel  O'Connell  assumed 
10  be  ifie  representative  and  protector  of  the  catholic  population  in  that 
country,  and  continued  to  levy  large  sums  from  the  people,  under  the 
absurd  and  hypocritical  pretence  of  obtaining  "justice  for  Ireland."  Sub- 
sequently a  committee  of  the  lords  sat  to  inquire  into  the  general  state  of 
that  country ;  and  in  the  evidence  it  clearly  appeared  that  the  wretched 
state  of  existence  to  which  the  peasantry  were  reduced  was  greatly  aggra- 
valpd  by  their  abject  bondage  to  their  own  priests,  and  that  while  the  arch 
agitator  and  his  satellites  were  allowed  to  inflame  the  passions  of  the 
people,  and  delude  them  into  a  belief  that  they  were  oppressed  by  their 
connexion  with  Great  Britain,  no  remedy  within  the  power  of  the  legisla- 
ture presented  itself. 

The  catholic  relief  bill  passed  in  the  house  of  commons,  but  was  re- 
jected in  the  lords  by  a  majority  of  178  against  130.  The  debate  was 
carried  on  with  great  animation ;  and,  in  the  course  of  it,  the  duke  of 
York  strenuously  declared  against  furtlier  concession  to  the  catholics. 
"  Twenty-eight  years,"  said  he,  "have  elapsed  since  the  subject  was  first 
agitated;  its  agitation  was  the  source  of  the  illness  which  clouded  the 
last  ten  years  of  my  father's  life ;  and,  to  the  last  moment  of  my  existence, 
I  will  adhere  to  my  prolestant  principles— so  help  me  God !" 

We  have  seen  whatan  astonishing  impulse  had  been  given  to  speculations 
of  all  kinds  last  year  by  the  abundance  of  unemployed  capital  and  the  re- 
duction of  interest  in  funded  properly.  The  mania  for  joint-stock  com- 
panies wa^  now  become  almost  universal.  During  the  space  of  little 
more  than  a  twelvemonth,  two  hundred  and  seventy-six  companies  had 
been  projected,  of  which  the  pretended  cupital  was  X174, 114,050.  Though 
many  oi  these  were  of  an  absurd  character,  and  nearly  all  held  out  pros- 
pects that  no  sane  man  could  expect  to  see  realized,  yet  the  shares  of 
several  rose  to  enormous  premiump,  especially  the  mining  adventures  in 
South  America.     But  a  fearful  re-action  was  at  hand. 

Several  country  banks  stopped  payment  in  December,  and  among  them 
the  great  Yorkshire  bank  of  Wenlworth  and  Company.  A  panic  in  the 
money  market  followed  ;  and  in  a  few  days  several  London  bankers  were 
unable  to  meet  the  calls  upon  them.  On  the  I'ith  December  the  banking- 
house  of  Sir  Peter  Pole  <Sc  Co.,  stopped  payment.  This  caused  great 
dismay  in  the  city,  it  being  understood  that  forty-seven  country  banks 
were  connected  with  it.  During  the  three  following  days  five  other  Lon- 
don banking  firms  were  compelled  to  close  ;  and  in  a  very  short  space  o( 
time,  in  addition,  sixty-seven  country  banks  failed  or  suspended  payments. 
The  merchants  of  the  city  of  London,  at  the  head  of  whom  was  Mr.  Bar 
iiig,  feeling  that  somelliing  was  necessary  to  restore  confidenco,  assembled 
at  the  mansion-house,  and  published  a  resolution  to  the  eflfcct  that  "  the 
unprecedented  embarrassments  were  to  be  mainly  atliibuied  to  an  un- 
founded panic ;  that  they  had  the  fullest  reliance  on  ttie  banking  estab 
lishments  of  the  country,  and  therefore  determined  to  support  them,  and 
public  credit,  to  the  utmost  of  their  power." 

In  two  days  after  this  declaration,  the  Bank  of  England  began  to  re-iesue 
one  and  two  pound  notes  for  (he  C4»nvenience  of  the  country  circul.ilion. 
r»»r  one  wtiek,  ioO.OuO  soveroi^us  pm  day  wem  coined  ai  ihe  Mint,  and 
post  chaises  were  hourly  dispatched  into  the  country  to  support  the  credit, 
and  prevent  0ie  failure,  of  the  provincial  firms  which  still  maiiitaiued 
their  grounil. 

A.  o.  1B2G. — The  effects  of  the  panic  were  severely  felt;  but  it  iniist  be 
admitted  that  the  Bank  of  Kngland  made  strenuous  efforts  to  mitigate 
poi'uniary  distress,  and  the  course  pursued  by  government  was  steady  and 
ludicious.  The  main  ingredient  in  producing  the  mischief  had  been  the 
faviht'^  q[  craaUng  flctiiluuB  money  ;  ministers,  therefore,  prohibited  the 


i: 


I 


726 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


liiculutiou  of  one  pound  notes,  while  incorporated  companies  wen- 
allowed  to  carry  on  the  business  of  banking.  Beyond  this  they  rouM 
scarcely  go  :  it  was  next  to  impossible  tliat  they  could  afford  an  effective 
guarantee  against  future  panics,  over-trading,  or  the  insolvency  of  bankers 

On  the  2d  of  February  parliament  was  opened  by  connxiission.  The 
royal  speech  adverted  to  the  existing  pecuniary  distress,  and  showed  that 
it  was  totally  unconnected  with  political  causes.  It  also  alluded  to 
measures  in  contemplation  for  the  improvement  of  Ireland.  After  silting 
till  the  end  of  May,  tlie  parliament  was  dissolved,  and  active  preparations 
were  made  for  a  general  election. 

Certain  leading  questions  had  now  got  such  possession  of  the  public 
mind,  that,  at  most  of  the  elections,  tests  were  offered  and  pledges  re- 
quired from  the  several  candidates.  The  most  important  of  these  were 
catholic  emancipation,  the  corn  laws,  and  the  slave  trade  :  and  out  of  the 
members  returned  for  England  and  Wales,  one  hundred  and  thirty-three 
liad  never  before  sat  in  parliament.  It  was  observed  that  now,  for  the 
Srst  time,  the  catholic  priests  of  Ireland  openly  began  not  only  to  take  an 
active  part  in  elections,  but  to  inculcate  the  doctrine  that  opposition  to  an 
dnti-catholic  candidate  was  a  christian  duty.  Tiie  English  radicals  were 
ilso  extremely  noisy  and  active  in  their  endeavours  to  return  Cobbett 
Hunt,  and  others  of  that  clique  ;  but  for  the  present  they  were  unsuccessful. 

The  new  parliament  was  opened  by  the  king  in  person.  No  business 
Df  any  great  importance  was  brought  before  the  house ;  but  an  expose  of 
the  numerous  joint  slock  companies  that  had  been  established  was  made 
by  Alderman  Wailhman.  He  observed  that  six  hundred  had  been  formed, 
most  of  them  for  dishonest  purposes  ;  the  directors  forcing  up  or  depress- 
mg  the  market  as  they  pleased,  and  pocketing  the  diff«jrence  between  the 
selling  and  buying  prices.  As  members  of  the  house  were  known  to  be 
directors  of  some  of  these  bubble  companies,  he  moved  for  a  committee 
of  in'iuiry  with  reference  to  the  part  taken  by  members  of  parliament  in 
the  joi.:t-stock  mania  of  1824-5-6. 

A  few  foreign  occurrences  claim  our  notice.  The  death  of  Alexander, 
omperor  of  Russia,  a  powerful  ally  of  England,  and  a  noble  and  benevo- 
lent orince,  who  sincerely  desired  the  good  of  his  people.  It  was  his 
wish  that  his  brother  Nicholas  should  succeed  him;  and,  in  compliance 
with  that  wish,  the  grand  duke  Constanline,  who  was  next  heir  to  the 
throne,  publicly  renounced  his  right  to  the  succession  in  favour  of  his 
younger  brother.— Also,  the  death  of  John  VI.,  king  of  Portugal  and 
titular  emperor  of  Brazil ,  whither  he  had  retired,  with  his  court,  on  the 
invasion  of  Portugal  by  Bonaparte.— Missolonghi,  the  last  asylum  of  the 
Greeks,  taken  by  storm,  by  the  combined  Egyptian  and  Turkish  forces, 
who,  rendered  furious  by  the  bravery  of  the  besieged,  pui  all  the  males  to 
the  sword,  and  carried  the  women  and  children  into  slavery.— The  de- 
struction of  the  Janissaries  by  Sultan  Mahmoud,  followed  by  an  entire  re- 
modelling of  the  Turkish  army,  and  the  introduction  of  European  military 
discipline. — Remarkable  coincidence  in  the  deaths  of  two  ex-picsulcnts 
of  the  United  States  of  America :  Mr.  Adams  and  Mr.  Jefferson  not  only 
expiring  on  the  same  day,  but  that  day  being  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence. 

A.  D.  1827. — We  closed  our  last  record  with  a  notice  of  the  deaths  of 
two  distinguished  men  on  trans-Atlantic  ground.  We  are  compelled 
to  commence  the  present  year  witi\  the  decease  of  an  illustrious  indivnlual 
in  England.  His  royal  highness  Augustus  Frederick,  dukeof  York,  pre 
sumptive  heir  to  thf>  throne,  and  coinmander-in-cliief  of  the  army,  at  the 
head  of  which  he  had  been  thirty-two  years,  and  under  whose  admiiiis- 
Iration  it  had  won  imperishable  laurels,  died  on  the  !)\b  of  .lunuary,  in  iho 
''-Ith  vear  of  his  age.    In  person  he  was  noble  and  soldierlike,  in  diapDs; 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WOULD. 


727 


tion  frank,  amiable  and  sincere ;  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties,  im- 
partial and  exact. 

The  first  topic  of  domestic  interest  was  the  change  of  ministry,  which 
took  place  in  consequence  of  Lord  Liverpool,  the  premier,  being  sud- 
denly disabled  by  a  stroke  of  apoplexy,  which,  though  he  survived  the 
attack  nearly  two  years,  terminated  his  public  life.  Mis  lordship  was 
free  from  intrigue  and  partisanship,  and  his  official  experience  enabled 
him  to  take  the  lead  in  conducting  the  ordinary  affairs  of  the  government, 
but  his  pralory  was  commonplace,  and  he  was  incapable  of  vigorously 
handling  the  great  questions  which  during  his  premiership  agitated  tho 
country. 

Nearly  two  months  elapsed  before  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  Lord 
Liverpool's  illness  was  filled.  The  king  then  empowered  Mr.  Canning 
to  form  a  new  ministry,  of  which  he  was  to  be  the  head;  and  he  accor- 
dingly began  to  make  arrangements.  But  he  met  with  almost  insupera- 
ble  difficulties,  for  within  forty-eight  hours  after  he  had  received  his  ma- 
jesty's commands,  seven  leading  members  of  the  cabinet — his  former 
colleagues — refused  to  serve  under  him,  and  sent  in  their  resignations.  In 
this  perplexity  he  waited  on  the  king,  who  suspected  there  was  not  only 
a  confederacy  against  Mr.  Canning,  but  also  a  disposition  to  coerce  the 
royal  will.  The  king  was  not  likely  to  withdraw  his  support  from  the  min- 
ster, and  ultimately  a  mixed  administration  entered  on  the  duties  of  office. 
Mr.  Canning,  premier ;  earlof  Harrowby,  president ;  duke  of  Portland,  privy 
seal ;  Viscount  Dudley,  foreign  secretary ;  Mr.  Sturges  Bourne,  home  sec- 
retary; Mr.  Huskisson,  board  of  trade ;  C.  Wynn,  board  of  control;  Vis- 
count Palmerston,  secretary  of  war ;  Lord  Bexley,  chancellor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster ;  Lord  Lyndhurst,  lord  chancellor.  The  other  ministerial  ap- 
pointments were.  Sir  John  Leach,  master  of  the  rolls ;  Sir  A.  Hart,  vice- 
chancfcilor  ;  Sir  James  Scarlett,  attorney-general ;  Sir  N.  Tindal,  solicitor- 
general ;  duke  of  Clarence,  lord-high-admiral;  marquis  of  Anglesea, 
master-general  of  ordnance;  duke  of  Devonshire,  lord-chamberlain;  duke 
of  Leeds,  master  of  the  horse  ;  and  W.  Lamb,  secretary  for  Ireland.  Sut>- 
sequently,  the  niarnuis  of  Lansdowne  accepted  the  seals  of  the  home  de- 
partment, and  Mr.  Tierney  was  made  master  of  the  mint. 

A  treaty  which  had  for  its  object  the  pacification  of  Greece,  by  putting 
an  end  to  the  sanguinary  contest  between  the  Porte  and  its  Grecian  sub- 
jects, was  signed  at  London,  on  the  6th  of  July,  by  the  ministers  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Russia. 

From  the  hour  that  Mr.  Canning  undertook  the  office  of  premier  he  had 
been  suffering  under  a  degree  of  nervous  excitement  which  made  visible 
inroads  on  his  constitution  ;  but  it  was  expected  that  a  little  repose  during 
the  parliamentary  recess  would  reinvigorate  him.  Not  so,  for  on  the  8lh 
of  August  he  expired,  the  immediate  cause  of  his  death  being  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  kidneys.  This  highly  gifted  statesman,  who  was  in  the 
57th  year  of  his  age,  was  not  less  remarkable  for  scholastic  acquiiemenis, 
than  for  brilliant  oratory  and  pungent  wit ;  weapons  which  he  often  used 
with  success  in  demolishing  the  more  solid  arguments  of  his  ooponents. 
In  politics  he  was  a  tory,  though  possessing  the  good  sense  tr  ow  and 
act  upon  liberal  principles.  He  was  long  the  efficient  represenuuive  of 
Liverpool,  and  his  constituents  were  proud  of  one  who,  while  he  shone 
in  the  senate,  combined  the  graces  of  scholarship  with  elegant  manners 
and  amiability  of  temper. 

On  the  deatn  of  Mr.  Canning  there  were  but  few  changes  in  the  minis 
try.     Lord  Goderich  became  the  new  premier,  and  Mr.  Herries  chanceUor 
of  the  exchequer;  the  duke  of  VVelliiigtou  resumed  the  command  of  the 
army,  but  without  a  seat  in  the  cabinet. 

The  treaty  for  attempting  the  pacification  of  Greece,  not  being  palat.-iblo 
,  Ui  the  sultan,  he  declined  the  mediation  of  the  allied  powers,  and  recom 


n 


72S 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


inenced  the  w  ar  furiously  against  the  Greeks.  To  put  a  stop  to  this,  the 
combined  fleets  proceeded  to  ihe  bay  of  Navarino,  with  a  deiermiiiatioii  to 
capture  or  destroy  the  Turkish  fleet  which  lay  there,  if  Ibraiiiin  Pacha 
refused  listen  to  pacific  overtures.  No  satisfaction  being  obtained,  Ad- 
miral Codrington,  followed  by  the  French  ships,  under  De  Rigiiy,  and  the 
Russian  squadron,  entered  llie  bay ;  and  after  four  hours  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  conflict,  which  had  been  carried  on  with  great  fury,  the 
enemy's  fleet  was  wholly  destroyed,  and  the  bay  strewn  with  the  frag- 
ments of  his  ships. 

A.  D.  1828. — It  was  seen  from  the  first,  that  the  (Joderich  ministry  did 
not  possess  the  ingredients  for  a  lasting  union.  Diff"erences  between  the 
leading  members  rendered  his  lordship's  position  untenable,  and  he  re- 
signed his  seals  of  office.  Upon  this  the  king  sent  for  the  duke  of  Wel- 
Ungton,  and  commissioned  him  to  form  a  new  cabinet,  with  himself  at  the 
head  ;  the  result  was,  that  his  grace  immediately  entered  into  commum- 
cation  with  Mr.  Peel,  and  other  members  of  Lord  Liverpool's  ministry, 
who  had  seceded  on  tiie  elevation  of  Mr.  Canning;  and,  with  very  few 
exceptions,  the  same  parties  once  more  came  into  power.  The  duke,  on 
becoming  the  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  resigned  the  office  of  commander- 
in-chief. 

On  the  8th  of  May  the  catholic  claims  were  again  brought  forward, 
when  Sir  Francis  Burdett  moved  for  a  committee  of  the  whole  house  on 
this  subject,  with  a  view  to  a  conciliatory  adjustment.  After  a  three 
nights'  debate,  this  was  carried  by  a  majority  of  six.  A  conference  with 
the  lords  was  then  held,  after  which  there  was  a  two  nights'  debate  in  the 
lords,  when  the  duke  ,  '  Wellington  opposed  the  resolution,  and  it  failed. 

In  Ireland,  during  the  Canning  and  Goderich  ministries,  all  was  com- 
paratively still ;  but  this  year  the  excitement  of  the  people,  led  on  by  the 
fiopuhir  demagogues,  was  greatly  increased  by  the  formation  of  a  Wel- 
ington  and  Peel  administration.  The  Catholic  Association  was  again 
in  full  activity;  Mr.  O'Connell  was  returned  for  Clare,  in  defiance  of  the 
landed  gentry  of  the  county ;  the  priests  seconded  the  efl'orts  of  itinerant 
politicians,'  and,  in  the  inflated  rhetoric  of  Mr.  Shiel,  "  every  altar  became 
a  tribune  at  which  the  wrongs  of  Ireland  were  proclaimed."  Meanwhile, 
ministers  looked  supinely  on,  till  the  smouldering  embers  burst  into  a 
flame,  which  nothing  within  their  power  could  extinguish.  How  could  it, 
indeed,  be  otherwise,  when  the  marquis  of  Anglesea,  the  king's  represen- 
tative, wrote  a  letter  to  Dr.  Curtis,  the  titular  catholic  primate  of  Ireland, 
to  the  eff"ect  tliat  the  settlement  of  the  catholic  question  was  unavoidable, 
and  recommending  the  catholics  to  "  agitate,"  but  refrain  from  violence, 
and  trust  to  the  legislature.  What  more  could  the  great  agitator  himself 
require  than  such  an  ally  ?  It  is  true  that  the  marquis  was  forthwith  re- 
called from  the  government  of  Ireland  for  writing  the  said  letter— Au/  A<? 
was  not  impeached. 

The  repairs  and  improvements  of  Windsor  castle,  which  had  been  for  a 
long  time  in  hand,  were  this  year  completed,  and  the  king  look  posses- 
sion of  his  apartments,  December  9th.  A  parliamentary  grant  of  450,000/. 
had  been  devoted  to  this  truly  national  edifice,  and  great  ability  was  shown 
in  retaining  the  principal  features  of  tlie  original  building,  while  studying 
the  coi.venici.ces  of  modern  civilliatici. 

At  the  latter  end  of  the  year,  owing  to  the  discovery  of  a  systematic 
plan  of  murder  halving  been  pursued  by  some  wretches  at  Kdinburgli,  an 
indescribable  feeling  of  horror  and  disgust  pervaded  the  country.  It  ap- 
peared, on  the  trial  of  William  Biirko  and  Helen  M'Dongal,  who  lodged 
in  a  house  kept  by  a  man  named  Hare,  that  they  had  been  m  Hie  haint  of 
decoying  persons  into  the  house,  where  they  first  made  them  intoxicated, 
and  then  sufl'ocalcd  them.  The  bodies  were  then  sold  for  antiiomica! 
purijoscs,  and  "•  ^siesijoiia  asked  respecting  the  mode  m  wliieh  they  haO 


HISTORY    OF  THE   WORLD. 


729 


Deeii  procured.  The  number  of  their  victims  it  was  difBcult  to  ascertain, 
though  liuike  confessed  to  upwards  of  a  dozen.  Tliis  wretch  was  exe- 
cuted amid  the  exultations  and  execrations  of  an  immenst;  concourse  of 
spectators  ;  and  the  system  of  strangulation  which  he  had  practised  wai 
afterwards  known  by  the  term  of  Burking. 

Tiie  foreign  events  of  this  year  bear  too  little  on  English  history  to 
render  necessary  more  than  a  mention  of  them.  In  April  Russia  declared 
war  against  Turkey.  The  destruction  of  the  Turkish  fleet  at  Navarino 
left  the  former  power  masters  of  the  Black  Sea;  and  on  land  115,000 
Russians  were  assembled  to  open  the  campaign  on  the  Danube.  Several 
great  battles  were  fougiit,  the  Turks  offering  a  much  more  effectual  resis- 
tance to  their  invaders  than  was  anticipated ;  at  length  the  Russians  retired 
fronti  the  contest,  but  did  not  return  to  St.  Peiersburgh  till  October.  The 
affairs  of  Greece  had  gone  on  more  favourably  in  consequence  of  the  war 
between  Turkey  and  Russia ;  and,  assisted  by  France  and  England,  that 
country  was  restored  to  tiie  rank  of  an  independent  nation. 

A.  D.  1829. — Soon  after  the  opening  of  parliament,  ministers  declared 
their  intention  to  bring  forward  the  long-agitated  question  of  catholic 
emancipation,  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  it  forever.  In  Ireland  the  catholic 
population  was  estimated  at  five  millions  and  a  half,  whereas  not  more 
than  one  million  and  three  quarters  were  prolcstants;  but  in  England, 
Scotland,  and  Wales,  the  number  of  catholics  fell  short  of  a  million,  it 
was  well  known  that  the  duke  of  Wellington's  repugnance  to  the  measure 
had  been  gradually  abating;  that  he  thought  the  security  of  the  empire 
depended  upon  its  being  carried;  and  that  he  had  laboured  hard  to  over- 
come the  king's  scruples.  These  being  at  length  removed,  Mr.  Peel,  in 
along,  cautious,  and  elaborate  speech,  introduced  the  " Cdtholic  relief  bill" 
hito  the  house  of  commons  on  the  5ih  of  March.  Its  general  objects  were 
to  render  catholics  eligible  to  seats  in  both  houses  of  parliament,  to  voto 
at  the  election  of  members,  and  to  enjoy  all  civil  franchises  and  offices, 
upon  their  taking  an  oath  not  to  use  their  privileges  to  "  weaken  or  disturb 
the  protestant  establishment."  As  it  was  a  course  of  policy  which  the 
whigs  advocated,  it  had  their  support ;  the  chief  opposition  coming  from 
that  seccion  of  the  tory  party  who  felt  it  to  be  a  measure  dangerous  to  the 

Erotestant  institutions  of  the  country.  The  majority  in  favour  of  the  bill, 
owever,  at  the  third  reading,  was  320  to  142.  In  the  upper  house  a  more 
resolute  stand  was  made  agamst  it;  the  lords  Eldon,  Winchelsca,  Tenter- 
den,  and  others,  backed  by  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York,  and 
the  bishops  of  London,  Durham,  and  Salisbury,  in  the  most  solenm  man- 
ner denouncing  it  as  a  measure  pregnant  with  the  most  imminent  peril  to 
church  and  state  as  by  law  established.  It  was,  however,  carried  on  the 
10th  of  April,  and  received  the  royal  assent  on  the  13th. 

A  few  official  changes  followed.  Sir  Charles  V\  etherell,  attorney-gen- 
eral, was  dismissed  for  his  anti-catholic  opposition  to  the  ministers,  and 
Sir  James  Scarlett  appointed.  Chief-justice  Best  was  elevated  to  the 
peerage  by  the  title  of  Lord  Wynford  ;  and  was  succeeded  in  the  connnon- 
Dleas  by  Sir  Nicholas  Tindal,  the  solicitor-general,  whose  office  was  given 
to  Mr.  Sugden. 

The  year  1830  commenced  without  any  circumstance  occurring  in  or 
out  oi  pauiament  worth  relating.  1  ne  positioii  of  nunisters  was  a  ditticuU 
one,  but  it  was  what  they  had  a  right  to  expect.  By  conceding  catholic 
emancipation  they  had  lost  the  support  of  their  most  influential  friends, 
and  they  were  now  compelled  to  accept  as  auxiharies  those  hybrid  whigs, 
whose  co-operation,  to  be  permanent,  must  be  rewarded  by  a  share  in  thH 
government.  But  the  stern  unbending  character  of  "  the  duke"  would  not 
allow  him  to  share  even  the  glory  of  a  conquest  with  mercenaries  whom 
he  could  not  depend  on ;  and,  therefore,  as  the  tories  were  divided,  it  was 
clear  that  their  lule  was  fast  diawinjr  to  a  close- 


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HISTORY   OF   THE    WORLD. 


An  event,  by  no  means  unexpected,  now  took  place.  For  a  consKeibt/A' 
time  past  tlic  king  had  been  indisposed,  and  he  was  ntrely  seen  beyond 
the  limits  of  his  royal  domain  at  Windsoi  -.  where,  when  he  was  well 
enough  to  take  exercise,  he  would  enjoy  a  forest-drive,  or  amuse  hinipclj 
by  fishing  and  sailicg  on  his  favourite  Virginia-water>  But  gout  and 
dropsy  had  made  sad  havoc  on  the  royal  invalid;  and  in  April  bulletins  ol 
Ills  health  began  to  be  published.  His  illness  gradually  increased  from 
that  time  to  the  2Gth  of  June,  the  day  on  which  he  died.  After  a  severe 
paroxysm  his  majesty  appeared  to  be  fainting,  aitd,  exclaiming  "tliis  i 
death,"  in  a  few  minutes  he  ceased  to  breathe. 


CHAPTER  LXV. 

THE   RKION   or  WILLIAM   IT. 

A.  D.  1830,  June  2G. — William  Henry,  duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  of 
Oeorge  III.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  William  IV.,  being  at  the  time  of 
his  accession  in  the  65th  year  of  his  age.  This  monarch  was  brought  up 
to  the  navy,  having  entered  the  service  as  a  midshipman  in  1779,  on  board 
the  Royal  George,  a  98-gun-ship,  commanded  by  Captain  Digby ;  and,  by 
regular  gradations,  he  became  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  in  1700.  From  that 
lime  he  saw  no  more  active  service  afloat,  although  he  wished  to  share  in 
his  country's  naval  glories  ;  and  nothing  was  heard  of  him  in  his  profes- 
sional capacity,  till  Mr.  Canning,  in  1827,  revived  the  office  of  lord-high 
admiral,  which  for  more  than  a  century  had  been  in  commission.  He, 
however,  resigned  it  in  the  following  year,  the  duke  of  Wellington,  as 
prime  minister,  disapproving  of  the  expense  to  which  the  lord-high-adniirul 
put  the  nation,  by  an  over-zealous  professional  liberality. 

On  the  23d  of  July  parliament  was  prorogued  by  the  king  in  person,  tlie 
royal  speech  being  congratulatory  as  to  the  general  tranquillity  of  Kurope 
the  repeal  of  taxes,  and  certain  reforms  introduced  into  the  judicial  estab 
lishment  of  the  country. 

It  was,  notwithstanding,  a  period  pregnant  with  events  of  surpassing 
interest,  but  as  they  chiefly  bcknig  to  the  history  of  France,  the  bare  men 
tion  of  them  is  all  that  is  here  necessary.  An  expedition  on  a  large  scale 
was  fitted  out  by  the  French,  with  the  ostensible  view  ol  chastising  the 
Algerines  for  their  piratical  insults ;  but  it  ended  in  then  rapturing  the 
cily,  and  in  taking  measures  to  secure  Algeria  as  a  French  cuiony.  Then 
came  the  revolutionary  struggle  on  the  appointment  of  tlie  Poi;gnac  min- 
istry, which  ended  in  the  expulsion  of  Charles  X.  from  the  throne  of 
Franco,  and  the  elevation  of  Louis  Philippe,  duke  of  Orleans,  as  "king  u( 
the  Froncli,"  who  swore  fidelity  to  the  constitutional  charter. 

This  great  change  in  the  French  monarchy  was  effected  with  less  blood- 
shed, aiul  in  far  less  time,  than  could  have  been  anticipated  by  its  most 
sanguine  promoters;  for,  from  the  date  of  the  despotic  ordinances  isMued 
by  the  ministers  of  Charles  X.,  to  the  moment  that  the  duke  of  OrU'ims 
accepted  the  office  of  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom,  prepiiratury  to 
his  beihit  elected  king,  only  four  days  elapsed,  during  two  of  which  tluni' 
were  some  sharply  contested  battles  between  the  citizens  and  the  royul 
troops  under  Marmont.  Of  the  citizens  three  hunrlred  and  ninety  were 
killed  on  the  spot,  and  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  wounded,  three  hun- 
dred died.  Of  the  royal  guard,  three  hundred  and  scventyfive  were  killed 
and  woinided,  and  of  gcns-d'armes  two  hundred  and  two. 

A  similar  revolution  in  Belgium  followed.  When  that  country  was 
joined  to  Holland  in  1615,  to  form  the  kingdom  of  the  Neiherlands,  and 
thereby  raise  a  powerful  bulwark  on  the  frontier  of  France,  it  was  avow- 
A'lly  ft  mere  univn  of  political  convenience,  in  which  neither  iho  naliututl 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLJ). 


731 


p':iiracU  r,  the  institutions,  nor  Ihe  religion  of  the  inhabitants  was  consulted. 
No  soDner  did  the  outbreak  in  Paris  become  known,  than  Brussels.  I.iege, 
Namur,  Ghent,  Antwerp,  and  other  cities,  showed  an  inveterate  spirit  of 
hostility  to  their  Dutch  rulers,  and  insurrections,  which  soon  amounted  to 
a  state  of  civil  war,  were  general  throughout  Belgium.  The  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands  having  been  created  by  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Prussia, 
Russia,  and  France,  these  powers  assumed  a  right  of  medi:ition  between 
the  belligerents ;  and  on  the  4th  of  November  a  protocol  was  signed  at 
London,  declaring  that  hostilities  should  cease,  and  that  the  troops  of  the 
contending  parties  should  retire  within  the  limits  which  formerly  separated 
Belgium  from  Holland 

Ihc  effect  of  these  successful  popular  commotions  abroad  was  not  lost 
upon  the  people  of  England;  and  "parliamentary  reform"  became  the 
watch-word  of  all  who  wished  to  harass  the  tory  ministry.  The  duke  of 
Welluigton  was  charged,  though  most  unjustly,  of  having  given  his  sup- 
port, or  at  least  been  privy  to  the  arbitrary  measures  of  tne  Polignac  min- 
istry;  and  a  clamour  was  rained  against  him  and  his  colleagues  which  was 
beyond  their  power  to  control. 

By  degrees  the  small  ministerial  majority  dwindled  away,  and  in  loss 
than  a  foitnight  from  the  assembling  of  parliament  the  lories  found  thein- 
8(  Ives  in  a  minority  of  29,  on  a  motion  for  the  settlement  of  the  civil  list. 
This  was  a  signal  for  the  Wellington  ministry  to  resign,  and  their  seals 
of  otBce  were  respectfully  tendered  to  the  king  on  the  following  day.  No- 
vember  IG. 

'J'he  celebrated  "reform  m'.nistry"  immediately  succeeded;  at  the  head 
of  which  was  Lord  Grey,  un  first  lord  of  the  treasury.  The  other  mem- 
bers of  the  cabinet  were  the  marquis  of  Lansdowne,  lor  l-president ;  Lord 
Brougham,  lord-ohancellcr;  Viscount  Althorp,  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer ;  Viscount  Melbourne,  home  secretary ;  Viscount  Palmerston,  forei{;n 
secretary;  Viscount  CJoderich,  colonial  secretary;  Lord  Durham,  lf)rd 
privy  seal;  Lord  Au:;kland,  president  of  the  board  of  trade;  Sir  James 
Graham,  tirst  lord  of  the  admiralty ;  Lord  Holland,  chancellor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster;  Hononrable  Charles  Grant,  president  of  the  India  hoard; 
and  the  earl  of  Carli&lo,  without  any  ofRcial  appointment.  Among  tlie 
ministers  who  had  no  seats  in  the  cabinet,  were  Lord  Joim  Russell,  pay- 
master-gcncn! ;  the  duke  of  Richmond,  postmaster-general;  the  duke  uf 
Devonsliir'j,  lord-chamberlain;  Marquis  Wellesley,  lord-steward;  Sir  T. 
Denman,  &ttornoy-general ;  and  Sir  W.  Home,  solicitor-general.  Tlie 
Marauis  cf  Anglesea  was  invested  with  the  lord-lieutenancy  of  Ireland, 
and  Lord  Plunkett  was  its  lord-chancellor. 

Duriii;^  the  autumn  of  this  year  a  novel  and  most  destructive  spec'cs  of 
outrage  prevailed  in  the  agricultural  districts  of  the  south  of  LOngiand, 
urisiii'^  from  the  distressed  condition  of  the  labouring  population.  Night 
after  n'.ghi  incendiary  fires  kept  the  country  in  a  constant  state  of  alarm, 
and  farming-stock  of  every  description  was  consumed.  Tiiere  was  no 
open  riotmg,  no  mobs;  nor  did  it  appear  that  it  was  connected  with  any 
political  object.  In  the  counties  of  Kent,  Hants,  Wilts,  Bucks,  and  Sussex, 
ih<:se  disorders  rose  to  a  fearful  height ;  threatening  letters  often  preceding 
the  conflagrations,  which  soon  after  night-fall  would  simultaneously  burst 
out,  and  spread  over  the  country  havoc  and  dismay.  Large  rewards  were 
ofTcred  for  the  discovery  of  the  offenders,  the  military  force  was  increased, 
iinil  special  commissions  were  appointed  to  try  the  incendiari(!s.  Alto- 
jicilicr  upwards  of  night  hundred  offenders  were  tried,  the  greater  part  of 
.*'honi  were  acquitted;  and  among  thuse  convicted,  four  were  executed, 
und  tite  remainder  sentenced  to  diffeient  terms  of  transportation  and  im- 
prisoinnent. 

In  referring  to  foreign  affairs,  we  have  to  notice:  1.  The  trial  of  the 
French  uiitiisters,  Polignac,  Poyronnut,  Chantelauze,  and  lianville,  on  a 


'ii 


H 


^ 


732 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


charge  of  liiffh  treason  for  the  part  they  took  in  enforcing  the  "  ordinance  t"" 
of  Charles  X.,  which  led  to  the  memorable  revolution  of  July.  2.  Tho 
Polish  insurrection.  This  arose  from  the  grand  duke  Constantine  o( 
Russia  having  severely  punished  some  of  the  young  military  students  at 
Warsaw  for  toasting  the  memory  of  Kosciusko.  The  inhabitants,  assisted 
by  the  Polish  regiments,  after  a  sanguinary  contest  in  the  streets,  com- 
pelled the  Russians  to  retire  to  the  other  side  of  the  Vistula.  However, 
dreading  the  resentment  of  their  tyrannical  masters,  they  afterwards  en- 
deavoured to  effect  an  amicable  settlement;  but  the  emperor  Nicholas 
refused  to  listen  to  their  representations,  and  threatened  them  with  con- 
dign  punishment.  Meanwhile,  the  Poles  prepared  to  meet  the  approaching 
conflict,  and  Oeneral  Joseph  Chlopicki  was  invested  with  the  office  of  "dii> 
tator."  3.  The  death  of  Simon  Bolivar,  the  magnanimous  "liberator''  ol 
Columbia,  who  expired,  a  voluntary  exile,  at  San  Pedro,  December  17,  in 
the  48lh  year  of  his  age. 

A.  D.  1831. — On  the  3d  of  February  parliament  re-assembled,  and  it  was 
announced  that  a  plan  of  reform  would  speedily  be  introduced  by  Lord 
John  Russell.    In  the  meantime  Lord  Althorp  brought  forward  the  budget : 
by  which  it  appeared  that  the  taxes  on  tobacco,  newspapers,  and  adver 
tisements  were  to  be  reduced ;  and  those  on  coals,  candles,  printed  cot 
tons,  4nd  some  other  articles,  abolished. 

The  subject  of  parliamentary  reform  continued  to  absorb  all  other  polit 
leal  considerations,  and  was  looked  forward  to  with  intense  interest.  In 
announcing  his  scheme,  Lord  John  Russcl  proposed  the  total  disfranchise- 
ment of  sixty  boroughs,  in  which  the  population  did  not  amount  to  two 
thousand,  and  the  partial  disfranchisement  of  forty-seven,  where  the  pop- 
ulation was  only  four  thousand.  Tho  bill,  after  a  spirited  discussion  of 
seven  dnys,  was  read  a  first  timo.  The  second  reading  was  carried  on 
the  22d  of  March,  by  a  majority  of  one;  and  on  General  Gascoyne's  mo- 
tion for  the  commitment  of  the  bill,  there  was  a  majority  against  ministers 
of  eight.  Three  days  afterwards,  on  a  question  of  adjournment,  by  which 
the  voting  of  supplies  was  postponed,  this  majority  had  increased  to  twenty- 
two;  whereupo^i  the  ministers  tendered  their  resignations  to  tiie  king. 
These  he  declined  to  accept,  but  adopted  the  advice  of  Karl  Grey,  who 
recommended  a  dissolution  of  parliament,  which  took  place  on  the  22d 
of  Ap>il. 

On  the  14th  of  June  the  new  parliament  met,  and  was  operod  by  the 
king  in  person.  On  the  35th  Lord  John  Russell  made  his  second  attempt. 
The  debate  lasted  three  nights,  and  on  a  division  there  was  a  majority  of 
one  hundred  and  thirty-six  in  favour  of  the  bill.  It  then  underwent  a  long 
and  severe  scrutiny  in  committees  every  clause  was  discussed,  and  many 
imperfections  remedied.  These  occupied  the  house  till  the  19ih  of  Sep- 
tember, when,  after  another  debate  of  three  nights,  the  bill  was  carried 
by  a  majority  of  one  hundred  and  nine,  and  taken  up  to  the  lords— where 
it  failed. - 

That  wo  may  not  interrupt  the  thread  of  our  narrative,  we  pass  on  to 
April  14,  1832:  when,  after  a  four  nights' debate  in  the  house  of  lords, 
this  p(>nular  bill  was  carried  by  a  majority  o(  nine.  After  this,  innumera- 
ble (limcultics  were  raised,  but  the  majority  on  its  third  reading  was  one 
iiund.^il  V...U  sir.  io  l—antj*  :wo 

We  shall  now  briefly  refer  to  a  few  occurrences  hitherto  omitted.  Tho 
Russians  sustained  a  severe  defeat  at  VVawz,  after  a  battle  of  two  da^s. 
their  htss  being  fourteen  thousand  men  ;  their  opponents  the  Poles,  suflcr- 
ed  comparatively  little.  But  on  the  30th  a  Polish  corps,  under  Dwernicki, 
being  hard  pressed  by  the  Russians,  retreated  into  Auntrian  Gallicia,  anc 
siirreii(l«>riiig  to  the  Austrian  authorities,  were  treated  as  priitoners  and 
went  into  Hungary.  In  short,  after  brnvely  encountering  ihoir  foes,  and 
Dtiugglnig  against  superior  numbers,  Warsaw  capitulatud,  and  the  idoa  nt 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


733 


Polish  independence  was  farther  removed  than  ever.— In  June,  Piince 
Leopold  was  elected  king  of  Belgium  by  the  congress  at  Brussels,  h;<i 
territory  to  consist  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  as  settled  in  181=. 

On  the  7th  of  September  the  coronation  of  their  majesties  took  place  j 
but,  as  compared  with  the  gorgeous  display  and  banqueting  when  George 
IV.  was  crowned,  it  must  be  considered  a  frugal  and  unostentatious 
CPTemony.  There  was,  however,  a  royal  procession  from  St.  James' 
palace  to  Westminster-abbey ;  and  in  the  evening  splendid  illuminations, 
free  admission  to  the  theatres,  and  a  variety  of  other  entertainments. 

On  the  21st  of  October,  the  London  Gazette  contained  precautions  to  be 
adopted  against  the  spread  of  the  Asiatic  cholera,  that  dreadful  pestilence 
having  lately  extended  from  Moscow  to  Hamburgh.  It  was  ordered  that 
a  board  of  health  should  be  established  in  every  town,  to  correspond  with 
the  board  in  London,  and  effectual  modes  of'  insuring  cleanliness,  free 
ventilation,  ice.  were  pointed  out.  These  precautionary  meiisures  were 
doubtless  of  great  use,  and  worthy  of  the  paternal  attention  of  a  humane 
government ;  but  owin?,  as  was  supposed,  to  the  quarantine  laws  having 
been  evaded  by  some  persons  who  came  over  from  Hamburgh  and  landed 
at  Sunderland,  the  much-dreaded  infection  visited  many  parts  of  Great 
Britain,  and  produced  indescribable  alarm  among  all  ranks  of  people. 

One  other  event,  that  we  would  fain  omit  altogether,  remains  to  be 
mentioned  among  the  domestic  occurrences  of  the  year.  On  the  29th  of 
October  the  city  of  Bristol  became  the  scene  of  dreadful  riots,  which 
were  not  overcome  till  that  large  commercial  town  appeared  to  be  on  tho 
verge  of  total  destruction.  Sir  Charles  Wetherell,  an  uncompromising 
opponent  of  the  reform  bill,  was  recorder  of  Bristol ;  and  maledictions  on 
his  head  were  freely  uttered  by  the  base  and  vulg: .  or  the  vigorous  stand 
he  made  against  the  bill  during  its  progress  through  the  commons.  On 
the  recorder's  making  his  public  entrance  the  cruel  storm  commenced, 
and  did  not  cease  till  the  third  day,  by  which  time,  besides  immense  de- 
struction of  private  property,  the  mansion-house,  custom-house,  excise- 
office,  and  bishop's  palace  were  plundered  and  set  on  fire ;  the  prisons 
were  burst  open,  and  their  inmates  set  at  liberty  ;  and  during  one  entire 
day,  Sunday,  the  mob  were  unresisted  masters  of  the  city.  On  Monday 
morning,  when  the  fury  of  the  rioters  had  partly  spent  itself  in  beastly 
orgies,  and  many  had  become  tho  victims  of  excessive  drinking  in  the 
rifled  cellars  and  warehouses,  the  civil  magistrates  appeared  to  awake 
from  their  stupor,  and,  with  assistance  of  the  military,  this  "  ebullition  of 
popular  feeling,"  as  it  was  delicately  termed  by  some  who  had  uncon- 
sciously fanned  the  flame,  was  arrested.  The  loss  of  property  was 
estimated  at  half  a  million.  The  ;uimber  of  note rs  killed,  wound- 
ed, or  iniured,  was  about  110;  but  of  these,  far  more  suiTered  from 
the  vile  excesses  of  intemperance,  and  from  being  unable  to  escape  from 
the  flames  which  they  had  themselves  kindled,  than  from  the  sabres  of 
the  soldiery  or  the  truncheons  of  constabulary  protectors.  One  hundred 
and  eighty  were  taken  into  custody,  and  tried  by  a  special  commission  ; 
when  four  were  executed  and  twenty-two  transported.  Their  trials  took 
place  on  the  2d  of  January,  1832.  Not  many  days  afterwards  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Brereton,  who  had  command  of  tlie  troops,  committed  suicide, 
ponding  an  inquiry  in.o  his  conduct  by  court-martial.  He  was  charpred 
with  not  having  displayed  tho  firmness  and  decision  nrccssary  for  quelling 
a  tumult  of  such  magnitude.  That  more  energy  and  decision  ought  to 
have  boen  shown  at  the  commencement,  by  the  civil  power,  is  evident 
how  far  the  colonel  was  in  error  is  very  quest ionable.  The  whole 
transaction  proves  to  what  excesses  the  unbridled  fury  of  the  populhi  e 
will  lead  during  a  period  of  political  excitement,  and  ought  to  serve  as  t 
perpetual  warning  to  all  those  unquiet  spirits  who  love  to  "ride  on  the 

o/hiriwinH."  bUt  know  not  how  to  "direct  th«  atorin.** 


•^i 


liii 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


A.  D.  1832. — TlaviiijT  in  our  previous  notice  stated  the  result  of  the  long 
continued  contest  respecting  parliamentary  reform,  we  have  now  only  to 
describe  tlie  changes  effected  in  the  representative  system  when  vhe  bills 
came  into  operation.  As  soon  as  the  royal  assent  was  given  to  the  En. 
glish  reforni  bill  (June  the  7th),  congratulatory  addresses  and  other  peace- 
ful demonstrations  of  public  joy  were  very  generally  indulged  in ;  but  if 
we  may  judge  by  the  triumphant  chuckle  of  the  victors  and  the  hxfty 
scorn  oi'  the  vanquished,  the  angry  invectives  of  the  late  political  dispu- 
tants were  neither  forgotten  nor  forgiven.  Yet,  though  the  war  of  words 
nad  not  wholly  passed  away,  it  was  now  as  a  mere  feather  in  the  balance — 
the  reform  bill  had  become  the  law  of  the  land. 

Dcring  the  months  of  February,  March,  and  April,  the  cholera  became 
very  prevalent,  not  only  in  the  country  towns  and  villages  in  'he  north  of 
England,  where  it  first  appeared,  but  also  in  the  metropolis.  Every  pos- 
sible attention  was  paid  to  the  subject  by  government ;  parochial  and  dis- 
trict boards  were  forthwith  organized,  temporary  hospitals  got  ready  for 
the  reception  of  the  sick,  and  every  measure  that  humanity  and  pru- 
dence could  suggest  was  resorted  to,  to  check  the  progress  of  the  malady. 
The  virulence  of  the  disease  abated  during  the  three  succeeding  months, 
but  at  the  end  of  the  summer  it  appeared  again  as  malignant  aS  ever.  In 
the  whole  year,  the  deaths  from  cholera,  within  the  limits  of  the  bills  of 
mortality,  amounted  to  '3.100  ;  and  the  total  number  of  deaths  exclusive  of 
London,  was  24,180;  the  amount  of  cases  being  68,855.  In  Paris,  1000 
deaths  occurred  during  the  first  week  of  its  appearance  there ;  nay,  so 
fatal  was  it,  that  out  of  45,675  deaths  which  took  place  in  the  French 
capital  in  1832,  the  enormous  number  of  19.000  was  occasioned  by 
cholera.  This  frightful  epidemic  next  appeared  m  Canada  and  the  United 
States.  It  thus  made  the  tour  of  the  globe  ;  beginning,  as  was  supposed, 
in  Hindostan  ;  then  devastuling  Moscow  and  the  northern  parts  of 
Europe ;  visiting  Great  Britain  and  France ;  and  h.^lly,  crossing  the 
Atlantic. 

In  this  year's  obituary  are  the  names  of  several  men  of  eminence.  From 
among  liiem  we  select — Sir  James  Mackintosh,  an  eloquent  writer  and 
3talesm!in.—.Ieremy  Benlham,  celebrated  as  a  jurist  and  law  reformer; 
a  man  who  had  his  own  specifics  for  every  disease  of  the  body-politic,  but 
who  never  had  the  happiness  to  see  one  of  them  effect  a  cure.  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  the  "wizard  of  the  north,"  as  some  of  his  eulogists  have 
called  him  ;  a  romance  writer  and  poet,  of  acknowledged  merit,  who  for 
a  long  period  enjoyed  a  popularity  unknown  to  any  of  his  cotemporaries. 
He  possessed  an  extraordinary  union  of  genius  and  industry,  and  had  ho 
been  satisfied  witli  his  literary  gains,  instead  ofjoining  in  ihespecuialions 
of  his  printers  and  publishers,  his  latter  days  would,  iii  all  probability, 
have  been  spent,  as  lliey  ought,  in  the  enjoyment  of  ease  and  aflluence. 

A.  D.  1833. — On  the  2'9th  of  January  the  first  reform  parliament  wa'> 
opened  by  commission,  and  on  the  5lh  of  February  the  king  delivered  his 
speech  in  pc  son.  Among  other  topics  of  interest,  he  emphatically  dwelt 
upon  the  increasing  spirit  of  insubordination  and  violence  in  Ireland,  and 
on  the  necessity  which  existed  for  entrusting  the  crown  with  additional 
powers  for  punishing  the  disturbers  of  the  public  pence,  and  for  strengthen- 
ing the  legislative  union  of  the  two  kingdoms.  This  led  to  the  passing 
of  the  insurrection  acts  in  the  following  month;  empowering  the  lord- 
lieutenant  to  prohibit  public  meetings  of  a  dangerous  tendency;  sus- 
pending the  writ  of  habeas  corpus ;  authorizing  domiciliary  visits  by 
magistrates,  &c. 

Great  Britain  had  in  1807  abolished  the  "slave  trade;"  but  slavery  ilselj 
was  now  to  become  extinct  in  the  West  Indies.  By  the  act  for  the 
"  abolition  of  colonial  slavery,"  all  children  under  six  years  of  age,  ur 
l)orn  after  August  1,  1834,  were  declared  free  :  all  registered  t-luvcs  above 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


185 


BIX  years  became,  from  the  same  dale,  apprenticed  labourers,  with  weoklv 
pay,  either  in  money  or  by  board  and  lodging,  possessing,  at  the  sam'n 
time,  all  the  rights  and  immunities  of  freemen.  In  effecting  so  great  a 
change,  it  was  necessary  that  the  owners  of  slaves  should  receive  some 
adequate  compensation.  To  meet  this  object,  ministers  at  first  proposed 
advancing  a  loan  of  fifteen  millions  to  the  West  India  proprietors ;  but 
thoideaofa  loan  was  soon  converted  into  a  gift,  and  of  a  still  higher 
amount ;  the  suni  of  deso.OOO.OOO  being  finally  voted  to  the  siave-ownera 
as  a  liberal  compensation  for  the  losses  they  might  sustain  by  this 
humane  measure.  An  end  was  thus  put  to  a  question  which  had  agitated 
the  religious  portion  of  the  community  from  the  day  that  Mr.  Wilberforce 
first  stood  forward  as  the  champion  of  African  emancipation. 

With  regard  to  renewing  the  charter  of  the  Bank  of  England,  there 
were  questions  on  which  the  legislature  were  divided ;  the  majority,  how- 
ever, insisted  on  the  expediency  of  continuing  the  exclusive  privileges  o( 
the  bank,  so  that  it  should  remain  the  principal  and  governing  monetary 
association  of  the  empire. 

A.  D.  1834. — The  desire  to  move  onward  in  legislating  for  and  removing 
everything  that  seemed  to  obstruct  the  progress  of  "liberal"  principles, 
was  the  natural  consequence  of  the  reform  bill ;  and  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  year  the  •'  pressure  from  without "  was  felt  by  ministers  to 
be  a  most  inconvenient  appendage  to  their  popularity.  This  state  of 
things  could  not  long  remain  ;  and  on  Mr.  Ward  bringing  forward  a 
motion  in  the  house  of  commons  for  appropriating  the  surplus  revenue  of 
•he  Irish  church  to  the  purposes  of  government,  it  appeared  that  there 
existed  a  difference  of  opinion  in  the  cabinet  as  to  the  mode  in  which  the 
motion  should  be  met.  The  majority  was  in  its  favour ;  but  the  appro- 
priation of  church  property  to  other  than  ecclesiastical  uses  was  incom- 
patible with  the  notions  of  Mr.  Stanley,  Sir  James  Graham,  the  earl  of 
Ripon,  and  the  duke  of  Richmond  ;  and  they  accordingly  resigned  their 
places  in  ihe  ministry.  This  happened  May  27th  ;  the  28th  being  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  king's  birth-day,  the  Irish  prelates  presented  an  address  to  hi.i 
majesty,  in  which  they  strongly  deprecated  ecclesiastical  innovations. 
The  king  promptly  replied,  and  in  an  unstudied  speech  of  considerable 
length,  warmly  expressed  his  attachment  to  the  church.  He  said  (hat  he  had 
always  been  friendly  to  toleration  in  its  utmost  latitude,  but  opposed  to 
licentiousnoss,  and  that  he  was  fully  sensible  how  much  both  the  protes- 
tant  church  and  his  own  family  were  indebted  to  the  revolution  of  1688  ; 
emphatically  and  somewhat  naively  adding,  "  The  words  which  you  hear 
from  me  are  spoken  from  my  mouth,  but  they  proceed  from  my  heart." 

The  rupture  with  the  ministers  above-named  was  speedily  followed  by 
another,  which  ended  in  the  resignation  of  Karl  Grey,  the  premier.  In 
the  communications  which  had  from  time  to  'inie  been  made  by  ministers 
to  Mr.  O'Connell  o.i  Irish  affairs,  it  had  been  confidently  stated  to  him  that 
when  the  Irish  coercion  bill  was  renewed,  the  clauses  prohibitory  of 
meetings  would  not  be  pressed ;  nevertheless,  the  obnoxious  clauses  ap- 
peared in  the  bill ;  and  Mr.  O'Connell  declared  that  he  considered  it  dis- 
solved the  obligation  of  secrecy  under  which  the  communication  had 
been  made.  Lord  Althorp  finding  himself  unable  to  carry  the  coercion 
bill  through  the  commons,  with  the  clauses  against  public  meetings,  sent  in 
his  resignation  ;  and  as  Earl  Grey  considered  himself  unable,  without  iho 
assistance  of  Lord  Althorp  a#ministeriul  leader  in  the  house  of  commons, 
to  tarry  on  the  government,  he  also  resigned. 

An  arrangement  was,  however,  soon  effocted  to  form  another  minis- 
try, Lord  Alihorp  consenting  to  resume  the  chancellorship  of  the  ex- 
chequer under  the  premiership  of  Viscount  Melbourne.  The  new 
cobinol  then  stood  thus :  Viscount  Melbourne,  first  lord  of  the  treasury  . 
Lord  Brougham,  lord-chancellor;  Viscount  Althorp,  jhancellor  of  the 


■:  1 . 


f] 


we 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


excliequcr;  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  president  of  the  council;  Earl  oi 
Mnlgrave,  privy  seal ;  Viscount  Duncannon,  home  secretary  ;  Viscount 
Palnierston,  foreign  secretary;  Spring  Rice,  colonial  secretary;  Lord 
Auckland,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty;  Charles  Grant,  president  of  the 
India  board  ;  Marquis  of  Conyngham,  postmaster-general ;  Lord  Holland, 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster ;  Lord  John  Russell,  paymaster  of 
the  forces  ;  and  E.  J.  Littleton,  secretary  for  Ireland. 

An  event  now  took  place  which  was  regarded  as  a  national  calamity, 
not  merely  on  account  of  the  loss  sustained,  but  also  from  the  historical 
and  personal  associations  connected  with  it.  On  the  evening  of  the  16th 
of  October  a  fire  broke  out  in  one  of  the  offices  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
house  of  lords,  which  continued  to  rage  throughout  the  night,  and  was  not 
completely  extinguished  for  several  days.  Great  anxiety  was  felt  for 
the  safety  of  that  ancient  edifice,  Westminster-hall;  and  even  the  vener- 
able and  magnificent  gothic  pile  opposite,  Westminster-abbey,  was  at  one 
period  in  great  danger;  but  nothing  that  skill  or  intrepidity  coald  achieve 
was  neglected  in  arresting  the  progress  of  the  flames ;  and  though  the 
two  houses  of  parliament  were  destroyed,  neither  the  hall  nor  the  abbey 
sustained  material  damage  ;  and  the  libraries  and  state  papers  in  the  lords 
and  commons  were  preserved.  The  fire,  as  appeared  on  inquiry,  was 
caused  by  negligence,  in  burning  the  exchequer-tallies  in  a  building 
adjoining  the  house  of  lords. 

One  month  after  the  destruction  of  the  houses  of  parliament  the  Mel. 
bourne  ministry  was  summarily  dismissed.  On  the  14th  November,  Lord 
Melbourne  waited  on  his  majesty  at  Brighton  to  take  his  commands  on  the 
appointment  o!  a  chancellor,  in  the  room  of  Lord  Althorp,  removed,  by 
tlie  death  of  his  father,  Rarl  Spencer,  to  the  house  of  peers.  The  king,  it 
is  said,  objected  to  the  proposed  re-construction  of  the  cabinet,  and  made 
his  lordship  the  bearer  of  a  letter  to  the  duke  of  Wellington,  who  waited 
upon  his  majesty,  and  advised  him  to  place  Sir  Robert  Peel  at  the  head  of 
the  government.  Sir  Robert  was  at  the  time  in  Italy,  whither  a  courier 
was  dispatched,  and  the  baronet  arrived  in  London,  Dec.  9,  saw  the  king, 
and  accepted  the  situation.  Thus  again,  though  for  a  brief  space,  the  tory 
parly,  or  conservatives,  as  they  were  now  called,  were  in  the  ascendant. 

A.  n.  18.35. — The  Melbourne  cabinet  had  been  looked  upon  as  the  dregs 
of  the  Grey  ministry ;  and  the  losses  it  had  sustained  by  the  withdrawal 
of  the  earl  of  Durham,  the  Stanley  section,  and  the  noble  premier  himself, 
had  not  been  supplied  by  men  of  suitable  talents.  The  public,  therefore, 
had  no  great  reason  for  regret,  when  the  king  so  suddenly  dispensed  with 
their  services.  Yet  when  the  same  men  were  entrusted  with  the  reins  of 
government  who  had  been  the  strenuous  opposers  of  reform,  an  instanta- 
neous outcry  burst  forth,  and  the  advent  of  toryism  was  regarded  by  the 
populace  with  feelings  of  distrust  and  dread.  Sir  Robert  Peel,  however, 
explicitly  declared  that  he  considered  the  reform  bill  as  a  final  and  irre- 
vocable settlement ;  and  he  appealed  to  several  measures  that  had  for- 
merly emanated  fiom  himself,  as  proofs  that  he  was  not  opposed  to  the 
redrsss  of  grievances.  But  when,  on  the  30th  of  March,  Lord  John  Rus- 
sell brought  forward  his  resolution — "  that  the  house  should  resolve  itself 
into  a  committee  of  the  whole  house,  to  consider  the  temporalities  of  the 
church  of  Ireland,"  the  motion  was  met  by  Sir  E.  Knatchbull  with  a  direct 
negative,  and  after  a  long  and  stormy  debate,  ministers  found  themselves 
in  a  minority  of  33.  The  hill  was  then  disonssed  in  committee ;  and  aftci 
three  nights'  debate  there  was  still  a  majority  against  them  of  27.  Find. 
Ing  that  neither  concessions  nor  professions  of  liberality  were  of  any 
avail,  the  duke  of  Wellington  in  the  upper  house,  and  Sir  Robert  Peel  v: 
the  lower,  announced  their  resignations ;  the  latter  at  the  same  time  de- 
claring, that  though  thwarted  by  the  common*:,  he  parted  with  them  on 
Griendly  terms. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


m 


These  changes  m  the  ministry  sadly  impede  us  in  the  progress  ot  this 
euc«iii«t  History ;  but  as  they  engrossed  universal  attention  at  the  time.  ar. 
must  they  now  be  related,  as  affording  the  readiest  clue  to  the  principal 
transactions  m  the  arena  of  politics.  Once  more,  then,  we  see  Lord  Mel- 
bourne  as  the  premier;  Lord  John  Russell,  home  secretary;  Palmerston. 
foreign  secretary ;  Right.  Hon.  Spring  Rice,  chancellor  of'the  exchequer 
marquis  of  Lansdowne,  president  of  the  council ;  the  other  appointments 
filled  nearly  as  they  were  when  the  "liberals"  were  in  power,  except  that 
the  great  seal  was  put  in  commission. 

Let  us  a  moment  pause  in  our  domestic  narrative,  to  mention  a  diabolical 
contrivance  in  France,  which  might  have  involved  Europe  in  another  scene 
of  b.ood  and  tumult  but  for  its  providential  failure.    On  the  28th  of  July 

,oQn'°  r  '^^.^'•J^'u'!?.''  ^^  ^^^  3"n»al  commemoration  of  the  revolution  of 
1830,  as  Louis  Phil.ppe,  attended  by  his  sons  and  a  splendid  suite,  was 
riding  along  the  line  of  the  national  guard,  on  the  boulevard  of  the  Temple, 
an  explosion  like  a  discharge  of  musketry  took  place  from  the  window  o 
an  adjoining  house,  which  killed  Marshal  Mortier  and  another  general 
officer,  besides  killing  or  wounding  nearly  forty  other  persons.  But  the 
king,  who  was  the  object  of  this  indiscriminate  slaughter,  with  his  three 
sons,  escaped  unhurt.  The  assassin,  who  was  a  Corsican  named  Fieschi, 
was  seized  by  the  police  in  the  act  of  descending  from  the  window  by  a 
rope,  and  wounded  by  the  bursting  of  some  of  the  barrels  of  his  "infernal 
machine.  The  deadly  instrument  consisted  of  a  frame  upon  which  were 
arranged  twenty-five  barrels,  each  loaded  with  bullets,  &c.,  and  the  touch- 
holes  communicating  by  means  of  a  train  of  gunpowder.  On  his  trial  he 
made  no  attempt  to  deny  his  guilt,  but  nothing  could  be  elicited  to  prove 
that  any  formidable  conspiracy  existed,  or  that  he  was  influenced  by  any 
[>olitical  party  to  undertake  the  horrid  act.  The  atrocious  attempt,  how- 
ever,  served  for  a  convenient  pretext  to  introduce  a  series  of  severe  laws 
lor  the  prevention  and  punishment  of  state  crimes  and  revolutionary 
attempts.  ^ 

We  shall  close  our  sketch  of  this  year's  occurrences  by  briefly  noticing 
the  deaths  of  two  persons,  who,  in  their  career  for  oopular  applause,  at- 
tamed  a  more  than  ordinary  share  of  notoriety.     The  one  was  Henrv 
Hbiit.  late  M.P.,  for  Preston,  who  had  figured  as  a  leader  amons  the 
radicals,  and  whose  zeal  for  "  the  people"  at  the  too  memorable  meeting 
at  Manchester  had  been  rewarded  by  a  long  imprisanment  in  Ilchestei 
jail.     He  was  originally  a   respectable  and  wealthy  Wiltshire  farmer 
but  having  renounced  the  charms  of  country  life  for  the  euphonious  greet- 
ings of  "unwashed  artisans,"  he  for  many  years  continued  to  hold  un- 
divided  empire  over  their  affections.     In  personal  appearance  Mr.  Hum 
was  a  fine  specimen  of  the  English  yeoman ;  he  was  naturally  shrewd, 
uniting  caution  with  boldness,  but,  above  all,  greedy  of  political  popularity 
During  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  his  name,  which  used  to  grace  the  walH 
111  juxta-position  with  "universal  suffrage,"  was  allied  with  "matchless 
blacking;    and  it  was  \yhile  he  was  on  a  journey  of  business  ihrouirh 
the  south-western  counties  that  he  met  with  his  death,  owing  to  a  viole^it 
fit  of  paralysis  with  which  he  was  seized  as  he  was  alighting  from  his 
pha!ton  at  Alresford,  Hants.     His  more  distinguished  cotemporarv  and 
coadjutor,  though  sometimes  powerful  rival,  was  William  Cobbett.M.P 
for  Oldham ;  a  man  remarkable  for  persevering  industry,  and  of  unqiu's- 
tionable  talents,  who,  from  following  his  father's  plough,  and  afterwMrds 
serving  with  credit  as  a  British  soldier  in  America,  passed  the  ffre.itei 
p.irt  of  his  life  n  the  unceasing  strife  of  politics,  and  was  able,  hv  il.p 
force  of  his  extraordinary  and  versatile  powers  as  a  writer,  to  kecr  a 
Mrong  hold  on  public  opinion  for  nearly  half  a  century.     He  died  in  Juno, 
not  three  months  after  his  quondam  friend,  Mr.  Henry  Hunt. 
*"v'  ^^?*!l7J''®  ^^"  opened  auspiciously,  both  with  regard  to  its  com- 


'»■ 


if 


T88 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


mercial  prospects  and  its  political  aspect.  The  whole  manufacturing  djs. 
tricts  were  in.a  state  of  activity ;  money  was  abundant  wherevertoleraW« 
security  was  offered;  and  though  an  immense  absorption  of  capital  wai 
taking  place  in  extensive  public  undertakings,  such  as  railways,  ^ome  o. 
which  were  already  highly  successful,  there  was  very  little  of  that  wild 
spirit  of  adventure  which  ten  years  before  had  nearly  brought  the  country 
to  the  brink  of  ruin.  Mercantile  confidence  rested  upon  a  better  basw 
than  it  had  done  for  a  long  time  past;  the  ports  bore  ample  evidence  of 
the  prosperity  of  British  commerce ;  and  though  there  were  still  just  com- 
plaints  of  agricultural  distress,  they  were  partial  rather  than  general. 

In  the  obituary  for  this  year  aix)  several  distinguished  namf-s :  Lord 
Stowell,  aged  90,  an  eminent  civilian,  many  vears  judge  of  the  high  court 
of  admiralty,  and  brother  of  lord-chancellor  Eldon— Nathan  Meyer  Roths- 
child, the  greatest  millionaire  of  the  age  ;  a  man  who  m  conjinction  with 
other  members  of  his  family  on  the  continent  may  be  said  to  have  gov. 
erned  the  European  money  market.— James  Wood,  the  rich,  eccentric, 
and  penurious  banker  of  Gloucester.— James  Mill,  the  historian  of  British 
India.— Cliarles  X.,  ex-king  of  France,  who  died  an  exile  in  Illyria,  in  the 
80th  year  of  his  age.— And  the  Abbe  Sieyes,  who  under  all  the  phases  ol 
the  French  revolution  maintained  an  elevated  station,  and  on  the  fall  of 
the  republic  became  a  count  and  peer  of  the  empire. 

A  D.  1837.— It  was  remarked  at  the  commencement  of  the  previous  year 
that  symptoms  of  prosperity  appeared  in  all  the  leading  branches  of  com- 
mercial industry.  But  over-trading,  led  on  and  encouraged  by  over-back- 
ing, again  produced  evils.  During  the  year  1836  no  less  than  forty-Sve 
Joint-stock  banks  had  been  established.  It  was  therefore  natural  that  one 
of  the  subjects  recommended  to  the  attention  of  parliament  m  the  opening 
speech,  should  be  "a  renewal  of  the  inquiry  into  the  operation  of  joinl- 
stock  banks."  Little  progress,  however,  was  made,  when  an  event  oc- 
curred which  for  a  time  absorbed  all  matters  of  minor  interest. 

The  public  had  been  apprised  by  the  publication  o^  bulletins,  that  his 
maicstv  was  seriously  ill,  and  on  the  20lh  of  June  his  death  was  announced 
as  havin<r  taken  place  early  that  morning.  He  was  perfectly  conscious 
of  his  ap'proaching  fate,  and  had  expressed  a  wish  to  survive  the  aniuver- 
■ary  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo  on  the  18ih.  The  good  old  king  was  so 
far  gratified ;  but  the  symptoms  of  internal  decay  rapidly  increased,  and 
he  breathed  his  last,  as  his  head  rested  on  Queen  Adelaide's  shoulder,  in 
the  presence  of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  the  dean  of  Hereford,  &c., 
faintly  articulating,  "  Thy  will  be  done.'  The  queen's  attentions  to  her 
afflicted  consort  had  been  unremitting;  for  twelve  days  she  did  not  take 
off  her  clothes,  but  was  constantly  in  the  sick  chamber  admuiistering  con- 
solation. His  majesty  was  in  the  72d  year  of  his  age,  and  had  near  y 
completed  the  seventh  year  of  his  reign.  The  royal  corpse  ay  in  state 
till  the  8th  of  July,  when  it  was  deposited  in  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor. 
The  duke  of  Sussex  attended  as  chief  mourner;  and  the  queen  dowager 
was  present  in  the  royal  closet  during  the  funeral  service. 

Many  were  the  eulogiums  pronounced  upon  the  deceased  monarch ;  but 
no  testimony  was  more  just,  or  more  characteristic  of  his  real  qualities, 
than  the  following  tribute  by  Sir  Robert  Peel.  He  said,  "  it  was  the  uni- 
versal feeling  of  the  country,  that  the  reigns  of  government  were  never 
committed  to  the  hands  of  one  who  boie  himself  as  a  sovereign  with  more 
alfabiliiy,  and  yet  with  more  true  dignity— to  one  who  was  more  compas- 
SKMiHte  for  the  sufferings  of  others-or  to  one  whose  natiire  was  more 
lomplotely  free  from  all  selfishness.  Ho  did  not  believe  that,  m  the  most 
exalted,  or  in  the  most  humble  station,  there  could  be  found  a  man  who 
telt  more  pleasure  in  witnessing  and  promoting  the  welfare  of  otners. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    WORLD. 


739 


CHAPTER  LXVI 

THB    REION    or     VICTORIA 

A.  D.  1837. — Intelligence  or  his  majesty's  death  havinff  been  officially 
communicated  to  the  Princess  Victoria  and  the  duchess  of  Kent,  at  Ken- 
sington  palace,  preparations  were  immediately  made  for  holding  a  privy 
council  there  at  eleven  o'clock.  A  temporary  throne  was  erected  Tor  the 
occasion ;  and,  on  the  queen  being  seated,  the  lord-chancellor  administered 
to  her  majesty  the  usual  oath,  that  she  would  govejn  the  kingdom  accord> 
ing  to  its  laws  and  cu8t«)ms,  &c.  The  cabinet  ministers  and  other  privy 
councillors  then  present  took  the  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy ;  and 
the  ministers  having  first  resigned  their  seals  of  office,  her  majesty  was 
graciously  pleased  to  return  them,  and  they  severally  kissed  hands  on  their 
re-appointment. 

By  the  death  of  William  IV.  the  crowns  of  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Hanover  were  dissevered  through  the  operation  of  the  salic  law  excluding 
females  from  the  Hanoverian  kingdom,  wliich  consequently  descended  to 
the  next  heir,  the  duke  of  Cumberland ;  and  Adelaide,  as  queen>dowager, 
was  entitled  to  c£lOO,000  per  annum,  settled  upon  her  for  life  in  1831,  with 
Marlborough-house  and  Bushy-house  for  residences. 

On  the  20th  of  October  the  new  parliament  assembled,  when  her  majesty 
opened  in  person  the  business  of  the  session.  In  her  progress  to  and  from 
the  house,  the  queen  was  received  by  the  populace  with  the  strongest 
demonstrations  of  enthusiasm.  The  speech,  which  her  majesty  delivered 
in  a  clear,  audible  voice,  concUulcd  with  the  following  sentence:  "  The 
early  age  at  which  I  am  called  to  the  sovereignty  of  this  kingdom,  renders 
it  an  imperative  duty  that,  under  Divine  Providence,  I  should  place  my 
reliance  upon  your  cordial  co-operation,  and  upon  the  love  and  affection 
of  all  my  people."  In  the  house  of  lords,  the  address  in  answer  to  her 
ntajesty'ti  i^racious  speech  was  moved  by  her  uncle  the  duke  of  Sussex, 
who  "  trusted  he  might  be  allowed  to  express  his  conviction  that  when 
the  chroniclers  at  a  future  period  should  have  to  record  the  annals  of  her 
reign,  which  had  so  auspiciously  commenced,  and  which,  with  the  blessing 
of  God,  he  trusted  would  be  continued  for  many  years,  they  would  not  be 
written  in  letters  of  blood,  but  would  commemorate  a  glorious  period  of 
prosperity,  the  triumphs  of  peace,  the  spreading  of  general  knowledge,  the 
advancement  of  the  arts  and  manufactures,  the  diffusion  of  commerce,  the 
content  of  all  classes  of  society,  and  the  general  welfare  of  the  country." 

No  great  progress  was  made  during  the  first  session  of  Victoria's  par* 
liament  in  settling  the  various  important  subjects  under  discussion.  At 
its  close,  however,  the  civil  list  bill  was  passed ;  it  provided  a  total  sum 
of  throe  hundred  and  eighty-five  thousand  pounds,  which  was  thus  classed : 
1,  privy  purse,  sixty  thousand  pounds ;  2.  salaries  of  household  and  retired 
allowances,  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  thousand  two  hundred  and  sixty 
pounds  ;  3,  expenses  of  household,  one  hundred  and  seventy-two  thousand 
five  bundled  pounds;  4,  royal  bounty,  &c.,  thirteen  thousand  two  hundred 
pounds;  5,  pensions,  one  thousand  two  hundred  pounds;  unappropriated 
moneys,  eight  thousand  and  forty  pounds.  On  the  23d  her  majesty  went 
in  person  to  pive  it  her  royal  assent,  and  then  adjourned  the  parliament 
to  tl<e  IGth  of  January. 

A.  D.  183S. — l*'iir  some  time  there  had  been  symptoms  of  discontent  in 
Lower  Canada,  fomented  by  the  old  French  party,  which  at  length  broke 
out  into  the  appearance  of  a  civil  war.  To  check  an  evil  so  pregnant  with 
mischief,  it  was  deemed  advisable  that  no  ordinary  person  should  be  sent 
out  to  that  important  colony.  Accordim^ly,  it  was  notified  in  the  London 
Gazette.  Jan  id,  that  the  oarl  of  Durham,  U.C  B.  was  appointed  governor* 


t.    !  ■ 


740 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


general  of  "  all  her  majesty's  provinces  within  and  adjacent  to  tlio  ooii 
tincnt  of  North  America,  and  her  majesty's  high  commissioner  for  the 
adjustment  of  certain  important  affairs  affecting  the  provinces  of  Lower 
and  Upper  Canada."  His  lordship  did  not  arrive  in  Canada  till  nearly 
the  end  of  May.  Actual  contests  had  taken  place  between  considerable 
(MftieB  of  the  insurgents  and  the  troops  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Wether. 
ali,  who  had  succeeded  in  driving  them  from  all  tho  villages  on  the  line  of 
the  river  Bichelieu.  At  length,  on  the  13th  of  December,  Sir  John  Col- 
bornehimself  marched  from  Montreal  to  attack  the  chief  post  of  the  rebels 
at  Uie  Grand  Brul6.  On  the  following  day  an  engagement  took  place  in 
the  churchyard  of  St.  Eustache,  when  the  loyalist  army  proved  once 
more  victorious,  eighty  of  the  enemy  having  been  killed,  and  one  hundred 
and  twenty  taken  prisoners.  Dr.  J.  0.  Chenier,  their  leader,  was  slain, 
and  the  town  was  more  than  half  burned  down.  On  the  15th,  on  Sii 
John  Colborne's  approach  to  the  town  of  St.  Benoit,  a  great  portion  of  the 
inhabitants  came  out  bearing  a  white  flag  and  begging  for  mercy ,  but  in 
consequence  of  the  great  disloyalty  of  the  place,  and  the  fact  of  the  prin- 
cipal leaders  having  been  permitted  to  escape,  some  of  their  houses  were 
fired  as  an  example.  Dr.  Wolfred  Nelson,  one  of  the  rebel  leaders,  hav- 
ing been  nine  days  concealed  in  the  woods,  was  brought  in  prisoner  to 
Montreal.  In  the  Upper  Province,  a  body  of  rebels,  which  occupied  a 
position  about  tliree  miles  from  Toronto,  threatening  that  city,  were  suc- 
cessfully attacked  and  dispersed  on  the  7th  of  December,  by  Sir  Francis 
Bond  Head,  at  the  head  of  the  armed  citizens,  with  such  reinforcements 
as  had  spontaneously  joined  them  from  the  country.  The  rebels  had, 
however,  establishe*!  a  camp  on  Navy  island,  on  the  Niagara  river ;  and 
many  citizens  of  the  United  States  were  implicated  in  the  insurrectioiiaiy 
movements  there  and  elsewhere  on  the  frontier. 

On  the  3d  of  March  a  sharp  engagement  took  place  bet«veen  her  maj 
esty's  troops  and  the  insurgents,  in  which  the  latter  were  totally  defeated 
at  Point  Pele  island,  near  the  western  boundary  of  the  British  possessions. 
This  island  had  been  occupied  by  about  five  hundred  men,  well  armed  and 
equipped ;  when  Colonel  Maltland,  in  order  to  dispossess  them,  marched 
from  Amherstburgh  with  a  few  companies  of  the  32d  and  83d  regiments, 
two  six-pounders,  and  some  volunteer  cavalry.  The  action  that  followed 
assumed  the  character  of  bush -fighting— the  island,  which  is  about  seven 
miles  long,  being  covered  with  thicket,  and  the  pirates  outnumbering  the 
troops  in  the  proportion  of  nearly  two  to  one.  Ultimately,  however,  they 
were  driven  to  flight,  leaving  among  the  dead,  Colonel  Bradley,  the 
commander-in-chie^  Major  Howdley,  and  Captains  Van  Renseilaer  and 
M'Keon,  besides  a  great  many  wounded  and  other  prisoners.  The  insur- 
gents being  thus  foiled  in  their  daring  attempts,  it  is  not  necessary,  for  the 
present,  for  us  to  nllude  further  to  Canadian  affairs,  than  to  observe  that 
some  of  the  most  active  ringleaders  were  executed,  and  others  transported 
to  the  .island  of  Bermuda. 

In  narrating  the  domestic  occurrences  of  this  year,  we  have  to  com. 
mence  with  one  which,  like  the  great  conflagration  of  the  houses  of  par- 
liament, filled  the  inhabitants  of  the  metropolis  with  alarm.  Soon  aftei 
ten  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  the  10th  January,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the 
Royal  Exchange.  The  firemen  were  promptly  on  the  spot,  but  owing  to 
an  intense  frost,  great  delay  was  occasioned  before  their  servicew  becamt 
effective.  Every  effort  was  made,  but  the  work  of  destruction  went  on, 
from  room  to  room  and  from  one  story  to  another,  till  that  fine  building, 
with  Its  various  offices  and  royal  statues,  was  utterly  demolished.  It  was 
remarked  by  those  present,  that  at  twelve  o'clock,  when  the  flames  had 
mst  reached  the  north-west  angle  of  the  building,  the  chimes  struck  up, 
u  usual,  the  old  tune  "  There's  nae  luck  about  the  house,"  and.continued 
for  about  five  minutes.    The  effect  was  extraordinary ;  for  although  the 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


Hi 


«mn.  J  inemseues  to  iiie  will  and  pleasure  of  her  maiustv  shall  Ha  tran. 

H^eiH  S'^-^r- "kSSS 

chiefly  between  American  desperadoes  Avho  mvaded  the  British  terf  tort 
Pnd  the  queen's  troops:  but  the  former  were  severely  pnmshed  for  th2 
temerity.    'Itie  conduct  of  Sir  John  Coibornp  oi.v..»/ mI  "*» 

Scale.  »a.  aokimwiedsed  m  1783.  Thousll  Ihs  trU  iSXw'e  w„  „r 
wwuraduii,  yet  some  pan  ot  ii  was  fouurl  nacf'Ksarv  to  Oroat  "- 


■'Sftaiii  OJ  2J 


I;    ' 


4*    1' 


748  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 

means  Df  com.rmnication  between  New-Brunswick  and  /^^  Can  ad  as.  and 
Sus  through  a',  the  British  coU,n.es.  Great  »rUa'nh^l  moreover  suu^^^^ 
17Mrcn.aiued..d«/a..opos.e8s.m.o^^^t^^ 

Td  hifdeVateabSJ  and  ^vStSsTook  place,  which  for  a..ne 
Joeiied  like^to  h^  Great  Britain  and  America  m  a  general  war 

The  colonists  sSo wed  great  alacrity  and  deiernunai.pn  m  defending  their 
Sht  to  thi  deputed  territory;  and  it  was  eventually  agreed  that  both 
nfrtes  were  o  continue  in  possession  of  the  parts  occupied  by  them  re- 
ESveW  atthe^  ommencemenl  of  the  dispute.until  the  federal  govern- 
Sent  and  Great  Britain  should  come  to  a  definitive  arrangement. 
•"Tie  procreSngs  of  parliament  had  lately  been  watched  with  mteres, 
the  state  of  parties  being  too  nicely  balanced  to  insure  m.'"8terial  majori. 
Ues     On  the  9th  of  April  leave  was  given  to  bring  in  a  bill,  on  the  molion 
of  Mr  Labouchere.  to  suspend  the  executive  constitution  of  Jamaica.     1 
Jpp'J  Ved  tharrcmisequ'ence  of  a  dispute  between  the  g«^5"!<';   .^"J 
house  of  assembly,  no  public  business  could  be  proceecied  ;vmi    and  M 
«ra8  proposed  by  this  bill  to  vest  ihe  government  m  the  goj^;""''  ^^^aj 
council  only-to  be  continued  for  five  years.     When  the  order  of  the  day 
for  go  ng  "to  committee  on  the  Jamaica  bill  was  ™«v« J '' J.^?  j;»«;„^. 
bv  Sir  Robert  Peel,  in  a  speech  in  which  he  exposed  the  arbitrary  pro- 
vfsions  of  the  bili;  the  enonnous  power  it  would  confer  on  the  governor 
InrommSsioners.  and  the  impossibility  of  i"^P"«'K\SJS8and  n      ' 

reatiKrrefractory  coluies.  formerly  suggested  by  Mr.  Canning,  who  had 

declared  that  "  nothing  short  of  absolute  and  demonstrable  i  ecess  ly 

Imuld  ind  Se  him  o  moot  tlie  awful  question  of  the  iranscenden  al  powe. 

S  r^'rli  imeiu  ovel  eve^rdepe.'dcncy  of  ihe  British  crown ;  for  that  ra.i- 

cende    arpower  wL  an  arcanum  of  empire  which  ought  to  be  kept  ba.k 

Sn  the  oenetralia  of  the  co-istilulion."    After  an  adjourned  debate,  M.'.y 

rhfetMlirhouse  divided,  when  there  appeared  for  going  into  comm,  Uje 

^94  awinst  it  28D,  the  majority  for  ministers  be.ng  only  five.    1  he  next 

:i«v^H  John  Russell  and  iJri  Melbourne  stated,  that  in  consequen.m 

onl  vote  the  Si  1.7  had  come  to  the  resolution  to  resign,  .t  hems 

«vidnnt  hat  with  sch  a  want  of  confidence  on  the  part  of  so  large  a  pro- 

norlm  o   members  'n  the  house  of  commons,  and  tlie  well-known  oppo 

Erinirimusco   lords,  ii  would  be  impossible  for  ihcm  to  mlnnn.st.i 

Kffi^UofheTL^stJVg^^  -"»'!  be  use. 

""VH^fl^and  :?i.:^rcS;Sat  had  rnged  for  the  last  three  y^ar^.r 

For  a  considerable  lime  past  the  government  of  '  ^  »  f ';?^^^;,J%ho'  ^ut 
verv   active  measures,  \n  consequonc  of  t.:e  shah  oi  i  ^rs'a, 
Sd  to  the  throne  mninly  by  British  '^'■^^^'I'^ZoS^^^^ 
nclintr  uiuler  Russian  influence,  lo  the  prtjudice  of  this  '^""'"/J  ...j       ^^, 

Sd'by"  Russia,  as  i..  ^r''f':!^lTZ^lS^^  ^^^'  *" 
Herat,  an  impo«a,.^^plac.  to  wh.^^^^ 

India,  thereupon  determined    o  -«"' .?"  "J"J^i;'  „  i'^^^u    to  be  \mr^ 
towards  Candahar,  Cuboul,  and  Herat ;  ana  mis  ioii,o 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


743 


by  about  forty-five  thousand  men,  furnished  by  Runjcet  Singh,  the  sove- 
reign  of  the  Fuiijaub.  In  the  meantime  it  appeared  that  the  Persians  had 
suffered  great  loss  at  Herat.  It  was  soon  afterwards  rumoured  that  the 
chiefs  of  Affghariistan  were  prepared  to  meet  a  much  stronger  force  than 
the  Anglo-Inihan  government,  though  reinforced  by  Runjeet  Singh,  could 
bnng  wito  the  field,  and  thai  they  would  listen  to  noterinsof  accomnioda- 
*'0"-  rhe  next  accounts,  however,  announced  that  the  British  iiad  en- 
tered Candahur,  that  the  diificulties  experienced  with  respect  to  provisions 
had  vanished,  and  that  the  troocs  were  received  with  open  arms.  Shab 
Soojah  was  crowned  with  acclamation ;  and  the  army  proceeded  forthwitli 
to  Cabuul.  . 

On  the  21st  of  September  the  fort  of  Joudpore,  in  Rajpootana,  surren- 
dered to  the  Briiish  ;  and  that  of  Kurnaul,  in  the  Deccan,  on  the  6th  of 
October.  The  camp  of  the  rajah  was  attacked  by  General  Willshire, 
which  ended  in  the  total  rout  of  the  enemy.  A  very  great  quantity  ol 
military  stores  were  found  in  Kurnaul,  and  treasure  amounting  to  nearly 
1,000,000/.  sterling.  In  the  camp  an  immense  quantity  of  jewels  was  cap- 
tured, besides  150,000/.  in  specie.  The  shah  of  Persia  consented  to  ac- 
knowledge  Shah  Soojah  as  king  of  AfiTghanistan  ;  but  Dost  Mahomed,  the 
deposed  prni'-e,  was  still  at  large,  and  there  was  no  doubt  that  a  widely 
ramified  conspiracy  existed  among  the  native  chiefs  to  rise  against  the 
British  on  the  first  favourable  opportunity. 

The  country  had  been  much  disuirce?  during  the  year  by  large  and  tu- 
multuous assemblages  of  the  people,  of  a  revolutionary  character,  under 
the  name  of  chartists;  and  many  nxcessrs  were  committed  by  them  in  the 
large  manufacturing  towns  of  xManche.sl;r,  Bolton,  Birmingham,  Stock- 
port, Ac,  that  required  the  sirong  arm  of  the  law  to  curb.  This  was  al- 
luded to  in  her  majesty's  speech,  at  the  close  of  the  session  of  parliament, 
as  the  first  attempts  at  insubordination,  wlvch  happily  had  been  checked 
by  the  fearless  administration  of  the  law. 

On  the  lOtl:  of  December  a  special  comnr^ssion  was  held  at  Monmouth, 
for  the  trial  of  the  chartist  rebels  at  Newport,  before  Lord-cliiif-justioe 
Tindal,  and  the  judges  Park  and  Williams,  the  chief-justice  opening  the 
proceedings  with  a  luminous  and  eloquent  charge  to  the  grand  jury.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  the  12th,  true  bills  were  returned  against  John  Frost,  CJJiorles 
Waters,  Jamos  Aust,  William  Jones,  John  Lovell,  Zephaniah  Williams, 
Jenkin  Morgan,  Solomon  Britton,  Edmond  Kdmon-.'s,  Richard  Beiifield, 
John  Recs,  David  Jones,  and  John  Terner  (otherwise  Coles),  for  high 
treason.  In  order  to  comply  with  the  forms  customary  in  trials  for  high 
treason,  the  court  was  then  adjourned  to  f)ec.  31,  when  Julin  Frost  was 
put  to  the  bar.  The  first  day  was  occupied  ia  challenging  the  jury; 
the  next  day  the  attorney-general  addressed  the  coi-rt  and  jury  on  the 
part  of  the  crown,  and  the  prisoner's  counsel  objects  i  to  the  calling  of  the 
witnesses,  in  consequence  of  the  list  of  them  not  having  been  given  to 
tlie  prisoner,  Frost,  agreeably  to  the  terms  of  the  c".a'ute ;  on  the  third 
day  the  evidence  was  entered  into;  and  on  the  e'g\.:'.\  day,  after  the  most 
patient  attention  of  the  court  and  jury,  a  verdict  cf  guilty  was  recorded 
against  Frost,  with  recommendation  to  mercy.  'I  he  trials  of  Williams, 
and  Jones  each  occupied  four  days,  with  a  like  verdict  and  recommenda- 
tion. Walters.  Morgan,  Rees,  Benficid,  and  Lovell  pleaded  guilty,  and 
received  senience  of  doaili,  the  conn  i.irimating  that  they  would  bo  trans- 

torted  for  life.  Four  were  discharged,  two  forfeited  their  bail,  and  nine, 
aving  |)leaded  guilty  to  charges  of  conspiracy  and  ricn,  were  sentenced 
to  terms  of  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year.  Frost,  and  ilio  othei 
ringleaders  on  whom  sentence  of  death  had  been  passed,  were  fiaall} 
tiansported  for  life. 

The  spirit  of  chartism,  though  repressed,  was  not  subdued.    Sunday 
January  i-.iih.  iiad  been  fixed  on  lor  outbreak*  in  various  purls  of  tbe  euuii 


.11 


4  3^ 


!' 


744 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


try :  but  by  the  precautionary  measures  of  government  and  the  police 
t*»eir designs  were  frustrated.    Infoimatioa  was  afterwards  reiieivd  that 
the  chartists  intended  to  fire  the  town  of  Sheffield.    They  began  to  asseir. 
ble,  but  troops  and  constables  being  on  the  alert,  they  succeeded  m  iakma 
the  ringleaders,  but  not  before  several  persons  were  wounded,  three  ol 
whom  were  policemen.     An  immense  quantity  of  fire-arms,  ball-car 
tridges,  iron  bullets,  hand-grenades,  fire-balls,  daggers,  pikes,  and  swords 
were  found,  together  with  a  quantity  of  crowfeet  for  disabhng  liorses. 
The  ringleaders  were  committed  to  York  castle,  and  at  tlie  ensuing  as- 
sizes  were  tried,  found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  various  terms  of  impris 
onment,  of  one,  two,  and  three  years.     At  the  same  time  four  of  the  Brad 
ford  chartists  were  sentenced  to  three  years'  imprisonment,  and  three  from 
Barnsley  for  the  term  of  two  years.     At  the  same  assizes,  Keargus  O'Con- 
nor was  convicted  of  having  published,  in  the  Northern  Star  newspaper, 
of  which  he  was  the  editor  and  proprietor,  certain  seditious  libels ;  and 
the  noted  demagogue  orators,  Vincent  and  Edwards,  who  were  at  the 
time  undergoing  a  former  sentence  in  prison,  were  convicted  at  Mcnmouth 
of  a  conspiracy  to  effect  great  changes  in  the  government  by  illegal 
means,  &c.,  and  were  severally  sentenced  to  a  further  imprisonment  of 
twelve  and  fourteen  months.     In  various  other  places,  also,  London  among 
the  rest,  chartist  conspirators  were  tried  and  punisiied  for  ilieir  misdeeds 
A.D.  1840.— For  the  space  of  two  years  and  a  half  the  British  sceptre 
lad  been  swayed  by  a  "  virgin  queen ;"  it  was  therefore  by  no  means  sur- 
prising that  her  majestv  should  at  length  consider  that  tlie  cares  of  regal 
state  might  be  rendered  more  supportable  if  shared  by  a  consort.    That 
such,  indeed,  had  been  the  subject  of  her  royal  musings,  was  soon  made 
evident ;  for,  on  the  16ih  of  January,  she  met  her  parliament,  and  com- 
menced her  most  gracious  speech  with  the  following  plain  and  unaffected 
sentence  :— "  My  lords  and  gentlemen :  Since  you  were  lust  assembled 
I  have  declared  my  intention  of  allying  myself  in  marriage  wiih  the  pnnce 
Albert  of  Saxe-Cobourg  and  Gotlia.     I  humbly  implore  that  the  D»vnie 
blessing  may  prosper  this  union,  and  render  it  conducive  to  the  interests 
of  my  people,  as  well  as  to  my  own  domestic  happiness." 

There  could  be  no  reasonable  ground  for  caviling  at  her  majesty  s 
choice.  The  rank,  age,  character,  and  connexions  of  the  prince,  were  all 
in  his  favour;  and  the  neceBsary  arrangements  were  made  without  loss 
of  time.  A  naturalization  bill  for  his  royal  higlmess  was  nnmediatcly 
passed  ;  and  Lord  .lohn  Russell  moved  a  resolution  auihoriznig  her  maj- 
esty to  grant  fifty  thousand  pounds  a  year  to  the  prince  for  his  life.  This 
was  generally  thought  to  be  more  than  sufficient,  and  Mr.  Hume  moved 
as  an  amendment,  that  the  grant  be  twenty-one  thousand  pounds  ;  how- 
ever,  on  a  division  there  was  a  majority  of  2G7  against  the  amendent. 
Upon  this.  Colonel  Sibthorp  moved  a  second  amendment,  siibsliluting 
thirty  thousand  pounds,  which  was  supported  by  Mr.  Gonlburn,  Sir  J.  Gra- 
ham, and  Sir  H.  Peel,  who  considered  thirty  thousand  pounds  a  just  and 
liberal  allowance  for  the  joint  lives  of  the  nueen  and  the  prince,  and  for 
the  prince's  possible  survivorship,  should  there  be  no  issue  ;  if  an  heir 
should  be  bo.ii,  ihen  tlie  thirty  thousand  might  properly  be  advanced  to 
fifty  thousand  pounds ;  and,  should  there  be  a  numerous  issue,  it  would 
be  rcasc.-.able  "o  ir-ke  "  still  further  increase,  «uc.^  as  -"ould  befi!  the 
father  of  a  large  family  of  royal  children.  ,        , , 

OntheGlh  of  the  ensuing  month,  the  bride,ii  •'om-olect,  conducted  by 
Viscount  Torringlon,  and  Bccompaniod  by  the  hike  his  father,  and  l.is 
elder  brotlier,  arrived  at  Dover;  and  on  the  lOlh'Uhe  marrunjo  of  the 
queen's  most  excellent  majesty  with  the  field-marshal  Ins  royal  higliness 
Francis  Albert  Augustus  Charles  Knianuel,  duke  of  Saxe,  prince  of  Saxe. 
Cobouru  and  Golha,  K.  G.,  was  solemnized  at  the  chapel-royal  Si. 
laaies'.'^     The  processions  of  the  royal  bride  and  bridegroom  wore  wiv 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


15 


ducted  in  a  style  of  splendour  suitable  to  the  occasion.  The  duke  of 
Sussex  gave  away  his  royal  niece;  and  at  that  part  of  ihe  service  where 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  read  the  words,  "  1  pronounce  that  they  be 
man  and  wife  together,"  the  park  and  Tower  guns  fired.  In  the  afternoon 
her  majesty  and  the  prince  proceeded  to  Windsor  castle,  a  banquet  was 

Eiven  ai  St.  James'  palace  to  the  members  of  the  household,  wliich  was 
onourfid  Itv  the  presence  of  the  duchess  of  Kent,  and  the  reigning  duke 
and  hereanary  prince  of  Saxe-Cobourg,  and  the  day  was  universally  kept 
as  a  holiday  throughout  the  country ;  grand  diWiers  were  given  by  the 
cabinet  ministers,  and  in  the  evening  the  splendid  illumination  of  the  me- 
tropolis gave  additional  eclat  to  the  hymeneal  rejoicings. 

For  uianv  months  past  there  had  been  an  interruption  to  those  relations 
of  amity  and  commerce  which  for  a  long  period  had  been  maintained  be- 
tween England  and  China.  It  originated  in  the  determination  on  the 
part  of  the  Chinese  government  to  put  an  end  to  the  importation  of  opium 
into  the  "  celestial  empire,"  and  the  opposition  made  to  that  decree  by 
British  merchants  engaged  in  that  traffic.  Early  in  the  preceding  year  a 
large  quantity  of  opium,  belonging  to  British  merchants,  was  given  up, 
on  the  reqnisilion  of  Mr.  Elliot,  the  queen's  represcntptivo  ai  Canton,  to 
be  destroyed  by  the  Chinese  authorities.  The  quantity  seized  was  twenty 
thousand  chests,  supposed  to  be  worth  602,000,000;  and  Mr.  Elliot 
pledged  the  faiih  of  the  goverment  he  rspresented;  tha;  the  uier'-'hants 
Bhould  receive  compensation. 

The  English  government  was  naturally  desirous  to  keep  en  ^ood  terms 
with  a  country  from  which  so  many  commercial  advantages  had  '>een 
derived ;  but  the  Chinese  authorities  daily  grew  more  arrogant  and  un- 
reasonable, and  several  outrages  against  the  English  were  committed 
At  length,  in  an  affray  between  some  seamen  of  the  Volage  and  the  Chi- 
nese, one  of  the  latter  was  killed  ;  and  on  Captain  Elliot  having  refused 
to  deliver  up  the  homicide  to  Commissioner  Lm,  the  most  severe  and  ar- 
bitrarv  measures  were  immediately  taken  to  expel  all  the  British  inhabi- 
tants from  Macao.    This  hostile  conduct  was  quickly  followed  by  an  out- 
rage of  a  still  more  serious  character.    The  black  Joke,  having  on  board 
one  passenger,  a  Mr.  Moss,  and  six  Lascars,  was  obliged  to  anchor  in 
the  Lantaod  passage,  to  wait  for  the  tide.     Here  she  was  surrounded  by 
three  mandarin  boats,  by  whose  crows  she  was  boarded,  five  of  the  Las- 
cars butchered,  and  Mr.  Moss  shockingly  mutilated.    These  proceedings 
gave  rise  to  further  measures  of  hostility.    On  the  4th  September,  Cap- 
tain Elliot  came  from  Hong  Kong  to  Macao  in  his  cutter,  in  company  with 
the  schooner  Pearl,  to  obtain  provisions  for  the  fleet.    The  mandarins, 
however,  on  board  the  war-junks,  opposed  their  embarkation,  when  Cap- 
tain Elliot  intimated  that  if  in  half  an  hour  the  provisions  were  not  allow- 
ed to  pass,  he  would  open  a  firo  upon  them.    The  half  hour  passed,  and 
the  gun  was  fired.     Three  war-junks  then  endeavoured  to  put  to  sea,  but 
were  compelled  by  a  well-directed  fire  of  the  cutter  and  the  Pearl  to  seek 
shelter  under  the  walls  o'  Coloon  fort.     About  six  o'clock  the  Vidago 
frigate  hove  in  sight,  ana  the  boat  of  Captain  Douglas,  with  twenty-four 
British  ooHmon,  attempted  to  board  the  junk,  but  without  success.    The 
boat's  crew  then  opened  a  fire  of  musketry,  by  which  a  mandarin  and  four 
Chiriv,?c  sv/.diera  weio  killed,  and  Be*«:n  Wu-andcJ.    The  reisnlt,  however, 
was,  that  the  provisions  were  not  obtained,  and  that  the  Chinese  junks 
escaped ;  n-hile,  instead  of  any  approach  to  a  better  understanding  be- 
tween the  two  countries,  it  was  regarded  rather  as  the  comnioncemeni 
01  a  war.  which,  indeed,  the  next  news  from  China  confirmed. 

On  the  appearance  of  another  British  ship,  the  Thomas  Cnutts,  at 
Whampoa,  Com.nissioner  Lin  renewed  his  demand  for  the  surrender  o' 
the  murderer  of  the  Chinese,  and  issued  an  edict  commanding  all  British 
.kin.  1^  oKior  ihn  n»rt  nC  (^uitnn  Aiid  sitfii  ilie  ODmm  bond,  or  to  deoart 


I 


u 


ft 


740 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


friMn  liie  coast  immediately.  In  case  of  noncompliance  with  either  of 
these  conditions,  wiihin  three  days,  the  commissioner  declared  lie  would 
destroy  the  entire  British  fleet.  On  the  publication  of  this  edii-i,  Captain 
Elliot  demanded  an  explanation  from  the  Chinese  admtral,  Kawn,  who 
at  first  pretended  to  enter  into  a  negotiation,  but  immediately  ufii-rwanlii 
ordered  out  twenty-nine  war-junks,  evidently  intending  to  surround  the 
British  ships.  Tiie  attempt  ended  in  five  of  the  juiiks  being  sunk,  and 
another  blown  up,  each  with  from  150  to  200  men  on  hoard,  and  on  the 
rest  makintr  ofl[",  Captain  Klliot  ordered  the  firing  to  cease. 

A  decree  was  now  issued  by  the  emperor  prohibiting  the  importation  of 
all  British  goods,  and  the  trade  with  ('hina  was  consequently  at  an  end ; 
but  the  Americau  ships  arrived  and  departed  as  usual.  In  the  meantime 
preparations  on  a  large  scale  were  making  in  India  to  collect  and  send 
a  large  force  to  China,  so  as  to  bring  this  important  quarrel  to  an  issue. 
Several  men  of-war  and  corvettes,  from  Kngland,  and  various  stations, 
were  got  ready,  and  the  command  given  to  Admiral  Elliot  to  give  the 
expedition  all  the  co-operation  possible. 

A  great  sensation  was  .caused  in  the  public  mind  by  an  attempt  to  as- 
sassinate the  queen.  On  the  10th  of  Jline,  as  her  majesty  was  starting  for 
an  evening  drive,  up  Constitution-hill,  in  a  low  open  carriage,  accompa- 
nied by  Prince  Albert,  a  young  man  deliberatetly  fired  two  pistols  at  her, 
but  happily  without  effect.  His  name  proved  to  be  Edward  Oxford,  the 
son  of  a  widow  who  formerly  kept  a  coffee-shop  in  Southwark.  He  was 
about  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  had  been  lately  employed  as  a  poi-boy  in 
Oxfitrd-street,  but  was  out  of  place.  He  was  instantly  seized,  and  sent 
to  Newgate  on  a  charge  of  liigli  treason ;  but  it  appeared  on  his  trial  that 
there  were  grounds  for  attributing  the  act  to  insanity,  and  as  there  was  no 
proof  that  the  pistols  were  loaded,  the  jury  returned  a  verdict  of "  guilty, 
but  that  at  the  lime  he  committed  the  act  he  was  insane."  The  conse- 
quence was,  that  he  f  came  an  inmate  of  Beihlem  for  life,  as  was  the 
case  with  Hatfield,  who  forty  years  before  fired  off  a  pistol  at  George 
III.,  in  Drury-lane  theatre. 

The  nniwler  of  Lord  William  Russell  by  Courvoisier,  his  Swiss  valet, 
had  just  before  excited  considerable  interest.  The  crime  was  committed 
at  his  lordship's  residence  in  Norfolk-street,  Park-lane,  early  in  the  night, 
and  the  murderer  had  employed  the  remainder  of  the  night  in  carefully 
destroying  all  marks  which  could  cast  suspicion  upon  himself,  and  in 
throwing  the  house  into  a  sta»e  of  confusion,  in  order  that  it  might  bear 
the  appearance  of  having  been  broken  into  by  burglars.  Nor  would  it 
have  been  an  easy  matter  to  have  convicted  him  on  circumstantial  evi- 
dence,  had  not  a  missing  parcel  of  plate  been  discovered  on  the  very  day 
the  trial  commenced,  which  it  appeared  he  had  left  some  days  before  the 
murder  with  Madame  Piolane,  the  keeper  of  a  hotel  in  Leicester-square. 
It  is  some  time  since  we  had  occasion  to  notice  anything  relative  to 
French  affairs;  but  an  event  transpired  in  August  whicli  we  cannot  well 
omit.  On  the  6ih  of  that  month,  Louis  Napoleon,  (son  of  the  late  king 
of  Holland,  and  heir  male  of  the  Bonaparte  family),  made  an  absurd 
attempt  to  effect  a  hostile  descent  upon  the  coast  of  France.  Ho  em- 
narked  from  Lon'ion  in  the  Edinburgh  Castle  steamer,  which  he  had  hired 
from  the  Coirm.ercial  Steam  Navigation  Company,  as  for  a  voyage  o| 
pleasure,  accompanied  by  about  fifty  men,  including  General  Montlii)lon. 
colonels  Voisen.  Laborde,  Montauban,  and  Parquin,  and  several  oihei 
officers  of  inft^rior  rank.  They  landed  at  a  small  port  about  two  leagues 
from  Boulogne,  to  which  town  they  immediate  ly  marched,  and  arrived 
at  the  barracks  about  five  o'clock,  just  as  the  soldiers  of  the  42d  regiment 
of  the  line  were  rising  from  their  beds.  At  first  the  soldiers  were  a  little 
Riaggcrcil,  as  they  understood  a  revolution  had  taken  place  in  Parin,  and 
they  were  summoned  to  join  the  imperial  eagle.    One  of  their  offlcera 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


747 


however,  liaving  hurried  to  the  barracks,  soon  reheved  tiie  men  from 
their  perplexity,  and  they  acknowledged  his  authority.    Louis  Napoleon 
drew  a  pistol,  and  attempted  to  shoot  the  inopportune  mtruder;  but  the 
shot  took  effect  upon  a  soldier,  who  died  the  same  day.     h  iiuiiiig  them- 
selves thus  foiled,  the  Bonaparlists  took  the  Calais  road  to  ine  colonne 
de  Napoleon,  upon  the  top  of  which  they  placed  their  flag.     Hie  town 
authorities  and  national  guard  then  went  in  pursuit  of  the  prince,  who, 
beinir  inlercppted  on  the  side  of  the  column,  made  for  the  beach,  with  a 
view  to  embark  and  regain  the  packet  in  which  he  had  arrived.     He  took 
possession  of  the  life-boat ;  but  scarcely  had  his  followers  got  into  it  when 
Uie  national  guard  also  arrived  on  the  beach  and  discliart  'd  a  volley  on 
the  boat,  which  immediately  upset,  and  the  whole  company  were  seon 
struMlinjr  in  the  sea.     In  the  meantime  the  steain-packet  was  alr^^dy 
taken  possession  of  by  the  lieutenanl  of  the  port.    The  prim:e  was  then 
made  prisoner,  and  about  three  hours  after  his  attempt  on  Boulog.ie,  he 
and  his  followers  were  safely  lodged  in  the  castle.     From  Boulogne  he 
was  removed  to  the  castle  of  Ham,  and  placed  in  the  rooms  once  occu- 
pied by  Prince  Polignac.     On  being  tried  and  found  guilty,  Louts  Napo- 
leon was  sentenced  to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  a  fortress ;  Count  Mon- 
tholon,  twenty  years'  detention  ;  Parquin  and  Lombard,  tlie  same  period ; 
others  were  sentenced  to  shorter  periods ;  Aldenize  was  transported  for 
life,  and  some  were  acquitted.  ■  •„  ,„ 

This  insane  attempt  to  e.xcile  a  revolution  probably  owed  Us  origin  to 
the  "  liberal"  permission  granted  by  Louis  Philippe,  and  the  no  less  lib- 
eral acquiescence  of  the  Knglish  ministers,  to  allow  the  ashes  of  the  en.- 
peror  Napoleon  to  be  removed  from  Si.  Helena,  that  they  might  find  their 
last  resting-place  in  France.    This  had  undoubtedly  raised  the  hopes  of 
many  a  zealous  Bonapartist,  who  thought  that  the  fervour  of  the  populace 
was  likely  to  display  itself  in  a  violent  emeule,  which  the  troops  would  bo 
more  ready  to  favobr  than  to  quell.     A  grant  of  a  million  of  francs  had 
been  made  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  expedition  to  St.  Helena  (which 
was  to  be  under  the  command  of  Prince  de  Joinville),  the  funeral  cere- 
mony, and  the  erection  of  a  tomb  in  the  church  of  the  Invahdes  ;  so  that, 
m  the  language  of  the  French  minister  of  the  interior.  »  his  tomb,  like  his 
glorv.  should  belong  to  his  country."    The  prince  arrived  ai  C-I'f '•"""rg. 
with'  his  "  precious  charge,"  on  the  30ih  of  November ;  and  on  the  15th 
of  December  Napoleon's  remains  were  honoured  by  a  splendid  funeral 
procession,  the  king  and  royal  family  being  present  at  the  ceremony,  with 
iixty  thousand  national  guards  in  attendance,  and  an  Hsseinbiage  of  hve 
hundred  thdWKmd  persons.     It  was  observed  at  the  time  of  Bonaparte  s 
exhumation,  that  his  features  were  so  little  changed  lliat  his  face  was 
recoaniz'^d  by  those  who  had  known  him  when  alive  ;  and  the  unirorm, 
the  ordcnH.  aiid  the  hat  which  had  been  buried  with  him,  were  very  liltli! 
chamred      It  was  little  contemplated  when  the  body  was  deposited  in 
»•  Napoleon's  Valley,"  at  St.  Helena,  that  it  would  ever  be  removed  ;  nay, 
It  seems  that  especial  care  was  taken  to  prevent  such  an  ocr-urronce  ;  for 
we  read,  that  after  having  taken  awiiy  the  iron  railing  which  surrounded 
the  tomb,  "  they  then  removed  three  ranges  of  masonry,  and  came  to  a 
milt  eleven  feet  deep,  nearly  filled  with  clay,  a  bed  of  Koman  cement 
then  presented  itself,  and  underneath  was  another  bed,  ten  f^ft  J^eP' 
bound  together  with  bands  of  iron.     A  covering  of  masonry  was  then  dis- 
covered,  five  feet  deep,  forming  the  covering  of  the  sarcophagus. 

We  conclude  this  year's  occurrences  with  iM  accouchoincnl  of  hot 
maiestv.  Queen  Victoria,  who  on  the  2l8t  of  November  gave  l)irth  at 
Eking  mm  PHlace  to  a  prir.cess,  her  first-born  child  ;  and  on  ih^  «J^' «' 
February   the  iifaiit  princess-royal  was  christened   Victoria   Adelaide 

Marv  Louisa.  ,. .  ,., . 

a.'d.  1241.— During  the  past  veur  the  attention  o:  inc  g-i-.  r-u.-.n^m. 


1!  1 


H, 


748 


HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD. 


powers  had  been  drawn  to  the  condition  of  Syria  and  Turkey  and  »n 

cxSii^  \  '^,'''"''1*'  P^lf ''*  ""^  ^'«yP^'    ^°'  this  purpose  it  was  deemed 
expedient  to  dispatch  a  fleet  to  the  Mediterraneiii! ;  ilnd  on  the  14th  of 

«tP^sl'!i T"'*':'"®  ^T"  «"""noned  the  Egyptian  authorities  to  evacj. 

ate  Syria.    In  reply  o  this  summons,  Mehemet  Ali  declared  thaton  the  firet 

appearance  of  hostility  by  the  powers  of  Europe,  the  pacha,  Ibrahim.  wou?d 

be  commanded  to  march  on  Constantinople.     Soon  aftervlards  hostSes 

oommenced,  and  the  town  of  Beyrout  was  bombarded  on  the  lltl  «   £ 

ember,  and  completely  destroyed  by  the  allies  in  two  hours,    "n  e  vv£ 

in  Syria  was  now  carried  on  with  great  activity.    The  troons  nC  IhrnV.;™ 

sustained  a  si,n,al  defeat  early  in  October.  wi'tlT'a  loss'.fTeven  thou  Snd 

in  killed  wounded,  and  prisoners;  in  addition  to  which,  Commodore  Na- 

p^r  with  a  comparatively  trifling  number  of  marines  and  rSsh  troons 

IZtTJf  '"expelling  the  Egyptians  from  nearly  the  whole  of  iJbZS' 

^K.  .i"^T   ^'^  \^'omau6  prisoners,  with  artillery  and  stores,  and 

effected  the  disorganization  of  an  army  of  twenty  iLusand  men      |2 

short,  more  brilliant  results  with  sucl:  limited  means  have  rarehr  beeS 

Jr,7hlP"''""'"'^y  '"^"''^  V'  «"»«idered  under  what  noTe"  circumstan" 

-»n!  ■«  \  ^  ^I!'^  '^'""^  '^''^"  ^y  "»«  «'"««  0"  llie  3d  of  November  Col. 
onel  Smith,  who  commanded  the  forces  in  Syria,  directed  Omar  Bpv 
with  two  thousand  Turks,  to  advance  on  T3  re,  a  d  ocrjpy  the  passes  to 
BeV^IuSl^"''  in  the  meantime  idmiral  St'o^fSV  8ai?e3  frorS 
S-d  a  .^'..^""^'""j""  ^'-""^  ^^'""^  thousand  Turks,  and  detachmenS 
3f  English  artillery  and  sappers.  The  forces  and  fleet  arrived  off  Acre "t 
U^e  same  time.  At  two  o'clock  P.  M.  a  tremendous  camio.  ade  took 
place,  which  was  maintained  without  intermission  for  son  e  ours  the 
steamers  y.ng  outside  throwing,  with  astonishing  rapidity,  their  shell  J 
over  the  ships  into  the  fortification.  Dining  the  b-MnbardmeniK  arsenal 
and  magazine  blew  up,  annihilating  upwards  of  twelve  Sr"7of^^^^^^ 
enemy,  forming  two  entire  regiments,  who  were  drawn  up  on  the  ram! 

^luL  V'"''V""  ''"'  '^'"  «"  '^""'•^  'h«  «''*P«  si"'i""  to  that  of  auelrZ 
quake.  Lvery  living  creature  within  the  area  of  sixty  thousand  square 
yards  ceased  to  exist.  At  two  o'clock  on  the  following  mo  .1  g  Tboat 
arrived  from  Acre,  to  announce  that  the  remainder  of  the  gZ  Lu  were 
eav.ng  the  place,  and  as  soon  as  the  sun  rose,  the  British,  Auat  ian  and 
rurkish  flags  were  seen  waving  on  the  citadel.  The  low  1  was  found  to 
be  one  mass  of  ruins-the  batteries  and  houses  riddled  a  lover-k  [led 
and  wounded  lying  about  in  all  directions.  The  slain  were  estiinUe  1  at 
twenty-five  hundn^d  men,  and  the  prisoners  amountt-d  to  iipwards  of  i^free 
thousand.  The  Turkish  troops  were  landed  to  garrison  Acre  wheef 
vasiquunmy  of  miliiayy  stores  were  found.  besideVarexccllcm  narr^^^ 
artilJci  V  of  -JOO  guns,  and  a  large  sum  in  specie.  exLtuciit  park  of 

As  the  foregoing  successes  led  to  the  termination  of  the  war  in  Svria 
and  Its  evacuation  by  Ibrahim  Pacha, 'it  is  unnecessary  to  speak  of  oS 
atio lis  of  a  niinor  character.  Mehemet  Ali  eventually  submited  to  all  the 
i'°"f """!  ^^T'^  ':V  the  sultan,  and  which  were  sanclioiS  by  tl  e  epre! 
rrhlh.!,"?. '''''''■'"•  France,  Orea.  Bnuin,  Prussia,  Uncmnl 
L  !.„  •'^'^f' ''"""y  P"8f«'88ion  of  Egynt  is  confirmed  to  Mehemet  Ali,  and 
h  «  descendanis  m  a  direct  i,ne.-9.  iviehcmel  Ali  will  be  allowed  to  1  om- 
mate  Inn  own  officers  up  to  the  rank  of  a  col.niel.  The  viceroy  can  01  ly 
confer  the  tit  e  of  pacha  with  the  consent  of  (he  snltan.-3.  'Hie  annuS 
contribution  is  fixed  at  80,000  purses,  or  40,000,000  of  piastres,  o  400  000/ 
-4.  Phe  viceroy  will  not  be  allowed  to  build  a  ship  of  war  wiiliou  the 
permission  01  the  sult«n.-5.  The  laws  and  regulations  of  the  em^  ar! 

to  be  observed  in  Ecvnt.  wiih  Biioh  -kr,.,™^—  ...  .u ■:__:. _/,  ?■' 

— '  2 — B-'-^  n=  »nc  {jcuuijaritv  01  uio 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


l49 


Egyptian  people  may  render  necessary,  but  which  changes  must  receive 
the  sanction  of  the  Porte. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  year  news  was  brought  frjm  China  that 
the  differences  which  had  existed  were  in  a  fair  train  of  settlement,  and 
that  the  war  might  be  considered  as  at  an  end.  Hostihties  had,  iiowever, 
recommenced,  in  consequence  of  Keshen,  the  imperial  commissioner, 
having  delayed  to  bring  to  a  conclusion  the  negotiations  entered  into  with 
Captain  Llhot.  Preparations  were  accordingly  made  for  attacking  the 
outposts  of  the  Bogue  forts,  on  the  Bocca  Tigris.  Having  obtained  pos- 
session,  the  steamers  were  sent  to  destroy  the  war-junks  in  Anson's  bay ; 
but  the  shallowness  of  the  water  admitted  only  the  approach  of  the 
Nemesis,  towing  ten  or  twelve  boats.  The  junks  endeavoured  to  escape, 
but  a  rocket  blew  up  the  powder  magazine  of  one  of  them,  and  eighteen 
more  which  were  set  on  fire  by  the  English  boats' crews  also  successively 
blew  up.  At  length  a  flag  of  truce  was  dispatched  bv  the  Chinese  com- 
mander, and  hosiihties  ceased.  On  the  20th  of  January  Captain  Elliot 
announced  to  her  majesty's  subjects  in  China  that  the  following  arrange- 
ments  had  been  made  :  J.  The  cession  of  the  island  and  harbour  of  Hong 
Kong  to  the  British  crown.  2.  An  indemnity  to  the  British  government 
of  $0,000,000,  mi.OOO.OOO  payable  at  once,  and  the  remainder  in  eqvial 
annual  instalments,  ending  in  184fi.  ,3.  Direct  official  intercourse  between 
the  two  countries  upon  an  equal  footing.  4.  The  trade  of  the  port  of 
Canton  to  be  opened  within  ten  days  after  the  Chinese  new  year. 

Thus  far  all  appeared  as  it  should  be;  but  great  doubts  of  the  sincerity 
of  Keshen,  the  Chinese  commissioner,  were  felt  both  in  England  and 
at  Canton.  Accordingly  the  Nemesis  steamer  was  sent  up  the  river  to 
reconnoitre,  and  on  nearing  the  Bogue  forts  (30  in  number),  it  was  discov- 
ered that  preparations  for  defence  had  been  made,  batteries  and  field-works 
had  been  thrown  up  along  the  shore,  and  upon  the  islands  in  the  mid- 
dl-,  of  the  river,  a  barrier  was  in  course  of  construction  across  the 
channel,  and  there  were  large  bodies  of  troops  assembled  from  the  in- 
terior. Keshen  finding  his  duplicity  disc(fvered,  communicated  that 
further  negotiations  would  be  declined.  The  emperor,  it  appeared,  had 
issued  edicts  repudiating  the  treaty,  and  denouncing  the  English  barbari- 
ans, "  who  were  like  dogs  and  sheep  in  their  dispositions."  That  in 
Bleeping  or  eating  he  found  no  quiet,  and  he  therefore  ordered  eight  thou- 
sand of  his  best  troops  to  defend  Canton,  and  to  recover  the  places  on  the 
coast ;  for  it  was  absolutely  necessary  (said  the  emperor),  "  that  the  rebel- 
lious foreigners  must  give  up  their  heads,  which,  with  the  prisoners,  were 
to  be  ser.l  to  Pekin  in  cages,  to  undergo  the  last  penalty  of  the  law."  lie 
also  ofFured  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  the  apprehension  of  Eiliot,  Morison, 
or  Bermer  alive,  or  thirty  thousand  dollars  for  either  of  their  heads.  In 
addition,  five  thousand  dollars  for  an  officer's  head,  five  hundred  for  an 
Englishman  alive,  three  hundred  for  a  head,  and  one  hundred  for  a  Sepoy 
alive.  The  emperor  also  delivered  Keshen  in  irons  over  to  the  board  of 
punishment  at  Pekin.  and  divested  the  admiral  Kwan  Tecnpei  of  his  but- 
ton.  Before  the  hostile  edicts  had  appeared,  Captain  Elliot,  confiding  in 
the  good  faith  of  Keshen,  had  sent  orders  to  General  Burrel  to  restore 
the  island  of  Chusan  (which  the  English  had  taken  many  months  before), 
to  the  Chinese,  and  to  return  with  the  Bengal  volunteers  to  Calcutta. 
'I'his  order  had  been  promptly  obeyed,  Chusan  having  been  evacuated 
Kobruary  29. 

Captain  Elliot  set  sail  on  Feb.  30,  up  the  Canton  river.  On  the  24th 
he  destroyed  a  masked  field-work,  disabling  eighty  cannon  there  mounted. 
On  the  2oth  and  26tli  he  took  three  adjoining  Bogue  forts,  without  losing 
a  n»an,  killing  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  Chinese,  and  taking  one  thou- 
sand three  hundred  prisoners.  The  subsequent  operations  of  the  squad- 
nta  presented  one  luibroken  succession  of  brilliant  achievemenis,  untU,  ou 


ill 


h 


tmi' 


i    K 


I 


r 


730 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


the  2Rth  oi  March,  Canton,  the  second  city  in  the  Chinese  empire,  i;on. 
laiiiing  a  million  of  souls,  was  placed  at  the  mercy  of  the  British  troops 
Kvery  possible  means  of  defence  had  been  used  by  the  Chinese  command, 
ers,  but  nothing  could  withstand  the  intrepidity  of  the  British.  In  con- 
sequence of  the  Chinese  firing  on  a  flag  of  truce,  the  forts  and  defences  ol 
Canton  were  speedily  taken,  the  flo»ill>i  burnt  or  sunk,  and  the  union  jack 
hoisted  on  the  walls  of  the  British  factory.  But  Captam  Elliot  seemed 
doomed  to  be  made  the  sport  of  Chinese  duplicity.  He  no  sooner  issued 
a  circular  to  the  English  and  foreign  merchants,  announcing  that  a  sus- 
pension  of  hostilities  had  been  agreed  on  between  the  Chinese  commis- 
sioner Yang,  and  himself,  and  that  the  trade  was  open  at  Canton  .ind 
would  be  duly  respected,  than  the  emperor  issued  another  procianiation, 
ordering  all  communication  with  "  the  detestable  brood  of  English"  to  be 
cut  off.  Several  other  imperial  proclamations  in  a  more  furious  style  fol. 
lowed,  the  last  of  which  thus  concludes  :  "  If  the  whole  number  of  them 
(thevEnolish),  be  not  effectually  destroyed,  how  shall  I,  the  emperor,  be 
able  to  answer  to  the  gods  of  the  heaven  and  the  earth,  and  cherish  the 
hopes  of  our  people."  Captain  Elliot,  however,  whose  great  object  hith- 
erto appears  to  have  been  to  secure  the  annual  export  of  tea,  had  succeed- 
ed  in  having  11,000,000  lbs.  shipped  before  the  fulminating  edicts  of  the 

emperor  took  effect.  .     ,  ,        r,         i  o- 

In  October,  dispatches  of  importance  were  received  from  General  oit 
Hugh  Gough,  commanding  the  land  forces,  and  Captain  Sir  H.  F.  Sen- 
house,  the  senior  naval  officer  of  the  fleet,  detailing  a  series  of  brillianf 
operations  against  Canton,  whither  they  had  proceeded  by  the  direction 
of  Captain  Elliot.  On  the  20th  of  May  the  contest  began  by  the  Chinese 
firing  on  the  British  ships  and  letting  loose  some  fire-ships  among  them 
which,  however,  did  no  damage.  Next  morning  the  fort  of  Shaming  wa? 
silenced,  and  a  fleet  of  about  forty  junks  burnt.  On  the  24th,  a  favourable 
landing-place  havin"  been  discovered,  the  right  column  of  the  26th  reei- 
ment,  under  Major  Fratt,  was  convoyed  by  the  Atalanta  to  act  on  the 
south  of  the  city,  while  the  Nemesis  towed  the  left  column  up  to  Tsiti- 
ohao.  After  some  sharp  fighting,  the  Canton  governor  yielded,  and  the 
troops  and  ships  were  withdrawn,  on  condition  of  the  throe  commissioners 
and  all  the  troops  under  them  leaving  Canton  and  its  vicinity,  and  six  mil- 
lions of  dollars  to  be  paid  within  a  week,  the  first  million  before  evening 
that  day ;  if  the  whole  was  not  paid  before  the  end  of  the  week,  the  ransom 
was  to  be  raised  to  seven  millions  ;  if  not  before  the  end  of  fourteen  days, 
to  eight  millions ;  and  if  not  before  t\yenty  days,  to  nine  millions  of  dollars. 
\rter  three  days,  the  conditions  having  been  fulfilled,  the  troops  left  foi 
Hong  Kong,  having  had  thirteen  men  killed  and  ninety-seven  wounded 
Sir  H  F.  Senhouse  died  on  board  of  the  Bl.nheim  from  a  fever  brought 
on  by  excessive  fatigue.  Notwithstanding  this  defeat,  the  Chinese  were 
still  detrrmined  to  resist,  and  Yeh  Shan  had  reported  to  the  emperor,  his 
uncle,  that  when  he  had  induced  the  barbarians  to  withdraw,  ho  would 
repair  all  the  forts  again.  The  emperor,  on  his  part,  declared  that,  as  a 
last  resort,  he  would  put  himself  at  the  head  of  his  army,  and  march  to 
India  and  England,  and  tear  up  the  English,  root  and  branch  ! 

Sir  Henry  Pottinger,  the  new  plenipotentiarv,  and  Rear-admiral  Parker, 
the  new  naval  commander-in-chief,  arrived  at  Macao  on  the  9th  of  August. 
A  notification  of  Sir  Henry's  presence  and  powers  was  sent  to  Canton 
immediately  on  his  arrival,  accompanied  by  a  letter  forwarded  to  the  em- 
peror at  Pekin.  the  answer  n  which  was  required  to  be  sent  to  a  northern 
station.  The  fleet,  consisting  of  nine  ships  of  war,  four  armed  steamers, 
and  twenty-two  transports,  sailed  for  the  island  and  fortified  city  of  Amoy. 
on  the  21st  of  August.  „  .    •     .u    ^ . . 

This  islaiwl  is  situated  in  a  fine  gulf  in  the  province  of  Fokein,  th«  greai 
ten  district  of  China,  opposite  the  island  of  Formosa,  and  about  tiire* 


HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD. 


751 


hmdred  and  fifty  miles  northeast  of  the  gulf  of  Canton,  five  hundred  miles 
soiitli  of  Chusiui,  and  one  thousand  three  hundred  miles  from  Pekin.  It 
was  fortified  by  very  strong  defences,  of  granite  rocks  faced  with  nmd, 
and  mounted  with  no  less  than  five  hundred  pieces  of  cannon.  On  the 
86th,  after  a  brief  parley  with  a  mandarin,  the  city  was  bombarded  for 
two  hours.  Sir  Hugh  Gough,  with  the  18tii  regiment,  tlicn  landed,  and 
seized  one  end  of  the  long  battery ;  while  the  2Cth  regiment,  with  the 
sailors  and  marines,  carried  the  strong  batteries  on  the  island  of  Koolang- 
see,  just  in  front  of  Amoy.  The  Chinese  made  an  animated  defence  for 
four  hours,  and  then  fled  from  all  their  fortifications,  and  also  from  the 
city,  carrying  vith  them  their  treasures.  The  Chinese  junks  and  war- 
beats  were  all  captured  ;  and  the  cannon,  with  immense  munitions  of  war, 
of  course  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Knglish.  Not  a  single  man  of  the 
British  was  killed,  and  only  nine  were  wounded.  The  next  day  Sir  Hugh 
Gou(;h  entered  the  city  at  the  head  of  his  troops  without  opposition. 

The  next  dispatches  from  China  stated  that  Chusan  had  been  recaptured 
on  the  Isi  of  October.  A  resolute  stand  was  made  by  the  Clunese  ;  but 
the  troops,  supported  by  the  fire  of  the  ships,  ascended  a  hill,  and  escala- 
ded  Tinghae,  the  capital  city,  from  whence  the  British  colours  wtre  soon 
seen  flying  in  every  direction.  On  the  7th  the  troops  attacked  the  city  of 
Cinhae,  on  the  main-land  opposite  Chusan,  which  is  inclosed  by  a  wall 
thirty-seven  feet  thick,  and  twenty-two  feet  high,  with  an  embrasured 
parapet  oi'  four  feet  high.  The  ships  bombarded  the  citadel  and  enfiladed 
the  batteries ;  the  seamen  and  marines  then  landed,  and  Admiral  Sir  W. 
Parker,  with  the  true  spirit  of  a  British  sailor,  was  among  the  first  to 
scale  the  walls.  Here  was  found  a  great  arsenal,  a  cannon-lbundry  and 
gun-carriage  manufactory,  and  a  great  variety  of  warlike  stores. 

Several  other  engagements  took  place,  in  all  of  which  the  British  con- 
tinued to  have  a  most  decided  advantage,  although  it  was  admitted  that 
the  Chinese  and  Tartar  soldiers  showed  more  resolution  and  a  better  ac 
quaintance  with  the  art  of  war  than  on  former  occasions.  However,  as  a 
large  reinforcement  of  troops,  with  a  battering  train  which  had  been  sent 
from  Calcutta,  was  shortly  expected,  Sir  Henry  Pottinger  put  ofl"  the 
execution  of  some  intended  operations  on  a  more  extended  scale  until 
their  arrival. 

Home  affairs  again  require  attention.  The  finances  of  the  country  had 
latterly  assumed  a  discouraging  aspect ;  and  on  the  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer bringing  forward  his  annual  budget,  he  proposed  to  make  up  the 
deficiency  of  the  present  year,  which  he  stated  to  be  2,421,000/.,  besides 
the  aggregate  deficiency  of  5,000,000/.,  mainly  by  a  modification  of  the 
duties  on  sugar  and  timber,  and  an  alteration  of  the  duties  on  corn.  The 
opposition  censured  the  proceedings  of  ministers,  and  Sir  Robert 
Peel  commented  severely  on  the  enormous  deficiency  of  7,500,000/.  incur- 
red during  the  past  five  years,  with  a  revenue,  too,  which  had  been  through- 
out improving.  It  appeared  that  the  Melbourne  administration  was  on  tlio 
wane ;  and  its  permanency  was  put  to  the  test  when  Lord  John  Russell, 
in  moving  that  the  house  should  go  into  a  committee  .of  ways  and  means, 
to  consider  the  sugar  duties,  entered  into  a  defence  of  the  present  policy 
of  government.  Lord  Sandon  then  moved  the  amendment  of  which  he 
had  given  notice,  "that  considering  the  efforts  and  sacrifices  which  par 
liament  and  the  country  have  made  for  the  abolition  of  clavery,thi8  house 
iu  not  prepared  (especially  with  the  present  prospects  of  the  supply  of 
sugar  (t'^iti  British  possessions),  to  adopt  the  measure  proposed  by  her 
majesty's  government  for  the  reduction  of  du'ies  on  foreign  sugars."  The 
debate  which  ensued  adjourned  from  day  to  day,  and  lasted  for  the  unpre- 
codonted  extent  of  eight  nights.  When  the  house  divided,  on  the  Idth  o/ 
Ifay,  there  appeared  for  Lord  Sandon's  amendment,  jhree  hundred  and 


752 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


■evcntecn ;  against  it,  two  hundred  and  eighty-one;  majority  against  inin 
istertj,  thirty-six. 

On  the  27th  of  May  Sir  R.  Peel  took  an. opportunity  of  minutely  review- 
ing the  measures  that  had  been  submitted  to  parliament  by  ministers,  and 
afterwards  abandoned,  and  the  prejudicial  el  ects  on  tlie  finances  of  the 
country  which  had  accrued  from  the  passing  >f  others.  Sir  Robert  added, 
that  in  every  former  case  where  the  bouse  had  indicated  that  its  confidence 
was  withdrawn  from  the  ministry,  the  ministers  had  retired.  The  whole 
of  their  conduct  betrayed  weakness  and  a  truckling  for  popular  favour, 
and  the  prerogatives  of  the  crown  were  not  safe  in  their  hands.  He  then 
moved  the  following  resolution  "That  her  majesty's  ministers  do  hot  suf- 
ficiently possess  the  confidence  of  the  house  of  commons  to  enable  them 
to  carry  through  measures  which  they  deem  of  essential  importance  to 
the  public  welfare,  and  that  their  continuance  in  oflice,  under  such  cir- 
cumstances, is  at  variance  with  the  spirit  of  the  constitution."  This  mo- 
tion was  carried  in  a  full  house,  (the  number  of  members  present  being 
six  hundred  and  twenty-three)  by  a  majority  of  one.  On  the  22d  of  June 
her  majesty  prorogued  parliament,  "with  a  view  to  its  immediate  disso- 
lution," and  it  was  accordingly  dissolved  by  proclamation  on  the  follow- 
ing day. 

On  the  meeting  of  the  new  parliament,  August  24th,  the  strength  of  the 
conservative  party  was  striking.  The  ministers  had  no  measures  to  pro- 
pose beyond  those  on  which  they  had  before  sustained  a  defeat ;  and  when 
an  amendment  to  the  address  was  put  to  vote,  declaratory  of  a  want  ol 
confidence  in  her  majesty^s  advisers,  it  elicited  a  spirited  debate  of  four 
night's  continuance,  terminating  in  a  majority  of  ninety-one  against  min- 
isters. This  result  produced  an  immediate  change  in  the  ministry.  The 
new  cabinet  was : — Sir  R.  Peel,  first  lord  of  the  treasury ;  duke  of  Wel- 
lington, (without  office) ;  Lord  Lyndhurst,  lord-chancellor ;  Lord  Wharn- 
cline,  president  of  the  council ;  duke  of  Buckingham,  privy  seal ;  Right 
Honourable  H.  Goulburn,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ;  Sir  James  Graham, 
home  secretary ;  earl  of  Aberdeen,  foreign  secretary ;  Lord  Stanley,  colo- 
nial secretary  ;  earl  of  Haddington,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty;  Lord  Ei- 
lenborough,  president  of  the  board  of  control ;  earl  of  Ripon,  president  ol 
the  board  of  trade;  Sir  Henry  Hardinge,  secretary  at  war;  Sir  Edward 
Knatchbull,  treasurer  of  the  navy  and  paymaster  of  the  forces.  Earl  de 
Grey  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  Sir  Edward  Sugdcn, 
Irish  lord-chancellor. 

On  the  30th  of  October  a  destructive  fire  brokfe  out  in  the  Tower,  about 
half-past  ten  o'clock  at  night,  and  continued  to  rage  with  the  utmost  fury 
for  several  hours.  It  was  first  discovered  in  the  round  or  bowyer  tower, 
and  quickly  spread  to  the  grand  armory,  where  the  flames  gained  a  fearful 
ascendency.  Notwithstanding  the  exertions  of  the  firemen  and  military, 
the  conflagration  continued  to  spread,  and  apprehensions  were  entertained 
that  tiie  jewel  tower,  with  its  crowns,  sceptres,  and  other  emblems  of  roy- 
alty would  fall  a  prey  to  the  devouring  element.  Happily,  by  prompt  ex- 
ertion, they  were  aU  taken  (o  the  governor's  residence,  and  the  gunpowder 
and  other  warlike  stores  in  the  ordnance  office  were  also  removed.  In 
addition  to  the  armory  and  bowyer  tower,  three  other  large  buildings  were 
consumed.  The  grand  armory  was  three  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  long, 
and  sixty  feet  broad.  Ii  the  Iuwet  '^nor  were  kept  about  forty-three 
pieces  of  cannon,  made  by  founders  of  different  periods,  besides  various 
other  interesting  objects,  and  a  number  of  chests  containing  arms  in  readi 
ncss  for  use.  A  grand  staircase  led  to  the  upper  floor,  called  the  small 
armory,  in  which  were  above  150,000  stand  of  small  arms,  new  flinted, 
and  ready  for  immediate  service.  Aj  that  part  of  the  building  where  thr 
fire  originated  was  heated  by  flues  from  stoves,  it  was  the  3pinion  tLat 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


7n3 
the 


the  accident  was  thereby  occasioned.    The  loss  sustained,  including 
expense  of  rebuilding,  was  estimated  at  about  i;250,000. 

The  closing  paragraph  in  the  occurrences  of  last  year  recorded  the  birth 
of  the  princess  royal.  We  have  now  to  state,  that  on  the  3th  of  Novem- 
ber the  queen  gave  birth  to  a  prince  at  Buckingham-palace,  neatly  b 
twelvemuiith  having  elapsed  since  her  majesty's  former  accouohemenl 
The  happy  event  having  taken  place  on  lord-mayor's  day,  it  was  nosi 
loyally  celebrated  by  the  citizens  so  opportunely  assembled.  On  the  26th 
of  the  following  January  the  infant  prince  of  Wales  received  the  name  of 
Albert  Edward,  the  king  of  Prussia  being  one  of  the  sponsorai 

A.  D.  1842.— The  year  commenced  with  most  disastrous  intelligence 
from  India.  In  consequence  of  reductions  having  been  made  in  the  tri- 
bute paid  to  the  eastern  Ghilzie  tribes,  for  keeping  open  the  passes  be- 
tween Caboul  and  Jellalabad,  in  Affghanistan,  the  people  rose  and  took 
piissession  of  those  passes.  Gen.  Sir  R.  Sale's  brigade  was  therefore 
directed  to  re-open  the  communication.  The  brigade  fought  its  way  to 
Gundamuck,  greatly  harassed  by  the  enemy  from  the  high  ground,  and 
after  eighteen  days'  incessant  fighting,  reached  that  place,  much  exhausted; 
they  then  moved  upon  Jellalabad.  Meantime  an  msurrection  broke  out 
at  Oaboul.  Sir  A.  Burnes,  and  his  brother  Lieutenant  C.  Burnes,  Lieu- 
tenant Broadfoot,  and  Lieutenant  Sturt  were  massacred.  The  whole  city 
then  rose  in  arms,  and  universal  plunder  ensued — while  another  larg<" 
party  attacked  the  British  cantonments,  about  two  miles  from  the  towt». 
These  outrages,  unfortunately,  were  but  the  prelude  to  others  far  more 
frightful.  Aklibar  Khan,  the  son  of  Dost  Mahommed,  on  pretence  of 
making  arrangements  with  Sir  W.  M'Naghten,  the  British  envoy  at  the 
court  of  Shah  Soojah,  invited  him  to  a  conference  ;  he  went,  accompanied 
by  four  officers  and  a  small  escort,  when  the  treacherous  Aflfghan,  after 
abusing  the  British  ambassador,  drew  a  pistol  and  shot  him  dead  on  the 
spot.  Captain  Trevor,  of  the  3d  Bengal  cavalry,  on  rushing  to  his  assist- 
ance, was  cut  down,  three  other  officers  were  made  prisoners,  and  the 
mutilated  body  of  the  ambassador  was  then  barbarously  paraded  through 
the  town.  It  was  also  stated  that  some  severe  fighting  had  taken  place, 
but  under  the  greatest  disadvantage  to  the  British  and  native  troops,  and 
that  the  army  in  Oaboul  hai^  been  almost  literally  annihilated.  A  capitu- 
lation was  then  entered  into,  by  which  the  remainder  of  the  Anglo-Indian 
army  retired  from  the  town,  leaving  all  the  sick,  wounded,  and  sixteen 
ladies,  wives  of  officers,  behind.  They  had  not,  however,  proceeded  far 
before  they  were  assailed  from  the  mountains  by  an  immense  force,  wheii 
the  native  troops,  having  fought  three  days,  and  wading  through  deep 
snow,  gave  way,  and  nearly  the  whole  were  massacred. 

So  terrible  a  disaster  had  never  visited  the  British  arms  since  India  firsi 
acknowledged  the  supremacy  of  England.  A  fatal  mistake  had  been  com- 
mitted by  the  former  government,  and  it  was  feared  that  all  the  energv 
of  the  new  ministry  would  be  insufficient  to  maintain  that  degree  of  influ- 
ence over  the  vast  and  thickly  peopled  provinces  of  India,  which  wafi 
necessary  to  ensure  the  safety  of  our  possessions.  The  governor-genera'.. 
Lord  Auckland,  was  recalled,  and  his  place  supplied  by  Lord  Ellenborough. 
whose  reputation  for  a  correct  knowledge  of  Indian  affairs  was  undisputed. 
His  lordship  arrived  at  Calcutta  on  Feb.  28,  at  which  time  Sir  Robert 
Sale  was  safe  at  Jellalabad ;  but  he  was  most  critically  situated.  Tiie 
garrison,  however,  maintained  their  post  with  great  gallantry,  and  were 
able  to  defy  the  utmost  efforts  of  the  Affghans,  having  in  one  instance  sal- 
lied forth  and  attacked  their  camp,  of  6,000  men,  and  gained  a  signal  vic- 
tory. At  length  General  Pollock  effected  a  junction  with  the  troops  o. 
Sir  R.  Sale,  and  released  them  from  a  siege  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-four 
days'  duration;  having  previously  forced,  with  very  little  loss,  the  dreaded 
oaas  of  the  Khyber,  twenty-eight  miles  in  length.  Gen.  Nott,  also,  who 
Vol.  i — *8 


; 


J 


764 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


advanced  from  Candahar  to  meet  General  England,  who  had  sijstamed 
conpiderable  loss  at  the  pass  of  Kojuck,  encountered  a  large  forre  of  Aff- 
ghans,  and  completely  defeated  them.  But.  on  the  other  hand,  Colonel 
Palmer  surrendered  the  celebrated  fortress  of  Ghuznee,  on  condition  that 
the  garrison  should  be  safely  conducted  to  Caboul. 

The  day  of  retribution  was  at  hand.  General  Nott,  at  the  head  of  seven 
thousand  men,  having  left  Candahar  on  the  10th  of  August,  proceeded 
towards  Ghuznee  and  Caboul,  while  General  England,  with  the  remainder 
of  the  troops  lately  stationed  at  Candahar,  marched  back  in  safety  to 
Quetta.  On  the  30th  of  August,  Shah  Shoodeen,  the  governor  of  Ghuznee, 
with  nearly  the  whole  of  his  army,  amounting  to  not  less  than  twelve 
thousand  men,  arrived  in  the  neighbourhooa  of  the  British  camp,  and  Gen 
eral  Nott  prepared  to  meet  him  with  one  half  of  his  force.  The  enemy 
came  boldly  forward,  each  division  cheering  as  they  came  into  position, 
and  occupying  their  ground  in  excellent  style ;  but  after  a  short  and  spirited 
contest,  they  were  completely  defeated,  and  dispersed  in  every  direction, 
their  guns,  tents,  ammunition,  &c.,  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  English. 
On  the  5lh  of  September  General  Nott  invested  the  city  of  Ghuznee,  which 
was  strongly  garrisoned,  while  the  hills  to  the  north-eastward  swarmed 
with  soldiery  ;  but  they  soon  abandoned  the  place,  and  the  British  flags 
were  hoisted  in  triumph  on  the  Bala  flissar.  The  citadel  of  Ghuznee, 
and  other  formidable  works  and  defences,  were  razed  to  the  ground. 

Early  in  September  General  Pollock  marched  from  Gundaniuck  on  his 
way  to  Caboul. '  On  reaching  tlie  hills  which  command  the  road  through 
the'  pass  of  JugduUuck,  the  enemy  was  found  strongly  posted  and  in  con- 
siderable numbers.  In  this  action  most  of  the  influential  Affghan  cliiefs 
were  engaged,  and  their  troops  manfully  maintained  their  position  ;  but 
at  length  the  heights  were  stormed,  and,  after  much  arduous  exertion,  they 
were  dislodged  and  dispersed.  Gen.  Pollock  proceeded  onwards,  and 
does  not  appear  to  have  encountered  any  further  opposition  until  his 
arrival,  September  13,  in  the  Tehzear  valley,  where  an  army  of  16,000 
Tien,  commanded  by  Akhbar  Khan  in  person,  was  assembled  to  meet  him 
A  desperate  fight  ensued  ;  the  enemy  was  completely  defeated  and  driven 
."rom  the  field.  On  the  day  followmg  this  engagement  the  general  ad- 
'ancfd  to  BoodkhaK,  and  on  the  16th  he  made  bis  triumphal  entry  into 
♦he  citadel,  and  planted  the  British  colours  on  its  walls.  "  Thus,"  said 
Lord  Ellenborough,  in  his  general  orders,  "  have  all  past  disasters  been 
retrieved  and  avenged  on  every  scene  on  which  they  were  sustained,  and 
repeatud  victories  in  the  field,  and  the  capture  of  the  citadels  of  Ghuznee 
and  Caboul  have  advanced  the  glory  and  established  the  accustomed 
superiority  of  the  British  arms." 

At  length  the  long  and  anxiously  desired  liberation  of  the  whole  of  the 
British  prisoners  in  the  hands  of  the  Affghans  was  effected.  Their  num- 
ber was  31  officers,  9  ladies,  and  12  children,  with  61  European  soldiers 
2  clerks,  and  4  women,  making  in  all  109  persons,  who  had  suffered  cap- 
tivity from  Jan.  10  to  Sept.  27.  It  appeared  that,  by  direction  of  Akhbai 
Khan,  the  prisoners  had  been  taken  to  Bamecan,  90  miles  to_  v  *v  ,^?, 
ward,  and  that  they  were  destined  to  be  d.i'ributed  among  the  Tooi  ;isstaH 
ehiefs  General  Pollock  and  some  other  officers  proposed  to  1^  ;  '  *  p  :.^- 
chief,  that  if  he  would  send  them  back  to  Caboul,  they  wou.  ^  .lin. 
de2,000  at  once,  and  .£1,200  a  year  for  life.  The  chief  complied,  and  on 
the  second  day  they  were  met  by  Sir  Richmond  Shakspear,  with  610 
Kuzzilbashes,  and  shortly  afterwards  by  General  Sale,  with  2,000  cavalry 
and  infaiilry,  when  they  returned  to  Caboul.  Besides  the  Europeans, 
there  were  327  sepoys  fcftmd  at  Gh  lee,  and  1,200  sick  and  wounded 
who  W'?rt  oev,  v«;t  about  Caboul.  t  the  arrival  of  General  Nott  s  divi- 
sion,  the  .^s'l-nion  ad  ;pted  by  l\e  Biitish  government  to  destroy  uU  the 
krahm  .iliost   olJs  was  carried  into  execution,  tbougii  not  withou*  tv 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


1r5 


P»s.ance.  parlicularly  at  the  town  and  fort  of  Istaliff,  where  a  strong  body 
of  Affghans,  led  on  by  Ameer  Oola,  and  sixteen  of  their  most  detemiined 
cliiefs,  had  posted  themselves.  This  town  consisted  of  masses  of  houses 
built  on  the  slope  of  a  mountain,  in  the  rear  of  which  were  lofty  eminences 
"^"i  i'nL'"  ^u''^^'*'  ^  J^O'l^'stan.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants  exceed- 
ed  15,000,  who,  from  their  defences  and  difficulties  of  approach,  consider- 
ed their  position  unassailable.  The  greater  part  of  the  plunder  seized 
lapt  January  from  the  British  was  placed  there ;  the  chiefs  kept  their 
wives  and  families  m  it;  and  many  of  those  who  had  escaped  from  Ca- 
boui  had  sought  refuge  there.  Its  capture,  however,  was  a  work  of  no 
very  great  difficulty,  the  British  troops  driving  the  enemy  before  them 
with  considerable  slaughter.  The  Anglo  Indian  troops  soon  after- 
wards commenced  their  homeward  march  in  three  divisions ;  the  first 
under  General  Pollock,  the  second  under  General  M'Caskill,  and  the 
third  undor  General  Nott.  The  first  division  effected  their  march  through 
the  pa,;st:s  without  loss;  but  the  second  was  less  successful,  the  raoun- 
taineers  attacking  it  near  Ali-Musjid,  and  plundering  it  of  part  of  the 
baggage.  General  Nott,  with  his  division,  arrived  in  safety;  bearing 
with  them  the  celebrated  gates  of  Somnauth,  which  it  is  said  a  Mohame- 
dan  conqueror  had  taken  away  from  an  Indian  temple,  and  which  for 
eigtit  centuries  formed  the  chief  ornament  of  his  tomb  at  Ghuznee. 

The  Niger  expedition,  which  was  undertaken  last  year  by  benevolent 
individuals,  supported  by  a  government  grant  of  X"60,000,  was  totally  de- 
feated by  the  pesiilential  effects  of  the  climate.  The  intention  was,  to 
Plant  III  the  centre  of  Africa  an  English  colony,  in  the  hope,  by  the  proof* 
afforded  of  the  advantages  of  agriculture  and  trade,  to  reclaim  the  natives 
from  the  custom  of  selling  their  captives  into  slavery. 

On  the  30ih  of  May,  as  her  majesty,  accompanied  by  Prince  Albert, 
was  returningdown  Constitution-hill  to  Buckingham-palace,  from  her  after- 
noon s  ride,  a  young  man,  named  John  Francis,  fired  a  pistol  at  the  car- 
nage, but  without  effecting  any  injury.  He  was  immediately  taken  into 
custody,  when  it  appeared  that  he  was  by  trade  a  carpenter,  but  being 
out  of  employ,  had  attempted  to  establish  a  snuff-shop,  in  which  he  was 
unsuccessful.  It  was  supposed  that  he  was  incited  to  this  criminal  act 
parlly^by  desperation,  and  partly  by  the  edit  and  permanent  provision- 
though  m  an  apartment  at  Bedlam— awarded  to  Edward  Oxford,  who  it 
will  be  remembered,  performed  a  similar  exploit  at  nearly  the  same  spot 
in  June,  1840.  The  news  reached  the  house  cf  commons  while  the  de- 
bate on  the  property  tax  was  in  progress,  which  was  suddenly  stopped, 
and  the  house  broke  up.  The  next  day,  howevei,  the  hiU  was  apain  pro. 
posed,  and  carried  by  a  majority  of  106. 

Ajoint  address  congratulating  her  majesty  on  hei  happy  escape,  ^99 
presented  from  both  houses  of  parliament  on  the  Ist  of  June,  and  a  form 
ofthanksgiving  was  sanctioned  by  the  privy  conncil.  It  appealed  that 
iome  danger  had  been  apprehended  in  consequence  of  the  same  person 
aaving  been  observed  in  the  park  with  a  pistol  on  the  preceding  day:  and 
Lord  Portman  staled  in  the  house  of  lords  that  her  majesty  in  "onse- 
quence  would  not  permit,  on  the  30th  of  May,  the  attendance  of  those 
ladies  whose  duty  it  is  to  wait  upon  her  on  such  accasions.  Francis  wm 
examined  before  the  privy  council,  and  then  committed  to  Newgate ;  he 
was  tried,  found  guilty  of  high  treason,  and  sentenced  to  be  hung,  bo- 
headed,  and  quartered ;  but  it  was  deemed  proper  to  remit  the  extreme 
penalties  and  commute  his  sentence  to  transportation  for  life. 

Scarcely  more  than  a  month  had  elapsed,  when  a  third  attempt,  01 
nretended  attempt,  on  the  life  of  the  queen  was  made  in  St,  JamesVrK, 
her  majesty  being  at  the  time  on  her  way  from  Buckinghara-palace  to  the 
Chanel  royal,  a(;c.)m,)aiiied  by  Prince  Albert  and  the  king  of  the  Belgians. 
A  lad,  about  eighteen  years  ^r  nge,  named  John  WUIiam  Bean,  was  ob 


7S0 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


fen-ed  to  pn  ?ent  a  pistol  at  her  majesty's  carnage,  by  a  youth  namco 
Dawet,  who  seized  him,  and  related  the  circumstance_^to  two  pohcemen. 
They  treated  it  as  a  joke,  and  Bean  was  allowed  to  depart;  but  he  was 
subsequently  apprehended  at  his  father's  house,  and  committed  to  prison. 
On  his  examination  he  persisted  in  asserting  that  that  there  was  no  hinr 
but  powder  and  paper  in  the  pistol,  and  that  he  did  not  intend  to  hurt  the 
queen;  ir.  fat t,  he  appeared  to  be  one  of  those  weak  beings  who  seem 
actuated  by  a  morbid  desire  of  notoriety.  «  ,    , .    , 

It  was  evident  that  the  false  sympathy  shown  to  Oxford  had  encouragea 
others  in  their  base  attempts  ;  and  Sir  Robert  Peel,  acting  on  that  con- 
viction, introduced  a  bill  into  parliament  for  the  better  security  of  her 
majesty's  person,  his  object  being  to  consign  the  ofTenders  to  that  con- 
Spt  which  befitted  their  disgraceful  practices.  The  bill  was  so  framea 
as  to  inflict  for  the  offences  of  presenting  fire-arms  at  her  majesty,  or  at- 
tempting  to  strike  her  person  with  missiles,  and  for  other  acts  intendeo 
to  alarin  her  majesty,  or  disturb  the  public  peace,  the  penalty  of  seven 
years'  iransporaJtation,  with  previous  imprisonment  and  flogging,  or  other 

bodily  chastisement.  r>i,.,„      Af.». 

We  must  once  more  recur  to  the  warlike  operations  in  China.    After 
an  arrival  of  reinforcements,  the  British  expedition,  June  13th,  enterec 
the  large  river  called  Yang  tze-Kiang,  on  the  banks  of  which  were  im- 
mense fortifications.    The  fleet  at  daylight  having  taken  their  stations 
the  batteries  opened  a  fire  which  lasted  two  hours.    The  seamen  and 
marines  then  landed,  and  drove  the  Chinese  out  of  their  batteries  hc.ore 
the  troops  could  be  disembarked.    253  guns  were  taken,  of  heavy  calibre 
and  11  feet  long.     On  the  19ih  two  other  batteries  were  taken,  in  which 
were  48iriins.     The  troops  thientook  possession  of  the  city  of  Shanghai 
destroyed   the   public    buildings,   and    distributed   ths   contents   of   the 
eranaries  among  the  people.     Two  other  field-works  were  also  taken,  and 
the  total  number  of  guns  captured   amounted  to  364.      The  squadron 
set  sail  from  Woosung  on  the  6th  of  July  ;  on  the  20th  the  vessels  anchor- 
ed  abreast  the  city  of  CliingKeang-foo,  which  commands  the  entrance 
of  the  grand  canal,  and  the  next  morning  the  troops  were  disembarked, 
and  marched  to  the  attack  of  the  Chinese  forces.     One  brigade  was  direct- 
ed  to  move  against  the  enemy's  camp,  situated  about  three  miles  distant, 
anothar  was  ordered  to  co-operate  with  this  division  in  cutting  off  the  ex- 
pected retreat  of  the  Chinese  from  the  camp,  while  the  third  received  in- 
structions to  escalade  the  iiorlhern  wall  of  the  town.     The  Chinese,  after 
firinir  a  few  distant  volleys,  fled  from  the  camp  with  precipitation,  and 
dispersed  over  the  country.    The  city  itself,  however,  was  manfully  de- 
fended by  the  Tartar  sohiiers.  Ui,o  prolonged  the  contest  for  throve  hours, 
resisting  with  desperate  valour  the  combined  efforts  of  the  three  brigades, 
Bideo  by  a  reinforcement  of   marines  and  seamen.     At  length  opposi- 
tion ceased,  and  ere  nightfall  the  British  were  complete  masters  of  the 
Place.    Ching-Keang-foo,  like   Amoy,  was  most  strongly  fortified,  and 
the  works  in  excellent  repair.     It  is  supposed  that  the  garrison  consist- 
ed  of  not  les?  than  3,000  men,  and  of  these  about  1,000,  and  40   man- 
darins,  were  killed   and  wounded.     The  Tartar   general   reared  to  his 
house  when  he  saw  that  all  was  lost,  made  liis   ser^-ants  set  it  on  fire, 
imd  sat  in  his    ■;  air  till  he  was  burned  to  death.    On  the  side  ol  ine 
British,   15    officers    and  154  men,  cf   both   services,   were  killed  and 

"Titrniicr  garrison  being  left  behind  for  the  retention  of  Ching-Keafg- 
ftK%the  fl?el  pro<-ecded  towards  Nankin,  about  forty  miles  distant,  and 
arrived  on  the  6th  of  August,  when  preparations  were  'mmeclintelv  made 
for  an  attack  on  the  city"  A  strong  force  under  the  command  of  Major- 
^.r^,'n\  Lord  Saltoun.  was  landed,  and  took  up  tlieir  position  to  the^Nvest^ 
oi  ttic  town :  and  orcrntioiiH  wire  nroiu  to  be  tOiiinirnce?.,  w'''"  a  •'-  -  - 


HISTORY   OF   THE    WORLD. 


767 


was  sent  off  to  the  plenipotentiary,  requesting  a  truce,  as  certain  hi?h 
coiiiuiis8io»er.s,  specially  delegated  by  the  emperor,  and  possessed  o'  (uil 
powers  to  negotiate,  were  on  their  way  to  treat  with  the  f^nglish.  Alter 
several  visits  and  long  discussions  between  the  contracting  pow3r8,  the 
treaty  was  publicly  signed  oa  board  the  CornwaUis,  by  Sir  H.  Potti»'»er 
and  the  tliree  commissioners.  Of  this  convention  the  following  are  the 
most  important  articles:  1.  Lasting  peace  and  friendship  between  the 
two  empires.  2.  China  to  pay  twenty-one  millions  of  dollars  in  the 
course  of  that  and  three  succeeding  years.  3.  The  ports  of  Canton, 
Ainoy,  Foo-choo-foo,  Ningpo,  and  Shanghai,  to  be  thrown  open  to  British 
merchants,  consular  officers  to  be  appointed  to  reside  at  them,  and  regulai 
and  just  tariffs  of  import  and  export  (as  well  as  inland  transit)  duties  to 
be  established  and  published.  4.  The  island  of  Hong-Kong  to  be  ceded 
in  perpetuity  to  her  Britannic  majesty,  her  heirs,  and  successors.  5.  All 
Bubjects  of  her  Britannic  majesty  (whether  natives  of  Europe  or 
India),  who  may  be  confined  in  any  pari  of  the  Chinese  empire,  to  be  un- 
conditionally released.  6.  An  act  of  full  and  entire  amnesty  to  be  pub- 
lished by  the  eii  peror,  under  his  imperiHl  sign-manual  and  seal,  to  ail  Chi- 
nese subjects,  on  account  of  their  having  held  service  or  intercourse  with, 
3r  resided  under,  the  British  government  or  its  officers.  7.  Correspon 
Jence  to  be  conducted  on  terms  of  perfect  equality  among  the  officers 
of  both  governments.  8.  On  the  emperor's  assent  being  received  to  this 
treaty,  and  the  payment  of  the  first  instalment,  six  millions  of  dollars,  her 
Britannic  majesty's  forces  to  retire  from  Nankin  and  the  grand  canal, 
and  the  military  posts  at  Chinghai  to  be  also  withdrawn;  but  the  islands 
of  Chusan  and  Kolangsoo  are  to  be  held  until  the  money  payments  and 
the  arrangements  for  opening  the  ports  are  completed. 

A.  D.  1843.— On  the  2d  of  February  the  parliamentary  session  com 
meiiced ;  the  royal  speech,  which  was  read  by  the  lord-chancellor,  referre*' 
in  terms  of  just  congratulation  to;  I.  The  successful  termination  of  hos 
iililies  with  China,  and  the  prosoect  it  afforded  of  assisting  the  commer- 
cial enterprise  of  her  people.  2.  The  complete  success  of  the  recent  mil. 
itary  operations  in  AffghHiiistan,  where  the  superiority  of  her  mnjes'v's 
arms  had  been  established  by  decisive  victories  on  the  scwnes  of  formoi 
disasters,  and  the  complete  liberation  of  hor  majesty's  subjects,  for  whom 
she  fell  the  deepest  interest,  iiad  been  cflrerted.  3.  The  adjustment  oi 
those  differences  with  tho  United  States  of  America,  which  from  theii 
long  continuance  had  endangered  the  preservation  of  peace.  4.  The  oh- 
taining,  in  concert  with  her  allies,  for  the  Christian  population  of  Syria, 
&n  establishment  of  a  system  of  administration  which  they  were  entitled 
to  expect  from  the  engagements  of  the  sultan,  and  from  the  good  faiih  of 
(his  country.  And,  6.  A  treaty  of  cointncrce  and  navigation  with  Russia, 
which  her  majesty  regarded  as  the  fouiidatitm  for  increased  iiilercoursa 
l>etweeu  her  subjects  and  those  of  the  emperor. 

When  the  expedition  to  Affghanistaii  was  first  undertaken,  it  was  in- 
tended to  open  the  Indus  for  the  transit  of  British  merchandise,  and  ren- 
der it  one  of  the  great  highways  to  Asia.  The  object  was  not  lost  sight  of, 
though  Affghanisian  had  been  abandoned;  and  endeavours  were  made  to 
obtain  from  the  Ameers  of  Scinde  such  a  treaty  as  would  secure  the  safe 
navigation  ol  that  river.  In  IJecoinher.  Major  Oiitrain  was  dispatched  to 
llydcraoad  lo  coiicaide  liie  best  terms  in  iiis  power  with  the  nauve  ciiiefs. 
Not  being  in  a  condition  immediately  to  refuse  to  give  up  for  the  use  of 
navigation  certain  strips  of  land  lying  along  the  river,  they  temporised, 
until  at  leiinih  their  troops  were  collected,  when  on  the  14lh  of  February 
they  Kent  word  to  Major  Outrain  to  retire  from  their  city.  The  major, 
uot  supposin;^  they  would  pnnrt-ed  to  extremities,  delayed.  The  n«xt  d*v 
the  residenct)  of  the  Hrilish  pidilical  agent  was  attacked  ;  it  was  gallaiitlv 
icIniiJud  by  one  iiuiulr<!(i  iiirii  for  severiii  hours  ,  tnil  at  k-ngtl.,  tl.cir  am- 
yamuU'Jii  haviiia;  beeu  oxponded,  the  British  suMu'ri  ;el'rcd  with  a  tunalj 


II 


V«8 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


los."  to  t!»e  steamers,  and  proceeded  to  joi;i  Sir  C.  J.  Napier,  then  at  tht 
head  of  about  twenty-seven  hundred  men,  at  a  distance  of  about  twenty 
miles  from  the  capital  of  the  Ameers.  The  latter  hastened,  at  the  head  o! 
twenty-two  thousand  men,  to  attack  the  British  force.  On  the  17th  a  bat- 
tle took  place,  in  which,  after  a  severe  struggle  of  three  hours,  the  Ameers 
were  totally  routed,  although  they  outnumbered  the  British  force  by  seven 
to  one.  Yhe  Ameers  on  the  following  day  surrendered  themselves  pris- 
oners of  war,  and  Hyderabad  was  occupied  by  the  conquerers.  Treas- 
ure  and  jewels  were  found  to  an  amount  considerably  exceeding  one  mil- 
lion sterling.  In  consequence  of  this  success,  the  territories  of  Scinde, 
with  the  exception  of  that  portion  belonging  to  Meer  Ali,  the  morad  of 
Khyrpore,  was  then  declared  by  the  governor-general  to  be  a  British 
province,  and  Sir  Charles  J.  Na^  er  was  appointed  governor. 

The  new  governor,  however,  was  not  to  remain  in  undisturbed  posses- 
sion for  any  length  of  time.  An  army  of  Be.oochees,  twenty  thousand 
strong,  under  the  command  of  Meer  Shere  Mahomed,  had  taken  up  a 
strong  position  on  the  liver  Fullalie,  near  the  spot  where  the  Ameers  ot 
Scinde  were  so  signally  defeated,  and  Sir  C.  .1.  Napier,  on  ascerlauimg 
the  fact,  resolved  to  attack  them  forthwith.  On  the  24ih  of  March  ho 
moved  from  Hyderabad  at  the  head  of  five  thousand  men.  The  battle 
lasted  for  three' hours,  when  victory  declared  for  the  British ;  eleven  guns 
and  nineteen  standards  were  taken,  and  about  one  thousand  of  the  enemy 
were  killed,  and  four  thousand  wounded  ;  the  loss  of  the  British  amouiii- 
iiig  to  only  30  killed  and  231  wounded.  By  this  victory  the  fate  of  Scinde 
and  Beloochistan  was  sealed,  and  the  whole  territory  finally  annexed  to 
the  Anglo-Indian  empire. 

In  an  age  of  experimental  science  like  the  present,  it  appears  almost 
invidious  in  a  work  of  this  kind  to  allude  to  any.  In  truth,  our  limits 
have  compelled  us  to  omit  the  mention  of  many  works  of  national  impor- 
tance, but  we  trust  to  be  excused  for  such  omissions,  while  we  insert 
the  following  :  In  order  to  save  the  vast  amount  of  manual  labour  neces 
sary  to  form  a  sea-wall  on  the  course  of  the  south-eastern  railway,  near 
Dover,  the  great  experiment  of  exploding  eighteen  thousand  five  hundred 
pounds  of  gunpowder,  under  Round-down  cliff,  was  on  the  26th  of  Janu- 
ary attempted  by  the  engineers,  with  perfect  success.  On  the  signal 
being  given,  the  miners  communicated,  by  connecting  wires,  the  electric 
•park  to  the  gunpowder  deposited  in  chambers  formed  in  the  cliff;  the 
earth  trembled  for  half  a  mile  each  way  ;  a  stifled  report,  not  loud  but 
deep,  was  heard,  and  the  cliff,  extending  on  either  hand  to  five  hundred 
feet,  gradually  subsided  seaward ;  in  a  few  seconds,  not  less  then  one 
million  ions  of  chalk  were  dislodged  by  the  shock,  settling  into  tiie  sea 
Below,  frothing  and  boiling  as  it  displaced  the  liquid  element,  till  it  ooovi- 
pied  the  expanse  of  many  acres,  and  extended  outward  on  its  ocean  bed 
to  a  distance  of  two  or  three  thousand  feet.  This  operation  was  man- 
aged with  such  admirable  skill  and  precision,  that  it  would  appear  just  so 
much  of  the  cliff  was  removed  as  was  necessary  to  make  way  for  the  sea- 
wall, while  an  immense  saving  in  time  and  labour  was  also  effected. 

Now  that  we  have  trespassed  on  the  province  of  art,  we  cannot  forl)eai 
to  notice  that  wonderful  and  giganiic  undertaking,  the  Thames  tunnel 
For  twenty  years  that  stupendous  labour  had  been  going  on,  when  on  the 
a.5tli  of  May  it  was  opened  for  foot  passengers,  at  one  [nmny  each.  Al 
H  recent  meeting  of  the  proprietors,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  offered  to  the 
engineer  in  the  following  terms:  "That  the  cordial  thanks  and  coiigral- 
ulalion  of  the  assembly  are  hereby  tendered  to  Sir  Isamberl  Brune  ,  I*  •"'*•• 
for  the  distinguished  talent,  energy,  and  perseverance  evinced  by  him 
111  the  design,  construction,  and  completion  of  the  Thames  ln»<ie'«  » 
work  unprecedented  in  the  annnls  of  science  and  ingenuity,  and  *'«"J'y^['j'^^ 
a  iriainpii  of  lieiiiuti  over  physit.-il  riiincuUicB,  uoi;lafed  by  soi!',e  a.  \..it 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


769 


most  enlightened  men  of  the  age  to  be  insurmountable."  This  great  worK 
was  commenced  in  1825,  but  stopped  in  1838  by  an  irruption  of  thf 
Thames,  and  no  further  progress  was  made  until  1835.  Loans  were  then 
granted  by  government,  and  the  works  were  uninterruptedly  coni'nued, 
the  total  expense  being  dC446,000. 

On  the  21st  of  April,  his  royal  highness  the  duke  of  Sussex  died.  On 
tlie  25th  the  queen  was  safely  delivered  of  a  princess,  who  was  chris- 
tened Alice  Maude  Mary.  And  on  the  same  afternoon  that  the  queen 
gave  birth  to  a  princess,  the  king  of  Hanover  arrived  in  London,  from 
''alais,  it  being  his  majesty's  first  visit  to  England  since  his  accession. 

On  the  28th  of  June  the  princess  Augusta,  eldest  dagghter  of  the  duke 
of  Cambridge,  was  married  to  his  royal  highness  Frederic  William,  he- 
reditary grand  duke  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  A  grant  of  three  tliousand 
pounds  per  annum  was  settled  on  her  by  the  government,  and  in  a  few 
days  after  the  marriage  they  embarked  for  the  continent. 

In  Carmarthenshire  and  some  of  tlie  neighbouring  Welsh  counties,  a 
novel  species  of  insurrection  hid  kept  the  country  in  a  state  of  alarm,  and 
rendered  military  assistance  necessary.  Certain  small  farmers,  and  the 
agricultural  population  generally,  united  under  the  thpsin^rular  appeliatior 
of  "  Rebecca  and  her  daughters,"  for  the  avowed  object  cf  resisting  the 
payment  of  turnpike  tolls,  which  were  notoriously  exorbitant  there,  aii'. 
for  the  abatement  of  certain  other  grievances — the  present  administratior. 
of  the  poor  laws  being  among  the  number — of  which  they  loudly  and  with 
no  little  show  of  justice  complained.  Scarcely  a  night  was  suffered  to 
pass  without  the  removal  of  a  gate  or  the  demolition  of  a  toll-house  ;  and 
It  usually  happened  that  as  soon  as  the  work  of  destruction  was  com- 
pleted, Rebecca's  band  quietly  and  stealthily  dispersed  to  their  respective 
homes,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  give  merely  one  instance  of  these  riots; 
but  we  should  remark  that  the  riot  we  here  subjoin  an  account  of,  was 
on  a  much  larger  scale,  and  attended  with  more  serious  results,  than  any 
that  occurred  either  before  or  since  : — They  were  expected  to  attack  the 
town  of  Carmarthen  on  Sunday  the  18th  of  June,  but  did  not  come.  On 
the  following  morning,  however,  at  12  o'clock,  several  thousand  of  the 
rioters  were  seen  approaching,  about  nine  hundred  being  on  horseback, 
with  one  in  front  disguised  with  a  woman's  curls,  to  represent  Rebecca, 
and  from  seven  to  eight  thousand  on  foot,  walking  about  fourteen  or  fif- 
teen abreast  Kvcry  man  was  armed  with  a  bludgeon,  and  some  of  them 
had  pistols.  At  their  head  were  carried  two  banners,  bearing  inscriptions 
in  Welsh,  of  '*  Freedom,  Liberty,  and  Better  Feed;"  and  "  Free  Toll  and 
Liberty."  On  reaching  the  work-house,  they  broke  open  the  gates  of  the 
court  in  front,  and  having  gained  an  entrance  into  the  house,  they  imme- 
diitely  demolished  the  furniture,  and  '.hrcw  the  beds  and  bedding  out  of 
the  windows.  While  they  were  thus  piirnuing  the  work  of  destruction  a 
troop  of  the  4lh  light  dragoons  arrived  from  Neath,  and  having  entered 
the  court  su(;ceeded  in  taking  all  those  within  prisoners,  about  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  in  number,  duruig  which  time  they  were  pelted  with  stones 
and  other  missiles.  The  riot  act  being  read,  and  a  cry  being  raised  that 
the  soldiers  wore  going  to  charge,  the  mob  fled  in  every  direction,  leaving 
more  than  sixty  horses,  besides  the  above  prisoners,  in  the  hands  of  the 
captors. 

vVilli  respect  to  the  proceedings  in  parliament,  a  great  portion  of  the 
Bession  was  occupied  in  opposing  the  "  Irish  arms  bill."  On  the  second 
reading,  May  the  30th,  the  attorney-general  for  Ireland  dcdarnd  that  the 
objects  of  the  present  repoal  agitators  were,  first,  the  total  abolition  of  the 
tithes  commutation  rent-charge  ;  next,  the  extension  of  the  parliamentary 
suffrage  to  all  sane  male  adults  not  convicted  of  a  crime;  next,  fixity  ot 
tonure — a  phrase  meaning  the  transfer  of  the  whole  landed  property  of 

l»n|...«^   r.>fi.v%   tUiM    \anA\i\ri\    iit  fti.i    ljiii«ii'    .    iilwl     cifimA  nlli«>r  avtntmii   nrflttfk- 
sxt'iaiEU  iil-'ii  •.f-    ..»,i.*. .- - — . J J — 


760 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


sitions  of  the  same  class.  The  measures  provided  by  this  bill  h;.d  been 
in  existence  with  little  intermission  for  almost  a  century,  and  the  extreme 
ttvidiiy  shown  by  the  Irish  peasantry  for  the  possession  of  arms  proved 
its  necessity  to  be  most  urgent.  For  about"  a  month,  almost  every  alter 
nate  evening  was  occupied  with  discussions  in  committee  on  the  said 
bill.  Afterwards  a  motion  was  brought  forward  by  Mr.  O'Brien  for  "  the 
rearess  of  grievances  in  Ireland,"  the  debate  on  which  was  again  and 
again  adjourtied,  till  at  length  the  motion  was  negatived.  On  thatocca- 
BJon,  Sir  Robert  Peel  discussed  the  alledged  grievances  seriatim;  and  in 
reply  to  an  observation  of  Lord  Howick's,  he  said  that  the  Roman  catho- 
lies  now  enjoyed  equal  civil  rights  with  the  other  subjects  of  the  crown,  and 
that  the  oaths  were  so  altered  thut  the  offensive  portions  relating  to  tran- 
substantiation  were  abolished.  "lam  asked,"  said  the  right  honourable 
baronet,  "  what  course  I  intend  to  pursue  1  '  Declare  your  course,'  is  the 
demand.  I  am  prepared  to  pursue  thut  course  which  I  consider  1  have 
pursued,  namely,  to  administer  the  government  of  Ireland  upon  the  prin- 
ciples of  justice  and  pnpartiality.  I  am  prepared  to  recognize  the  princi- 
ple established  by  law,  that  there  shall  ha  equality  of  civil  privileges.  I 
am  prepared  in  respect  of  the  franchise  to  give  a  substantial  and  not  a 
fictitious  right  of  suffrage.  In  respect  to  the  social  condition  of  IrelaiMl 
we  are  prepared  also  to  consider  the  relations  of  landlord  and  tenant  de- 
liberately, and  all  the  important  questions  involved  therein.  With  respect 
to  the  established  church,  we  are  not  prepared  to  make  one  alteration  in 
the  law  by  which  that  church  and  its  revenues  shall  be  impaired.  He 
WHS  not  ashamed  to  act  with  care  and  moderation  ;  and  if  the  necessity 
should  arise,  he  knew  that  past  forbearance  was  the  strongest  claim  to 
being  entrusted  with  fuller  powers  when  they  thought  proper  to  ask  for 
them."  On  the  9th  of  August,  the  third  reading  of  the  Irish  arms  bill  waj 
carried  by  a  majority  of  sixty-six.  Parliament  was  prorogued  on  the  24th 
August  by  the  queen  in  person ;  on  which  occasion  her  majesty  expressed 
herself  highly  gratified  with  the  advantageous  position  in  which  the 
ronntry  was  placed  by  the  successful  termination  of  the  war  in  China  and 
India,  and  with  the  assurances  of  perfect  amity  which  she  continued  to 
receive  from  foreign  powers. 

A.  D.  1844,— The  events  of  this  year  are  so  recent  as  to  require  but 
slight  notice.  The  Irish  state  trials,  resulting  in  the  imprisonment  and 
subsequent  pardon  of  Daniel  O'Connell  and  his  associate  traversers,  are 
iamiliar  to  all.— The  visit  of  the  emperor  of  Uussia  to  Queen  Victoria,  as 
well  as  her  trip  to  France,  Belgium,  &c.,  and  the  return  of  her  majesty's 
visit  by  Louis  Philippe  (after  an  absence  of  quarter  of  a  century  from  the 
shores  of  Britain)  may  be  chronicled  as  events  something  more  than 
'commonplace.- The  birth  of  another  prince,  in  August,  who  was  chris- 
tened Alfred  Ernest  Albert,  is  also  of  some  importance.— In  the  same  yeai 
died,  in  London,  Sir  F.  Burdett,  aged  7t,  of  whom  considerable  mention 
has  been  made  in  this  history— About  the  same  time,  at  Bath,  died  8il 
R.  S.  Fitzgerald,  vice-admiral  of  the  red.— At  Bothwell  castle,  Scotland, 
i.ord  Douglass,  aged  71.— And  in  or  near  London,  the  lords  Say  &  Seal, 
Grafton,  Kenne,  &c. 

A  D  1845.— The  vear  commenced  auspiciously.  The  queen's  opening 
address  to  the  houses  of  piiriiameiit,  declared  her  entire  satisfaction  with 
the  aspect  of  atfairs,  both  domestic  and  .oreign.  Fanning  interests,  man- 
jfactures,  and  trade,  wore  in  a  sound  and  flourishing  condition;  and  the 
country  at  large  was  now  reaping  the  wholesome  fruits  of  a  universal 
jieace.  Death,  however,  in  the  first  throe  mtmlhs  of  the  year,  cut  down 
lords  Morniiigton,  Aston,  and  Wyulbrd,  the  marquess  <*f  WesI minster, 
and  Rov.  Sidney  Smith— the  last  named  gentleman  being  disliiiguishcJ 
08  one  of  the  dearest  and  best  of  British  writers,  as  well  as  a  powerfu. 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


16\ 


h..  r.  I84G. — This  will  always  be  regarded  as  an  important  year  in  the 
annuls  of  English  history.  First,  it  was  a  witness  of  those  great  changes 
in  the  commercial  policy  of  England,  involved  in  ihe  repeal  of  the  Corn 
Laws,  and  ihe  triumph  of  the  friends  of  Free  Trade,  under  tiie  leadership 
of  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Early  in  the  preceding  December,  the  Cabinet,  at  the 
head  of  which  was  the  above-named  distinguished  statesman,  were  com. 
pellcd  to  resign  on  the  Corn  Law  question  ;  and  the  power  of  forming  a 
new  Ministry  was  entrusted  by  the  Queen  to  Lord  John  Russell.  His 
Lordship  being  unable  to  bring  together  one  of  concordant  materials,  Sir 
Robert  was  after  a  few  days  recalled.  The  session  of  Parliament  was 
opened  on  the  22d  of  January,  the  Queen  in  her  speech  strongly  recom- 
mending, among  other  topics,  a  reduction  of  the  Tariff;  and  on  the  27th, 
in  the  presence  of  a  crowded  house,  Sir  Robert  entered  upon  a  full  state- 
ment of  his  financial  scheme  relating  to  this  subject.  The  first  vote  upon 
the  question  w.is  taken  on  the  28th  of  February,  when  the  views  of  the 
Premier  were  sustained  by  a  majority  of  97.  The  bill  was  subsequently, 
amidst  much  opposition  from  the  landed  interests,  pressed  to  a  second  and 
third  reading,  passed  the  Commons,  and  late  iu  June  received  the  sanction 
of  the  House  of  Lords. 

Simultaneously,  however,  with  the  success  of  the  Peel  wiinistry  in  re- 
gard to  the  Corn  Laws,  came  their  defeat  on  the  Irish  Coercion  B<1I. 
This  took  place  on  the  25ih  of  June,  there  appearing  against  the  govern- 
ment, on  a  division,  a  majority  of  7.3.  Sir  Robert  and  his  colleagues  im- 
mediately resigned  ofBce,  and  a  new  Ministry  was  formed  under  Lord  John 
Russell. 

The  second  great  event  we  may  notice,  was  the  settlement  iif  the  long- 
standing dispute  with  the  United  States  in  regard  to  the  boundary  of  the 
Oregon  territory.  A  question  that  had,  at  various  stages  of  its  discussion, 
occasioned  much  agitation — that  had  long  been  attenipted  in  vuin  to  be 
adjusted  by  negotiation,  or  by  a  reference  to  some  friendly  power  for  arbi- 
tration— was  finally  decided  in  a  peaceful  and  mutually  satisfactory  man- 
ner, by  a  treaty  ratified  by  Lord  Palmerston  and  Mr.  McLane,  the  Ameri- 
can Minister,  on  the  17th  of  July,  at  the  Foreign  Office.  The  intelligence 
was  announced  the  same  day,  in  the  House  of  Lords,  by  the  Murquis  of 
Lansdowe.  and  in  the  Commons,  by  the  Minister  of  the  Foreign  Office. 
The  treaty  had  previously  been  sanctioned  by  the  American  Senate.  Its 
leading  features  were,  a  division  of  the  territory  by  the  49th  parallel  of 
latitude,  giving,  however,  Vancouver's  Island  to  Great  Britain  ;  free  navi- 
gation of  the  Columbia  river  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  during  the 
coniinuiuu'.e  of  its  (charter  ;  indemnity  to  said  Company  for  all  forts  and 
trading  stations  south  of  49°  ;  and  also,  indemnity  to  British  subjects  who 
m'isht  wish  to  abandon  their  properly  south  of  that  line,  and  remove 
within  British  jurisdiction. 

On  the  2oth  of  May,  of  this  year,  her  Majesty  was  delivered  of  a 
princess. 

Early  in  the  year,  intelligence  was  received  of  a  sanguinary  battle  in 
India,  wiih  the  Sikhs,  inhabiting  the  Punjaub,  which  continued  throuirh 
the  12ih,  laih,  and  14th  of  the  previous  December,  and  in  which  3,300 
British  and  native  troops  were  killed  and  wounded,  with  an  estimated  loss, 
on  ''"e  port  o*  ihe  "nemy.  of  ^O.OCK'.  T*iis  gr«»nt  victory  wns  received 
with  niarked  enthusiasm  ;  Ihe  thanks  of  Parliament  were  voted  the  Indian 
army,  and  n  form  of  prayer,  composed  by  (he  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
thanking  God  for  his  favourable  interposition,  wns  offered  up  in  all  the 
estabiif'hed  churches  of  the  kingdom. 

A.  D.  1847.— The  pkominent  events  of  this  year  relate  lo  the  operation 
of  the  new  measures  of  government  upon  the  subject  of  the  tariff;  Ine 
failure  ot  the  potato  crop  in  Ireland,  and  the  consequent  iippHlling  famine 

Sriii  uiatrcSS  WiUCh  prSraiivd  tilcic  ;   tiic  COfiiiTicFCiiti    tcVUision  whiCu  ttjOti 


L. 


702 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD 


Elace  in  England  about  the  middle  of  the  year,  causing  the  failure  of  fiie 
!ank  of  Liverpool,  and  of  a  large  number  of  ihe  oldest  and  most  extensive 
mercantile  houses :  ending,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  with  an  ahundaai 
harvest,  and  a  restoration  of  public  confidence  and  prosperity. 

Long  before  the  close  of  the  previous  year,  the  voice  ol  distress  was 
heard  from  Ireland,  which  eventually  grew  into  a  universal  cry  of  anguish 
and  despair.  A.I  the  openinsr  of  Parliament,  on  the  19ih  of  Januiiry,  hef 
Maiestv  recommended  that  the  ports  be  immediately  opened  for  the  free 
a'iniission  of  foreign  corn  of  every  kind,  and  the  suspension  of  the  naviga- 
tion laws.  Notwithstanding,  however,  the  most  liberal  and  energetic 
measures,  both  on  the  part  of  government  and  of  private  individuals,  the 
famine  continued  to  spread,  and  the  records  of  the  year  present  the  most 
heart-rending  details  of  suffering,  disease,  and  death,  among  the  Irish  pea- 
lantry.  Contributions  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers  were  received  from 
various  quarters  ;  and  none  distinguished  themselves  more  for  their  benev- 
olence, than  did  the  United  States  of  America,  at  that  sad  crisis. 

Her  Majesty,  this  year,  paid  a  visit  to  her  Scotch  subjects,  and  was 
everywhere  received  with  the  most  loyal  demonstrations.  The  year  is 
also  remarkable,  as  being  that  which  witnessed  the  death  of  the  celebrat- 
ed Irish  repealer,  Daniel  O'Connell.  This  event  took  place  at  Genoa, 
May  loth,  whither  he  was  travelling  for  his  health.  He  directed,  at  his 
death,  that  his  heart  should  be  deposited  at  Rome,  and  his  body  returned 
to  Ir^and  for  burial,  which  was  faithfully  executed. 

Parliament  was  dissolved  in  person  by  the  Queen,  on  the  22d  of  July, 
to  re-assemble  on  the  18ih  of  November,  with  a  largely  increased  majori- 
ty on  the  side  of  the  government,  as  a  result  of  the  intervening  elections. 
A.  D.  1848 —The  history  of  1848,  was  eniphaticnlly  one  of  internal  distur- 
bance throughout  the  kingdom.  The  spirit  of  revolution  which  burst 
forth  in  France  in  February,  causing  the  abdication  of  Louis  Philiipe,  and 
the  proclamation  of  a  Republic,  and  which  was  communicated  to  nearly 
every  kingdom  of  Europe,  also  displayed  itself  in  the  most  serious  out- 
breaks in  Ireland,  and  in  manifestations  of  popular  discontent  throughout 
England  and  Scotland.  On  the  10th  day  of  April,  took  place  in  Londoii, 
the  great  Chartist  demonstration.  An  immense  procession,  bearing  a  peti- 
tion signed,  as  Mr.  Feargus  O'Connor  declared  in  his  place  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  by  5,760,000  persons,  marched  through  the  streets  of  the 
metropolis,  with  flags  and  banners,  greatly  to  the  alarm  of  the  citizens, 
who  apprehended  a  scene  of  popular  violence  as  the  result.  The  affair 
passed  off  quietly,  however.and  the  defensivearrangemenisof  the  govern- 
ment  were  not  called  into  requisition.  The  petition  prayed  fur  annual 
parliaments,  universal  suffrage,  vole  by  ballot,  equal  electoral  districts,  no 
property  qualification,  and  payment  of  members  of  Parliament ;  for  the 
prevalence,  in  short,  of  Chartist  principles.  Though  this  demonstration 
was  allowed  to  pass  without  interruption,  other  gatherings  of  a  more  vio- 
lent and  insurrectionary  character  attracted  the  attention  of  govtrnment, 
end  resulted  in  the  trial  and  transportation  of  a  number  of  the  leaders 
engaged  in  them.  ,    .    ■     i 

Meantime  sedition  reigned  in  Ireland,  the  people  under  their  leaderi 
resorting  to  arms  and  threatening  civil  war,  if  their  wishes  in  regard  to  a 
repeal  of  the  Union  were  not  acceded  to.  To  meet  the  emergency,  gov- 
ernment ordered  a  large  additional  body  of  troops  into  Ireland,  while  the 
local  constnbulatory  force  was  proportionately  increased.  The  insurrection 
was  finally  quelled  bv  the  arrest  of  the  prominent  lenders,  Mitchell, 
O'Brien,  McMnnus,  Meagher,  O'Donohue,  and  others,  who  wire  tried  and 
condemned  to  death  ;  a  sentence  which  was  subsequently  commuted  to 
irnnsportation  for  life. 

Her  Mnjesty,  on  the  18ih  of  March,  was  delivered  of  another  princes* 
mi  in  Uic  autumn  repeated  her  visit  to  Sf.ntland.    Among  the  notable 


HISTORY   OP  THE   WORLD. 


763 


deaths  of  this  year,  we  may  mention  'hat  of  D'Israeli,  the  author  of 
•' Curiosities  of  Literature,"  at  the  advanced  age  of  P2;  also,  of  Lord 
Ashburton,  the  negotiator  of  the  treaty  with  America  b'^aring  that  name, 
on  the  14tii  of  May. 

A.  P.  1S49. — Parliament  was  opened  by  the  Ijueen  in  person,  early  in 
February,  and  the  general  interests  of  the  country  at  the  commencement 
of  the  year  wore  an  encouraging  aspect.  Jn  the  manufacturing  districts, 
and  in  most  deparimenis  of  trade  and  commerce,  increasing  activity  pre< 
vailed.  As  the  summer,  however,  progressed,  that  dreadful  scourge,  the 
Cholera,  which  had  prevailed  in  England  to  some  extent  the  preceding 
year,  broke  forth  with  terrible  violence  in  the  larger  cities  of  the  kingdom, 
causing  great  public  alarm,  and  m  a  measure  aflTecting  unfavourably  the 
industry  and  business  of  all  classes.  The  mortality  attending  the  disease 
was  most  appalling,  in  some  localities  reaching  as  high  as  1,000  deaths  a 
week. 

An  attempt  on  the  life  of  the  Queen  was  made  on  the  19ih  of  April. 
Her  Majesty  was  returning  in  company  with  Prince  Albert,  frum  a  ride  in 
Hyde  Park,  in  an  open  carriage,  when  a  person  wearing  the  dress  of  a 
laborer,  presented  a  pistol  at  her  person.  Before  he  could  carry  his  con- 
templated act  of  violence  into  effect,  the  miscreant  was  seized  by  some  of 
the  park-keepers  and  soldiery  near,  and  taken  away  under  arrest.  He 
proved  to  be  an  Irishman,  by  the  name  of  John  Hamilton,  aged  about  35, 
and,  apparently,  in  a  ralionnl  slate  of  mind. 

Her  Majesty  this  year  paid  her  long  contemplated  visit  to  Ireland,  arriv- 
mg  at  Cork  on  the  2d  of  August.  Her  presence  was  everywhere  greelea 
with  enrhusisism  by  her  Irish  subjects.  The  royal  party  visited  Kingstown, 
Dublin,  and  Belfast,  and  were*  received  by  the  authorities,  nobility,  and 
populace,  with  every  demonstration  of  loyal  regard. 

Intelligence  of  the  outbreak  in  Canada,  which  oc2urred  on  the  25th  of 
April,  and  involved  the  burning  of  the  Parliament  buildings  and  other  acts 
of  popular  violence,  was  received  and  laid  before  Parliament,  on  the  i5th 
of  May.  At  a  later  period  of  the  year,  public  attention  was  drawn  to  the 
efforts  of  a  small  portion  of  her  Majesty  s  subjects  in  Canada,  in  favour  of 
annexing  that  colony  to  the  United  Stales.  An  address  was  issued,  advo- 
cating a  separation  from  the  mother  country,  on  terms  of  amity  and  mutual 
agreement.  But  the  friends  of  the  project  proved  too  inconsiderable  in 
numbers  and  influence  to  impress  these  views  very  extensively  upon  the 
public  mind. 

From  India,  came  news  of  a  disastrous  battle  in  the  Punjauh,  in  which 
the  British  forces  suffered  a  loss  of  2,500  men,  and  nearly  100  genera] 
officers.  The  army  was  conimanded  by  Lord  Gough,  who  was  at  once 
•usnended,  and  Sir  Charles  Napier  sent  out  to  supply  his  place. 

With  comparative  quiet  at  iiome,  the  government  were  called  upon  to 
regard  with  watchfulness  the  progress  of  atluirs  on  the  Coniinent.  The 
Hungarian  war,  and  the  bombardment  of  Rome  by  the  French,  were 
matters  of  too  exciting  and  impi)rtant  a  nature  in  their  bearings  to  be 
overlooked  ;  and  tne  diplomacy  of  the  foreign  office  was  called  into  active 
exercise  during  this  period. 

A.  D.  1850.— Parliament  was  convened  on  the  31st  of  January,  and  the 
speech  from  the  throne  delivered  by  proxy.  An  attempt  was  made  in  the 
early  part  of  the  session,  to  restore,  in  a  measure,  the  system  of  protective 
duties,  bijt  it  was  destined  to  defeat.  Prominent  among  the  events  which 
sign.tlized  the  year,  was  the  affair  with  Greece,  which  grew  out  of  the 
refusal  of  that  government  ic  make  reparation  for  losses  sustuined  by  cer- 
tain British  subjects  residing  in  that  kingdom.  The  property  of  these 
individuals  had  been  seized,  and  their  residences  invaded  by  the  populace; 
out  to  all  demands  for  redress,  the  government  of  Greece  turned  a  deaf  ear, 
jDii!  fiirc!?   w!i!  nccessLiri! V  resorted  to^  her  norts  blockadi^d^  and  &  bom- 


i 


i| 


764 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD. 


bardment  threatened.  The  demands  of  Great  Britain  were  finally  acceded 
to.  Bu  in  the  meantime,  France  having  offered  her  mediation  in  the 
.Mntroversy,  and  Russia  regarding  with  a  jealous  eye  the  doctrine  of  pro* 
lection  to  British  subjects  residing  in  foreign  countries,  as  understood  and 
upheld  by  Britain,  a  misunderstanding  arose  with  those  governments, 
which  for  a  time  wore  a  somewhat  threatening  aspect.  The  dispute  was, 
by  the  firmness  and  diplomacy  of  the  Foreign  Ofl&ce,  eventually  brought 
to  a  settlement. 

The  domestic  incidents  of  the  year  were  both  varied  and  interesting. 
Foremost  among  them  may  be  mentioned  the  birth  of  a  Prince  on  the 
28th  of  April,  to  whom  was  given  the  name  of  "  Arthur  William  Patrick 
Albert." 

On  the  27th  of  June,  a  dastardly  and  unprecedented  assault  was  made 
on  the  Queen,  while  riding  in  an  open  carriage.  A  discharged  officer, 
named  Robert  Pate,  w;is  the  assailant.  With  a  cane  he  indicted  a  blow, 
which  cut  through  her  Majesty's  bonnet  and  slightly  wounded  her  fore- 
head. He  was  immediately  arrested  by  the  bystanders,  and.  it  being 
proved  that  he  was  subject  to  turns  of  insanity,  was  merely  sentenced  to 
transportation  for  seven  years. 

The  2d  of  July  witnessed  an  event  which  produced  a  profound  sensa- 
tion, not  only  in  Britain,  but  throughout  the  world.  We  allude  to  the 
death  of  the  distinguished  statesman,  Sir  Robert  Peel.  The  ex-premier 
had,  on  the  29ih  of  June,  been  to  pay  his  respects  to  the  Queen  at  Buck- 
ingham Palace  ;  on  his  return,  he  was  accidentally  thrown  from  his  horse, 
and  so  seriously  injured  that  all  medical  aid  proved  unavailing  for  his  re- 
covery. He  expired  on  the  night  of  July  2d,  after  passing  through  much 
Bufl'ering.  The  proceedings  in  Parliament  in  view  of  the  event,  and  the 
generalpublic  demonsirutions  of  grief,  attested  to  the  great  popularity  and 
eminent  reputation  of  the  deceased.  A  public  funeral,  proflered  by  the 
government,  was  declined  in  accordance  with  the  previously  expressed 
wishes  of  Sir  Robert,  and  he  was  committed  without  display  or  pomp,  to 
the  family  vault  at  Tamwonh.  Sir  Robert  Peel  \yas  born  on  the  5ih  of 
February,  1788,  and  was  therefore  62  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his 
death. 

No  statesman  of  late  years  has  wielded  the  influence  which  was  pos- 
sessed by  the  subject  of  these  remarks.  For  forty  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons;  and  whether  acting  in  this  capacity,  or  as  a 
subordinate  member  of  the  Cabinet,  or  as  Premier,  he  always  displayed 
the  resources  of  a  gifted' mind,  and  has  left  a  lasting  impress  upon  the  age. 
Originally  the  advocate  of  the  views  of  the  Tory  parly,  his  fortsight  and 
prudence  enabled  him  to  discern  how  far  it  was  safe  to  go,  and  led  him  to 
the  adoption  of  those  wise  concessions  which  marked  the  history  of  his 
career.  Thus,  from  being  its  opponent  for  eleven  years,  he  became  the 
advocate  of  the  Bullion  hiw  ;  from  opposing,  he  eventually  puve  his  warm 
support  to  the  Catholic  Emancipation  bill ;  and  from  being  for  a  third  of  a 
century  a  firm  protectionist,  his  was  the  very  arm  which  finally  dealt  the 
death-blow  to  the  Corn  Laws,  and  opened  the  ports  of  Britain  lo  tree  trade. 
In  the  death  of  Sir  Robert,  England  was  deprived  of  her  greatest  states- 
man and  wisest  counsellor.  A  monument  to  his  memory  was  ordered  by 
the  <irove"mien»  to  hp  erected  in  WeRiminsier  Abbey. 

On  the  J:oih  ot  this  montn,  Baron  Kothsciiiid,  wii'o  had  been  returned  to 
the  House  of  Commons  from  London,  made  formal  claim  to  h.^s  seat  in 
that  body,  and  demanded  to  be  sworn  on  the  Old  Testament.  This  wai 
the  first  instance  in  which  a  Jew  had  ever  been  elected  lo  Parliament,  and 
the  novelty  of  the  event,  combined  with  the  extraordinary  demand  just 
■lludfd  to,  created  no  little  public  excitement.  The  subject  wns  debated, 
at  great  length,  and  its  final  determination  postponed  lo  the  next  session. 

One  of  iHuse  popular  exhibitions  of  aversion  to  tyrants  and  "heir  toou 


'TT 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


iGb 


which  occasionally  will  occur  among  honest-hearted  Englishmen,  acus- 
tomed  themselres  to  liberty  and  just  rule,  took  place  in  London  in  Seoteiu- 
ber,  on  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  ihe  Austrian  General,  Haynau,  to  ihp 
metropolis.  General  Haynau  had,  as  Commander  of  the  Austrian  forces 
in  the  Hungarian  war,  acquired  an  infamous  reputation  for  the  cruelly  of 
his  treatment  towards  his  Hungarian  captives,  and  the  general  severity  of 
his  measures  during  the  Campaign.  Being  in  London,  lie  chose  to  visit 
the  extensive  brewery  establishment  of  Messrs.  Barclay  &  Co.,  when,  his 
presence  becoming  known  to  the  workmen,  he  was  assailed,  driven  from 
the  premises,  and,  but  for  the  police,  would  hardly  have  escaped  the  fury 
of  his  pursuers.  The  event  elicited  much  newspaper  comment,  public 
opinion  for  the  most  part  sustaining  the  honest  act  of  indignation  on  the 
part  of  the  populace;  while  the  General  very  shortly  left  the  kingrdom,  to 
seek  an  atmosphere  more  congenial  to  the  agents  of  tyrannic  cruelty  and 
oppression. 

Her  Majesty,  this  year,  paid  a  visit  to  Belgium,  and  also  renewed  her 
visit  to  Scotland. 

In  reviewing  the  Parliamentary  measures  of  the  year,  we  find  nothing 
of  striking  interest  accomplished,  although  a  variety  of  bills  for  social  and 
political  reform,  among  them  one  for  abolishing  the  Viceroyalty  in  Ireland, 
were  introduced  and  discussed.  Parliament  was  prorogued  on  the  loth 
of  August. 

In  November,  an  event  of  unusual  interest  occurred,  which  agitated  the 
public  mind  in  England  to  a  high  degree — it  being  no  less  than  the  estab- 
lishment by  the  Pope  of  Roman  Catholic  jurisdiction  m  England.  This 
matter  met  with  indignant  opposition,  and  Protestantism  was  seriously 
startled  by  its  bearing  and  tendency.  As  it  came  to  be  more  fully  under- 
stood,  however,  it  was  seen  that  the  act  involved  no  interference  wiih  the 
temporal  powers  of  the  government,  and  the  excitement  has  since  measur- 
ably subsided,  although  Catholic  influence  continues  to  be  regarded  with 
unusual  watchfulness. 

Among  the  deaths  of  eminent  personages,  may  be  chronicled  thai  of  the 
distinguished  poet-laureate,  William  Wordsworth,  which  occurred  on  the 
23d  of  April,  of  this  year.     His  age  was  81. 

A.  D.  1851. — The  opening  of  the  session  of  Parliament  took  place  on  the 
4lh  of  February.  Among  the  first  acts,  was  the  introduction,  by  Lord 
John  Russell,  of  a  bill  relating  to  the  Catholic  Ecclesiastical  question.  It 
imposed  a  penalty  of  JilOO  for  the  assumption  by  Catholic  prelates  of 
titles  to  existing  sees  in  any  city  or  place  in  the  kingdom,  and  renders  the 
acts  of  such  prelates  under  such  titles  without  effect. 

On  the  21st  of  the  month,  the  Cabinet  having  sustained  a  defeat  on  the 
question  of  extending  the  elective  franchise  to  the  occupiers  of  tenements 
of  the  value  of  <£10,  in  the  counties  as  well  as  in  boroughs,  resigned 
office.  Several  days  wers  spent  in  a  fruitless  endeavor  to  form  a  new  min- 
istry ;  when  Lord  John  Russel  was  recalled,  and  resumed  ofhce  with  a 
cabinet  slightly  re-constructed. 

We  cannot  better  close  our  summary  of  events  for  the  year,  as  far  as  we 
have  it  in  our  power  to  extend  it,  than  by  noticing  the  great  event  of  the 
age — the  Industrial  Exhibition  in  progress  in  London, — the  preparatiooa 
for  which  have  occupied  the  public  mind  for  a  year  past. 


'i    : 


J 


760 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD. 


THE  CRYSTAL  PALACE. 

The  origin  of  this  remarkable  building  is  generally  understood.  The  idea 
was  bi'oached,  early  in  the  year  1800,  of  getting  up  an  extensive  Industrial 
Exhibition,  in  which  all  the  nations  of  the  world  should  be  invited  to  parti 
cipate,  by  contributing  thereto  specimens  of  their  respective  productions, 
both  natural  and  artificial.  A  splendid  structure,  the  result  of  the  ingenious 
suggestions  of  Mr.  Joseph  Paxton,  Horticulturist  to  the  Duke  of  Devonshire, 
was  erected  in  the  beautiful  and  spacious  grounds  of  Hyde  Park,  for  the 
purposes  of  the  exhibition.  It  covered  a  superficies  of  18  acres,  and  was 
coustrncted  of  materials  all  cast  and  fitted  at  Birmingham,  and  simply  put 
togotiier  wlien  brought  on  to  the  ground.  The  quantity  of  glass  used  is 
said  to  have  amounted  to  1,200,000  square  feet;  iron,  4,500  tons;  besides 
other  materials.  The  exhibition  was  opened  on  the  1st  of  May,  1851,  by  the 
Queen  in  pei-son,  amid  impressive  pomp  and  parade,  and  the  Crystal  Palace, 
and  the  wonderful  display  within  its  walls,  became  for  a  number  of  months  the 
centre  of  world-wide  attraction.  Here  were  collected  the  productions  of  nearly 
every  country  on  the  face  of  the  globe.  From  the  farthest  East  to  the  ex- 
treme West — from  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America — came  up  the  samples 
of  man's  industry  and  skill,  to  be  placed  side  by  side  in  honorable  compari  , 
son  «nd  generous  competition.  Even  the  isles  of  the  sea  sent  their  humble 
offerings  to  swell  the  grand  collection.  Oliina  was  there  with  her  beautiful 
porcelain  ;  India  with  her  curious  fabrics ;  Persia  with  her  shawls  and  car- 
pets ;  Ceylon  with  her  elephant  tusks ;  California  with  her  gold ;  and  in 
juxtaposition  with  the  products  of  Barbaric  splendor  stood  the  varied,  and 
beautiful,  and  useful  contributions  from  every  State  of  Europe  and  America — 
monuments  of  the  skill,  power,  ingenuity,  and  taste,  which  civilization  and 
knowledge  impart  to  its  possessors.  Among  the  many  objects  of  v&^t  utility 
in  the  exhibition,  it  is  proper  to  say  that  none  elicited  greater  attention  than 
two  of  American  invention,  namely,  the  reaping  machine  of  McCormick, 
and  the  revolving  pistol  of  Colt.  As  incidental  to  the  exhibition,  may  also 
be  mentioned  the  match  of  ingenuity  in  locks,  and  the  spirited  yacht  contest 
off  Cowos,  in  both  of  which  the  Americans  bore  away  the  palm ;  in  the 
former  trial,  by  the  skill  of  their  countryman,  Mr.  Ilobbs,  and  in  the  latter, 
by  tlie  superior  sailing  of  the  famous  yacht  America.  The  exhibition  was 
brought  to  a  close  on  the  15th  of  October,  its  receipts  being  estimated  at 
about  £500,000,  and  the  attendant  expenses  half  that  sum.  A  large  num- 
ber of  prizes  were  awarded,  to  successful  competitors  from  among  the  various 
nations  represented ;  and  the  entire  affair  passed  off  with  marked  success, 
and  no  doubt  with  great  mutual  advantage  to  all  concerned. 

On  the  23d  of  the  same  month,  the  celebrated  Hungarian  chief,  Louis 
Kossuth,  arrived  in  England.  The  presence  of  the  man,  whose  revolutionary 
fame  had  filled  all  Europe,  since  the  commencement  of  the  Hungarian  strug- 
gle for  independence,  was  looked  forward  to  with  eager  interest,  and  when 
tiie  distinguished  exile  landed  at  Southampton,  it  was  but  to  bo  surronnued 
by  an  immense  crowd  of  people  of  all  chisses,  wiiose  cheers  of  welcom" 
evinced  tlio  hearty  sympathy  and  friendship  entertained  for  him  and  the 
cause  of  Hungary  among  Englishmen.  On  arriving  at  London,  lie  was  re- 
ceived by  the  Lord  Mayor  and  civic  authorities  at  Guildhall,  and  waited 
ujjon  by  numerous  deputations  from  corporate  bodies,  with  invitations  and 
addresses.  Subsequently  ho  visited  Birmingham,  Manchester,  and  other 
provincial  towns  of  note,  addressing  the  gathered  multitudes  in  impa-ssioned 
speeches,  and  eliciting  the  admiration  and  sympathies  of  the  British  public. 


TT' 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


1G1 


He,  in  the  course  of  a  month,  visited  the  United  States,  and,  after  a  brief 
absence,  returned,  and  has  continued  his  residence  in  this  country,  watching 
and  awaiting  the  course  of  political  events. 

The  close  of  the  year  was  signalized  by  another  political  event  of  deep 
import.  The  news  was  received  of  a  new  revolution  in  Fr.ince,  effected 
nnder  peculiar  circumstances.  Louis  Napoleon,  the  president  of  the  repub- 
lic, on  the  night  of  the  1st  of  December,  seized  the  entire  power  of  the 
government,  declared  the  dissolution  of  the  National  Assembly,  arrested  the 
leading  members  of  that  body  opposed  to  his  policy,  and  announced  his  in- 
tention of  appealing  to  the  army  and  people  of  JVance,  in  support  of  these 
measures,  and  of  an  Immediate  election  of  a  president,  who  should  retain 
ottice  for  the  term  o!  ten  years. 

There  was  no  general  rising,  but  the  revolution  was  not  altogether  blood- 
less. In  Paris  barricades  were  erected  in  some  quarters,  and  for  one  or  two 
days  there  was  fighting  in  the  streets  in  small  parties.  The  fire  of  the  troops 
on  these  occasions  did  vastly  more  damage  to  innocent  spectators  and 
passers-by,  and  to  the  peaceful  occupants  of  neighboring  houses,  than  to 
any  body  of  insurgents  with  which  they  were  called  to  deal.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  hundreds  of  innocent  persons  fell  victims  to  the  fire  of  the 
soldiery. 

The  election  was  immediately  held,  and  Napoleon  was  declared  chosen  by 
a  very  large  majority  of  the  suffrages. 

A.  I).  1852.— In  the  month  of  November,  of  this  year,  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton, so  long  famous  in  Englisii  history,  as  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  his 
times,  died  at  an  advanced  age.  His  funeral  was  celebrated  with  great  pomp 
and  magnificence. 

The  present  year  witnessed  an  extraordinary  discovery  of  gold  in  tlie  pos 

3sions  of  Britain  in  Australia.    The  scenes  which  occurred  in  Californit 


cessions 


ma 


were  re-enacted  in  the  British  colony  Just  named,  and  the  same  e.xciteinent 
and  emigration  in  pursuit  of  gold  have  been  witnessed  here  that  took  place 
in  the  United  States  upon  the  intelligence  of  the  golden  discoveries  on  the 
Pacific  shore. 

Meantime  affairs  in  France  were  assuming  another  and  still  more  impor- 
tant phase.  The  real  intention  ascribed  to  Louis  Napoleon,  of  aiming  at 
imperial  power,  was  about  to  be  proven  true.  By  a  combination  of  politic 
contrivances,  he  had  been  preparing  the  way  for  the  realization  of  his  am- 
bitious designs,  and  on  the  8th  of  November  the  official  journal  contained 
the  report  of  the  Senate  for  the  re-establishment  of  the  Empire.  Louis 
Napoleon  was  declared  Emperor,  under  the  title  of  Napoleon  III. ;  and  by  a 
decree  the  French  people  were  required  to  cast  their  ballots  on  the  21st  and 
22d  of  the  same  month,  in  ratification  or  rejection  of  the  proposition.  Like 
tlie  proposition  for  his  election  to  the  presidency,  in  violation  and  subversion 
(if  the  established  constitution,  the  year  before,  the  present  proposition  was 
but  a  mere  form.  It  was  already  a  forgone  conclusion  that  he  sliould  be 
made  the  Emperor  of  France,  and  the  purse  and  the  sword  were  at  his  com- 
mand to  enforce,  if  necessary,  obedience  to  his  will.  The  balloting  was 
held,  and  on  the  1st  of  December,  the  votes  were  counted  by  the  Legislative 
corps,  and  were,  in  favor  of  the  Empire  and  Napoleon,  7,864,189;  against, 
253,189 ;  and  null,  63,420.  The  coronation  and  marriage  of  the  Emperor 
followed  in  due  course— the  last  event  occurring  early  in  the  following  year. 
The  Empress  Eugenie,  of  France,  is-  of  Spanish  and  Scotch  descent,  and  bo- 
fore  her  nuptials  was  known  as  the  Countess  de  Montijo. 

A.  D.  1863. — Turn  we  now  to  those  important  events  which  were  so  soon 
to  engage  the  attention  and  energies  of  Britain.  Passing  over  the  l)irth  ol 
another  royal  i)rince,  on  the  8tii  of  April,  1853,  and  the  various  ministerial 
measures  relating  to  the  home  and  colonial  interests  of  the  country,  which 
engaged  the  attention  of  Parliament  and  the  nublic  during  this  year — 
among  tliem  the  discussion  of  the  fishery  troubles  with  the  United  Statet., 


1  i   ■ 


768 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


83  regardetl  tlio  British  North  American  provinces,— we  come  to  thoae 
events  which  are  connected  with  the  important  and  sanguinary  war  in 
wliicli  Europe  is  now  engaged.  .         ,  _,    , 

A  difficulty  sprang  up  during  the  year  1853,  between  Russia  and  Turkey, 
bused  on  tlie  unwillingness  of  the  latter  to  accord  to  the  former  certain 
claimed  rights  touching  the  regulation  of  the  religions  polity  and  interests 
of  the  subjects  of  the  Sultan  who  were  of  tlie  Greek  church.  From  certain 
otficial  Russian  correspondence,  which  has  since  been  published,  it  would 
appear  that  the  Czar  had  long  regarded  Turkey  in  the  liglit  of  "a  sick  man," 
(to  quote  his  own  expression,)  whose  possessions  it  might  become  expedient 
to  divide  at  any  moment.  The  religious  question  alluded  to  above  soems  to 
have  been  seized  as  a  proper  pretext  for  creating  a  misunderstanding  with 
the  Sultan,  which  should  lead  to  subsequent  war  and  Russian  aggrandize- 
ment. England  and  France  took  the  part  of  Turkey  in  the  controversy,  and 
endeavors  were  made  to  adjust  the  conflicting  claims  of  the  disagreeing  par- 
ties. Turkey  rejecting  the  demands  of  Russia,  the  latter  at  once  marched 
an  army  into  the  Turkish  Danubian  provinces,  and  took  possession.  This 
caused  a  declaration  of  war  from  Turkey,  and  immediately  the  two  coun- 
tries were  engaged  in  a  bloody  struggle.  The  Turks  condu  ted  themselves 
with  great  bravery,  under  Oraer  Pasha  and  other  leaders,  and  in  the  en- 
gagements which  took  place  were  generally  successful  over  their  northern 
foe.  The  English  and  French  during  the  time  dispatched  a  fleet  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Black  Sea ;  meantime  continuing  with  the  most  earnest  ef- 
forts to  bring  about  a  reconciliation.  The  equivocal  position  of  Austria  and 
Prussia  in  these  negotiations,  rendered  them  more  difficult  and  protracted. 
Finally,  every  endeavor  to  effect  a  peaceful  understanding  failing,  the  Rus- 
sians pressing  hard  on  Constantinople,  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  commit- 
ting a  savage  and  saccesuful  attack  on  the  Turkish  town  of  Sinope,  the  allied 
powers  of  France  and  England  felt  that  they  could  no  longer  in  honor  or 
safety  permit  the  farther  prosecution  of  the  war  without  their  interference. 

A. D.  1834— Accordingly,  on  the  28th  of  March,  1854,  a  declaration  of 
war  a-^ainst  Russia  was  declared  by  the  Queen  and  Parliament ;  and  on  the 
same  day  a  similar  declaration  was  made  by  the  French  government. 
Measures  were  immediately  taken  by  both  governments  for  the  dispatch  ot 
troops  to  the  seat  of  war,  and  an  army  of  60,000  French  and  English  troops 
were  soon  on  their  way  thither.  A  powerful  French  and  English  fleet,  un- 
der r"r  Cliarles  Napier,  was  also  sent  to  the  Baltic.  The  Baltic  expedition, 
though  strengthened  subsequently  by  a  large  body  of  French  troops,  was 
unable  from  a  variety  of  causes,  to  effect  all  that  was  expected  m  the  way 
of  seizing  upon  the  fortified  Russian  ports  of  that  sea ;  captures  were  made, 
however,  of  several  important  positions,  among  them  Bomarsund  and  the 
Aland  Isles,  while  the  commerce  of  Russia  was  completely  crippled  by  the 
presence  of  the  French  and  English  fleet.  .      ,     t,,    u 

But  we  have  to  do  more  particularly  with  the  operations  m  the  Black 
Sea  'ilw  declaration  of  war  by  the  allied  powers  was  the  signal  for  imme- 
diate action  in  that  quarter.  On  the  23d  and  24th  of  April,  an  attack  was 
made  on  OdessTi  by  the  allied  fleet,  and  a  large  number  of  Russian  ships 
were  taken  or  destroyed.  Meantime  the  Turks  had  succeeded  i:i  driving 
back  their  invaders  acro.-s  ''..e  Danube,  having  successfully  repulsed  them 
at  the  siege  of  Silistria.  During  the  summer  the  RuRsians,  for  stragetic 
purposes,  evacuuted  tlie  Principalities,  continuing,  however,  their  operations 
in  Asia,  and  awaiting  the  movements  of  the  allies.  The  latter,  after  «  hrirf 
period  of  inaction,  at  Varna  and  Scutari,  during  which  the  troops  suffered 
much  from  sickness,  resolved  upon  an  attack  on  Sebastopol— the  most  im- 
portant port  of  Russia  on  the  Black  Sea,  and  one  deemed  by  many  quite 
impregnable.  For  this  important  undertaking  extensive  preparations  were 
made ''and  on  the  14th  of  September  a  landing  of  the  invading  armies  was 
mad"' from  the  aUied  sauadron.  on  the  shores  of  the  Crimea,  in  the  bay  of 


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HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD. 


769 


Eupatoria,  a  point  to  the  east  of  Sebastopol,  and  a  march  began  towards 
that,  city,  the  fleet  intending  to  co-operate  in  the  attack.  The  forces  con- 
sisted of  about  2G,000  EngHsh  and  23,000  French  troops ;  the  former  under 
Lonl  Raglan  and  the  latter  under  Marshal  St.  Arnaud.  On  the  20th,  the 
allied  army  reached  the  river  Alma,  where  a  desperate  battle  ensued  with 
the  enemy.  The  intrenched  camp  of  the  Russians,  numbering  about  50,000 
men,  was  stationed  on  the  heights  bordering  this  river.  They  were  attack- 
I'd  by  the  allied  troops,  who  carried  the  position  by  the  bayonet  after  a  se- 
vere struggle,  with  a  loss  of  nearly  8,000  killed  and  wounded,  while  the 
enemy  suiiered  much  more  severely,  and  Avere  entirely  routed  from  the 
field.  The  intelligence  of  this  brilliant  success,  coupled  with  a  report  of  the 
hnmediate  fall  of  Sebastopol,  created  great  public  rejoicing  in  England  and 
Franco.  The  latter  rumor  was,  however,  premature.  The  allied  troops  ad- 
vanced to  and  took  possession  of  Balaklava,  invested  Sebastopol  in  a  tew 
days,  and  commenced  regular  siege  operations  against  the  place.  These 
operations  proved  of  a  difficult  and  protracted  nature. 

Here  it  may  be  proper  to  present  a  brief  description  of  this  famous  Rus- 
sian stronghold.  The  city  of  Sebastopol  consists  of  a  series  of  platforms 
running  up  a  steep  acclivity  from  the  sea  to  the  high  hills  which  tower  over 
it  at  the  distance  of  a  league  and  a  half,  and  from  the  top  of  which  is  un- 
folded the  whole  panorama  of  the  town  and  harbor.  From  this  configura- 
tion of  the  ground,  it  follows  that  the  town  is  built  one  part  over  the  other, 
BO  as  to  form  an  amj)hitheatre.  Tiie  town  contains  several  monuinenis,  and 
among  others,  the  churches,  and  princi|>ally  all  the  buildings  of  the  navy, 
the  arsenal,  the  barracks,  and  the  hospitals.  Its  population  is  .ibont  40,000 
ordinarily,  though  now  largely  increased  by  the  presence  of  a  large  Russian 
army.  The  roadstead  and  port  are  almost  unattackablo  by  sea,  on  account 
of  the  great  forts,  erected  at  an  immense  expense,  which  stand  as  det'enccs, 
and  the  narrow  and  sinnons  channel  leading  to  tiie  inner  bay.  Across  this 
channel,  the  Russians  sank  a  large  number  of  tiieir  siiips-of-the-lino,  when 
they  found  themselves  invested,  passing  moreover  an  immense  chain  across 
to  serve  as  a  further  obstacle  to  ingress  on  tlio  part  of  the  invading  fieet. 
The  principal  fort  on  the  north  side  of  the  harbor  is  a  large  octagon.il  bat- 
tery ;  nearer  to  the  promontory  is  the  Telegraph  Hattery  of  17  guns.  The 
Quarantine  Hay  on  the  west  is  defended  by  tiie  double  buttery  of  the  same 
name.  The  celebrated  marine  forts  of  Constantino,  Alexander,  and  Nicho- 
la.1  are  situated  on  the  level  of  the  sea,  guarding  the  entrance  to  the  harbor. 
It  was  supposed  that  tlie  possession  of  the  upjier  grounds,  in  the  rear  of 
the  town,  would  enable  the  allies  to  win  an  easy  victory.  From  the  8U|)e- 
rior  elevation  of  the  gromid,  if  once  they  were  in  posHCssion  of  the  height* 
round  about,  or  any  part  of  them,  even  without  ro(l\icing  all  tiie  forts  of 
the  enemy  which  crown  the  neighboring  eminences,  it  was  thought  tliat  the 
port,  the  Russian  fleet  in  it,  nnd  possibly  the  town  itselt;  would  ho  com- 
manded, and  the  whole  place  be  at  the  mercy  of  the  invaders.  But  unfort.- 
Boen  (lifiiculties  were  to  bo  encountered.  The  besieging  armies  were  com- 
pelled to  open  their  trendies  at  an  unusual  distance  from  the  place,  whilo. 
from  tho  Hliallowiiess  of  the  soil,  it  proved  a  work  of  great  difiiculty  and 
slowness  to  go  forwaid  with  them.  Add  to  this,  the  land  (lefences  of  xhit 
town,  which  were  far  more  powerful  thaib  anticipated,  tho  prodigal  amount 
of  warlike  stores  possesKod  and  used  by  the  Kussiiins,  their  determined  and 
frtimticid  re^-istancc^,  tho  constant  rcinforcctneiits  which  they  were  enabled  to 
avail  themselves  of,  and  the  inability  of  the  allied  fleet  to  n>nder  any  osseii- 
tlul  co-operation  in  the  attack  upon  the  place,  and  it  i»  not  i)erhap»  sur|)ri- 
sing  that  the  siege  proved  to  be  one  of  great  difiiculty  and  dehiyed  suwh-ss. 

AVo  will  give  a  brief  sketch  of  some  of  the  most  prominent  incidents  of  the 
(doge.  Af\er  the  contitiuanco  of  land  operations  up  to  tho  17th  of  (.)(;tober, 
(Jencral  Oanrohert  having,  in  tho  mean  time,  succeeded  t<>  the  (.onimand  of 
the  Ff-er.f:!i  mni  in  eoiise-jnc-nee  of  tlse  dvath  t?f  (i=,!..o.r."J.  St.  Arunud.  it  ^a  as 

Vol..  I.  49. 


^ 


■|  I 


\ 


770 


HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD, 


resolved  to  mnke  (i  nniterl  attack  upon  Ihe  jilnce,  Vy  soa  and  land.  Tlie 
cannotiudo  on  tho  land  side  commenced  a  little  before  seven  in  the  morning. 
Sluirtly  after,  a  terrible  explosion  took  place  on  tiio  left  of  the  French  line, 
which  threw  every  thing  into  confusion  ;  many  guns  were  dismounted,  and 
the  accident  seems  to  have  had  the  etfcct  of  nearly  suspending  operations 
for  the  day.  On  the  part  of  the  Britisli,  a  vijj;orous  lire  took  place,  re- 
turned by  one  of  equal  obstinacy  from  the  Kus^sians.  About  midday  the 
fleets  stood  in  to  engage  the  batteries  at  tho  ni')utli  of  tho  bay.  The  fire  of 
tlieir  vessels  was  as  effective  as  could  be  expected,  and  in  better  circumstances 
the  combined  fleets  might  have  won  an  easy  victory.  But  nature  interposed 
difficulties  perfectly  insurmountable.  Tho  waler  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
works  on  each  side  is  shoal,  and  it  is  impossible  for  vessels  of  any  size  te 
run  in  closer  than  from  800  to  1,100  yards.  The  conseipience  was,  that 
although  tlie  enemy  were  several  times  driven  from  their  guns,  of  which  not 
a  few  were  dismounted,  yet  the  damsigo  done  to  the  works  which  guard  the 
entrance  to  Sebastopol  was  extremely  small.  The  fighting  lasted  all  day, 
and  not  a  fewof  the  ships  of  ihe  allies  were  severely  injured,  and  Avere 
obliged  to  be  sent  to  Constantinojjlo  for  repairs. 

The  next  important  engagement  took  place  on  the  25th  of  October. 
Prince  MenschikotF,  tlie  Russian  commander,  on  the  morning  of  that  day, 
having  been  largely  reinforce<l,  sent  (feneral  Liprandi  with  some  30,000  troops 
to  attack  the  allies  at  the  T<^liernaya,  intending,  after  assailing  them  in  tlie 
rear,  to  turn  to  tho  right  and  seize  ISalaklava.  Having  succeeded  in  seizing 
some  of  tho  outer  defences  which  weie  guarded  by  Tm-kish  troops,  they 
were  repulsed  by  the  well-directed  fire  of  the  (t8d  regiment  and  an  im- 
petuous onset  of  French  and  British  cavalry.  Having  formed  their  ranks 
and  stationed  their  artillery  at  a  new  positii)n,  they  were  again  charged  by 
the  English  Light  Brigjulo  under  Lord  Cardigan  (acting  under  a  misunder- 
bUkuI  order  which  he  had  received).  The  British  loss  was  very  severe — of 
607  composing  the  Brigade,  but  l!t8  returning  from  tho  attack'.  The  Rus- 
sians retired ;  but  on  tlio  ensuing  day  made  a  sortie,  seven  or  eight  thousand 
strong,  from  Sebastopol,  attacking  the  right  of  the  English  division  under 
Hir  Do  Lacy  Evans.  Tliey  were  successfullv  rcpulHcd.  These  two  engage- 
ments etit4iiled  considerable  loss  on  tho  allies,  though  the  Russians  sutfered 
still  more  severely. 

Anotiier  and  still  more  sanguinary  battle  occuri-ed  on  the  5th  of  Novem- 
ber, known  as  the  battle  of  Inkermann.  The  Russians,  to  the  number  of 
00,000,  made  a  general  and  des])erato  attack  on  the  positions  of  the  besiegers. 
The  battle  was  at  its  height  about  8  o'cKxik.  The  column  of  attack  on  the 
Russian  right,  whidi  canio  up  to  the  Knglish  position  nearest  to  Sobastopol, 
was  mainly  resiste*!  by  tho  Fourln  Division  and  Marines.  Tho  Russian 
oontro  was  priiicipaliy  resisted  hv  the  Stc(»nd  Division  and  the  Light  i)ivis- 
ion;  and  some  ol  tiio  Third  Division  and  tho  IJrignde  of  Guards  were  op- 
posed to  tiio  third  or  loll  attacking  cohimn  of  tlio  Russians.  Tho  English 
troops  wi^ro  at  lirst  driven  back,  and  tiio  Fourth  Division  had  in  a  short 
time  all  itJ*  gonorals— Sir  Oeorgo  ('athcart  and  Brigadiers  Goldio  and  Tor- 
rens — killed  or  mortally  womided,  and  700  men,  more  than  one  (piartor  of 
its  strength,  put  hor»  <le  combnt.  Tho  other  <livisi<inH  also  suHercd  severely. 
But  at  tho  liour  of  newl,  tho  FreiM^h  columns  move<l  down  impetiKHisly  on 
the  enemy,  and  taking  tiiom  in  I  lie  tiank,  forced  tlicm  back  along  tho  side  of 
the  hill  under  the  tiro  of  tiio  Knglish  di'isions.  Tho  allies  ciiargcd  thorn,, 
and  hailtul  ball  atid  siiot  into  them  with  deadly  elVe(;t.  The  enemy,  though 
supported  by  the  tiro  of  tremendous  artillery,  could  not  withstand  ihcm, 
and  bcft>ro  noon,  their  army  was  retiring  before  tiie  invaders,  A  severe 
r»in  storin  now  occ.urre<l,  whicih  onabUwl  them  to  collect  and  make  another 
stand  ;  but  the  allies  sjtoedily  drovo  tliein  back,  and  suon  thoy  were  in  full 
retreat  towards  Sebastopol  covered  with  their  guns.     The  lo-sos  in  this  en- 

ur.il*it     tultliniltAul      tjl     luk       t\f      tli/t      li^iifvliMli      ulw%ltf     Q  AAA     l/UKwl      iiikI 


C"S 


—  .^..JMip      .^.j-^*.--      »....*«. 


'i 


HISTORY   OF  THE   "WORLD. 


77V 


I 


wounded  ;  of  the  French,  1,726  killed  and  wounded  :  and  of  the  Russians 
2,961  killed  and  5,791  wounded. 

These  severe  losses  on  the  part  of  the  allies,  and  the  difficulties  of  the 
siege,  caused  much  excitement  at  home  and  called  for  reinforcements  to  the 
seat  of  war. 

While  the  English  and  French  recruits,  wifh  ammunition,^cIothins  and  pro- 
visions, were  on  the  point  of  landing  at  Balaklava,  a  severe  tempest  occurred, 
resulting  in  the  entire  destruction  of  eleven  transports,  with  many  lives  and 
an  immense  quantity  of  supplies,  of  which  both  armies  stood  in  urgent  need. 
Thifc  calamity  called  Parliament  together  the  12th  December,  a  period  earlier 
than  usual,  and  the  session  was  opened  by  the  Queen  in  person.  The  speech 
froni  the  throne,  expressing  a  firm  reliance  on  the  patriotism  and  public 
spirit  of  the  nation,  was  received  with  unanimous  approval.  The  debates 
that  followed,  though  savoring  much  of  criticism  from  the  opposition  to  the 
ministry,  urged  the  necessity  of  a  vigorous,  united  and  unyielding  prosecu- 
tion of  the  war,  until  an  honorable  peace  should  be  secured. 

Tlie  hardships  of  the  soldiers  and  the  sickness  that  consequently  followed, 
touched  the  sympathies  of  the  kind-hearted,  and  even  women  volunteered 
to  repair  with  them  to  the  scene  of  war,  to  minister  to  the  sick  and 
wounded. 

Her  Majesty's  anxiety  for  the  brave  men  who  had  been  wounded,  con- 
soles the  unfortunate  sufferers  and  animates  to  increased  exertion  those  who 
have  escaped  the  causalities  of  war. 

A.  D.  1855.  The  reverses  of  the  allies,  the  general  bad  management  of 
the  expedition,  and  the  great  difficulty  in  transporting  the  necessaries  for 
the  army  from  Balaklava  to  the  troops,  produced  among  the  besiegers  a 
wasting  fatigue,  privation  and  exposure,  and  produced  such  a  strong  public 
excitement  at  home  against  the  War  Department,  that  the  ministry  were 
compelled  to  resign,  and  a  new  cabinet  was  formed  under  Lord  Palmerston 
as  premier.  Although  fears  were  entertained  for  the  health  of  the  Czar, 
and  some  were  thoughtful  of  his  death,  mysterious  heaven  had  marked  the 
2d  day  of  March  as  the  time  to  thrill  the  heart  of  the  empire  and  electrify 
the  whole  of  Europe.  Nicolas  died  of  paralysis,  and  his  son  Alcxpnder,  at  the 
ago  of  37,  succeeded  him,  not  only  in  his  position  but  in  his  policy,  and  with 
a  firm  reliance  on  the  native  zeal  and  bravo  patriotism  of  his  countrymen, 
resolved  to  wage  the  contest  to  the  desired  termination.  On  tho  22d  and 
23d  of  March  the  Russians  made  a  sally  from  the  city,  with  a  terrible  on- 
slaught of  the  allies.  The  besieged  continued  to  harrass  tho  besiegers  by 
sorties  which  frequently  proved  fatal  to  both  sides. 

The  allied  forces  were  constantly  increased,  and  tho  troops  only  awaited 
orders  for  a  general  assault.  On  the  23d  of  May,  in  a  battle  that  lasted 
nearly  all  night,  tho  French  carried  on  a  severe  fight  with  nearly  tho  entire 
garrihoii  of  Sobastopol.  On  tho  following  day  the  allied  squadron  entered 
the  straits  of  Kcrtch  and  destroyed  everything  within  its  reach. 

June  6Mi  the  bombardment  of  the  city  was  recommenced,  and  on  the  18th 
tho  French  and  English  made  an  assault  on  tho  Mamelon  and  Redan 
towers,  but  wore  compelled  to  retire  with  a  frightful  loss  of  life.  On  tho 
Ifilh  of  Augu8t  was  fought  the  battle  of  Traktir  Bridge,  with  a  loss  of  20 
officers  and  3  000  men. 

The  bombardment  of  the  city  continued  with  some  short  intervals  through 
a  long  and  desperate  sieijo,  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  military  prowess, 
from  tho  1st  of  July  until  nhnut  noon  of  Bept.  8,  when  a  general  assault 
on  the  MalakoflT  by  the  French,  and  the  Redan  by  the  English  was  success- 
fully made. 

Fortress  after  for'  ross  exploding,  filled  tho  air  with  volumes  of  smoke  and 
broken  fragments.  The  oity  itself,  as  if  cnraEcd,  burst  forth  iu  streams  of  fiorv 


112 


HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD. 


vengeance,  and  presented  to  the  allies,  as  they  stood  aloof  in  amazement,  n 
scene  not  much  unlike  that  of  a  vast  crater.  Fleet  coursers  sped  their  way 
from  hill-top  to  hill-top,  aiding  telegraphic  lines  to  proclaim  the  tidings 
throughout  the  Eastern  Continent,  and  swift-winged  transatlantic  birds  of 
passage  wafted  to  the  New  World  the  thrilling  cry,  Sbbastopol  is 
FAM-GN  !  !  ! 

The  preceding  engraving  represents  the  city  on  the  morning  of  the  final 
assault. 

The  Malakoff  and  Redan  towers  may  be  seen  on  the  left.  The  Russians 
crossed  over  from  Fort  Alexander  to  Fort  Constantine. 

On  the  6th  Nov.,  the  troops  under  Omar  Pasha,  with  the  water  np  to  their 
armpits,  under  a  terrible  fire  forced  the  jjasango  of  tlie  river  Anakara,  or  On- 
flour,  in  Georgia,  which  was  defended  by  1(5,000  Russians.  They  attacked 
thb  Russian  redoubts  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  and  carried  them  despite 
the  dosi)erate  resistance  of  tiie  enemy.  The  Russian  loss  was  400  dead, 
among  whom  were  two  superior  ofliccrs  and  100  subalterns.  The  Turk? 
captured  live  cannon,  seven  anununitiou  carts,  and  40  prisoners,  with  the  loss 
of  (58  killed  and  220  wounded. 

Soon  after  2,500  Russian  infantry  and  400  cavalry  attacked  the  three  vil- 
lages of  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  valley  of  IJaidar,  and  after  an  hours 
sharp  fighting  retreated,  leaving  thirty  i)risoners,  and  sutt'ering  the  loss  of 
many  killed  and  wounded.  The  cold  season  coming  on,  active  operations  ia 
the  field  wore  suspended  for  the  winter.  The  Russians  occupied  thomsolvoa 
in  strengthening  their  position  and  the  erection  of  new  batteries,  while  the 
Allies  remained  as  (juiet  as  circumstances  would  allow. 
A  D  185fl  Meanwhile  diplomacy  was  at  work,  and  Austria,  with  tlia 
■     ■  ■  consent  of  England  and  Franco,  submitted  certain  peace  propo- 

(litions  to  the  Russian  government,  the  substance  of  which  was — 1st.  Com- 
plete abolition  of  the  Russian  protectorate.  2d.  Surrender  of  the  Danubo 
mouth  to  the  representatives  of  European  governments.  3d.  Neutralization 
of  the  Black  Sea.  4th.  New  securities  and  guarantees  for  religious  and  no- 
lilical  rights — with  the  riglit  reserved  to  the  bolligorout  Powers  to  bring  for- 
ward particular  conditions  beyond  these  four  guarantees.  Count  Esterhazy 
bore  the  dispatch  to  the  Czar,  wiio  received  the  propositions  as  the  basis  of 
negotiations.  Accordingly  plenipotentiaries  were  appointed  to  conclude  an 
armistice,  and  a  definite  treaty  of  peace  at  Paris,  Feb.  23d.  The  treaty  wiis 
signed  on  the  80th  of  March,  agreeing  substantially  witli  the  proposition  sub- 
mitted by  Austria.  Thus  was  a  peace  concluded,  alike  safe  and  honorable  to  all 
the  parties,  securing  all  the  alleged  objects  for  which  the  war  had  Insen  waged. 
Appeiuled  to  the  treaty  are  the  following  conventions,  viz. :  Russia  is  not 
to  fortify  the  Aland  Islands ;  the  Dardanelles  to  be  closed  to  vessels  of  war, 
excepting  ligh*.  vessels  on  diplomatic  service ;  and  the  Russian  and  Turkish  na- 
val forcj  in  the  iUack  Sea  to  bo  limited  to  six  steam-vessels  of  not  more  than 
800  tons,  and  ft)nr  smaller  vessels  not  exceeding  200  tons. 

France,  England,  and  Austria  soon  thereafter  entered  into  a  separate  treaty 
gnariinteeinp  the  iiulependenco  and  integrity  of  tiie  Ottoman  empire. 

Innnediate  preparations  were  made  for  the  removal  of  the  troops  and  wit- 
<«TiV/ from  t lie  seat  of  war,  and  the  definite  evacuation  of  the  Crimea  took 

fdftco  July  Bth  of  this  year,  on  whinh  day  Marshal  Pelissicr  embarked  for 
lomo.  July  Dili  the  (Juards  from  the  Crimea  entered  London,  after  an  iib- 
eence  of  two  years.  Their  march  through  the  principal  streets  to  their  barracks 
was  witnessed  by  the  Queen  and  royal  family,  and  crowds  of  ladies  and  gentle- 
men waived  them  a  welcome  from  the  balconies  of  the  royal  palace.  Thus  has 
closed  one  of  the  most  important  warliko  contests  of  the  present  century,  at  an 
expense  of  an  enonnous  amount  of  money,  and  not  less  than  1,000,0(K)  livo.'», 
of  whom  scarcely  onothird  fell  iu  action,  or  died  of  wounds  received  in  battle. 


/ 


'J  11  Jl     :^  2  J!  ^J^      DJi     ^l^  Ji. 

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A( 


HOHOOL 

are  Wanted 
States  and  ( 
tion. 

Agents  u( 
young  ladies 
Canvassers, 

Agents  wi 
tJiey  choose, 
•charged,  if  i 
t'ronj  the  tim 

Persons  w 
the  subject,  ^ 
mail. 


E 


ENGT( 


A  CH)MPLE' 


Kxhibiting  its  \ 
country— beai 
ductivo  indusi 
all  the  enipin 
uccouut  of  ull 

INCLUDI] 
iOM,  a  General ' 


AnsiHtpd  in  Geol 

Edited  by  Ell 

Till)  'vholo  omb 

IhoFIiiKsofallth 

of  vhich  ore  beai 

objects  curioHH  in 

brutediii  history  < 

tumesof  tho  varii 

In  two  volumof 

1,1)00  eb)sely  prill 

Till!  roprodiicti 

(110,000.)     Initl 

niithors  wcro  Jiea 

fe'rt'ttt  pains  in  ina 

A  peculiar  foatu 

imitation  of  ualuri 

luiiy  coiored. 


/ 


IltNRY  BILL,  Mrwlch.  Uomi. 


DESCRICTIVE  CATALOGUE. 


THE 

ENCTCIOPEDIA  OF  AIL  NATIOKS: 

(■OMI-niSlNO 

A  CH)Mn.ETK  rnvs.cAi.  «tat,st,cai.  civ,,  .vxo  political  description 

or 

TIIJK     WOKL,D; 

''Slili?ll!:j;^SS;XlU  til^lif^P'^  "'«  -'"'•''•  h-tor.of  each 

ductivo  industry',  commerce  pSd  his  fh^  '^n^"'^  P'"*"*"'  *'"•!  and  the  pro 

— -  ™glt«KJE«-  -SS«  OP  OH.  K.^H. 
Al«,.  a  Geuena  View  of  Astronomy,  show^^^^o  relation  of  the  Earth  to  the  Heavenly 

BY  HUGH  MURRAY,  F.  R.  s.  E. 

'"  """^?i^S-^i=;^rK-P&^ff-->  -0,0..  -. 

Edited  by  ElBBIflUE  SMITH,  A.  M.,  Principal  of  the  Nonvlch  Free  Acaaemy 

-)  vnicTi  aro  bcautiJully  colored)  exmUetlTtn^^^  overono  thousand  engravings  (some 
olyects  curioa«  in  nature  and  artrs.^cl  as  reuS^rkahl«  h^^  Rr^"*  variety  of 

bruted  in  history  or  interesting  Iro'rnahtraTtono^^^^  ''"'"'  "^  °'^''"''  Placescele- 

tumes  of  the  various  nations,  and  ob,"  cts  hi  tho  nnr,.T;li°  '^PP^T,'"?'''  «"«tonis,  and  cos 

In  two  vohimes.  bound  in  eleanntombolsVH  „,?,?, ^u  "nlvegetablo  kingdoms. 
>,<100  elosely  nrinte.l  large  in'pS^'eTavo  pa  "^^    *-'"  ''">"^«'- b.nding,  co^nsisting  of  over 

iilpo^rttZ  l'&^'^:S2Jti^::i^^^^Y^  ten  thousand  do.,ar« 
'u.thors  yvero  nearly  ten  years  in  its  production  and  tf«  A^*"^''  subscription  book.  Its 
Kreat  pains  in  making  it  a  complete  wo.^  '  *•*"  A^nefcan  editor  has  expended 

A  peculiar  feature  in  this  work  U  mon.^  ««•  «i    i 
imitation  of  nature.  hh.I  .he  M-»-  -"«'^"  u*    ^       •   -'■*5*'-'"  ^"K''"''''"  a^  oolorM  l.u  l,.«j  •> 
Juiiy  eulorett.  '"•'^'  "  *"'^  "^^ "'^"^  »°«  »ii«  i-i»pi  of  airwation.  are"aUo"beauti^' 


THK 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD: 


A  «?l',KKr.Af.  mSTOKV 


(.OMI'IUSINO 

noTii  axc!1i:n  I"  and  modkkn.  or  ah,  thk  pbincipal 

NATIONS  or  THIO  OLOBK, 


IHI-IK   KISi;,   PUOOUKSiS,   PWtiJKSV  COSDIIlK.S,  t.H). 

Kmbr.ioiti'  a  lirkrsccoiint,  of  the  r.asflan  War,  ami  a  complete  history  of  tU»  Uiiitod  Stntca  ti)  thu 
nreBCiit  tiiue^  liicludiug  tho  War  of  tlio  Uovolutlon,  that  of  1813,  and  the  late  War  with  Mexico,  the 
administrations  of  the  Trosiilent.s  «ith  nu  appendix,  containing  Important  public  documents  and  val- 
unblo  stntlsttciil  tabic. 

By  SAMITEL  KAUMBER,  Author  of  "The  Treasury  of  Knowledge,"  "Biographical 

Treaaory,  etc. 

VMlttd  by  .Io!lN  IsMAN-,  i:H\.  (lite  Editor  of  tim  .Veco  York-  Commcn-uil  JihiertiMt;) 
uud  otlior  disflngulsbod  American  Author,". 

Til*  wliobi  cmbcm^iicul  with  niiuiorous  cngravinsa  (l)CflHtifuUy  colored  by  linnil  in  Imltotloii 

of  nnturo)  roprcNcntinj;  battle  sccncn,  vlcwa  of  cities,  prominent  cvcntn.  flags  of 

t  lu^  ilitlerent  nations,  coroniitious,  processions,  costumes,  etc.,  etc. 

In  lu-o  iarso  octavo  volumes  conlainin-  upwards  of  l.SOO  paces  and  illustrat.'d  with  thlrly.|,w.> 
■colored  ensiravins?,  executed  in  llio  most  modern  .-lylc,  niter  antlientio  p  ctures,  to^'ethcr  with  a  (/Mit 
of  Ui.6  Flaof  oj  Me  w/WH«  jVaWc/w,  appropriately  colored,  and  bound  in  embossed  and  gilt  leather 
Mndiu;;,  with  m.irblnd  edgc.^. 


The 


auccoss  that  has  attended  this  grent  work  sinco  U«  first  nubl CiUoii  is  unprcoodonted.  I 
n  IncreaeliiK  In  iU  wde,  imtil  over  tliroo  Imndred  thousand  volunus  Imvc  been  sold,  and  a 
■r  of  Actutii  aro  now  maklns  ft'om  %\m  to  K"""  »  >"««>•  i"  I'.s  .'nle. 


It  ban 
larijo 


{(cue  on 
number 


The  followinu  aro  iv  few  extracts  IVoni  the  n.uncrous  rfccoiiimendivtiouR  tlit  '•  History  of  the  Woriil" 
lias  alrcidy  received:  ,  ,, .. 

I  have  carefully  examined  '-Tho  llisuiry  of  tbe  Worbl,"  by  .lolm  Inmim,  Ksq..  and  liiul  it  a  work 
.•xhlbiUn;j;  uroiit  hiatorieal  roscnrcU  ;  and  it  cannot  fi;il  to  bo  useful  and  iiistructlvo  ns  a  work  tor  -..u- 
nil  eirc'.ilatiou,  and  1  wouUl  therefore  reeomuieml  11  to  uU. 


KUWAKl)  UITCIIC'OCK,  IWnhtait. 


SorTK  Hadm'.y  I'^ALiJi,  Mass. 
esldent  llilclicock. 


1  am  prepared  to  cxprew  my  concurrence  in  the  remarks  of  I'lesi.ieiit  hu.j.iluik. 

As  a  book  of  roferonec  or  Rcnoral  history,  I  tlunk  It  valuable  to  all  who  may  possess  it  and  it  m.j>'. 
in  a  great  measure  supply  the  place  of  lurser  and  more  expensive  works,  which  lew  fiiimllos  l^^id  ab.e 
ro  po6sc>*.  ikj'^  \ .   *  .... 

FromP,•ofi!>i«ovEln,u•Mn,ot^ll'hH•(l■(^IK(^|^^Sl•.minarl^. 

I  have  examined  tho  "History  of  the  Worhl."  and  think  It  parlloMlarly  valuable,  cspecla  ly  to  »uc,i 
■ts  have  not  access  to  moro  extended  works  of  history  ;  and  even  to  those  who  have  such  work.s,  U 
will  often  bo  found  an  Important  help,  a.s  it  brines  >lown  the  history  of  the  Vl''",'',^',? ,*.''., K.'Jrw 
time.    So  fur  a.i  I  have  observed,  the  author  appears  iuipartial.  KAl.l  ll  i'.Mhur?i.ia. 

llANovKr.  Coi.i.p.iiK,  Iwn. 

I  hav,.  examined  tho  '■  Hi;(torv  of  the  World."  and  know  it  to  be  ;i  work  of  Ul|{h  cliiwaeter  and  value, 
whleil  I  can  "ordially  rccommond  to  public  putioi.a^'e.        M,  BTUItO  IJS.  /Vo,e.v»or  of  laudm'Oe^ 

From  the  Jinltiuwve  (Mppti: 

niSToRY  Off  TUB  WoRLH.— This  new  work  from  tho  press  of  IKnvy  Hill.  i-.  one  ol  the  most  inaK'ii.L 
cent  Issues  for  a  lone  time.  We  were  shown  a  copy  on  Friday,  and  were  highly  pleased  with  its  coi. 
lonts!  it  consist^  o?  two  rovnl  octavo  volumes,  embellished  with  fort  v  splendid  ensravin^*,  and  em- 
braces  a  comnloto  history  of' all  nations  and  prominent  events,  and  makiUij;  it  Invaluable  to  eilliei  the 
prlrate  or  public  library. 

Frai)^  th«  Xonelch  (Conn.)  Aurora. 

HlSTOKT  OFTnn  Wor.Li..-A  very  considerable  portion  of  tho  readina  public  are  alrea.  y  persomilly 
^cmalnted  with  the  merits  of  the  work  entitled  "Tho  Treasury  of  rtlstory  or  a  History  ol  th>. 
WorUV'  published  by  Mr.  Henry  Bill  of  this  city.  It  ha,^  mot  with  a  more  extet.siv.>  sale,  probably 
than  any  other  work  of  a  similar  character  over  issued  fr.uii  tho  press  in  this  country  ;  and  "t  >io  tin  ; 
!i,is  the  .lomand  f,.r  It  been  greater  than  at  pre.sent-numerot.s  agents  belni;  sueecss  ully  employed  i 
n^rl7ove"y  State  and  the  most  In.portantVoundos  in  tlio  Union,  In  Us  <lissemination  ,  In  short,  " 
ilm  laa  boe^  t  V-a  ,..p  precisely  such  a  book  as  llie  prent  miss  of  tho  ix-ople  want,  an<l  we  ly-nKratn. 
\Z  tlTe  publlsU  on  'ids  miceess.  That  wc  do  not  to.,  hishly  extol  tl.c  work,  every  one  will  lulm.t 
who  has  examined  It.  or  who  may  take  the  trouble  to  do  so. 

Frointlie  r!ii.'(i(}i'(,I'!.)  Tfihuiie.  .,.,,,  .   «. 

niwor.v  OP  ritr.  WoRi.a-The  above  Is  a  sueeinet  and  accurate  description  of  historical  events  from 
the  date  of  the  earliest  authentic  records  do«n  to  tho  .present  time.    As  a  book  J'f.  J<  f',  y;;'/"',*^,,'^",,,!'';; 

Hudeiil  an<l  pr;.rrssi..iial  mali.  6S  woU  as  lor  ihosc  wiio  nave  iioi  iftstiTe  tr.  f-  '•-"'■  •'<-'>■  •' >-  - 

iletail,  we  relrir.l  it  X'^  tlin  vi-ry  best  bot.k  Ihul  !n.s  fallon  under  our  ohwrvatlo*- 


TUK 


lilttminatf b  f  istorg  af  il«rt|  %mtxm, 

KEOM  THK  EACLIE8T  PERIOD  TO  THK  PIIE8ENT  TIME; 

Coinprislng  the  oarl7  disoorerieg  by  the  Spanish,  Fre»ca,  and  other  navlgatow;  •  sketch  of  th.  •(>»■ 
riginal  «nhabitant8  and  American  antiquities';  on  historHaJ  wcoant  of  Mexi."  °   ""'^'^ 
central  America,  Greenland,  and  the  present  British  provinces ; 

ma  a  Cmn^ilcte  Hutoi'y  oftU  UniUd  States  to  tUjn^esent  time. 


and  the  Intn  Witr 
statistiual 


IneliHlInc  the  French  and  Indian  Warj,  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  that  of  1812, 
with  Mexico;  and  a  complete  awouut  of  California,  valuable  gtatistl 
tables  Irom  the  lato  census,  etc.,  etc. 

BY   JOIIiX    FROST,    LL.  D. 

Illustrated  >,MU,mvr  !;>!'';  Imn.lmd  cnsravlnp.,  w.no  of  which  arc  bcautil\illy  colored,  c<.n,UI,lnff  of 

l.attlo  scom-s  >  ipx^  of  citU  s,  iiromincut  ev.nts,  an.l  portraits  of  distiuKulshod  iiieii 

trom  designs  of  Croome,  Dovcn'ux,  and  other  celebrated  artfita. 

Uy  out  lai-ffn  octavo  volume  containing  orer  700  jHigcs,  hound  in.  enhonaed  and  nUt 
Icai/ier  l)iiuiut(/,  v:ith.  marOkd  eilgcH. 

Some  of  the  most  lntcr(<3tln-f.ncnps  in  the  urcat  drama  of  human  Ufa  have  been  enacted  on  the 
North  American  Continent  The  .stirrin-  cveuU  connected  with  its  disc"  vcrr-t  «  "stab lUhUnl 
EnXTi^\;™dls  f  tL°m^^^^^^  early  WarH  of  tho  Hpantard.,  the  Fremd^thenuld,,  a'dTe 
the^triumiKf  in  n^trv    Ih  endprant,  and  the  advcnturor-tlio  advance  of  civiilzatlon- 

^onoral  Soim,  n^^^^^^^  "'."'  establishment  of  the  T:rp„l,lir.  combined  with  tU. 

fhXdnatterlaiio'  """^  '"'-"actual  progress,  impart  to  tho  history  of  North  Americ:. 

J^J^^^^^I^:^^'^'''  -^'-^^  "^-"  ->^  th„r.„„My  understood  without 
othI*°*"*"**°'^  "'  '^'"'"^'^"^"■^^'^^  great  pici,ivA,to  discover  tho  rolatiwi  which  the  parts  boar  to  eaoli 

H,ILT.!i°ifi'®'i'"  "^r  'n'l''C';'l  *"  ff^'o  t'l's  ^vork,  observinR  the  want  among  tho  ma.sscs  of  a  boob  na' 
tlonal  n  Its  eliaruetcr,  which  would  meet  tho  wants  of  those  even  of  tho  sraallebt  means  and  at  tha 
'^"iToof"ncarl    20000      T*'''^  featm-Obof  more  elaborate  and  expcusivo  books.   It  ha;,  already  rc:iche.) 


In  the  Kn|2^1ish  and  German  Lanyiiaj^es. 


THK 


ILLUSTRATED  NEW   WORLD: 

CONT.\IKIXC 

A  OK>JKKALni!»T.'i:V  Of  .\I.l,   TIIi:  VAKIOTS  XATIOXS    AM)  IM.J'U BLIPS   OV   'VUV 

\Vi:^TKUN  CONTINKNT. 

TIIKil'.     UISi:,     IMtOGUKSS,     AM)     I'RESK.VT     f  O  N  D  I  T  1  O  M  , 

PMinprisintr  early  dlM-..vorirs  by  the  Spr.nl.«h  French,  and  other  navigators,  an  account  of  the  Amer- 
ican Indians,  with  a  comi.lete  history  of  tho  United  Htates  from  tho  llrst  gottlement  to  the 
Iircwnt  time,  with  Geoptraphicnl  descriptions  of  each  State  and  Territory,  an 
I'inborate  appendix,  with  important  instructions  to  emigrant*,    ' 
«  aaliitifc'ton's  Farcwi  11  Addrens,  and  other  public 
doinimuiits,  statistical  tables  4c.  dsc. 

EDITED  IJY  JOHN  L.  DENISON,  A.  M., 

And  Translated  by  GEOKQE  DIETZ,  lato  Tranalator  for  the  Stete  of  Penmylvania. 

riio  wholo  jlliistratod  with  over  three  hundred  Kn-r:ivlnss  (many  of  which  are  splendidly  colored  > 
.•onjisUiu  ol  biitlle  seen.  ^  \W\y^  of  cities,  prondnt  nl  events,  and  portraits  of  dlstin'-iished  men  from 
■lesicns  ot  the  nu.st  celcl.rnted  a.U.sts,  In  one  larfro  royal  octavoS-olume,  containing  SSO.S  ovo 
•ulcd  \\\  modi  rn  slvle,  ami  liound  in  embo^^ed  Kilt  leather  binding.  b  >«"  l  "«i.»,  o.vo 

n  Is  purely  Amerieiin  in  Its  cluiraiter,  nud  aims  tiirouchout  to  Induct  tho  Immiirrant  Into  all  tl^ 
.mmners  customs,  and  InsMtudons  pneuliar  to  the  United  States,  having  for  its  object  to  Amcricanl/.' 
this  valuable  element  «>l  our  rapidly  increasing  population. 

Tliis  book  has  boon  issued  but  a  short  time,  and  already  nearly  15,000  conle«  hnvn  h^on  ,j,\,\  Om- 
A-,-T)t  in.iKr,  oror  ^WA)  per  month  sullinrf  this  book  among  tho  Germans. " 


nCIORIAL  mSTOBT  OF  THE  WARS 


or 


THE  UNITED  STATES: 

EMBRACING 

A  COMPLETE  HISTORY  OF  ALL  THE  WARS  OP  THE  CGILNTRV, 

From  its  earliest  settlement  to  the  present  time ; 

Including  the  French  and  Indian  Wars,  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  that  of  1812,  the  Seminole 
War,  and  the  late  War  with  Mexico,  together  with  all  other  military  operations.       ^ 

BY  JOHN   LEDYAKD  DENISON,  A.  M. 

Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings,  many  of  whicli  are  beautifully  colored,  consisting 
of  portraits  of  distinguished  military  commanders,  life-like  representations  of  the  principal 
battles,  etc. ;  fh>m  designs  by  Lossing,  Darloy,  and  other  celebrated  artists. 

In  one  volume  octavo,  about  500  pages. 

This  is  a  cheap  work,  designed  for  that  class  of  readers  who  are  not  able  to  purchase 
more  elaborate  and  expensive  books,  and  to  enable  th»  agents  in  part  to  meet  their  per- 
sonal expenses  by  paying  in  books.  It  is  a  spirited  work,  and  the  reputation  of  the  author 
is  a  sufficient  guaranty  of  its  value.  It  may  oe  sold  by  subscription  or  otherwise,  by  the 
agents  only. 


[in  I'lUSSS,   SOON   TO  BE  IBSUKl).] 


f  irtorial  iistorji  of  tlje  laiji)  ot  \\}t  UmM  Staks : 

EMBRAClXtt 

A  COMPLETE  HISTORY  OV  ALL  THE  NAVAL  BATTLES  OF  THE  COUXTUY, 
From  its  earliest  settlement  to  the  present  time ; 
Together  with  all  other  naval  operations,  rncluding  the  Expedition  to  Japan  under  Com- 
modore Perry,  and  the  Explorations  in  the  Arctic  Regions  by  Dr.  Kane. 

BY  JOHN  LEDYARD  DEKISON,  A.  M. 

Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings,  many  of  which  are  colored  by  hand  by  the  best 
artists.  . 

In  one  volume,  octavo,  about  400  pages.    Designed  as  a  companion  to  the  Pictorial  His- 
tory of  the  WarSj  and  by  the  same  distinguished  author,  and  sold  in  the  same  manner. 


PICTORIAL.   BIOORAPHT 

Of 

A^ISTDRE^V^  JA.CKSOISr. 

Embellished  with  numerous  engravings,  many  of  which  are  colored  by  hand  by  the  best 

artists,  representing  battle  scenes,  etc.  etc. 

From  designs  by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  Croome,  and  others. 

BY  JOHN  FROST,  LL.  D. 

In  one  volume  octavo,  560  pages.    Same  style  and  price  as  the  Pictorial  Wars  of  the 
Unit«(l  States,  and  sold  in  same  manner. 


ABS 


I'ln', 


le  Seminole 
itionR. 


,  consisting 
le  pi'inciptu 


to  purchase 
t  their  per- 
r  the  author 
vise,  by  the 


JUXTUY, 

under  Coin- 
ane. 


by  the  best 

ictorial  His- 
manner. 


ST. 

by  the  best 


SVurs  of  th« 


